Just One Nucleotide! Exploring the Effects of Random Single Nucleotide Mutations
|
|
- Richard Norton
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Just One Nucleotide! Exploring the Effects of Random Single Nucleotide Mutations By Beatriz Gonzalez Associate Professor, Santa Fe College, Gainesville, Florida In this exercise, students will explore the effects of single nucleotide mutations. This exercise has been used successfully with undergraduate biology students majors and nonmajors, graduate biomedical engineering students, and in-service teachers of grades Reasons for developing resource: The Central Dogma of molecular biology is key to every general biology course. After going over the unit on gene expression, I was surprised when my students were unable to determine the protein sequence coded by a DNA sequence. Students were able to answer correctly standardized test questions related to transcription and translation, but were not able to generate a short peptide sequence when provided with a DNA sequence and a codon chart! I realized that meant they truly did not understand the concepts. As I implemented the earlier version of this resource, I uncovered several misconceptions my students had. Examples of misconceptions and details that were unclear are: confusion between transcription and translation; assuming the Start and Stop codons relate to transcription and not translation; starting a new protein every time they see the codon for methionine (AUG); inability to differentiate between codons and amino acids; realizing that mutations are changes in the DNA sequence, not the mrna sequence, and that they are permanent; that amino acids make up proteins and are covalently bonded; how can different codons code for the same amino acid. When facilitating this activity, teachers should pay attention to keep the exercise moving along (as playing with dice often serves as a distraction!) Students must be provided with this handout where they will record their. The teacher can provide dice, or if no physical dice are available, a virtual die could be used. Learning Objectives: 1. Given a coding DNA sequence, determine the mrna, and based on the transcribed mrna, predict the resulting protein sequence 2. Become proficient in using the universal codon chart to determine which codons code for which amino acids 3. Recognize the importance of the START and the STOP codons 4. Students will review the base complementary rules in DNA and RNA 5. Students will be doing the steps in the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA è RNA è Protein 6. The exercise will address misconceptions regarding transcription and translation 7. Predict the effect that different types of mutations will have on the protein expressed 8. Students will be able to work in groups
2 Dr. Beatriz Gonzalez In-Class Worksheet Name: Learning Objectives: Just One Nucleotide! Exploring The Effects of Random Single Nucleotide Mutations Given a coding DNA sequence, determine the mrna Based on the transcribed mrna, predict the resulting protein sequence Become proficient in using the codon chart to determine which codons code for which amino acids Recognize the importance of the START and the STOP codons Predict the effect that different types of mutations will have on the protein expressed Introduction The Central Dogma of molecular biology is the concept that cells are ruled by a cellular chain of command that flow from DNA to RNA to protein. The information is housed in the DNA, transcribed into a RNA molecule and translated into a protein. Therefore, protein synthesis occurs by means of transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and produces RNA pairing complementary bases to the coding DNA strand. This RNA is modified and processed in eukaryotes and then goes to the cytoplasm where translation takes place (either in polyribosomes or in ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum). Here the mrna code is converted into a protein, a chain of amino acids. Activity 1: Review of base-pair rules 1. Fill out the following table to review the complementary base-pair rules during the processes of DNA replication vs. transcription: DNA Replication If DNA template has Newly made DNA this base: will have: A C G T Transcription If DNA template has mrna will this base: have: A C G T 1
3 Activity 2: Transcription: Making mrna In this simple exercise, you will transcribe the coding DNA sequence into an mrna. This particular region does not contain introns. 1. Using the following coding DNA sequence, determine the resulting mrna. DNA sequence: (provided sequence shown 3 5 ) nt = nucleotide # nt T T C A T A C G A C G T C T A C G T A A C T G C T mrna sequence: (5 3 ) Activity 3: Translation: mrna Universal Codon Chart Translation is the process that takes the information that was passed from DNA into the messenger RNA and turns it into a linear sequence of amino acids covalently joined by peptide bonds. It really is a translation from one code, nucleotide sequence, to another code, amino acid sequence. 1. Name the three different types of RNA. Mention their functions. 2. Where are ribosomes made and what are they made of? How do they get to their final destination? 2
4 3. Refer to the universal codon chart below. The AUG codon, codes both for methionine and serves as an initiation site; the first AUG in an mrna's coding region will be the site where translation (not transcription) into protein begins. Universal Codon Chart Table 1 : Codon table. This table illustrates the 64 possible codon triplets. 2nd base U C A G UUU Phenylalanine UCU Serine UUC Phenylalanine UCC Serine U UUA Leucine UCA Serine UUG Leucine UCG Serine UAU Tyrosine UAC Tyrosine UAA Stop UAG Stop UGU Cysteine UGC Cysteine UGA Stop UGG Tryptophan CUU Leucine CUC Leucine C CUA Leucine 1st base CUG Leucine AUU Isoleucine AUC Isoleucine A AUA Isoleucine 1 AUG Methionine GUU Valine GUC Valine G GUA Valine GUG Valine CCU Proline CCC Proline CCA Proline CCG Proline CAU Histidine CAC Histidine CAA Glutamine CAG Glutamine ACU Threonine AAU Asparagine ACC Threonine AAC Asparagine ACA Threonine AAA Lysine ACG Threonine AAG Lysine GCU Alanine GCC Alanine GCA Alanine GCG Alanine GAU Aspartic acid GAC Aspartic acid GAA Glutamic acid GAG Glutamic acid CGU Arginine CGC Arginine CGA Arginine CGG Arginine AGU Serine AGC Serine AGA Arginine AGG Arginine GGU Glycine GGC Glycine GGA Glycine GGG Glycine a) What is a start codon? How many are there? Name the codon and the amino acid it codes for: b) Name all the amino acids that have only one codon: c) Name all the amino acids that have multiple codons: d) What does it mean when a codon translates into STOP? Name the three STOP codons. 3
