Country Study on Political Framework and Availability of Biomass

Transcription

1 WP Poland Country Study on Political Framework and Availability of Biomass Published by: Institute of Power Engineering Warsaw Author: Hanna Bartoszewicz-Burczy November 2009

2 Country indicators: POLAND Size of country Population indicators Economic indicators Total land area: thous. hectares Utilised agricultural area: 61% Utilised forest area: 30% Nature protection area:0,1% Inhabitants: 38,125 million (total) (2007) Inhabitants per km 2 : 122 GDP per capita: 29,2 thous. PLN (7 119 Euro) in 2007 Energy indicators Availability of biomass resources Gross inland consumption: 4128 (PJ) Total production of primary energy: 3094 (PJ) (thereof renewable energy: 6,4 in %) Primary production of renewable energy: 209 (PJ) (thereof biomass and waste: 7,7 in %) Final energy consumption: 4129 (PJ) RES (biomass) shares of final energy consumption 5,8: (in %) Energy imports: 42 (in %) Theoretical potential: ha Technical potential: 755 PJ/a Sources: Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 2007 GUS, Warszawa Energy Balances of OECG countries, 2008 edition., Energia ze źródeł odnawialnych GUS, 2008 Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Warsaw GUS Euro exchange rate into PLN in ,8951; ,7829 NBP data. General information Poland is a medium-size country, with an area of km 2 (including inland waters as well as a part of internal waters), situated in the central-eastern part of Europe. Poland is a Baltic state. In 2006 the population of the country was 38,125 million inhabitants, of which 23,401 million (61,3%) was urban and 23,401 million (38,7%) rural population. The average density of population was 122 inhabitants per 1 km 2. The neighbours of Poland are: at the western border Germany (467 km), at the south Czech Republic (796 km) and Slovakia (541 km); at the east Ukraine (535 km) and Belarus (418 km); at the north Lithuania (104 km), the Kalinigrad Area of Russian Federation (210 km) and the Baltic Sea (440 km). The area of Poland extends from latitudes and N and longitudes and E. 2

3 Poland is an agricultural and industrial country with high area of agricultural land and forests. The predominance of lowlands, ca. 75,1% of the total area is very conductive to agriculture. The areas elevated between 200 and 300 m above see level equal 16,2%, between 300 and ,5%, and only 0,2% of the area is 1000 m above see level. In 2007 agriculture land covers the area of thaus. ha, in this arable land orchards, permanent meadows and pastures of thous. ha. Forest land as well as woody and bushy land covers thous. ha and wasteland 489 thous. ha. In 2007 the share of agricultural land in the total area of the country was about 61% and the share of forests and woods ca. 30%. The area of devastated and degraded land requiring reclamation and management in 2006 was 65 thous. ha (0,2% of the country total area.). Devastated and degraded land is a land which has lost its utility value as well as land the utility value has declined due to a worsening in natural conditions or environmental changes and industrial activity, etc. Since 1999 Poland has three-tier administration system. There are gminas (gminy), powiats (powiaty) and voivodships (wojewodztwa). On 2006 there were 314 poviats, 65 cities with poviat status, 2478 gminas and 16 voivodships. Main industries are: fuel and power industry, iron and steel, machine and electrical engineering, electrical electronic, metal, chemical, mineral, food, timber, paper making, light industries. Since 1990 a process of social and political transition had been initiated in Poland. It included deep reforms and structural transformation of the economy, i.e. departure from central planning of the economy and introduction of market principles. The beginnings of reform were difficult: large decline of industrial production, high inflation and more than 20% decrease of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) had occurred. As early as in 1992 the downward economic trends have been however stopped and since 1993 the economy started to develop, reaching in the GDP growth rate at the level of 4-7%. In 2006 GDP reached million PLN (ca million Euro), PLN per capita (7 122 Euro per capita). The GDP rate reached: 6,2% in 2006, 6,6% in 2007 and 4,9% in Poland has relatively large resources of solid fuels (hard coal and brown coal), modest reserves of natural gas, insignificant of crude oil. Among the renewable Poland has considerable resources of biomass. There is also a possibility of wider application of wind and geothermal energy. In 2007 energy production from renewables reached TJ (6,9% of total primary energy production and in 2006 respectively TJ 6,5% of total primary energy production. Biomass is the dominant source and has large share of utilization, for local heating ca. 70%, for electricity ca. 29% and 1% for district heating. 3

