Regional dialogue on large water infrastructure in West Africa

Transcription

1 Regioal dialogue o large water ifrastructure i West Africa Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio from 2009 to 2011 CENTRAL AND WEST AFRICA PROGRAMME (PACO)

2 Published by: IUCN - PACO, Ouagadougou, Burkia Faso Copyright: 2012 Iteratioal Uio for Coservatio of Nature ad Natural Resources Reproductio of this publicatio for educatioal or other o-commercial purposes is authorized without prior writte permissio from the copyright holder provided the source is fully ackowledged. Reproductio of this publicatio for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior writte permissio of the copyright holder. Editorial Board: Jérôme Koudouo Félicité Magag Marcello Rocca Techical coordiatio Jea-Marc Garreau Ousmae Diallo Awaiss Aboubacar Iocet Ouédraogo Hervé Lévite Quote: IUCN-PACO (2012). Regioal dialogue o large water ifrastructure i West Africa Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio from , Ouagadougou, Burkia Faso: IUCN-PACO. 44 pages ISBN : : Desig - Prit: Graphi Imprim Available at IUCN Cetral ad West Africa, Regioal Office 01 BP 1618 Ouagadougou 01 Tel.: / paco@iuc.org Website: Photo credits: Cover photograph: p 1 : Jea-Claude Frisque p 44 : GWI (Site of the ew Fomi Dam i Guiea) Iside: pp 3, 5, 18, 28 : IUCN-PACO p 4 : Ghaa Dams Dialogue pp 6, 10, 11, 25, 31, 33 : Jea-Claude Frisque pp 7, 8, 15, 17, 26 : GWI pp 12, 20 : Eau Vive pp 34, 35, 43 : GERSDA 2 La cocertatio e actes

3 Nouradie Zakaria Touré Presidet, Regioal Coordiatio of Users of Natural Resources i the Niger Basi (CRU-BN) The process of buildig a dam is ot a 20-year, or a 50- years process; it is a process that lasts for 100 years. As such, we believe it is very importat that ECOWAS ad IUCN cotribute i deepeig the cosultatio process. We eed participatory dialogue ad especially sustaiable dialogue. Dibi Millogo Director Geeral, Nakabe Water Agecy, Burkia Faso There are farmers, there are herders, there are fisherme ad there are foresters. They all eed water. Previously, each of them collected water as they chose, without cosultig the others, without kowig the eeds of the others ad this sometimes resulted i shortages. Thus, itegrated maagemet put a ed to all these acts ad brought together all of these actors to cosult aroud the same table o drawig up a pla ad actig i accordace with it. This itegrated water resource maagemet meas a chage i behaviour because it is a ew approach that we are ot used to. Mohamed Salem Ould Merzoug High Commissioer, Orgaisatio for the Developmet of River Seegal (OMVS) Africa s trasboudary basis ca serve as vectors for recociliatio ad dialogue. Dialogue meas peace, ad peace meas stability. It is possible through these trasboudary areas to create a foudatio for prosperity ad growth that does ot belog to a sigle coutry, but to those who ca pursue a dialogue. I am coviced that the future of Africa, ad the world, will be determied through dialogue at regioal level. Birguy Lamizaa Techical Adviser, UNEP Lake Faguibie Project, Mali Dams ca make a dream cotributio to developmet, especially for West Africa ad the Sahel i particular. But they ca also tur ito a ightmare if they are badly plaed, badly built or badly maaged. The best way to avoid this ightmare is to establish a costructive dialogue betwee all parties cocered. Djiby Seye Fisherma, Iter-village Committee of the outskirts of the Djoudj Birds Natioal Park, Seegal The mai problem today is that the local people, actors, fisherme have to adapt to the post-dam cotext. It is therefore ecessary that we adapt to the curret situatio, but we would also like local iitiatives to be supported. Istead of iitiatives comig from above, we also have some proposals ad the people have to be assisted i order to empower them ad ivolve them i discussios. Iocet Ouédraogo Actig Director, Water Resources Coordiatio Cetre (WRCC/ECOWAS) It is importat ad ecessary to lear from experieces ad fid ways to miimize the egative effects of large water ifrastructure i order to carry out better processes i the future. It is with this visio that ECOWAS proposes a dialogue with all stakeholders o the challeges ad opportuities associated with large dams, based o aalysis of project cycles ad various phases of decisio-makig, i order to make recommedatios to States ad basi orgaizatios. Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 3

4 Cotets Preface... 5 Ackowledgemets... 6 Itroductios ad defiitios... 7 Acroyms... 8 The eed for cosultatio o large dams... 9 A ew regioal approach Proceedigs of the dialogue Related activities to stregthe cosultatio Adapted commuicatio tools Fidigs ad perspectives Documetatio ad additioal iformatio Guidelies, idepedet pael of experts Akosombo Dam i Ghaa 4 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