5 Activity 4: Translation: Determining the Protein Sequence Using the following coding DNA sequence, determine the mrna and the polypeptide chain coded by this region of the DNA. (You determined this sequence earlier in activity 2) DNA sequence: (provided sequence shown 3 5 ) nt = nucleotide # nt T T C A T A C G A C G T C T A C G T A A C T G C T mrna sequence: (5 3 ) (the same as in activity 2) Amino acid sequence (polypeptide): Activity 5: Exploring Point Mutations Procedure: 1. Mutate nucleotide #10 in the DNA sequence provided according to the rules in table Your instructor will provide you with rubber dice so you can simulate what happens when the DNA sequence is mutated if the number you roll does not result in a change, keep rolling until it changes. 3. Every student in your group should roll the die to mutate their own DNA. In this way, there will be more outcomes to compare. 4. Write down your newly mutated DNA sequence. 5. Determine and record the mrna and the protein sequence coded by the mutated DNA sequence. Table 1: Rules for determining which kind of mutation will take place If you toss a Then you must 1 Substitute your nucleotide with an A 2 Substitute your nucleotide with a C 3 Substitute your nucleotide with a G 4 Substitute your nucleotide with a T 5 Delete the nucleotide 6 Insert a nucleotide right after (toss again until you get 1 4 to determine which letter nucleotide to insert) 4
6 DNA sequence: (provided sequence shown 3 5 ) nt = nucleotide # nt T T C A T A C G A C G T C T A C G T A A C T G C T Write complete new DNA sequence with mutation at nucleotide 10 position: (Depending on the mutation, you will end up with a 24-nt, 25-nt, or 26-nt DNA sequence.) mrna sequence from mutated DNA: Amino acid sequence (polypeptide): Circle any differences from original protein Activity 6: More Mutations! Keeping the mutated nucleotide, mutate nucleotide #16 following the procedure outlined in activity 5. Write the resulting DNA, mrna, and protein sequences Write complete DNA sequence (now with two mutations: one at nt 10 position, and the second at the nt 16 position): mrna sequence with both mutations: Amino acid sequence (polypeptide): Circle any differences from original protein 5
7 Activity 7: Thought Questions 1. Write the definition of the term mutation. 2. If a mistake is made during transcription, will that mistake be permanent? During translation? Why or why not? Will it be passed on to the next generation of cells? Explain your answers. 3. Why do you think you used a die to determine the mutations? Why did you keep the first mutation when mutating the sequence a second time? In other words, why didn t you fix it? 4. Did everyone in your group get the same mutation(s)? Explain. What are the odds of two people rolling the same number? Of rolling the same mutation? 5. Deletions and insertions are also called - mutations. 6. What is a point mutation? Differentiate between the following types of point mutations: a) Substitution b) Deletion c) Insertion d) Missense e) Nonsense 7. Explain the statement: "A mutation causes a change in the genotype, but that change does not always cause a change in the phenotype". Reference: Gonzalez, B.Y. and J. H. van Oostrom Using Dice to Explore the Consequences of DNA Mutations, Journal of College Science Teaching 38 (5):
8 Dr. Beatriz Gonzalez In-Class Worksheet Name: _Key Learning Objectives: Just One Nucleotide! Exploring The Effects of Random Single Nucleotide Mutations Given a coding DNA sequence, determine the mrna Based on the transcribed mrna, predict the resulting protein sequence Become proficient in using the codon chart to determine which codons code for which amino acids Recognize the importance of the START and the STOP codons Predict the effect that different types of mutations will have on the protein expressed Introduction The Central Dogma of molecular biology is the concept that cells are ruled by a cellular chain of command that flow from DNA to RNA to protein. The information is housed in the DNA, transcribed into a RNA molecule and translated into a protein. Therefore, protein synthesis occurs by means of transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and produces RNA pairing complementary bases to the coding DNA strand. This RNA is modified and processed in eukaryotes and then goes to the cytoplasm where translation takes place (either in polyribosomes or in ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum). Here the mrna code is converted into a protein, a chain of amino acids. Activity 1: Review of base-pair rules 1. Fill out the following table to review the complementary base-pair rules during the processes of DNA replication vs. transcription: DNA Replication Transcription If DNA template has this base: Newly made DNA will have: If DNA template has this base: mrna will have: A T A U C G C G G C G C T A T A 7