4 Table. RES balance in Poland in 2007 [TJ] Item Indigenous Stock Total Import Export production changes consumption Biomass Solar energy Hydro energy Wind energy Biogas landfield sewage other Liquid biofuels bioethanol biodisel Geothermal energy Municipal waste RES Source: Energia ze źródeł odnawialnych w 2007 r. GUS, Warszawa, Electricity production from RES reached 6,2 TWh (according to Green Certificates to February 2009), and RES installed capacity was 1678 MW in Biomass and biogas power plants produce ca. 47% of RES electric energy in Policy assessment in partner countries Renewable energy has become more and more important in Polish energy policy. The objectives of the policy are based on Poland s memberships the European Union, from implementation the RES Directives and from other international agreements in this: achieving reduction of carbon dioxide emission in to the level of 1988 ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in Poland s potential of biomass are relatively very high. Technical potential is estimated from 408 PJ/a to 755 PJ/a. (depends on sources: [13] / EC BREC). A potential of wood biomass is estimated at about 24,5 PJ /a to 59 PJ /a i.e.: m 3, ( kg). The potential of wood from orchard is estimated at about 15 PJ/a to 22PJ/a. [14]. The technical potential for biogas production is estimated at about 674 millions m 3 i.e. 26 PJ, and municipal waste at 2 millions ton/a and 8 millions waste disposal. The biomass economic potential, defined as a technical potential that can be provided at economically profitable levels, is estimated from 160 PJ/year to 600 PJ/year. (depends on sources). 4

5 Table 1. Economic potential of biomass and their utilization in 2006 Biomass Economic potential Utilisation Share of the potential Solid dry biowaste Biogass Forestry products Agriculture residues TOTAL PJ/a PJ/a % ,6 2,1 24,5 24, , Source: G. Wisniewski, K. Michałowska-Knap, EC BREC IEO, conference paper, Wroclaw Biomass in applied in power sector mainly in co-firing with coal and in a small scale in individual houses, estates, on the countryside, and in small towns as a dispersed energy production in Poland. Since 2005 for promotion and to support energy from RES is used a quota obligation system with tradable green certificates. Those obligations are included in the strategic documents that shape Polish ecological policy and energy policy and in the main legal act - the Energy Law (Dz.U. z 2006 r. Nr 89, poz. 625 z późn. zm.) and Ordinances to this act. According to the Ordinance of Ministry of Economy from 14 August 2008 the obligation of buying or producing electricity form RES is fulfilled if in each utility the share of electricity with the certificates of origin in the total sale of electricity in a given year is not lower than: Year Share ,0% ,7% ,4% ,9% ,4% ,9% ,9% The Act on biocomponents and liquid fuels established indicative national targets for biofuels. Obligatory share for biofuels on transport fuel market for the years are as follows: Year Share ,45% ,60% ,75% ,20% ,65% ,10% ,55% 5

6 For the next years the proportional way to obtain 10% of biofuels in 2020 in total amount of liquid fuels and biofuels used in transport was assumed 1. Other support to RES: an obligation to buy all electricity produced from RES, system of penalties for non-compliance the obligations, directing funds achieved from substitute payments and fines to financial support of investments in RES, RES energy release from an excise tax, decrease costs of connecting RES to a grid, (50% less) priority of transmission services for the energy from RES possibility of supporting investments from Structural Founds sources for years , credits from National Environment Protection Found and Bank of Environment Protection. According to the Polish Energy Law Polish Government is obliged to publish every four years document on Energy Policy. A current document (April 2009) on the energy policy will be accepted by Government in III quarter 2009 specifies that the strategic objectives of this policy are as follows: energy security of the country, environmental safety of the country, improvement of competitiveness and energy efficiency of the economy. Energy security is state of the economy, which enables to cover current and future fuels and energy requirements of consumers, in the way technically and economically justified, with minimisation of the negative impacts of the energy sector at the environment and at the living conditions of the nation. Environmental safety is state in which the pressure of all sectors of the economy, including first of all the energy sector, at the environment is decreasing. Such state allows to maintain at least at the current level the biodiversity, enables the effective protection of people s health and lives as well as the effective preservation of the natural and landscape values, and ensures also the effective compliance of the country with the international obligations in the field of environment protection. Improvement of the energy efficiency of economy means reduction of a primary energy consumption per unit of Gross Domestic Product and is a significant element of the sustainable development of the country. Improvement of the energy efficiency of the economy means a reduction of energy intensity of products, and energy intensity of industrial processes, increase in energy production efficiency, reduction of energy losses in its transmission and distribution etc. Long-term forecast of the energy economy development is an integral part of the energy policy. This forecast includes following components: 1 Anna Grzybek, Balance of biomass for energy production, Conference, Renewable energy innovative technologies and new ideas, Warsaw,