5 Preface I West Africa, large dams are satisfyig the eed of States, a eed that icreases with climate variability ad populatio explosio. There is especially a eed for eergy, food security ad drikig water. But ufortuately, these gigatic projects, whether atioal or regioal, brig with them egative effects o local populatios ad o atural ecosystems. The mitigatio of egative social ad evirometal impacts is icreasigly recogised by project promoters ad decisiomakers as a importat cosideratio. However the reality i the field is ofte differet ad, i spite of this approach, local people ofte fid themselves, through o fault of their ow, victims of the o delivery of the measures plaed i evirometal ad social impact assessmets, either due to lack of plaig or lack of fudig for their effective implemetatio. The road to the implemetatio of socially ad ecoomically viable solutios that are reliable, ad which are acceptable to all parties, is certaily still log. However, it was clear to all actors that dams are vectors of developmet, welfare ad security for preset ad future geeratios. So there are solutios to esure that this ifrastructure is built ad operated through better processes, with the participatio of as may actors as possible i decisio makig, ad more fairly ad equitably shared beefits. We have the will to build together the solutios that will be reproduced ad ripeed over the moths ad years ahead. These solutios will urture curret discussios o the future of dams i West Africa ad build a ew political ad istitutioal framework that is more ope ad iclusive tha prevailed i the past. More tha ever before, ECOWAS, through its Water Resources Coordiatio Cetre, ad IUCN have icluded i their programmes the quest for just, viable ad edurig solutios to questios always raised by large dams ad reservoir maagemet that are foud all aroud the world. I West Africa, where may ifrastructure projects are uderway or plaed, ECOWAS ad its parters (IUCN, GWP, WAEMU, ANBO ad WWF) have iitiated a cosultatio, ad cotiue to make every effort to cotiue this dialogue betwee all stakeholders, stregtheig regioal itegratio, ad sharig beyod the borders of West Africa this experiece with the world. Together, let us resolve to cotiue the mometum of cosultatio o our achievemets ad o future solutios. Aimé J. Niaogo Regioal Director Cetral ad West Africa Programme IUCN Iocet Ouédraogo Actig Director Water Resources Coordiatio Cetre ECOWAS Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 5

6 Ackowledgemets This documet was produced withi the framework of the project o regioal dialogue o major water ifrastructure i West Africa, executed by the Water Resources Coordiatio Cetre of ECOWAS. IUCN cotributes to the project through the Poverty Reductio ad Evirometal Maagemet Iitiative (PREMI) ad the Water ad Nature Iitiative (WANI), ad expresses its deep gratitude to the Swedish iteratioal developmet agecy (Sida) ad the Govermet of the Netherlads for their fiacial support. This publicatio has bee prepared from the outputs ad achievemets durig the period from studies, cosultatios ad workshops i the regio. We thak all parters, experts ad stakeholders, icludig represetatives of States, basi orgaizatios ad civil society, who directly or idirectly participated i this wide cosultatio to achieve set objectives. Our cogratulatios are due to the idepedet pael of experts made up of Edmod Kabore, Hamidou Garae, Jamie Skier, Charles Addo, Fraçois Obei, Loïc Trebaol ad Brahima Sidibe, ad the Iteratioal Water Agecy (OIEau), for the meticulous work doe ad their attetive ears. Village meetig i the area of the future Kadadji Dam i Niger 6 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

7 Itroductios ad defiitios ECOWAS Water Resources Coordiatio Cetre (WRCC) 1 I a bid to address the issue of cocerted maagemet of water resources, ECOWAS set up a Permaet Framework for Coordiatio ad Moitorig of Water Resources (CPCS) i West Africa. WRCC is the techical departmet i charge of coordiatig this framework. Based i Ouagadougou, it is edowed with its ow resources, allocated by ECOWAS, ad has sice 2004 bee workig towards the implemetatio of a regioal policy o water resources. To this ed, WRCC is promotig itegrated water resource maagemet i order to recocile ecoomic developmet, social equity ad evirometal coservatio. The three mai itervetio areas of WRCC are goverace, iteratioal waters ad support to ifrastructure. It is withi this latter framework that this dialogue falls. Iteratioal Uio for Coservatio of Nature, Cetral ad West Africa Programme (IUCN-PACO) 2 IUCN is the world's largest evirometal protectio etwork. Fouded i 1948, it supports iitiatives to fid pragmatic solutios to the most pressig evirometal ad developmet challeges. IUCN supports scietific research, executes field projects aroud the world ad brigs together i a federative uio govermets, o-govermetal orgaizatios ad associatios, ad experts to develop ad implemet policies, laws ad best practices that foster a just world that values the ature. Ivolved i the iteratioal edeavours of the World Commissio o Dams, IUCN argues that water maagemet, particularly through the costructio ad operatio of large water ifrastructure, should allow the more vulerable to have access to the beefits of the resource by preservig ecosystems ad their livelihoods. Large dams* A dam with a dyke height of 15 m or more from the foudatio, or a height of 5-15 m with a reservoir of more tha 3 millio m 3. By this defiitio, there are curretly more tha 45,000 large dams i the world. Itegrated Water Resource Maagemet (IWRM)** A process which promotes coordiated developmet ad maagemet of water, lad ad related resources, i a bid to equitably maximize ecoomic ad social well-beig, without compromisig the sustaiability of vital ecosystems. Séligué Dam i Mali 1 For more iformatio, 2 For more iformatio, * Defiitio of the Iteratioal Commissio of Large Dams ** Defiitio of the Global Water Partership Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 7

8 Acroyms AMCOW Africa Miisters Coucil o Water ANBO Africa Network of Basi Orgaizatios CRiSTAL Commuity-based Risks Screeig Tool - Adaptatio ad Livelihoods ECOWAS Ecoomic Commuity of West Africa States ESIA Evirometal ad Social Impact Assessmet GWI Global Water Iitiative GWP Global Water Partership ICOLD Iteratioal Commissio o Large Dams IIED Iteratioal Istitute for Developmet ad Eviromet INBO Iteratioal Network of Basi Orgaizatios IUCN Iteratioal Uio for Coservatio of Nature IWRM Itegrated Water Resource Maagemet LDC Less Developed Coutries MRU Mao River Uio NBA Niger Basi Authority NEPAD New Partership for Africa Developmet OEDC Orgaisatio for Ecoomic Cooperatio ad Developmet OIEau Office Iteratioal de l Eau (Iteratioal Water Agecy) OMVG Orgaisatio pour la Mise e Valeur du fleuve Gambie (Orgaizatio for the Developmet of River Gambia) OMVS Orgaisatio pour la Mise e Valeur du fleuve Séégal (Orgaizatio for the Developmet of River Seegal) PACO Cetral ad West Africa Programme PANA Natioal Programme o Adaptatio to Climate Chage PIDA Programme for Ifrastructure Developmet i Africa PREMI Poverty Reductio ad Evirometal Maagemet Iitiative TAC Techical Advisory Committee UNEP Uited Natio Eviromet Programme VBA Volta Basi Authority WAEMU West Africa Ecoomic ad Moetary Uio WANI Water ad Nature Iitiative WCD World Commissio o Dams WRCC Water Resources Coordiatio Cetre WWF World Wide Fud for Nature 8 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio Fisherma o the site of the Séligué Dam