9 Activity 2: Transcription: Making mrna In this simple exercise, you will transcribe the coding DNA sequence into an mrna. This particular region does not contain introns. 1. Using the following coding DNA sequence, determine the resulting mrna. DNA sequence: (provided sequence shown 3 5 ) nt = nucleotide # nt T T C A T A C G A C G T C T A C G T A A C T G C T mrna sequence: (5 3 ) AAGUAUGCUGCAGAUGCAUUGACGA NOTE: Depending on the level and background of the course, the teacher might want to omit the notation denoting the DNA and RNA orientations (3 5 and 5 3, respectively) especially if the chemistry of the nucleic acids is not a requisite for the course. Activity 3: Translation: mrna Universal Codon Chart Translation is the process that takes the information that was passed from DNA into the messenger RNA and turns it into a linear sequence of amino acids covalently joined by peptide bonds. It really is a translation from one code, nucleotide sequence, to another code, amino acid sequence. 1. Name the three different types of RNA. Mention their functions. Messenger RNA (mrna) copy of the DNA sequence. This transcript of the DNA sequence will go to the cytoplasm where it will be translated. Has codons. The universal codon chart is based on the mrna codons. Transfer RNA (trna) brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome. Has anticodons that are complementary to the mrna codons. On one of its ends has a site where a specific amino acid is covalently bonded so it can brig it to the ribosome, where it will transfer it to the protein being translated. Ribosomal RNA (rrna) there are several rrnas. Their main function is structural, as a component of the ribosome. Ribosomes are composed of protein and rrna. One of these rrna has enzymatic capabilities and it is actively involved in translation. RNAs that have enzymatic properties are called ribozymes. 2. Where are ribosomes made and what are they made of? How do they get to their final destination? Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus of the nucleus. They are made out of protein and rrna. They consist of two subunits that are transported to the cytoplasm by going out of the nuclear pores. Once in the cytoplasm, they assemble into a functional ribosome once they find an mrna. 8
10 3. Refer to the universal codon chart below. The AUG codon, codes both for methionine and serves as an initiation site; the first AUG in an mrna's coding region will be the site where translation (not transcription) into protein begins. Universal Codon Chart Codon table. This table illustrates the 64 possible codon triplets. 2nd base U C A G UUU Phenylalanine UCU Serine UUC Phenylalanine UCC Serine U UUA Leucine UCA Serine UUG Leucine UCG Serine UAU Tyrosine UAC Tyrosine UAA Stop UAG Stop UGU Cysteine UGC Cysteine UGA Stop UGG Tryptophan CUU Leucine CUC Leucine C CUA Leucine 1st base CUG Leucine AUU Isoleucine AUC Isoleucine A AUA Isoleucine 1 AUG Methionine GUU Valine GUC Valine G GUA Valine GUG Valine CCU Proline CCC Proline CCA Proline CCG Proline CAU Histidine CAC Histidine CAA Glutamine CAG Glutamine ACU Threonine AAU Asparagine ACC Threonine AAC Asparagine ACA Threonine AAA Lysine ACG Threonine AAG Lysine GCU Alanine GCC Alanine GCA Alanine GCG Alanine GAU Aspartic acid GAC Aspartic acid GAA Glutamic acid GAG Glutamic acid CGU Arginine CGC Arginine CGA Arginine CGG Arginine AGU Serine AGC Serine AGA Arginine AGG Arginine GGU Glycine GGC Glycine GGA Glycine GGG Glycine a) What is a start codon? How many are there? Name the codon and the amino acid it codes for: A start codon is the codon that signals the beginning of translation. There is only one, AUG, and it codes for methionine. b) Name all the amino acids that have only one codon: Methionine and tryptophan (the question asks for the amino acid, not the sequence of the codons) c) Name all the amino acids that have multiple codons: All except methionine and tryptophan. There are 20 amino acids, so 18 have multiple codons. d) What does it mean when a codon translates into STOP? Name the three STOP codons. STOP means that translation will cease. The ribosome complex disassembles and the mrna and newly made protein are released. 9
11 Activity 4: Translation: Determining the Protein Sequence Using the following coding DNA sequence, determine the mrna and the polypeptide chain coded by this region of the DNA. (You determined this sequence earlier in activity 2) DNA sequence: (provided sequence shown 3 5 ) nt = nucleotide # nt T T C A T A C G A C G T C T A C G T A A C T G C T mrna sequence: (5 3 ) (the same as in activity 2) AAGUAUGCUGCAGAUGCAUUGACGA Amino acid sequence (polypeptide): Starting on the first mrna nucleotide on the left (the 5 end), students should slide to the right (towards the 3 end) until they find the START nucleotide AUG. After recording methionine they should look up the next 3 nucleotides (the code does not overlap) in the codon chart and continue until they find a STOP codon. The word STOP should not be part of the protein sequence. The amino acids are joined by a hyphen, to symbolize the peptide bond that covalently bonds them. Methionine leucine glutamine methionine histidine Activity 5: Exploring Point Mutations Procedure: 6. Mutate nucleotide #10 in the DNA sequence provided according to the rules in table Your instructor will provide you with rubber dice so you can simulate what happens when the DNA sequence is mutated if the number you roll does not result in a change, keep rolling until it changes. 8. Every student in your group should roll the die to mutate their own DNA. In this way, there will be more outcomes to compare. 9. Write down your newly mutated DNA sequence. 10. Determine and record the mrna and the protein sequence coded by the mutated DNA sequence. Table 1: Rules for determining which kind of mutation will take place If you toss a Then you must 1 Substitute your nucleotide with an A 2 Substitute your nucleotide with a C 3 Substitute your nucleotide with a G 4 Substitute your nucleotide with a T 5 Delete the nucleotide 6 Insert a nucleotide right after (toss again until you get 1 4 to determine which letter nucleotide to insert) 10