7 forecast of primary energy and final energy requirements, (included energy from RES), forecast of electricity requirements and of its coverage, forecast of energy intensity and electricity intensity of the economy, forecast of the atmospheric pollutants emissions. The energy policy specifies also strategic objectives of the RES as follows: achieving 15% RES in 2020 in final energy use, achieving 10% share of biofuels in the liquid fuels market by 2020, and increase use of the second generation biofuels, forest protection against excessive exploitation for biomass, and sustainable use of arable land for RES. According to this objectives final energy demand from RES is presented in a table 1. Table 4. Final energy demand from renewable energy sources [PJ] Electricity Solid biomass Biogas Wind energy Water Photovoltaic ,004 0,05 0,09 Heat Solid biomass Biogas Geothermy Sun Transport fuels Bioethanol Biodiesel Bioetanol II gener Biodiesel II gener Bio-hydro Total gross final energy from RES Gross final energy Share of energy from RES [%] 7,7 9,4 11,6 15,0 15,8 16,0 Source: Energy Policy by

8 To reach the 2030 targets biomass should grow rapidly, taking efficiency into account in: heating (individual heating, heat plants, district heating CHP); electricity: CHP, cofiring to fossil power plants, alone plants, microcogeneration using steam engine, gasification; transport: first generation fuels, second generation fuels, biomethan from biogas, others. The energy policy should enhance the financial supports, tax incentives and promotion programmes of biomaterials. Key actors on Polish energy sector: 1. The Ministry of Economy, Director of the Energy Department, 2. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Director of the Agricultural Markets Department, 3. The Ministry of Environment, 4. The President of Energy Regulatory Office. Formally there are not exist inter-ministerial working group, but Energy Department from the Ministry of Economy closely cooperates with the Agricultural Markets Department of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, with the Ministry of Environment and with the President of Energy Regulatory Office. There is no competence centre for biomass, but information concern biomass is available in several sources in this in: the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, an ERO, a Polish Biomass Association, an EC BREC, the Polish National Energy Conservation Agency, others. 1 National bioenergy strategies, targets and action plans A strategy of renewable energy development was issued in 2000 year and accepted by the Polish Parliament on 23 August 2001 year. In the RES strategy a quantity goal was established increasing amount of renewable energy in a fuel-energy balance up to 7,5 per cent in 2010 year (in accordance with an act of the Ministry of Economy concerning electric energy and heat purchase from unconventional sources, including renewable sources). RES strategic objectives are: achieving 7,5% share of electricity produced from RES in the gross electricity consumption in 2010, Directive 2001/77/EU), 8