9 The eed for cosultatio o large dams The West Africa cotext With about 150 large dams, West Africa is cosidered to be poorly equipped with large water ifrastructure compared to the rest of the cotiet ad elsewhere. I a cotext of obvious climate variability, this lack of ivestmet i water ifrastructure such as small ad large dams, or such as irrigatio, icreases the regio's vulerability to climate chage ad compels West Africa states to (re)thik the sustaiable maagemet of water resources. It is therefore ot surprisig that states ad basi orgaizatios establish a causal lik betwee low ivestmet i water cotrol i Africa ad the persistece of poverty resultig i food isecurity, low access to drikig water, saitatio ad electricity ad a high vulerability to climate hazards. Africa Miisters i charge of water resources say that the greatest challege to the developmet of water resources i Africa is the establishmet of appropriate ifrastructure for storage ad a istitutioal platform that will support growth. It is i this cotext that there are calls from NEPAD Ifrastructure, AMCOW, ECOWAS, PIDA ad others for greater commitmet from Africa states ad their developmet parters for the costructio of dams. From the perspective of propoets of dams, the costructio of such ifrastructure is ievitable if we wat to effectively fight agaist poverty ad climate chage. From their perspective, dams allow for rapid expasio of irrigated lads, icreased availability of electricity ad thereby icreased ecoomic growth ad prosperity of States. Such a view is ot shared by everyoe. I fact sice the 1970s, a dividig lie has developed betwee propoets ad oppoets of ay dam project ad there are may potetial coflicts betwee propoets of dams ad atural resource users, or betwee coutries i a regioal cotext characterized by large watersheds ad a very strog iterdepedece betwee coutries 3 ad 4. Oppoets of dams cosider their social ad evirometal costs to be too high or uacceptable both i terms of ecoomic efficiecy ad social equity. They thik there are better alteratives such as small-scale irrigatio, solar or wid eergy, groudwater use, etc. IUCN, for its part, uderscores the importace of atural wetlad ecosystems, which are ot sufficietly recogised ad whose degradatio dams ofte cotribute to. Strog measures must thus be take to protect wetlads that might disappear. 3 Niasse M., 2004, Préveir les coflits et promouvoir la coopératio das la gestio des fleuves trasfrotaliers e Afrique de l Ouest, Vertigo, Vol. 5, 1 4 Julie F., 2006, Maîtrise de l eau et développemet durable e Afrique de l ouest : de la écessité d ue coopératio régioale autour des systèmes hydrologiques trasfrotaliers, Vol. 7, 2 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 9

10 West Africa curretly has about forty large dam projects 5 which are at varyig stages of advaced plaig ad desig for which exteral fudig has log bee sought. The costs of plaig ad executio of these projects have become so high that it is ofte extremely difficult to raise the exteral fuds required for their executio. The emergece of ew doors outside the OECD who wish to support the Africa cotiet chaged the wait-ad-see situatio that had prevailed durig the last two decades. These doors (such as Chia ad Arab coutries) commit themselves more freely alogside Africa States: they are less boud tha OECD doors by a complex set of bidig stadards, especially o social ad evirometal issues. While it seems clear today that ivestmet projects i major water ifrastructure i Africa ad particularly i West Africa will quickly multiply i the comig years, it should be remembered Irrigated perimeter i Bagré i Burkia Faso 5 Priorisatio of dam projects, OIEau, Water Resources Coordiatio Ceter, Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

11 Participats o the Séligué Dam i Mali that rules have bee proposed to guide their desig, costructio ad operatio. I its third World Water Report, oe of the key messages of the Uited Natios recalls from the IWRM priciples, that "the choice for water resource maagemet should emaate from cosultatios ad iformed egotiatios o costs ad beefits of all optios after cosiderig the itercoectio of basis ad cosistecy ad coherece of decisios with other govermet policies 6." Africa miisters i charge of water resources assert that ifrastructure developmet requires maximisig social ad ecoomic beefits i the broad sese, recogizig that may egative impacts at local level are maageable if they are implemeted with accepted safeguard policies." Some iteratioal doors like the World Bak ad the Africa Developmet Bak, have i the last twety years also imposed legal requiremets o evirometal protectio ad livig coditios of affected populatios. The ECOWAS Water Resources Coordiatio Cetre, as a key regioal actor, asserts that maagemet capacity, tools ad legal meas should be stregtheed, ad is positioed to fid solutios to prevet or mediate coflicts betwee water users, or betwee coutries draiig limited shared resources. Cosultig for greater success with future ifrastructure There is o doubt that large water ifrastructure has brought sigificat beefits to the regio ad is likely to provide more i the future, particularly i terms of electricity, water supply for urba ad rural populatios, ad agriculture. However may works have geerated multiple ad varied egative impacts that ca be see very far from their poit of origi: disruptio of ecosystems, chages i local productio systems, coflicts betwee local people ad migrats ad betwee users for access to the resource, frustratio of affected local people who do ot ejoy the beefits of the ifrastructure, loss of traditioal lads (crops, houses, sacred places), etc. These impacts are ofte ubearable for people who face them ad could certaily be avoided by better takig social ad evirometal aspects ito cosideratio 7. 6 World Water Report, 2009, UNWater, Chapter 9 7 Skier, J., Niasse, M. ad Haas, L. (eds.) Sharig the beefits of large dams i West Africa. Natural Resource Issues No. 19. Iteratioal Istitute for Eviromet ad Developmet, Lodo (UK) 5 Skier, J., Niasse, M. ad Haas, L. (eds.) Sharig the beefits of large dams i West Africa. Natural Resource Issues No. 19. Iteratioal Istitute,for Eviromet ad Developmet, Lodo, UK. Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 11

