GNSS seismology for the 2012 M w = 6.1 Emilia Earthquake: exploiting the VADASE algorithm

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1 GNSS seismology for the 2012 M w = 6.1 Emilia Earthquake: exploiting the VADASE algorithm E. Benedetti 1, M. Branzanti 1, L. Biagi 2, G. Colosimo 1, A. Mazzoni 1 and M. Crespi 1 Corresponding author: E. Benedetti, Geodesy and Geomatics Division, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering University of Rome La Sapienza, via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy. ([email protected]) 1 Geodesy and Geomatics Division, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering University of Rome La Sapienza, via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy 2 Politecnico di Milano, DICA at Geomatics Laboratory of Como Campus, via Valleggio 11, Como, Italy

Benedetti, Geodesy and Geomatics Division, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering University of Rome La Sapienza, via Eudossiana 18, Rome,

2 2 1. Introduction This electronic supplement contains three tables and five figures. They are provided in one PDF file that can be downloaded and off line printed and read. The paper presents the application to the Emilia (Italy) earthquake (Mw=6.1, May 20, 2012, 02:03:51 UTC) of VADASE algorithm, able to estimate coseismic displacements and waveforms both in real-time and off-line, in a global reference frame, just using the standard broadcast products and carrier phase observations continuously collected by a stand-alone GNSS receiver. VADASE has been used off-line, since no real-time data were available, and its solutions have been compared with those coming from four well known scientific software used as reference: TRACK, Bernese, APP-PPP and CSRS-PPP. We collected 1 Hz data at seven GPS permanent stations and, at first, we estimated the coseismic displacements and waveforms through the ionospheric-free combination L3 over an interval of 2 minutes. Then, we repeated the computation just using L1, since VADASE is also able to work with single frequency data only. Overall, in both cases, the agreement between VADASE and the reference software were assessed at 1-2 cm level, slightly worse for the L1 solutions, being the agreement among the four reference software at cm level. The results are discussed in the full paper that has been published on SRL journal and can be downloaded from SRL website. All the tables and the figures of this electronic supplement report analytical statistics and detailed graphics that support the results and the conclusions of the paper. As the tables are concerned, the paper contains the synthetic main statistics of the different solutions. Table S1 and S2 of this electronic supplement provide more detailed statistics of the individual solutions: in particular they compare statistical indexes for VADASE, APP, CSRS, Bernese and TRACK

1, May 20, 2012, 02:03:51 UTC) of VADASE algorithm, able to estimate coseismic displacements and waveforms both in real-time and off-line, in a global reference frame, just using the standard

3 3 software solutions, in the pre-event and during the event for all the stations. Table S3 compares the results of the different software in a particular processing (data sampling at 30 seconds) of MO05 station, that is the only one that experienced a significant displacement after the event. As the figures are concerned, the paper contains the time series of the coordinates solutions only for two (the most significant) stations. In the electronic supplement, figures from S1 to S5 report the time series of the solutions for all the other stations.

the only one that experienced a significant displacement after the event.

4 4 VADASE L1 VADASE L3 APP CSRS BERNESE TRACK E N Up E N Up E N Up E N Up E N Up E N Up average BOLO st. dev RMSE average FERA st. dev RMSE average MODE st. dev RMSE average MOPS st. dev RMSE average MO05 st. dev RMSE average SBPO st. dev RMSE average SERM st. dev RMSE Table S1: Statistical indexes (in millimeters) for VADASE, APP, CSRS, Bernese and TRACK software solutions, in a pre-event situation. The results were obtained considering 1 Hz observations over the 120 seconds interval May 20, :02:00 to 02:04:00 GPS time.

dev 7 14 18 8 11 13 3 5 8 3 4 9 2 3 5 2 2 5 RMSE 7 30 19 9 24 16 4 7 12 3 5 15 2 4 5 2 3 6 average 1 26 7 3 28 6 0 1 3 2 1 1 1 4 0 5 1 6 MODE st.

