380V DC in Commercial Buildings and Offices

Transcription

1 14º SENAI International Workshop ELECTRIC-ELECTRONICS Jaraguá do Sul,18 Nov V in Commercial Buildings and Offices Fraunhofer Institute of Integrated Systems and Device Technology (FhG-IISB) Schottkystrasse Erlangen - Germany Tel / , Fax Micro Grids

2 14º SENAI International Workshop ELECTRIC-ELECTRONICS Jaraguá do Sul,18 Nov 2014 Content Basic Information about Fraunhofer and Germany Installation and Appliance Technology Today History of Electrification Grid Technologies Useful Projects Summary 2 Micro Grids

3 Fraunhofer and Fraunhofer IISB in Germany Key Figures of Fraunhofer in Germany: Legal status: Non-profit association (e.v.) Mission: Application-oriented R&D Staff: Institutes: 66 Budget: ca Mio. /a Microgrid Location 3 Micro Grids

4 Global Irradiation in Brazil and Germany Installed PV Power: Germany: 40 GW (2014) Brazil: 15 MW (2004) Surface: Germany: km² Brazil: km² Global Irradiation: Germany: kwh/m² Brazil: kwh/m² Photovoltaic can bring a huge benefit to the brazil electrification 4 Micro Grids

5 Installation and Appliance Technology Today 5 Micro Grids

6 Installation and Appliance Technology Today V AC 230 V AC 6 Micro Grids

7 AC Long time success guarantor, today more and more a burden? Power Supply of Electronic Equipment Line voltage 50(60) Hz Mains power cw output power time One hundred supply gaps per second require a significant energy storage in each power supply or line adapter. With hugh impact on size, cost and energy efficiency! 7 Micro Grids

8 AC Long time success guarantor, today more and more a burden? Power Supply of Electronic Equipment AC is responsible for % of power dissipation % of weight % of size in the line adapter or power supply of any electronic equipment! Power Supply Board of a flat screen TV 8 Micro Grids

9 AC Long time success guarantor, today more and more a burden? Variable Speed Drives in Home and Industry The AC frontend is causing ca. 50% of cost ca. 50% of power losses > 65% of construction volume of the whole inverter! ~ AC AC AC frontend η = 0,97 η = 0,97 AC: Cost driver and efficiency killer 9 Micro Grids

10 AC Long time success guarantor, today more and more a burden? Electrical Generators AC supply requires an expensive elaborate AC frontend and thus makes many potentially energy-saving applications uneconomical causes problems with mains perturbations, complicates peak load buffering by means of electrical energy storages. Superfluous in a grid! AC AC 1) energy recuperating drives, wind power, water power, etc. 10 Micro Grids

11 AC Long time success guarantor, today more and more a burden? Aspects for a Reconsideration of the Historic AC Grid Concept The self-use of regenerative energy is to be promoted PV, fuel cells, CHP or wind provide directly and more cost-effective power Energy storages get outstanding importance with increasing share of wind & PV Batteries, electrolysers (H 2 ) work on basis Reactive power increases losses and reduces transmission capacity in AC grids Problem does not exist in systems Efficiency increasing in drive applications through energy recovery Much more easier and economically feasible in grids 1) Design and comfort aspects demand for more compact appliances / converter can be realized much smaller Reduction of electronic scrap quantities / converters shrink with increasing switching frequencies and can be realized with much less material usage than line frequency AC/ adapters 1) no AFE (active AC frontend) necessary 11 Micro Grids

12 A look back at the beginnings of electrification Electricity Generation began in Distributed Structures - dominated From the annual report 1911 of the Municipal electricity plant Regensburg - Germany: AC Source: Elektrizität in Ostbayern - Oberpfalz, Toni Siegert, Bergbau- und Industriemuseum Ostbayern; Band 6; 12 Micro Grids

13 A look back at the beginnings of electrification Buffering the Power Supply Accumulators hall of the municipal power station Straubing - Germany (Photo of 1901) Accumulators hall of the municipal power station Landshut - Germany Source: Elektrizität in Ostbayern - Oberpfalz, Toni Siegert, Bergbau- und Industriemuseum Ostbayern; Band 6; 13 Micro Grids

14 A look back at the beginnings of electrification - Long time the dominant current form in rural areas! AC Source: Elektrizität in Ostbayern - Oberpfalz, Toni Siegert, Bergbau- und Industriemuseum Ostbayern; Band 6; 14 Micro Grids

15 Historical development of transformer and power electronics Was it the breakthrough for AC or just a stage win? AC AC and/or? Distributed grids Many individual producers, mains supply buffered by batteries High supply reliability through transnational distribution grid and availability of practically any amounts of energy from large centralized power plants Sustainable Energy Supply central & distributed generators in conjunction with storages and consumers within a smart grid Micro Grids

16 Historical development of transformer and power electronics Some technical boundary conditions have changed Thomas A. Edison Nikola Tesla Oscar von Miller Transformer Si power diodes Power modules IGBT Bipolar power transistors Power MOSFET Power electronics today allows for flexible and highly efficient conversion of electrical energy into any desired form. 16 Micro Grids