12 The lack of applicatio of existig legal frameworks i these areas may explai these excesses. But this situatio is chagig sigificatly i most coutries of the regio, ad the decisio-makig processes regardig the latest projects are more ope tha they were betwee 1970 ad 1990 as far as social ad evirometal factors are cocered. However, actors i the regio still have limited resources ad skills to participate ad make their mark i the developmet ad implemetatio process of major ifrastructure projects. The cotributios of evirometal civil society remai modest i most coutries. Yet a broad stakeholder participatio i decisio-makig is essetial ad is also the secod priciple of IWRM. The issue requires the broadest possible cosultatio, ope to actors with limited resources ad capacities to make their voices heard by plaig istitutios. It must also be ope to actors ot well coected to the world of water ad its uses who may ot be fully iformed of developmets but who may have specific eeds, ideas for improvig the beefits from dams or who may suffer egative cosequeces. The regioal dialogue project o major ifrastructure i the water sector lauched by WRCC seeks to stregthe regioal itegratio ad aims to provide basi orgaizatios with tools for dialogue with a view to accompay the developmet of their ivestmet plas i a cosultatio framework. This project seeks to stregthe trasboudary river basi orgaizatios i West Africa, some of which have bee operatioal for over te years ad others are beig put i place, by reviewig existig cosultatio mechaisms ad sharig various practices. The issue of large water ifrastructure cocers state actors of the regio (States, regioal itegratio istitutios) but also o-state actors who are ot always ivolved i discussios. Discussio o the irrigated perimeter i Séligué 12 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

13 A ew regioal approach Committed parters I late 2008, WRCC lauched a regioal cosultatio o major water ifrastructure projects i the regio to cotribute to harmoious developmet ad regioal itegratio i West Africa through: a agreemet from basi orgaizatios ad Member States o cosultatio mechaisms ad the developmet of priority ifrastructure to promote regioal itegratio; a evaluatio ad discussio of the impacts of priority developmet projects o the regioal itegratio process; diplomatic support from ECOWAS for the developmet of priority projects ad implemetatio of solutios for ifrastructure that may geerate egative impacts or potetial coflicts, icludig appropriate dialogues with developmet parters. A steerig committee was set up to moitor the project, composed of the West Africa Ecoomic ad Moetary Uio (WAEMU), Africa Network of Basi Orgaizatios (ANBO), Global Water Partership-West Africa (GWP-WA), World Wide Fud for Nature (WWF) ad the Iteratioal Uio for Coservatio of Nature (IUCN). The latter is a key parter of WRCC withi the framework of this cosultatio with the role of: sharig lessos from other experieces of water resource goverace other tha those of West Africa; gettig other actors other tha basi orgaizatios ad States to cotribute i dialogue, particularly civil society orgaizatios, research istitutios, private sector; cotribute to the ehacemet ad dissemiatio of recommedatios ad decisios of the cosultatio. The log-term goal of IUCN is to promote evirometally sustaiable ad socially equitable water resource maagemet i West Africa i the cotext of climate chage, ad it falls i lie with the log-term goal set by WRCC i regioal dialogues. Towards formulatig a framework ad guidelies Various tasks ad activities have bee desiged to ecourage discussios betwee the stakeholders i order to achieve agreed objectives ad particularly the formulatio of a framework for decisio-makig across the ECOWAS regio: Groudwork 8 A pael of idepedet experts aalysed the decisiomakig processes of three large dams i the regio (Bui i Ghaa, Kadadji i Niger ad Maatali i Mali) to draw up guidelies ad recommedatios Proposal of rakig criteria to establish a list of priority water ifrastructure i the regio Activities Creatio of a electroic forum ad udertakig case studies to promote dialogue ad stimulate discussios Holdig of regioal forums with civil society to share the fidigs of the expert pael, develop their ow reactios ad recommedatios ad prepare their ivolvemet i the cosultatios 8 Documets available o (espace Documets, WRCC Forums) Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 13

14 Holdig of forums i river basis ad at regioal level, with States, river basi orgaizatios ad civil society to cosolidate, validate ad approve the recommedatios of the pael of experts ad establish a list of priority ifrastructure Validatio of the recommedatios of the pael of experts ad the propositio of the list of priority ifrastructure by the Techical Advisory Committee of WRCC These activities were accompaied by activities to commuicate ad share documets ad fidigs: producig a documetary film, developig a website ad a mailig list. The dialogue steps Aalysis of decisio-makig processes that accompay water ifrastructure projects Recommedatios of the pael of experts Electroic forum o large water ifrastructure i West Africa (4 topics shared) Sythesis ad recommedatios Regioal forums of civil societies of the Niger, Seegal, Volta, Gambia ad Mao Rivers Recommedatios ad civil society cotributio Workshop o the sharig of recommedatios of the pael of experts with States, basi orgaisatios ad civil society Recommedatios of the pael of experts Evaluatio ad discussios o priority ifrastructure projects List of priority works Regioal workshop: Presetatio of outcomes of the dialogue 7th meetig of WRCC Techical Advisory Committee: Approval of outcomes of the dialogue 14 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

