Linux Routers and Community Networks
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1 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. July, Linux Routers and Community Networks Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Universitat Politènica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Revision: 0e36644 ( ) Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 1 / 191
2 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. Linux Routers and Community Networks Parts I Introduction II Lab 1: Basic Network Configuration III Lab 2: RIP and OSPF IV V Lab 4: Community Networks VI Lab 5: Network Management Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 98 / 191
3 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. Linux Routers and Community Networks Part IV Outline Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 99 / 191
4 Objectives At the heart of Linux firewall there is the iptables command. Objectives of this lab: Getting familiar with the basic usage of iptables. Use firewall web interface. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 100 / 191
5 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. Linux Routers and Community Networks Part IV Outline Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 101 / 191
6 terminology The iptables command allows you to filter and/or modify some fields of the packets as they move through different stages (or chains) of the IP layer of the Linux machine. These built-in chains are PREROUTING, FORWARD, POSTROUTING, INPUT and OUTPUT. When the packet moves through one of these chains, the IP layer consults the tables where the iptables command makes possible to add. An action, or target, is applied to packets that match the expression specified in a rule. These tables are mangle, filter and nat. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 102 / 191
7 Tables The mangle table allows you to add that change some of the fields of the packets, such as TTL or TOS. The nat table allows you to add that change the IP addresses of the packets. The types of are: SNAT to change the source address and DNAT to change the target address. The filter table allows you to add for filtering. The types of are: DROP to discard a packet and ACCEPT to accept it. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 103 / 191
8 Processing of IP datagrams in a Linux router Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 104 / 191
9 User specified chains User can create user-chains. If a packet enters a built-in chain, e.g. FORWARD in the filter table, a rule can specify a jump to a user-chain within the same table. FORWARD delegate_forward zone_lan_forward j delegate_forward j zone_lan_forward Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 105 / 191
10 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. Linux Routers and Community Networks Part IV Outline Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 106 / 191
11 Generic iptables command iptables [-t <table>] <command> <expression> -j <rule type> If the table is not indicated, the rule is considered to be applied to filter table. The expression (or match) identifies which are the packets in which the rule has to be applied. The type of rule (or target) identifies what has to be done with the packet matching the rule: DROP, ACCEPT, SNAT, DNAT or jump to a user-chain. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 107 / 191
12 Commands -A <chain>: adds a rule to the table of the chain <chain>. Example: iptables -A INPUT... -D <chain> <n>: removes the rule <n> from a table of <chain>. Example: iptables -D INPUT 1. -I <chain> <n>...: inserts a rule in the line that is specified. Example: iptables -I INPUT 1 --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -L <chain>: lists the of a table of <chain>. -n not translate numerical addresses into names. -v verbose. --line show the number of the rule. Example: iptables --line -nvl INPUT. -P <chain>: specifies the default rule. ACCEPT if not specified. Example: iptables -P INPUT DROP. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 108 / 191
13 Generic expressions -p <protocol>: identifies a protocol. Example: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp... will add a rule that will be applied for all the TCP packets to the filter table of the INPUT chain. -s <@IP src>: identifies a packet with <@IP src>. A mask can be added, and! denies the expression. Example: iptables -A INPUT -s! /24... will add a rule to the filter table of the INPUT chain that will be applied for all the packets with a that doesn t belong to the range /24. -d <@IP destination>: same for destination address. -i <input-interface>: input interface. It can be only applied in the chains INPUT, FORWARD and PREROUTING. Example, iptables -A INPUT -i eth0... will add a rule that will be applied for all the packets that will arrive from the eth0 interface. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 109 / 191
14 TCP Expressions Can be only applied for the TCP protocol: -p tcp. --sport <src-port>: TCP packets with <src-port>. Range: initial:final can be specified. Otherwise, the initial value that will be indicated is 0 and, if not, the final value that will be indicated is Example: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --sport 1024:... will apply the rule for all the TCP packets with a port number dport <dst-port>: same for the destination port. --tcp-flags <flag list> <flags list to 1>: look at the packets of the <flag list> which flags have only a value equal to 1 if they are included in <flags list to 1>. Flags can be SYN, FIN, ACK, RST, URG, PSH, ALL, NONE. Example: iptables -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST,ACK SYN... will apply the rule for all the packets with the flag SYN enabled and the RST and ACK to 0. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 110 / 191
15 UDP Expressions Can be only applied for the UDP protocol: -p udp. --sport <src-port>: same as stated before for TCP. --dport <dst-port>: same as stated before for TCP. ICMP Expressions Can be only applied for the ICMP protocol: -p icmp. --icmp-type <type>: identifies the icmp packets of the type <type>. If you execute iptables -p icmp --help a list of the possible types will be given. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 111 / 191
16 State Expressions Regarded as no implicit: -p state. States can be: NEW, ESTABLISHED and RELATED. --state <state list>: identifies <state list>. Example: iptables -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED... will apply the rule to the packets of the connections in one of these states. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 112 / 191
17 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. Linux Routers and Community Networks Part IV Outline Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 113 / 191
18 The DNAT rule iptables [-t <table>] <command> <expression> -j DNAT Used with the option --to-destination. Can be put only in the nat table of the PREROUTING and OUTPUT chains. An address or a range of addresses can be specified (and the connections will be randomly distributed among the specified addresses, in other words, a load-balancing will be done). In case of an expression TCP or UDP a port or a range or ports can also be indicated (to distribute the connections among the range of ports). Example: ~# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d dport 80 \ ~# -j DNAT --to-destination : Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 114 / 191