12 DNA sequence: (provided sequence shown 3 5 ) nt = nucleotide # nt T T C A T A C G A C G T C T A C G T A A C T G C T Write complete new DNA sequence with mutation at nucleotide 10 position: (Depending on the mutation, you will end up with a 24-nt, 25-nt, or 26-nt DNA sequence.) Example: If the student rolls a 4, then the C in nt 10 is replaced by a T. This will be the resulting mutated DNA nucleotide sequence: TTCATACGATGTCTACGTAACTGCT mrna sequence from mutated DNA: AAGUAUGCUACAGAUGCAUUGACGA Amino acid sequence (polypeptide): Circle any differences from original protein Methionine leucine glutamine methionine histidine No difference in nucleotide sequence since both codons code for leucine. In this mutated DNA sequence, a substitution in nt 10 will not cause a change in the DNA sequence. However, if student rolls a 5 or 6, there will be a shift in the reading frame and major changes will take place. Activity 6: More Mutations! Keeping the mutated nucleotide, mutate nucleotide #16 following the procedure outlined in activity 5. Write the resulting DNA, mrna, and protein sequences Write complete DNA sequence (now with two mutations: one at nt 10 position, and the second at the nt 16 position): Example: student rolls a 3, so nt is changed from C to G. TTCATACGATGTCTAGGTAACTGCT mrna sequence with both mutations: AAGUAUGCUACAGAUCCAUUGACGA Amino acid sequence (polypeptide): Circle (or underline) any differences from original protein Methionine leucine glutamine isoleucine histidine 11
13 Activity 7: Thought Questions 1. Write the definition of the term mutation. A change in the genetic sequence of a gene (in the DNA for living organisms and in RNA for retroviruses). Often occurs during replication of the DNA or due to external factors (mutagens such as radiation). It is important that students understand that mutations are in the DNA. Often they think that a mistake in transcription or translation is 2. a) If a mistake is made during transcription, will that mistake be permanent? During translation? Why or why not? b)will the mistake be passed on to the next generation of cells? Explain your answers. a) No, as long as the DNA is not mutated, the mistake will not be permanent. Imagine 100 mrna are produced and one of them is wrong, due to a mistake during transcription. Since the other 99 mrna are correct, the bulk of the proteins produced will be correct. The same will happen if a mistake occurred during translation. Many mrna are transcribed from each gene and mrnas are reused many times. b) If a defective protein is made, it will stay in the cell until it is degraded. However, if many other copies are made that are not defective, chances are that the defective copy will have no or negligible effect on the cell s functions. So the defective protein might persist in the cell, but since the DNA is not mutated, new copies should not be defective. 3. Why do you think you used a die to determine the mutations? Why did you keep the first mutation when mutating the sequence a second time? In other words, why didn t you fix it? Mutations are random and they accumulate. Certain sequences are more prone to specific kinds of mutations, but there is no guarantee that the mutation will or will not occur. 4. Did everyone in your group get the same mutation(s)? Explain. What are the odds of two people rolling the same number? Of rolling the same mutation? Odds of two people rolling the same number 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36. Odds of two people rolling the same mutation 1/5 x 1/5 = 1/25 because one of the numbers stands for what is already in the sequence and that will not be a mutations. Example: if you have a C and you roll a 2, the rules say to place a C, but you already have a C, therefore that is not a mutation. 5. Deletions and insertions are also called frame-shift mutations. 6. What is a point mutation? Differentiate between the following types of point mutations: a) Substitution changes one nucleotide for another b) Missense substitution that codes for a different amino acid c) Nonsense substitution that codes for a STOP codon d) Deletion deletes one nucleotide e) Insertion inserts one nucleotide 7. Explain the statement: "A mutation causes a change in the genotype, but that change does not always cause a change in the phenotype". As seen in the example in activity 5, a substitution will cause a change in the DNA sequence (genotype) but will not result in a change in the amino acid sequence (phenotype). Reference: Gonzalez, B.Y. and J. H. van Oostrom Using Dice to Explore the Consequences of DNA Mutations, Journal of College Science Teaching 38 (5):
Gene Finding CMSC 423
Gene Finding CMSC 423 Finding Signals in DNA We just have a long string of A, C, G, Ts. How can we find the signals encoded in it? Suppose you encountered a language you didn t know. How would you decipher
More informationHands on Simulation of Mutation
Hands on Simulation of Mutation Charlotte K. Omoto P.O. Box 644236 Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-4236 omoto@wsu.edu ABSTRACT This exercise is a hands-on simulation of mutations and their
More informationMolecular Facts and Figures
Nucleic Acids Molecular Facts and Figures DNA/RNA bases: DNA and RNA are composed of four bases each. In DNA the four are Adenine (A), Thymidine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). In RNA the four are
More informationCoding sequence the sequence of nucleotide bases on the DNA that are transcribed into RNA which are in turn translated into protein
Assignment 3 Michele Owens Vocabulary Gene: A sequence of DNA that instructs a cell to produce a particular protein Promoter a control sequence near the start of a gene Coding sequence the sequence of
More information(http://genomes.urv.es/caical) TUTORIAL. (July 2006)
(http://genomes.urv.es/caical) TUTORIAL (July 2006) CAIcal manual 2 Table of contents Introduction... 3 Required inputs... 5 SECTION A Calculation of parameters... 8 SECTION B CAI calculation for FASTA
More informationMutation. Mutation provides raw material to evolution. Different kinds of mutations have different effects
Mutation Mutation provides raw material to evolution Different kinds of mutations have different effects Mutational Processes Point mutation single nucleotide changes coding changes (missense mutations)
More informationProvincial Exam Questions. 9. Give one role of each of the following nucleic acids in the production of an enzyme.
Provincial Exam Questions Unit: Cell Biology: Protein Synthesis (B7 & B8) 2010 Jan 3. Describe the process of translation. (4 marks) 2009 Sample 8. What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis? A.