15 Proceedigs of the dialogue A electroic forum to ope up discussios (19 October - 15 November 2009) I order to lauch discussio o the topic of large water ifrastructure i West Africa, IUCN established a electroic forum to eable iterested actors to share their views ad experieces o the subject. More tha 1,000 people, represetig over 400 orgaizatios, were ivited to participate i the electroic exchages; they icluded represetatives of miistries, istitutios, doors, NGOs, associatios of producers, cosultats ad researchers, elected officials, etc. maily from West Africa. Close to 200 cotacts registered to take part i discussios. Of whom 50 participats were most active i the forum, represetig 39 istitutios or idepedet idividuals. The majority was made up of cosultats ad researchers (18 orgaizatios/idepedet), followed by NGOs (10), regioal ad iteratioal istitutios (4), the miistries ad doors (3), ad fially the private sector (1). Note the regrettable absece of local elected officials ad atioal associatios of producers/users (although four of them iitially registered). A total of 120 cotributios were made. Some twety documets, particularly evirometal ad social impact assessmets, studies o itegrated water resource maagemet ad climate chage, were shared i this e-discussio. Eglish ad Frech were the two laguages used to commuicate. Of the 50 most active participats, eight were Eglish-speakig (16%). This electroic forum, o the oe had, made it possible to lik up may actors from various backgrouds to discuss the issue of large water projects ad their impacts, ad o the other had, to propose aveues for braistormig ad suggest recommedatios which were the fed back ito the cosultatio process, especially durig workshops with civil society. This techique of sharig cotributios, freely ad persoally, has achieved the goal of gatherig the views of all ad to egage i dialogue at the level of West Africa 9. Reservoir of the Niadouba Dam i Seegal Durig the discussio period, which covered four weeks, four topics were discussed: (i) ecoomic developmet ad regioal itegratio, (ii) social, evirometal ad ecoomic impacts, (iii) goverace ad decisio-makig process, ad (iv) developmet optios/alteratives. 9 Summaries of the discussios are available o Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 15

16 Some summarized ideas ad recommedatios shared durig the electroic forum DEVELOPMENT O the whole, the participats agree o those fiacial, historical ad geographical, socio-ecoomic, ad atural factors that explai the poor developmet of large ifrastructure i West Africa. I most cases, agricultural objectives are ofte ot attaied as opposed to eergy objectives. Large ifrastructure has two sides to the same coi with advatages ad disadvatages. They are at the same time cooperatio tools ad possible sources of coflicts. Mai recommedatio: Take stock of each dam both at the level of macroecoomics ad at the local level. Beefits mostly accrue for urba populatios, while the egative effects are usually felt locally by users ad the local populatio. IMPACTS It is certai that dams provide ecoomic developmet to the regio but the majority of the populatio ofte talk about the may cases of egative evirometal ad social impacts before metioig the positive role of the ifrastructure. The reductio of wetlads is (almost) uaimously codemed: reductio of floods, reductio of dowstream flows, disruptios of fish migratios, facilitatio of erosio, etc. Mai recommedatio: Make a comparative aalysis of with/without project scearios icludig the ehacemet of all moetary ad o-moetary services of impacted areas. GOVERNANCE It is geerally observed that participats criticise the oeffective participatio of some stakeholders such as civil society ad particularly the local populatio, as well as lack of commuicatio ad kowledge sharig. River basi agecies have a key role to play i developig a shared visio ad itegratio of climate chage i their work. The objectives ad impacts of large hydraulic ifrastructure are sufficietly iter-sectoral to evisage udertakig strategic evirometal assessmet (SEA). Mai recommedatio: The participatio of stakeholders has to be a prerequisite ad a full compoet of dam project developmet alog with a valid implemetatio strategy. ALTERNATIVES The vast majority of cotributios to the electroic dialogue ecourage the developmet of complemetary optios for eergy ad irrigatio where isufficiet effort has take place so far. Outputs from dams are ot commesurate with their iitial objectives ad egative impacts are eormous. Mai recommedatio: : Opt for a wiig combiatio of large ad small dams with a itegrated approach, arbitratio o allocatio of fiacial resources betwee large ivestmets ad a set of varied additioal measures to improve o rai-fed agricultural productio. 16 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

17 Cattle o the site of the Kompiega Dam i Burkia Faso Workshops to maximize civil society cotributios i 5 major basis of the regio 10 (May - Jue 2010 ad Jauary 2011) Firstly, IUCN orgaized two regioal forums i the Seegal River ad Niger River basis, the two mai rivers of West Africa. The first oe took place i May 2010 i Nouakchott, Mauritaia ad the secod i Jue 2010 i Séligué i Mali. They each brought together civil society represetatives of the basis for three days to discuss the challeges ad impacts of large water ifrastructure ad o the livig coditios of local people. They thus eabled lay actors of dams to better grasp the terms of a discussio that is ofte techical ad difficult to grapple with. The sharig of experiece gaied i various parts of West Africa, the presetatio of the outcomes of the dialogue process (sythesis of the electroic forum, report ad recommedatios of the pael of idepedet experts set up by ECOWAS) ad the rich deliberatios ad discussios facilitated by the NGO Eau Vive 11, resulted i a list of fidigs ad recommedatios that met the expectatios of stakeholders from these water basis. I all, almost 100 participats from the four coutries of the Seegal River basi ad the ie coutries of the Niger River basi were preset: populatios affected by large dams, displaced ad host village heads, producer orgaizatios, user 10 Proceedigs of workshops, as well as other documets (presetatios, summaries of Nouakchott ad Séligué, fial recommedatios) are available o 11 For more iformatio, Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 17