9 achieving 5,75% share of biofuels in the liquid fuels market by 2010, (Directive 2003/30/EU). The Strategy showed a need to increase energy production from renewable energy sources in Poland in this from biomass. On 9 th of July 2009 the Ministry of Economy accepted a program: Innovative Energy Energy Agriculture (Innowacyjna Energetyka Rolnictwo Energetyczne) which allows to create in every district on average one biomass processing facilities using biogas of agriculture origin up to The program is focused on creating optimal chances to develop installation producing biogas in agricultural processes, indication of joint financing such investments from public and local sources and EU funds, as well as, conducting promotional and educational tasks. It is to be estimated that existing resources should allow producing around 5 billion cubic meters of biogas of similar to high methane gas quality parameters and therefore construction of biomass processing facilities and biogas producing units 1 MW capacity each. 2 Support schemes for the promotion of the use of energy from biomass Regulation Mandatory policy instruments Basic legal documents concern RES use in Poland: 1. Ustawa z dnia 10 kwietnia 1997 r. Prawo energetyczne (Dz. U. z 2007 Nr 42 poz. 276, z późn. zm.) (Energy Law). Main legal acts that establishes and regulates rules of energy policy, as well as conditions of supply and use of energy in Poland. The Act defines principles of development of state energy policy, principles and terms of supply and use of fuels and energy, including heat, and operation of energy enterprises, as well as determines organs in charge of fuel and energy economy. The purpose of the Act is the creation of conditions for sustainable development of the country, energy security, efficient and rational use of fuels and energy, development of competition, counteracting negative consequences of natural monopolies, consideration of natural environment protection requirements and obligations stemming from international agreements and balancing interests of energy enterprises and fuel and energy customers. 2. ROZPORZĄDZENIE MINISTRA GOSPODARKI z dnia 14 sierpnia 2008 r. w sprawie szczegółowego zakresu obowiązków uzyskania i przedstawienia do umorzenia świadectw pochodzenia, uiszczenia opłaty zastępczej, zakupu energii elektrycznej i ciepła wytworzonych w odnawialnych źródłach energii oraz obowiązku potwierdzania danych dotyczących ilości energii elektrycznej wytworzonej w odnawialnym źródle energii (Dz. U. z dnia 28 sierpnia 2008 r.) (An ordinance of the Ministry of Economy from 14 August 2008 (Dz. U r. Nr 156 poz. 969) about detailed responsibilities of obtaining and presenting certificates of origin, substitute charge pay, purchase of 9

10 electric energy and heat generated in renewable energy sources, as well as an obligation of data confirmation (for energy generated in renewable source of energy). 3. Rozporządzenie Ministra Gospodarki z dnia 4 maja 2007 r. w sprawie szczegółowych warunków funkcjonowania systemu elektroenergetycznego (Dz. U. z 2007 r. Nr 93, poz. 623 z późn. zm.) (An Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy dated 04 May 2007 year regarding detailed conditions of an energy system functioning. 4. Polityka ekologiczna Państwa na lata z uwzględnieniem perspektyw na lata (Monitor Polski ) (Ecological policies of the country for years with a perspective look at years ). 5. Polityka energetyczna Polski do 2030 roku. (Energy policy of Poland till 2030 year). 6. Ustawa z dnia 25 sierpnia 2006 r. o biokomponentach i biopaliwach ciekłych (Dz. U Nr 169 poz. 1199, z późn. zm.) (An Act on biocomponents and liquid biofuels). 7. Wieloletni program promocji biopaliw lub innych paliw odnawialnych na lata , MP nr (A long term program for biofuels promotion and other renewable fuels in years , with defined share of biofuels on transport fuel market). 8. Ustawa z dnia 12 maja 2000 r. o zasadach wspierania rozwoju regionalnego. Dz.U.2000 nr 48 poz.550. (An Act of 12 May 2000 year about rules of a regional development support). 9. Ustawa z dnia 27 kwietnia 2001r. - Prawo ochrony środowiska (Dz. U. z 2008 r. Nr 25 poz. 150) (An Act on an environmental protection dated 12 April 2001 year). 10. Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 20 grudnia 2005 r. w sprawie standardów emisyjnych z instalacji (Dz. U. Nr 260, poz. 2181, z późn. zm.) ( An Ordinance of the Ministry of Environment of 20 December 2005 year concerning installation emission standards). 11. Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 16 stycznia 2008 r. w sprawie szczegółowych warunków udzielania pomocy publicznej na przedsięwzięcia będące inwestycjami związanymi z odnawialnymi źródłami energii (Dz. U. Nr 14 poz. 89). (An Ordinance of the Ministry of Environment dated 16 January 2008 year about detailed conditions of providing a public support on undertakings being investments in renewable energy sources). 12. Ustawa z dnia 16 kwietnia 2004 r. o ochronie przyrody (Dz. U. Nr 92, poz. 880 z późn. zm) (Act of 16 April 2004 year on environmental protection). 13. Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 21 lipca 2004 r. w sprawie obszarów specjalnej ochrony ptaków Natura 2000 (Dz. U. Nr 229, poz. 2313, z późn. zm.) (An Ordinance of the Ministry of Environment dated 21 July 2004 year about special birds protection programs Natura 2000). 14. Ustawa z dnia 22 grudnia 2004 r. o handlu uprawnieniami do emisji do powietrza gazów cieplarnianych i innych substancji (Dz. U. Nr 281, poz. 2784) (An Act dated 22 10