17 and what happens next? Installation and appliance technology today 98%... Efficiency (0) 85% 230 V AC 17 Micro Grids

18 and what happens next? Smart Local Grids Energy efficient and data networking 99% Stationary storages 95% 24 V Energy plus Data (LAN) 380 V 98% 230 V AC 18 Micro Grids

19 Line voltage [V] Grid Technologies Why a voltage of 380 Volt? Virtually all electronic equipment today has a switch mode power supply at the AC input, that internally uses a voltage in the range of V as -link voltage V 2 110% 240 V = 373 V 380 V -link t V AC ( V ) 380 V AC frontend -380 V In principle, all these appliances can be operated directly to 380 V. 19 Micro Grids

20 Grid Technologies More and more electronic devices already allow an operation also with Examples: Drivers (power supplies) for LED lighting Although the universal voltage capability brings only little gain in efficiency and no benefits with respect to overall volume, weight and cost, it facilitates changeover scenarios significantly. 20 Micro Grids

21 Grid Technologies Today Tomorrow AC Lighting Lighting 230/400 V AC AC AC ballast Refrigeration, Air Conditioning AC AC inverter +/- 380 V driver Refrigeration, Air Conditioning AC inverter IT IT Mains transformer L1 L2 L3 N PE AC adapter AC Appliances Mains transformer L1 L2 L3 N PE AC L+ M L- AC Appliances 21 Micro Grids

22 Grid Technologies Power Distribution and Grid Integration at Fraunhofer IISB Sub- Distribution + - PE AC Sub- Distribution L1 L2 L3 N PE 20 kv AC 230/400 V TN-C earthing L1 L2 L3 N/PE Main AC Distribution (Tranformatoren 1-2 MW) TN-S earthing L1 L2 L3 N PE AC Sub- Distribution L1 L2 L3 N PE 22 Micro Grids

23 Grid Technologies Protection and Earthing Concepts IT system with high-ohmic symmetric grounding Power supply Wiring Appliance TN-S system Power supply Wiring Appliance AC L+ AC L+ L- L- PE a) or b) PE Battery (optional) System earth Local earth Battery (optional) System earth A single fault (e.g. ground fault) causes a message but no shutdown high availability High-ohmic earthing is permissible, however, the impedance must be high enough so that no dangerous body currents can flow (typ. > 50 kw) Symmetrical earthing facilitates error detection and avoids problems with CM-filter chokes A single fault already leads to a shutdown Higher compatibility with (from AC world) established earthing concepts and appliances Higher robustness as well as easier fault identification and fault isolation 23 Micro Grids

24 Grid Technologies SEEDs Backbone Local solar power Parallel usage possible 0 20 A -Grid Manager kw MPP Tracking Stationary battery systems A A 0 +8 kw, 380 *) V AC Bidirectional AC Connection lighting Mobil battery (EV) V Charger ( CC/CV, Umax, Umin,Imax) A V consumer charging station 19, 2 HE 8 -Kanäle à 20 A 20 A V * Voltage according to ETSI EN Micro Grids

25 Grid Technologies PV SEEDs Bus Beleuchtung AC Netz Netz IISB Battery Storage 3x 20 kwh P max = 100 kw Inverter and Rectifier P max = 100 kw -Grid Manager P max = 64 kw 24 V Desk System (3x100W 5-24 V) 25 Micro Grids

26 Grid Technologies -Grid Manager Block diagram Characteristics V HV I,i Arbitrarily configurable channels (as voltage/current controlled source or sink) High control dynamics for fast fault-control and lowest fault energy AC grid I,1 V,1 I,2 V,2 V,i Separate channels for single load or grid sections allow: fast fault isolation individual current limiting characteristics (short circuit behavior) complex control functions (MPP tracking, charge/discharge control of batteries, ) arc extinction High efficiency over a very wide load range 26 Micro Grids

27 Power Losses [W] Grid Technologies Intrinsic Losses in Hard Switched Topologies Total Losses P R A ( A) on 2 ( A) v, total( A) Ieff Eoss A fsw dynamic static Active Chip Area A [mm 2 ] A opt I eff f sw R E ( A) on ( A) oss P v,min max 2 I 2 I 1 eff eff f f Circuit 2 f f sw sw sw * 22 R R ( A) on on E E Fundamental efficiency limit with ( A) oss oss FOM of power semiconductor technology 1) f R on C oss, e 1) as a Figure-of-Merit (FOM) this term characterizes a technology not only a certain device! 27 Micro Grids

28 Grid Technologies Fundamental Efficiency Limit With the cut-off frequency of a switching cell 1), e.g. 1 1 f 4,0 GHz 22 2 C, pF0,5 W tot R on C I eff the upper efficiency limit can be written as: max P 1 P v,min in 1 2 f f sw 22 99,9% @ f f f sw sw sw 10kHz 100 khz 1MHz V 0 I 0 A Requirements Power semiconductors with very high cut-off frequencies and unipolar behaviour in the 1 and 3(!) quadrant of the output characteristic Very low-capacitance dynamic nodes, i.e. power inductors with very low winding capacitance, substrate designs with very low ground capacitance Very low-inductive commutation cells 1) where C tot is the total capacitive load of the dynamic node A! 28 Micro Grids