18 group co-ordiators, NGOs, local ad atioal elected officials, wome orgaizatios, represetatives of atioal parks (Diawlig ad Djoudji), maagemet authorities of the three dam projects o the Niger (Fomi, Taoussa ad Kadadji), research istitutios, the health sector. The two basi orgaizatios cocered, the Orgaizatio for the Developmet of River Seegal (OMVS) ad the Niger Basi Authority (NBA), were represeted at both meetigs, thus eablig for the first time a direct discussio betwee users ad these regioal istitutios. A opeig ceremoy Ageda of the workshops Pleary sessios durig which several "iitiatives ad kowledge" sessios made it possible to follow presetatios o scietific/techical, evirometal, socioecoomic ad political factors related to existig or plaed major water ifrastructure i the Seegal ad Niger River basis. These sessios also made it possible to share with participats other elemets of the regioal dialogue process lauched by ECOWAS (outcomes of the pael of experts who aalyzed the decisio-makig processes of three ifrastructure of the regio, outcomes of the electroic forum) Workig groups to develop recommedatios o major issues to be made by the participats of each forum A field trip to existig hydroelectric facilities (case of the Séligué forum i Mali) A closig ceremoy Participats of the Nouakchott Forum observed that i the Seegal River basi there are both the cotributio of large water ifrastructure ad the egative impacts that they ca egeder, brigig little beefit to people livig ear the ifrastructure. The lack of assessmet, cosideratio of evirometal ad social impacts ad alteratives was deplored. Participats also oted a lack of structurig of civil society orgaizatios i the basi ad adequate cosideratio of its possible cotributio ad added value by States. Like the participats i Nouakchott, the participats of the Séligué forum recogised the beefits of dams o the Niger Group photograph of the workshop i Nouakchott i Mauritaia 18 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

19 River basi, ecoomically, evirometally ad socially, but also takig ote of egative impacts at all of these levels. They also oted, amog other thigs, the iadequate ature of evirometal ad social impact assessmets. They also oted that States do ot sufficietly take ito cosideratio the affected people, ad whe compesatio is offered to the latter, the commitmets are ot always hooured. Participats uaimously showed a willigess to egage meaigfully ad sustaiably i this regioal dialogue project, ad to preset their recommedatios at the meetigs that followed, orgaized by ECOWAS. Some accomplishmets Discussios o the issue of large water ifrastructure with civil society actors at the basi scale: the process of buildig this ifrastructure has so far bee the sole resposibility of represetatives of States ad basi orgaizatios uder commuicatio/cosultatio coditios that are usually uclear. The ivolvemet of civil society i geeral does ot occur eve whe there is a ope or latet coflict with local populatios of project sites. The establishmet of a cosultatio process ad discussios with civil society withi the framework of this regioal dialogue is therefore a major achievemet. A member of the pael of idepedet experts was preset i the various forums, sharig iitial fidigs of this pael with participats, ad the reactios that would likely erich the recommedatios forwarded to decisio-makers. The forums of civil society actors of the Niger ad Seegal basis offered the opportuity to meet ad get to kow oe aother, to share thoughts ad fidigs o issues of a trasboudary dimesio, ad to stregthe their positios with other stakeholders i the dialogue. The opportuity for direct discussios ad deliberatios betwee civil society represetatives ad experts of basi orgaizatios outside the framework of cotiuous cosultatio withi the formal goverace of these orgaizatios. The opportuity to share experieces o various educatioal iitiatives o the groud, ad a better uderstadig by civil society actors of issues related to positive ad egative impacts of large water ifrastructure. A growig awareess amog civil society actors cocerig their role ad resposibility i the process of developig large water ifrastructure. Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 19

20 basis (the Niger ad Seegal Rivers) to civil society actors from the other three watersheds i the ECOWAS regio (Gambia, Volta ad Mao Rivers) that could ot hold specific forums for these basis, ad o the other had, to trai members o advocacy techiques ad prepare with them for their participatio i the dialogue meetigs to better put forth their cocers to other stakeholders (States, river basi orgaizatios). Participats at the Séligué workshop i Mali Secodly, a regioal preparatio ad traiig workshop for civil society actors of five major watersheds i ECOWAS coutries (the Niger, Seegal, Gambia, Volta ad Mao River basis) was held i Ouagadougou, Burkia Faso, from 17 to 19 Jauary It was atteded by 15 represetatives from 15 West Africa coutries. This meetig took place ahead of the WRCC forums orgaized i the basis i late Jauary 2011, which aimed to share the recommedatios of the pael of experts with basi orgaizatios, govermets ad civil society, ad was also a opportuity for the latter to preset its ow recommedatios ad to actively cotribute to cosultatio o the pael's work. Iitiated by IUCN, this traiig workshop made it possible to exted the coclusios ad recommedatios of two major water As metioed by the World Commissio o Dams (WCD) i its 2000 Report "Dams ad Developmet: A New Framework for Decisio Makig, key values should guide the locatio of major water structures: equity, efficiecy, decisio-makig based o participatio, sustaiability ad resposibility. These values should form the basis of a rights-based approach to decisio-makig o the equitable maagemet of water resources ad electricity. For civil society, the approach of major water ifrastructure projects should be rethought o the basis of the priciples ad foudatios recalled by the World Commissio o Dams. I total, seve cocrete recommedatios emerged from the discussios, i a bid to promote IWRM for harmoious developmet of the regio ad strog itegratio betwee coutries: 1) Developig large water ifrastructure to meet basic social eeds 20 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