11 December 2004 year about trading rights of greenhouse and other substances gases emission into air). 15. Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 12 stycznia 2006 r. w sprawie sposobu monitorowania wielkości emisji substancji objętych wspólnotowym systemem handlu uprawnieniami do emisji (Dz. U. Nr 16, poz. 124). (An Ordinance of the Ministry of Environment dated 12 January 2006 year about a way of monitoring of a emission level of substances covered by a common trading rights system). 16. Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 7 marca 2006 r. w sprawie informacji wymaganych do opracowania krajowego planu rozdziału uprawnień do emisji (Dz. U. Nr 43, poz. 308). (An Ordinance of the Ministry of Environment dated 07 March 2006 year regarding information required to draw up a national plan of emission rights distribution). 17. Ustawa z dnia 25 sierpnia 2006 r. z o systemie monitorowania i kontrolowania jakości paliw (Dz. U. Nr 169 poz. 1200) (Act of 25 August 2006 year about fuels monitoring and quality control system). 18. Ustawa z dnia 27 marca 2003 r. o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym (Dz. U. Nr 80, poz. 717 z późn. zm.) (An Act dated on 27 March 2003 year about spatial planning and development). 19. Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2007 r. o płatnościach do gruntów rolnych i płatności cukrowej (Dz. U. Nr 35, poz. 217, z późn. zm.) (An Act dated 26 January 2007 year about subsidies to arable lands and sugar payment). 20. Ustawa z dnia 30 kwietnia 2004 r. o postępowaniu w sprawach dotyczących pomocy publicznej (Dz. U. z 2007 r. Nr 59, poz. 404.) (An Act of 30 April 2004 year about rules of conduct in cases of public aid). 21. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 22 grudnia 2006 r. w sprawie ustanowienia programu pomocowego w zakresie regionalnej pomocy publicznej na niektóre inwestycje w ochronie środowiska (Dz. U. Nr 246 poz z późn. zm.) (An Ordinance of the Council of Ministers dated 22 December 2006 year about establishing of an aid program in a scope of a regional public aid in some cases investments in environmental protection). 22. Ustawa z dnia 6 grudnia 2006 r. o zasadach prowadzenia polityki rozwoju (Dz. U. Nr 227 poz z późn. zm.) (An Act of 06 December 2006 year about development policy rules). 23. Ustawa z z dnia 27 kwietnia 2001 r. o odpadach (Dz. U. z 2007 r. Nr 39, poz. 251 i Nr 88, poz. 587 oraz z 2008 r. Nr 138, poz. 865). (An Act on Waste dated ). 24. Regulation of the Ministry of Environment of 07 September 2001 on the catalogue of wastes, Dz.U. 2001, No 112, item The strategy of renewable energy development was issued in 2000 year and accepted by the Polish Parliament on 23 August 2001 year. In the strategy quantity 11