More informationa. Ribosomal RNA rrna a type ofrna that combines with proteins to form Ribosomes on which polypeptide chains of proteins are assembled
Biology 101 Chapter 14 Name: Fill-in-the-Blanks Which base follows the next in a strand of DNA is referred to. as the base (1) Sequence. The region of DNA that calls for the assembly of specific amino
More informationhttp://www.life.umd.edu/grad/mlfsc/ DNA Bracelets
http://www.life.umd.edu/grad/mlfsc/ DNA Bracelets by Louise Brown Jasko John Anthony Campbell Jack Dennis Cassidy Michael Nickelsburg Stephen Prentis Rohm Objectives: 1) Using plastic beads, construct
More informationProtein Synthesis Simulation
Protein Synthesis Simulation Name(s) Date Period Benchmark: SC.912.L.16.5 as AA: Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. (Assessed
More informationFrom DNA to Protein. Proteins. Chapter 13. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. The Path From Genes to Proteins. All proteins consist of polypeptide chains
Proteins From DNA to Protein Chapter 13 All proteins consist of polypeptide chains A linear sequence of amino acids Each chain corresponds to the nucleotide base sequence of a gene The Path From Genes
More informationPRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS
PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS B 1. One of the functions of DNA is to A. secrete vacuoles. B. make copies of itself. C. join amino acids to each other.
More information13.2 Ribosomes & Protein Synthesis
13.2 Ribosomes & Protein Synthesis Introduction: *A specific sequence of bases in DNA carries the directions for forming a polypeptide, a chain of amino acids (there are 20 different types of amino acid).
More informationDNA Replication & Protein Synthesis. This isn t a baaaaaaaddd chapter!!!
DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis This isn t a baaaaaaaddd chapter!!! The Discovery of DNA s Structure Watson and Crick s discovery of DNA s structure was based on almost fifty years of research by other
More informationTranscription and Translation of DNA
Transcription and Translation of DNA Genotype our genetic constitution ( makeup) is determined (controlled) by the sequence of bases in its genes Phenotype determined by the proteins synthesised when genes
More informationInsulin mrna to Protein Kit
Insulin mrna to Protein Kit A 3DMD Paper BioInformatics and Mini-Toober Folding Activity Teacher Key and Teacher Notes www. Insulin mrna to Protein Kit Contents Becoming Familiar with the Data... 3 Identifying
More informationHiding Data in DNA. 1 Introduction
Hiding Data in DNA Boris Shimanovsky *, Jessica Feng +, and Miodrag Potkonjak + * XAP Corporation + Dept. Computer Science, Univ. of California, Los Angeles Abstract. Just like disk or RAM, DNA and RNA
More informationRNA and Protein Synthesis
Name lass Date RN and Protein Synthesis Information and Heredity Q: How does information fl ow from DN to RN to direct the synthesis of proteins? 13.1 What is RN? WHT I KNOW SMPLE NSWER: RN is a nucleic
More informationMolecular Genetics. RNA, Transcription, & Protein Synthesis
Molecular Genetics RNA, Transcription, & Protein Synthesis Section 1 RNA AND TRANSCRIPTION Objectives Describe the primary functions of RNA Identify how RNA differs from DNA Describe the structure and
More informationMs. Campbell Protein Synthesis Practice Questions Regents L.E.
Name Student # Ms. Campbell Protein Synthesis Practice Questions Regents L.E. 1. A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a messenger-rna molecule is known as a 1) codon 2) gene 3) polypeptide 4) nucleotide
More informationBiological One-way Functions
Biological One-way Functions Qinghai Gao, Xiaowen Zhang 2, Michael Anshel 3 gaoj@farmingdale.edu zhangx@mail.csi.cuny.edu csmma@cs.ccny.cuny.edu Dept. Security System, Farmingdale State College / SUNY,
More informationConcluding lesson. Student manual. What kind of protein are you? (Basic)
Concluding lesson Student manual What kind of protein are you? (Basic) Part 1 The hereditary material of an organism is stored in a coded way on the DNA. This code consists of four different nucleotides:
More informationUNIT (12) MOLECULES OF LIFE: NUCLEIC ACIDS
UIT (12) MLECULE F LIFE: UCLEIC ACID ucleic acids are extremely large molecules that were first isolated from the nuclei of cells. Two kinds of nucleic acids are found in cells: RA (ribonucleic acid) is
More informationProtein Synthesis How Genes Become Constituent Molecules
Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis How Genes Become Constituent Molecules Mendel and The Idea of Gene What is a Chromosome? A chromosome is a molecule of DNA 50% 50% 1. True 2. False True False Protein
More information2006 7.012 Problem Set 3 KEY
2006 7.012 Problem Set 3 KEY Due before 5 PM on FRIDAY, October 13, 2006. Turn answers in to the box outside of 68-120. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS PRINTOUT. 1. Which reaction is catalyzed by each
More informationMutations and Genetic Variability. 1. What is occurring in the diagram below?