21 2) Miimizig the egative impacts ad maximizig the positive impacts o the atural eviromet 3) Promotig ecoomic developmet i areas surroudig the dam 4) Coductig quality socio-ecoomic ad evirometal impact assessmets ad moitorig implemetatio of their recommedatios, as well as those of strategic evirometal assessmets 5) Supportig the structurig of civil society ad promotig its participatio i all decisios o developmet projects i West Africa basis 6) Establishig compesatio mechaisms ad remedies for the populatio 7) Cosiderig ad promotig all alterative ad complemetary optios to large dams, for the same expected services (maagemet of water resources, eergy developmet, etc.) A documet with detailed recommedatios was produced to be shared durig WRCC workshops ad a power poit presetatio was developed to support the cotributio of civil society. This workshop made it possible to build capacity of civil society, a practical result observed by parters of the cosultatio. The advatage of this approach i supportig the developmet ad dissemiatio of civil society recommedatios has bee cofirmed by the represetatives from each West Africa coutry. This type of support eables them fully to play their role ad make kow the views of the populatio to the authorities, as part of large water projects. Equally, this type of activity, orgaized at the scale of a basi or several basis, allows for discussios that go beyod atioal boudaries ad laguage, ad this eables actors to share their ideas, visios ad solutios, ad to formulate mobilizatio ad joit ifluece strategies. Their rapid ad ethusiastic mobilizatio for the workshop shows the iterest i cotiuig ad stregtheig this approach. Forums i the basis ad at regioal level to appropriate the outcomes of the dialogue (Jauary, July ad December 2011) I Jauary 2011, WRCC orgaized feedback workshops i basis with represetatives of basi orgaizatios, States ad West Africa civil society to preset i detail the recommedatios of the pael of experts i order to collect ad maistream relevat stakeholder cotributios. IUCN also participated i the various meetigs. The objective was to develop a set of cosesual recommedatios to be forwarded to ECOWAS for implemetatio as a framework for decisio-makig. Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 21

22 The workshops were orgaized i three sessios as follows: This stage of the cosultatio i the basis was importat ad ecessary i the process prior to the regioal workshop where recommedatios will be fialized. The pael thus had the opportuity to respod to commets ad feedback from stakeholders ad to maistream the various cotributios i the perspective of the regioal meetig. The presetatio of the recommedatios of the pael of experts was made i 7 sessios: each sessio was reserved for the presetatio of the clear strategic orietatios outlied i the workig documet. This was systematically followed by the presetatio of writte commets ad proposals by civil society of the basi before the orgaizatio of discussios. 12 Where a coutry is a member of several basis, it oly participated oce i the cosultatio 13 The represetatives have bee selected durig the traiig workshop 22 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

23 Civil society was praised for the quality of its itervetios ad the recommedatios produced ad preseted at its sessios. Traied o advocacy approaches ad with a Power Poit presetatio prepared beforehad, ad progressively adjusted durig the workshops, its represetatives therefore felt comfortable ad spoke cofidetly to defed their ideas. Overall, the discussios did ot reveal ay major objectios with regards to the cotet of the documet preseted by the pael but sigificat cotributios were made to cosolidate ad correct the cotet ad wordig of the various proposals i order to make the recommedatios more practical ad uderstadable. Mai topics of discussios durig the cosultatios 1. Capacity buildig ad the role of basi orgaisatios Discussios focussed o the cosesus to create Basi Orgaisatios (BO) where they do ot exist. However participats stressed the eed to esure the smooth ruig of existig BOs that require geeral istitutioal, fiacial ad techical support. Oe area requirig further work is the optio of fudig BOs through regioal orgaisatios such as ECOWAS. 2. The structurig ad reiforcemet of civil society cotributios Civil society has played a importat role i the dialogue ad it is essetial to provide it with structural support to promote local developmet, however its represetativity remais a challege. 3. Sustaiable developmet The project risks liked to the eviromet were raised i the discussios ad these cocers require the pael to be more exhaustive o this issue. 4. The promotio of local developmet The workshops uderlied the eed to esure that the iterests of local people are met, however while local people should be promiet durig the buildig of large dams, they caot expect to be primary beeficiaries due to the broader atioal objectives of such projects. 5. The promotio of regioal itegratio Participats stressed the eed for clear ad readable provisios for the sharig of costs ad beefits betwee states ad other stakeholders to guaratee ivestmets, to esure the participatio of stakeholders, ad to promote regioal itegratio. All the cocers raised were the shared with the pael of experts who, ultimately, made the ecessary chages at a fial workig sessio i Ouagadougou i March 2011, to better reflect the aspiratios of all stakeholders. Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 23

24 The 6 categories of the fialized guidelies of the pael followig the cosultatios 1. Assert the critical role of basi orgaizatios (BOs) i developig ad implemetig trasboudary projects (3 recommedatios ; 10 measures) 2. Ivolve the affected people as project actors, parters ad project beeficiaries (4 recommedatios ; 18 measures) 3. Esure that all actors ivolved i project developmet play their respective roles (3 recommedatios ; 8 measures) 4. Assess ad optimize the profitability of large water facilities i West Africa I July 2011, a regioal (6 workshop recommedatios brought ; together 13 measures) thirty participats i Ouagadougou to preset the two ed-products of the 5. cosultatio Capitalize prior ad to share official validatio: existig experieces withi i. ECOWAS Recommedatios of the pael of experts i their fial versio, followig cosultatios (2 recommedatios i the basis ; 9 measures) ii. Rakig of priority dam porjects i the regio, followig the presetatio 6. Adopt to a parters regioal of the framework cosultatio for (April carryig 2011) ad out the criteria evirometal developed ad for the social rakig assessmets process of trasboudary projects (7 recommedatios ; 19 measures) i. Les recommadatios du pael d experts das leur derière I July 2011, a regioal workshop brought together thirty participats i Ouagadougou to preset the two ed-products of the cosultatio prior to official validatio: i. Recommedatios of the pael of experts i their fial versio, followig cosultatios i the basis ii. Rakig of priority dam porjects i the regio, followig the presetatio to parters of the cosultatio (April 2011) ad the criteria developed for the rakig process I attedace were members of the Techical Advisory Committee of WRCC (coutry focal poits ad basi orgaizatios), the chairma of the Regioal Cosultative Committee o Water Resources, two members of the pael of experts, represetatives of civil society ad parter istitutios, icludig IUCN. The workshop made it possible to share views o the two fialized documets ad to braistorm o perspectives ad future actios to be proposed to cotiue the dialogue process. The followig ideas were highlighted: Support the dissemiatio of outputs ad outcomes of the cosultatio Reformulate the pael's recommedatios so as to make them more accessible Orgaize workshops o how to implemet the recommedatios I additio to developig a framework directive, outcome suggestios were made cocerig a white paper directed at Govermets, ad a maual (guide) o best practices. 24 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