12 goal was determined increasing the amount of renewable energy in a fuel-energy balance of the country up to 7,5 per cent in 2010 year in accordance with an act of the Ministry of Economy concerning electric energy and heat purchase from unconventional sources including renewable sources. Spatial planning measures According to a low energy policy every district (gmina) has been obliged to draw up guidelines to a plan of supplying the area in electric energy, heat and gas fuels. The district (gmina) have great competences of planning local energy and heating system. Local administration undertakes different activities as: introducing local plans of energy supply management together with planning and implementing ownership policy, using local energy resources (including renewables), modernising local sources of heat and heating grids, developing energy infrastructure and energy efficiency on rural territories, general tasks like: insulating flat buildings, revitalisation of neglected areas, developing collective transport services and infrastructure as promotion of alternative energy sources and similar. 3 Certification In frameworks of activities of the Polish Committee of Standardization and The Polish Centre for Testing and Certification Technical Committee dealing with normalization and certification. Assessment of available biomass resources 1 Heating/cooling, electricity and transport Arable land in ha (2007 ) Forested area - 30%, total forest and woody and bushy land ha Data on physically available and economically viable potential of biomass for Energy crop potential 116 PJ/a Technical potential of residues from forestry, agriculture, food industry, solid waste 42 PJ/a Potential of unutilised areas; Fallow land area in ha ie. 2,6% of agricultural land, and 3,5% of arable land, ( ha in 2005) Wasteland ha in 2007, devastated and degraded land ha Source of biomass in Polish condition: - wood biomass, - straw, - biomass plants, - waste. 12

13 Sown area in 2007 Crops area ha Cereals th. ha Rape and turnout rape ha In 2007 year a whole declared by farmers area of crops grown for energetic purposes reached in Poland ha., in this area of permanent field ha. only, which constitutes 3,9 per cent of area of these crops and 0,42 per cent of total arable land. Table 5. Area of crops grown for energetic purposes in 2007 year Area of crops grown for energetic purposes Total in this permanent fields Voivodeship Share of arable ha ha Share (%) land (%) Dolnośląskie , ,5 Kujawsko-pomorskie , ,0 Lubelskie , ,7 Lubuskie , ,8 Łódzkie , ,0 Małopolskie 672 0,1 59 8,7 Mazowieckie , ,7 Opolskie , ,1 Podkarpackie , ,1 Podlaskie 654 0, ,3 Pomorskie , ,9 Śląskie , ,2 Świętokrzyskie ,3 98 6,6 Warmińsko-mazurskie , ,6 Wielkopolskie , ,1 Zachodniopomorskie , ,0 Poland , ,9 Source: A.Grzybek, A. Muzalewski, Sprawozdanie do Projektu zamawianego nr. PBZ-MNiSW 1/3/2006, Warsaw, Conflicts on utilisation of biomass Yes, these topics have been subjects of discussion for many years. For example in Europe, including Poland, high overproduction of grain was registered this year. 3 Cross country cooperation agreements The legal state agreements had not been signed yet. Anyhow, many companies have cooperated and exchanged biomass or similar products. 13

14 Sources: 1. Energy policy of Poland till Monitor Polski , Energy policy of Poland till 2030 year, Ministry of Economy Ustawa z dnia 10 kwietnia 1997 r. Prawo energetyczne (Energy Law). 3. Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 2007 GUS, Warszawa Eneregy Balances of OECG countries, 2008 edition. 5. Energia ze źródeł odnawialnych GUS, Statistical Yearboook of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Warsaw GUS Statystyka elektroenergetyki Polskiej 2005 i ARE, Warszawa J.Solinski, H. Bartoszewicz-Burczy, M. Jaczewski: Key elements of the Polish energy sector development to the year 2030 evolution, current state and prospect. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw M. Rogulska: Energia z zasobów odnawialnych, IPiEO, EC BREC, Warszawa. 10. A.Grzybek, A. Muzalewski, Sprawozdanie do Projektu zamawianego nr. PBZ-MNiSW 1/3/2006, Warsaw, L. Gawlik, E. Mokrzycki, R. Ney: Renewable Energy Sources in Poland Conditions and Possibilities of Development, Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Krakow, Poland 12. G. Wiśniewski, K. Michałowska-Knap: Możliwości pokrycia potrzeb energetycznych Polski przez energię ze źródeł odnawialnych. EC BREC IEO, Warszawa. 13. Z. Karwasz. Biomasa jako źródło wytwarzania energii odnawialnej w Polsce, Czysta Energia Anna Grzybek, Balance of biomass for energy production, Conference, Renewable energy innovative technologies and new ideas, Warsaw,