29 Efficiency Grid Technologies SiC and GaN open new Horizons in Power Density and Efficiency Fraunhofer IISB GaN-Reference Design 1) Buck/Boost converter GaN devices (600 V, normally-off) Output power: 1,5 kw V) Power density: >30 kw/dm 3 100% 99% 98% 97% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% Switching frequency [khz] V HV Fraunhofer IISB SiC-Reference Design 1) Buck/Boost converter SiC MOSFET, 1200 V, normally-off Switching frequency: 200 khz Efficiency: >98,5 % (760 V 670 V) Power density: 140 kw/dm 3 1) with Panasonic devices 29 Micro Grids

30 380 (+/-380) V Backbone Grid Technologies Decentral Grid Topology Local power generation Public AC grid AC Stationary batteries Consumer e.g. lighting Mobile batteries Prosumer 30 Micro Grids

31 Grid Technologies How to control a grid without a superordinated master? I dg,pv PV = f(mpp) I dg,pv I load,1 Droop Control The grid voltage (V dg ) serves as the central control variable 370 V 380 V 390 V V dg I load,2 All feed-in converters operate as voltage sources with internal resistance Battery I dg,bat I load,3 AC Advantages No superordinate controller in the grid necessary AC grid I dg,ac constant power 1) Maximum in reliability, availability and flexibility I dg,x I max(+) R i 370 V 380 V 390 V V dg Challenge Ensuring the dynamic grid stability under any constellations self-parameterizing controller I max(-) 1) typically negative differential input impedance, i.e., input current increases as line voltage drops Micro Grids 31

32 Grid Technologies Problem "Mechanical Switches and Connectors" 230 V AC / 10 A 380 V / 10 A 32 Micro Grids

33 Aux Grid Technologies HV- Plug Concepts Pilot Contact (leading opening) Hybrid Connector 1) Resistive Pin Tip grid Appliance LC1 PS switch R(x) x Plug-in is performed without current (Appliance draws load current only when pilot contact is closed, i.e. after closing the load contacts, and reduces current to zero before disconnecting) Evaluable also on the source side to shutdown the voltage The arc voltage, arising when the leading contact LC1 opens, drives a power semiconductor switch: PS switch and auxiliary contact (Aux) take over the load current the arc at LC1 extinguishes immediately PS switch disconnects current before the load contacts open Resistive pin tip (e.g. of SiC) Auto precharge for capacitive loads Error case "incomplete plugging" must be suitably catched 1) after patents of SMA (DE B3) and E.T.A (DE U1) 33 Micro Grids

34 Grid Technologies Supply of Small Electrical Appliances Stationary battery 24 V 380 V 230 V AC 34 Micro Grids

35 24 V grid + Grid Technologies An Universal LV- Plug System Power socket insert Appliances +24 V / converter GND OUT FB alternativ V R x R x One plug for all low-power appliances 1) The socket provides the individual supply voltage requested from the appliance Electroless, arc-free (dis)connection by leading opening pilot contact 1) up to 100 Watt 35 Micro Grids

36 Grid Technologies Size Comparison AC Line Adapter vs. LV-/ Converter 75 W 230 V AC 19 V 75 W 24 V 19 V Efficiency: 95 % Efficiency: 87 % 36 Micro Grids

37 European Projects E2SG Energy to Smart Grid SEEDs Keimzellen für die Energiewende im Industriemaßstab NEST- Research Objective Is Innovative Electronic Circuit Breaker for Renewable Energy and On-Board Grids Other Projects: Forward, =DeCent, Smart Grid Solar, 37 Micro Grids

38 C+G C+G Project 38 Micro Grids 38

39 C+G MPT-IGBT technology 04 / 2012 Semiconducter Technologies Hybrid -Switch (5 380 V ) Development of new Devices and Komponents (IGBT, -Current Sensor, -Switches, Arc Detection,...) µchp Unit (Gas to Grid) Design and Development of complete Systems and Demonstrators with new Devices Deomonstration In real Applications Office Testbed at Fraunhofer IISB (Erlangen) Ligthing Testbed at Philipps Resarch Center (Eindhoven) Evaluation and Verification of -Grid compared to AC-Grid 04 /2015 Philips Lighting Test Bed in Eindhoven 39 Micro Grids

40 Historical development of transformer and power electronics Summary The combination of and AC to a smart hybrid grid allows Cost reduction on device, infrastructure and system level Increase of comfort ( smaller, lighter ) and connectivity ( Internet of things ) Increase of design freedom (e.g. LED lighting) Easier integration of renewable energy sources and electric storages Increase of energy efficiency 40 Micro Grids

41 14º SENAI International Workshop ELECTRIC-ELECTRONICS Jaraguá do Sul,18 Nov 2014 Thank you for your attention! 41 Micro Grids