19 The SNAT rule iptables [-t <table>] <command> <expression> -j SNAT Used with the option --to-source. Can be put only in the nat table of the POSTROUTING chain. An address or a range of addresses can be specified (and the connections will be randomly distributed among the specified addresses, in other words, a load-balancing will be done). In case of an expression TCP or UDP a port or a range or ports can also be indicated (to distribute the connections among the range of ports). Example: ~# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p tcp -o ppp0 \ ~# -j SNAT --to-source : Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 115 / 191
20 The Masquerade rule iptables [-t <table>] <command> <expression> -j MASQUERADE used as the SNAT target, but it does not require any --to-source: the address of an interface is applied to all outgoing packets. Example: ~# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p tcp -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE --to-ports Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 116 / 191
21 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. Linux Routers and Community Networks Part IV Outline Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 117 / 191
22 Saving iptables to file The command: ~# iptables-save > cc dumps all the command that iptables is executing and readdress them to the file cc. You can edit this file and replace the new of iptables with the command: ~# iptables-restore cc Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 118 / 191
23 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. Linux Routers and Community Networks Part IV Outline Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 119 / 191
24 Install Apache server 1 Install Apache server in the PCs. It will be used as web server. ~# apt-get update ~# apt-get install apache2 Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 120 / 191
25 Configuration of the network Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri ext serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ 1 Each group i, i = 1, 10 will configure the network of the figure. 2 Disable the default firewall. 3 The PC ext represents a host in the Internet. ext must be configured with no default route such that it can only reach the public address of the router Ri. 4 The PC serv represents a server in the DMZ. 5 The PC int represents a host in the internal network. 6 Configure the network DMZ and the Internal network. Verify that the router Ri, serv and int can reach each other, but ext cannot reach serv and int. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 121 / 191
26 SNAT Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ ext 1 Execute the following command in Ri: Ri:~# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0.5 -j SNAT --to-source i.1 2 Check that now serv and int can reach ext but not vice-versa, why? Check by executing tcpdump in eth0.1, eth0.2 and eth0.5 of Ri how the firewall change the IP addresses. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 122 / 191
27 DNAT Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri ext serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ 1 Execute the following command in Ri: Ri:~# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0.5 -d i.1 --dport ssh \ Ri:~# -j DNAT --to-destination 10.i Check that now ext can connect to the ssh server of serv (for example, by executing ssh [email protected]), but if it pings to serv it doesn t reply, why? 3 Check that ext has not access to any other service of the serv (for example, web). 4 Which is the rule that should be executed in order to get to ping from ext to serv?, and to get to connect to the web server of serv? Try the. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 123 / 191
28 Default Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ ext 1 Execute the commands in Ri (do not delete the previous ones): Ri:~# iptables -P INPUT DROP Ri:~# iptables -P OUTPUT DROP Ri:~# iptables -P FORWARD DROP 2 Check that none of the PCs is now reachable. Why? Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 124 / 191
29 Forwarding Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ 1 Execute the commands in Ri: Ri:~# iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0.2 -o eth0.5 -j ACCEPT Ri:~# iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0.5 -o eth0.2 -m state \ Ri:~# --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT ext 2 Check that now serv can ping to ext but not vice-versa. Why? 3 Check that now serv can access to any of the services of ext (for example, try ssh) but not vice-versa. Why? Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 125 / 191
30 Forwarding Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri ext serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ 1 Execute the command in Ri: Ri:~# iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -i eth0.5 -o eth0.2 -d 10.i.1.2 -j ACCEPT 2 Check that now that ext can connect to the ssh server of serv but int cannot. Why? 3 Check that ext only can access to the ssh server of serv (check for example that ext cannot access the web server of serv), why? 4 Configure the firewall in order to get ext to ping serv. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 126 / 191
31 Forwarding Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ 1 Execute the commands in Ri: Ri:~# iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0.1 -o eth0.2 -j ACCEPT Ri:~# iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0.2 -o eth0.1 -j ACCEPT ext 2 Now serv and int can see each other, but they donã Â Â t reach Ri. Why? Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 127 / 191
32 Forwarding Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ ext 1 Execute the commands in Ri: Ri:~# iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -i eth0.1 -d 10.i.2.1 -j ACCEPT Ri:~# iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp -o eth0.1 -s 10.i.2.1 -m state \ Ri:~# --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT 2 Now int can ping to Ri, but cannot have access to any of the services of Ri. Why? Execute the commands that are necessary to get serv to have the same restrictions when accessing to Ri than those that int has. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 128 / 191
33 Firewall design Gi int Internal network 10.i.2.0/24 eth0.1 Ri ext serv.2.1 eth0.5 Internet 10.i.1.0/ eth i.0/24 DMZ Remove the previous of the firewall and design a that meets the following: 1 int is the only host which can connect to the ssh server of Ri. int has not to be able to connect to any other service of Ri. 2 int is able to connect to the ssh server of ext, but neither any other of the services of ext nor to any other host of the Internet. ext must not be able to start a connection to int, nor even to do a ping. 3 ext is able to connect to the web server of serv, and ping serv, but neither any other of the services of serv nor to any other host of the internal network. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 129 / 191
34 Summer Course at Mekelle Institute of Technology. Linux Routers and Community Networks Part IV Outline Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 130 / 191
35 Firewall using the web interface 1 Using the WI, assign LAN1, LAN2, LAN3 and LAN4 to the lan firewall-zone: Network -> Interfaces -> Edit 2 Start the firewall (System -> Startup -> firewall -> Enable -> Start) and use iptables-save to observe the. 3 Use the firewall WI (Network -> Firewall) to setup some options (e.g. Masquerading), and check the iptables changes with iptables-save. Llorenç Cerdà-Alabern Linux Routers and Community Networks 131 / 191
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