Mutations and Genetic Variability 1. What is occurring in the diagram below? A. Sister chromatids are separating. B. Alleles are independently assorting. C. Genes are replicating. D. Segments of DNA are
More informationTranslation Study Guide
Translation Study Guide This study guide is a written version of the material you have seen presented in the replication unit. In translation, the cell uses the genetic information contained in mrna to
More informationSEAC 2012 Medical Director Potpourri BANNER. WILLIAM PENN. YOUR COMPANY FOR LIFE
SEAC 2012 Medical Director Potpourri BANNER. WILLIAM PENN. YOUR COMPANY FOR LIFE SEAC ML ENGMAN, MD Vice President and Chief Medical Director BANNER. WILLIAM PENN. YOUR COMPANY FOR LIFE UNDERWRITING SLEEP
More informationProtein Synthesis. Page 41 Page 44 Page 47 Page 42 Page 45 Page 48 Page 43 Page 46 Page 49. Page 41. DNA RNA Protein. Vocabulary
Protein Synthesis Vocabulary Transcription Translation Translocation Chromosomal mutation Deoxyribonucleic acid Frame shift mutation Gene expression Mutation Point mutation Page 41 Page 41 Page 44 Page
More informationGene and Chromosome Mutation Worksheet (reference pgs. 239-240 in Modern Biology textbook)
Name Date Per Look at the diagrams, then answer the questions. Gene Mutations affect a single gene by changing its base sequence, resulting in an incorrect, or nonfunctional, protein being made. (a) A
More informationFrom DNA to Protein
Nucleus Control center of the cell contains the genetic library encoded in the sequences of nucleotides in molecules of DNA code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins determines which specific proteins
More informationTranslation. Translation: Assembly of polypeptides on a ribosome
Translation Translation: Assembly of polypeptides on a ribosome Living cells devote more energy to the synthesis of proteins than to any other aspect of metabolism. About a third of the dry mass of a cell
More informationISTEP+: Biology I End-of-Course Assessment Released Items and Scoring Notes
ISTEP+: Biology I End-of-Course Assessment Released Items and Scoring Notes Page 1 of 22 Introduction Indiana students enrolled in Biology I participated in the ISTEP+: Biology I Graduation Examination
More informationRNA & Protein Synthesis
RNA & Protein Synthesis Genes send messages to cellular machinery RNA Plays a major role in process Process has three phases (Genetic) Transcription (Genetic) Translation Protein Synthesis RNA Synthesis
More informationThymine = orange Adenine = dark green Guanine = purple Cytosine = yellow Uracil = brown
1 DNA Coloring - Transcription & Translation Transcription RNA, Ribonucleic Acid is very similar to DNA. RNA normally exists as a single strand (and not the double stranded double helix of DNA). It contains
More informationName Class Date. Figure 13 1. 2. Which nucleotide in Figure 13 1 indicates the nucleic acid above is RNA? a. uracil c. cytosine b. guanine d.
13 Multiple Choice RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter Test A Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following are found in both
More informationSpecific problems. The genetic code. The genetic code. Adaptor molecules match amino acids to mrna codons
Tutorial II Gene expression: mrna translation and protein synthesis Piergiorgio Percipalle, PhD Program Control of gene transcription and RNA processing mrna translation and protein synthesis KAROLINSKA
More informationMultiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
Name lass Date hapter 12 DN and RN hapter Test Multiple hoice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. Pearson Education, Inc. ll rights reserved.
More informationThe Steps. 1. Transcription. 2. Transferal. 3. Translation
Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis is simply the "making of proteins." Although the term itself is easy to understand, the multiple steps that a cell in a plant or animal must go through are not. In order
More informationGenetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism )
Biology 1406 Exam 3 Notes Structure of DNA Ch. 10 Genetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism ) Proteins
More informationStructure and Function of DNA
Structure and Function of DNA DNA and RNA Structure DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. They consist of chemical units called nucleotides. The nucleotides are joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone. The four
More informationUNIVERSITETET I OSLO Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet
1 UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet Exam in: MBV4010 Arbeidsmetoder i molekylærbiologi og biokjemi I MBV4010 Methods in molecular biology and biochemistry I Day of exam:.
More informationBio 102 Practice Problems Genetic Code and Mutation
Bio 102 Practice Problems Genetic Code and Mutation Multiple choice: Unless otherwise directed, circle the one best answer: 1. Beadle and Tatum mutagenized Neurospora to find strains that required arginine
More informationThe sequence of bases on the mrna is a code that determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide being synthesized:
Module 3F Protein Synthesis So far in this unit, we have examined: How genes are transmitted from one generation to the next Where genes are located What genes are made of How genes are replicated How
More informationDNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, and Mutations. Chapters 12-13.3
DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, and Mutations Chapters 12-13.3 1A)Identify the components of DNA and explain its role in heredity. DNA s Role in heredity: Contains the genetic information of a cell that can
More informationRibosomal Protein Synthesis
1 1 Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wintermeyer 1, Prof. Dr. Marina V. Rodnina 2 1 Institut f r Molekularbiologie, Universit t Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Stra e 10, 58448 Witten, Germany;
More informationName Date Period. 2. When a molecule of double-stranded DNA undergoes replication, it results in
DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis Keystone 1. During the process shown above, the two strands of one DNA molecule are unwound. Then, DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand which results
More informationChapter 17: From Gene to Protein
AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Julia Keller 12d Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein 1. What is gene expression? Gene expression is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
More informationLecture Series 7. From DNA to Protein. Genotype to Phenotype. Reading Assignments. A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides
Lecture Series 7 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype Reading Assignments Read Chapter 7 From DNA to Protein A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides Genes are made up of DNA and are expressed
More informationGenetics Module B, Anchor 3
Genetics Module B, Anchor 3 Key Concepts: - An individual s characteristics are determines by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. - During gamete formation, the alleles for
More information2. The number of different kinds of nucleotides present in any DNA molecule is A) four B) six C) two D) three
Chem 121 Chapter 22. Nucleic Acids 1. Any given nucleotide in a nucleic acid contains A) two bases and a sugar. B) one sugar, two bases and one phosphate. C) two sugars and one phosphate. D) one sugar,
More informationShu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw
Amino Acids & Proteins Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute te of Biomedical Engineering ing E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/splin/ edu tw/pweb/users/splin/ Date: 10.13.2010
More informationPipe Cleaner Proteins. Essential question: How does the structure of proteins relate to their function in the cell?