5 5 VADASE L1 APP CSRS BERNESE TRACK E N Up E N Up E N Up E N Up E N Up average BOLO st. dev RMSE average FERA st. dev RMSE average MODE st. dev RMSE average MOPS st. dev RMSE average MO05 st. dev RMSE average SBPO st. dev RMSE average SERM st. dev RMSE Table S2: Statistical indexes (in millimeters) considering 1 Hz observations over the 120 seconds interval May 20, :04:00 to 02:06:00 GPS time.

dev 1 2 10 3 7 6 5 7 6 5 8 8 5 8 6 RMSE 1 4 21 10 7 7 13 7 7 11 9 11 13 9 8 average 6 1 8 8 4 13 8 0 4 10 2 8 10 2 0 MODE st.

6 6 MO05 30 s E N Up mm mm mm VADASE L3 solution in comparison with: average VADASE L1 st. dev RMSE average APP st. dev RMSE average CSRS st. dev RMSE average BERNESE st. dev RMSE average TRACK st. dev RMSE Table S3: Statistical indexes calculated from comparison among VADASE, APP, CSRS, Bernese and TRACK solutions. All results were obtained considering 30 seconds sampling rate observations of the MO05 station over the 120 seconds interval May 20, :04:00 to 02:06:00 GPS time.

dev 8 13 6 RMSE 14 14 7 Table S3: Statistical indexes calculated from comparison among VADASE, APP, CSRS, Bernese and TRACK solutions.

7 7 Displ. Up [m] Displ. N [m] Displ. E [m] Emilia Earthquake May 20th, BOLO - Bologna 0.08 VAD APP TRA CSR BER 02:04:00 02:04:15 02:04:30 02:04:45 02:05:00 02:05:15 02:05:30 02:05:45 02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S1: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at BOLO station (1 Hz observations over 120 seconds interval May 20, :04:00-02:06:00 GPS time, ionosphere-free processing).

02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S1: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at BOLO station (1 Hz

8 8 Displ. Up [m] Displ. N [m] Displ. E [m] Emilia Earthquake May 20th, FERA - Ferrara 0.08 VAD APP TRA CSR BER 02:04:00 02:04:15 02:04:30 02:04:45 02:05:00 02:05:15 02:05:30 02:05:45 02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S2: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at FERA station (1 Hz observations over 120 seconds interval May 20, :04:00-02:06:00 GPS time, ionosphere-free processing).

02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S2: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at FERA station (1 Hz

9 9 Displ. Up [m] Displ. N [m] Displ. E [m] Emilia Earthquake May 20th, MOPS - Modena University 0.08 VAD APP TRA CSR BER 02:04:00 02:04:15 02:04:30 02:04:45 02:05:00 02:05:15 02:05:30 02:05:45 02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S3: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at MOPS station (1 Hz observations over 120 seconds interval May 20, :04:00-02:06:00 GPS time, ionosphere-free processing).

08 VAD APP TRA CSR BER 02:04:00 02:04:15 02:04:30 02:04:45 02:05:00 02:05:15 02:05:30 02:05:45

10 10 Displ. Up [m] Displ. N [m] Displ. E [m] Emilia Earthquake May 20th, SBPO - San Benedetto Po 0.08 VAD E APP E TRA E CSR E BER E 02:04:00 02:04:15 02:04:30 02:04:45 02:05:00 02:05:15 02:05:30 02:05:45 02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S4: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at SBPO station (1 Hz observations over 120 seconds interval May 20, :04:00-02:06:00 GPS time, ionosphere-free processing).

02:05:45 02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S4: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at SBPO station

11 11 Displ. Up [m] Displ. N [m] Displ. E [m] Emilia Earthquake May 20th, SERM - Sermide 0.08 VAD APP TRA CSR BER 02:04:00 02:04:15 02:04:30 02:04:45 02:05:00 02:05:15 02:05:30 02:05:45 02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S5: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at SERM station (1 Hz observations over 120 seconds interval May 20, :04:00-02:06:00 GPS time, ionosphere-free processing).

02:06:00 GPS Time Figure S5: Comparison among VADASE and reference solutions at SERM station (1 Hz

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