25 O 8 ad 9 December 2011, the Techical Advisory Committee (TAC) of WRCC coveed for its aual meetig. The outcomes of the cosultatios were validated (pael guidelies ad the priciple to establish a priority list of ifrastructure) ad the draft programme of WRCC activities for was proposed i accordace with recommedatios of the July workshop, icludig iter alia: The formulatio of a framework directive o the developmet of large water ifrastructure The developmet of a maual/guidelies The formulatio of a cocept paper leadig to a white paper for Heads of State Bak of the Niger River i the area of the future Kadadji Dam i Niger 14 Draft 2012 programme of activities ad budget, WRCC/ECOWAS Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 25

26 Related activities to stregthe cosultatio A workshop i partership with the Global Water Iitiative (GWI) to share experieces o resettlemet ad beefit sharig with local people (September 2011) I lie with the recommedatios of the pael, a regioal approach was desiged to share the experieces of past processes of dam costructio. It addresses two major recommedatios of the dialogue: Itegrate affected populatios as actors, parters ad beeficiaries of the project (Recommedatio 2) Capitalize ad share existig experieces withi ECOWAS (Recommedatio 5) Resettlemet ad beefit sharig with local commuities aroud reservoirs i West Africa are two essetial compoets for the success of a dam project i the log term. To better uderstad these processes ad lear from the past, the Global Water Iitiative (GWI), implemeted by the IUCN/IIED cosortium ad the ECOWAS Water Resources Coordiatio Cetre (WRCC) held i partership a multi-actor discussio meetig from 13 to 15 September 2011 i Ouagadougou. 17 key messages were developed to guide decisio-makers to implemet more equitable ad sustaiable processes, with the affected populatios as parters. More tha forty West Africa actors represetig civil society orgaizatios, users, local authorities, techical services, maagers of dams, river basi orgaizatios, academics, lawyers, regioal ad iteratioal orgaizatios met i Burkia Faso. Over three days they shared experieces o resettlemet ad beefit sharig with the local populatio o the first large ifrastructure projects from the 1960s to today. They also examied the reasos for failure ad capitalized o best practices. The umerous presetatios ad group work sessios helped to highlight key lessos that would allow affected people to beefit directly from the ifrastructure ad avoid deterioratig livig coditios after resettlemet. The curret executio of importat programmes to build dams i several coutries i the regio (Fomi, Taoussa, Kadadji, Samedei, Noumbiel, Adjarala, Sambagalou, Kaleta, to ame a few) should take ito cosideratio past experieces ad propose solutios through cocrete steps to avoid repeatig the errors observed. Sharig West Africa experieces o resettlemet ad beefit sharig 26 Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio

27 The 17 key messages from the sharig of West Africa experieces Pla resettlemet areas from a good baselie study, makig provisio for immigratio ad populatio growth. 2. Resettlemet villages should ot have special status. They should be icluded i ormal admiistrative structures, ot belog to the agecy that resettled them. 3. Avoid compesatig beeficiaries i cash except for irreplaceable assets (eg trees). 4. Reiforce the capacity of civil society ad local people for the effective maagemet of the resettlemet process, otably providig legal assistace to affected people. 5. Udertake a pilot resettlemet operatio for oe village before relocatig the remaider, wheever possible. 6. Esure the State has the ecessary resources to fiace the resettlemet i a timely maer. 7. Establish mechaisms to esure lad teure security for houses ad farmlads by providig legal documetatio that clearly allocates rights (use rights, property rights...) to each resettled family. 8. Ivolve local people as parters i all stages of the decisio-makig process (eg. type of housig, maagemet of cultural heritage, choice of resettlemet site) ad oly resettle commuities after adequate egotiatio whe timely, accurate iformatio has bee give i a locally accessible laguage ad format. 9. Reiforce the capacity of resettled people ad host commuities to allow them to live together ad to beefit from ew ad ufamiliar resources (irrigatio, fishery...) ad opportuities (tourism, commerce...). 10. Orgaise the fishery ad establish a multi-actor maagemet body to esure the sustaiable maagemet of the resource ad the paymet of taxes i favour of local developmet. 11. Esure that the permaet arragemets for maagemet of the dam ad reservoir are clear (multi-actor committee) oce the costructio phase is complete. 12. Establish a multi-stakeholder moitorig committee to esure the effective delivery of accompayig plas. 13. Establish a appropriate electricity supply system to resettled ad host villages while esurig that ew sites are fully coected to the grid. 14. A percetage of the icome from the sale of the electricity produced by the dam should beefit a local developmet fud for affected people. 15. A moratorium/subsidy period for electricity supply to resettled ad host commuities is desirable ad should be decided by i-coutry egotiatio. 16. Assess ad compesate the loss of cultural heritage ad traditioal use. 17. Pay special attetio to the particular eeds of wome, youth ad hadicapped people i all the above processes ad esure their effective participatio i decisio-makig processes. 15 Commuiqué fial ad report of the regioal workshop o Buildig multi-stakeholder participatio 27