Pipe Cleaner Proteins GPS: SB1 Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. Essential question: How does the structure of proteins relate to their
More informationLecture 4. Polypeptide Synthesis Overview
Initiation of Protein Synthesis (4.1) Lecture 4 Polypeptide Synthesis Overview Polypeptide synthesis proceeds sequentially from N Terminus to C terminus. Amino acids are not pre-positioned on a template.
More informationAnnouncements. Chapter 15. Proteins: Function. Proteins: Function. Proteins: Structure. Peptide Bonds. Lab Next Week. Help Session: Monday 6pm LSS 277
Lab Next Week Announcements Help Session: Monday 6pm LSS 277 Office Hours Chapter 15 and Translation Proteins: Function Proteins: Function Enzymes Transport Structural Components Regulation Communication
More informationBCH401G Lecture 39 Andres
BCH401G Lecture 39 Andres Lecture Summary: Ribosome: Understand its role in translation and differences between translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Translation: Understand the chemistry of this
More informationCHALLENGES IN THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
REPRINT: originally published as: Robbins, R. J., 1992. Challenges in the human genome project. IEEE Engineering in Biology and Medicine, (March 1992):25 34. CHALLENGES IN THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT PROGRESS
More informationThe Puzzle of Life A Lesson Plan for Life S cien ce Teach ers From: The G reat Lakes S cien ce C ent er, C lev elan d, OH
Introduction: The Puzzle of Life A Lesson Plan for Life S cien ce Teach ers From: The G reat Lakes S cien ce C ent er, C lev elan d, OH In the Puzzle of Life activity, students will demonstrate how the
More informationMutation, Repair, and Recombination
16 Mutation, Repair, and Recombination WORKING WITH THE FIGURES 1. In Figure 16-3a, what is the consequence of the new 5 splice site on the open reading frame? In 16-3b, how big could the intron be to
More informationModeling DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
Skills Practice Lab Modeling DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis OBJECTIVES Construct and analyze a model of DNA. Use a model to simulate the process of replication. Use a model to simulate the process
More information2007 7.013 Problem Set 1 KEY
2007 7.013 Problem Set 1 KEY Due before 5 PM on FRIDAY, February 16, 2007. Turn answers in to the box outside of 68-120. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS PRINTOUT. 1. Where in a eukaryotic cell do you
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 8 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 8 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What did Hershey and Chase know
More informationCellular Respiration Worksheet 1. 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. 2. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular
More informationModule 6: Digital DNA
Module 6: Digital DNA Representation and processing of digital information in the form of DNA is essential to life in all organisms, no matter how large or tiny. Computing tools and computational thinking
More informationGENETIC CODING. A mathematician considers the problem of how genetic information is encoded for transmission from parent to offspring,.
ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE April 1962, Volume XXV, No. 7 GENETIC CODING A mathematician considers the problem of how genetic information is encoded for transmission from parent to offspring,. by Solomon W.
More information1 Mutation and Genetic Change
CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds
More informationTRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION - GENETIC CODE AND OUTLINE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION - GENETIC CODE AND OUTLINE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Central Dogma of Protein Synthesis Proteins constitute the major part by dry weight of an actively growing cell. They are widely
More information3120-1 - Page 1. Name:
Name: 1) Which series is arranged in correct order according to decreasing size of structures? A) DNA, nucleus, chromosome, nucleotide, nitrogenous base B) chromosome, nucleus, nitrogenous base, nucleotide,
More informationLecture 5. 1. Transfer of proper aminoacyl-trna from cytoplasm to A-site of ribosome.
Elongation & Termination of Protein Synthesis (5.1) Lecture 5 1. INITIATION Assembly of active ribosome by placing the first mrna codon (AUG or START codon) near the P site and pairing it with initiation
More informationModule 3 Questions. 7. Chemotaxis is an example of signal transduction. Explain, with the use of diagrams.
Module 3 Questions Section 1. Essay and Short Answers. Use diagrams wherever possible 1. With the use of a diagram, provide an overview of the general regulation strategies available to a bacterial cell.
More informationBob Jesberg. Boston, MA April 3, 2014
DNA, Replication and Transcription Bob Jesberg NSTA Conference Boston, MA April 3, 2014 1 Workshop Agenda Looking at DNA and Forensics The DNA, Replication i and Transcription i Set DNA Ladder The Double
More informationTo be able to describe polypeptide synthesis including transcription and splicing
Thursday 8th March COPY LO: To be able to describe polypeptide synthesis including transcription and splicing Starter Explain the difference between transcription and translation BATS Describe and explain
More informationLESSON 4. Using Bioinformatics to Analyze Protein Sequences. Introduction. Learning Objectives. Key Concepts
4 Using Bioinformatics to Analyze Protein Sequences Introduction In this lesson, students perform a paper exercise designed to reinforce the student understanding of the complementary nature of DNA and
More informationMicrobial Genetics (Chapter 8) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College. Eastern Campus
Microbial Genetics (Chapter 8) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Source for figures and content: Eastern Campus Tortora, G.J. Microbiology An Introduction
More informationUmm AL Qura University MUTATIONS. Dr Neda M Bogari
Umm AL Qura University MUTATIONS Dr Neda M Bogari CONTACTS www.bogari.net http://web.me.com/bogari/bogari.net/ From DNA to Mutations MUTATION Definition: Permanent change in nucleotide sequence. It can
More informationA SPECULATION ON THE ORIGIN OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS*
A SPECULATION ON THE ORIGIN OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS* F. H. C. CRICK, S. BRENNER, A. KLUG, and G. PIECZENIK ** Medical Research Council, Laborator) oj Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, England Abstract.
More informationBasic Concepts of DNA, Proteins, Genes and Genomes
Basic Concepts of DNA, Proteins, Genes and Genomes Kun-Mao Chao 1,2,3 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics 2 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering 3 Graduate
More informationTranscription: RNA Synthesis, Processing & Modification
Transcription: RNA Synthesis, Processing & Modification 1 Central dogma DNA RNA Protein Reverse transcription 2 Transcription The process of making RNA from DNA Produces all type of RNA mrna, trna, rrna,
More informationAdvanced Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry CHEM 5412 Dept. of Chemistry, TAMUK
Advanced Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry CHEM 5412 Dept. of Chemistry, TAMUK Dai Lu, Ph.D. dlu@tamhsc.edu Tel: 361-221-0745 Office: RCOP, Room 307 Drug Discovery and Development Drug Molecules Medicinal
More informationIV. -Amino Acids: carboxyl and amino groups bonded to -Carbon. V. Polypeptides and Proteins
IV. -Amino Acids: carboxyl and amino groups bonded to -Carbon A. Acid/Base properties 1. carboxyl group is proton donor! weak acid 2. amino group is proton acceptor! weak base 3. At physiological ph: H
More informationCHAPTER 30: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
CHAPTER 30: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (Translation) Translation: mrna protein LECTURE TOPICS Complexity, stages, rate, accuracy Amino acid activation [trna charging] trnas and translating the Genetic Code - Amino
More informationAmino Acids and Proteins
Amino Acids and Proteins Proteins are composed of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. All have: N2 C α R COO Amino acids at neutral p are dipolar ions (zwitterions) because
More informationMOLECULAR BIOLOGY. Translation. Kolluru. V. A. Ramaiah Professor Department of Biochemistry University of Hyderabad. (Revised 30-Oct-2007)
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Translation Kolluru. V. A. Ramaiah Professor Department of Biochemistry University of Hyderabad (Revised 30-Oct-2007) CONTENTS Introduction Messenger RNA (mrna) Splicing Addition of 5
More informationChapter 9. Applications of probability. 9.1 The genetic code
Chapter 9 Applications of probability In this chapter we use the tools of elementary probability to investigate problems of several kinds. First, we study the language of life by focusing on the universal
More informationBioBoot Camp Genetics
BioBoot Camp Genetics BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information DNA Replication is the process of DNA being copied before
More informationBasic Principles of Transcription and Translation
The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of
More informationBOC334 (Proteomics) Practical 1. Calculating the charge of proteins
BC334 (Proteomics) Practical 1 Calculating the charge of proteins Aliphatic amino acids (VAGLIP) N H 2 H Glycine, Gly, G no charge Hydrophobicity = 0.67 MW 57Da pk a CH = 2.35 pk a NH 2 = 9.6 pi=5.97 CH
More informationLab # 12: DNA and RNA
115 116 Concepts to be explored: Structure of DNA Nucleotides Amino Acids Proteins Genetic Code Mutation RNA Transcription to RNA Translation to a Protein Figure 12. 1: DNA double helix Introduction Long
More informationGene mutation and molecular medicine Chapter 15
Gene mutation and molecular medicine Chapter 15 Lecture Objectives What Are Mutations? How Are DNA Molecules and Mutations Analyzed? How Do Defective Proteins Lead to Diseases? What DNA Changes Lead to
More informationGiven these characteristics of life, which of the following objects is considered a living organism? W. X. Y. Z.
Cell Structure and Organization 1. All living things must possess certain characteristics. They are all composed of one or more cells. They can grow, reproduce, and pass their genes on to their offspring.
More informationRegents Biology REGENTS REVIEW: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Period Date REGENTS REVIEW: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. The diagram at the right represents a portion of a type of organic molecule present in the cells of organisms. What will most likely happen if there is
More informationAP BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)
AP BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 2 Certain human genetic conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, result from single base-pair mutations in DNA. (a) Explain how a single base-pair mutation
More informationCentral Dogma. Lecture 10. Discussing DNA replication. DNA Replication. DNA mutation and repair. Transcription
Central Dogma transcription translation DNA RNA Protein replication Discussing DNA replication (Nucleus of eukaryote, cytoplasm of prokaryote) Recall Replication is semi-conservative and bidirectional
More informationLecture 3: Mutations
Lecture 3: Mutations Recall that the flow of information within a cell involves the transcription of DNA to mrna and the translation of mrna to protein. Recall also, that the flow of information between
More informationT C T G G C C G A C C T;
1. (a) Gene is a (length) of DNA; Gene is a sequence of bases/chain of nucleotides; Triplet (base) code/read in three s; On sense/coding strand; Triplet coding for amino acid; Degenerate code; non-overlapping;
More informationBiochemistry - I. Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture-11 Enzyme Mechanisms II
Biochemistry - I Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture-11 Enzyme Mechanisms II In the last class we studied the enzyme mechanisms of ribonuclease A
More informationPart A: Amino Acids and Peptides (Is the peptide IAG the same as the peptide GAI?)
ChemActivity 46 Amino Acids, Polypeptides and Proteins 1 ChemActivity 46 Part A: Amino Acids and Peptides (Is the peptide IAG the same as the peptide GAI?) Model 1: The 20 Amino Acids at Biological p See
More informationSample Questions for Exam 3
Sample Questions for Exam 3 1. All of the following occur during prometaphase of mitosis in animal cells except a. the centrioles move toward opposite poles. b. the nucleolus can no longer be seen. c.
More informationLecture 8. Protein Trafficking/Targeting. Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm.
Protein Trafficking/Targeting (8.1) Lecture 8 Protein Trafficking/Targeting Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm. Protein targeting is more complex
More information