CHAPTER 13. The Early Paleozoic World
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1 CHAPTER 13 The Early Paleozoic World
2 Guiding Questions What kinds of animal skeletons arose during the Cambrian period? How did Ordovician life differ from Cambrian life? Why did stromatolites decline during Cambrian and Ordovician time? What kind of highly successful reef community developed during the Ordovician time? What major continental movements took place late in the Ordovician time?
3 444 Million years 488 Million years 542 Million years
4 Cambrian Explosion Lowermost Cambrian Simple skeletal fossils Teeth
5 Cambrian Explosion Large animals with skeletons Trilobites Arthropods with calcified segmented skeletons
6 Cambrian Explosion Bottom-dwelling forms create scratch marks Similar to some Neoproterozoic tracks
7 Cambrian Explosion Other abundant Early Cambrian animal groups Monoplacophoran mollusks Inarticulate brachiopods Echinoderms
8 Cambrian Explosion Chengjiang fauna Soft- bodied creatures including: Cnidarians Predatory worms Anomalocarids Huge carnivores (2 m) Swimmers Impaled prey
9 Cambrian Explosion Modes of Life Deposit feeders Extract organic matter from sediments Trilobites, arthropods Suspension feeders Collect organic matter from the water Eocrinoids Attach by stalk
10 Cambrian Explosion Stromatolites Less abundant; more restricted Weak grazing pressure in inter-tidal zone
11 Cambrian Explosion Reefs Archeocyathids Suspension feeders Probably sponges
12 Cambrian Explosion Evolutionary experimentation Bizarre echinoderm classes Few species and genera Tried out many body plans
13 Cambrian Explosion Middle and Late Cambrian 15 Million year duration Expansion of many groups Trilobites Echinoderns Conodonts Early fish Isolated bony external plates
14 Cambrian Explosion Burgess Shale Fauna Western No. America Deep-water setting (low O 2 ) Chordata Pikaia: Notochord Arthropods Onychophorans Intermediate between segmented worms and arthropods
15 Ordovician Life Great radiation Graptolites Nautiloids Life in sediment Burrowers expanded Pump oxygen-bearing water into sediment Diversification of worms and other softburrowers
16 Ordovician Life Life on the seafloor Diversity of benthic organisms increased Jawless fishes Grazing snails Articulate brachiopods Crinoids expanded Coral-strome reefs Rugose corals Tabulate corals Stromatoporoids
17 Ordovician Life Sediments indicate burrowers flourished
18 Ordovician Life Extinctions Large extinction events limited diversification Cambrian mass extinctions End of Ordovician mass extinction
19 Ordovician Life Plants may have invaded land Inconclusive evidence Probably restricted to moist habitats
20 Paleogeography Cambrian Cratons formed supercontinent early in Cambrian Progressive flooding of continents Regression in Middle Cambrian and again in Late Cambrian
21 Ordovician Life Transgression Yields characteristic sedimentary pattern Siliciclastic sediments Innermost belt Carbonate platform Seaward of siliciclastics
22 Cambrian Events Episodic mass extinctions Shallow- water trilobites
23 Cambrian Events Took a few thousand years each Temporary cooling of the seas
24 Paleogeography Early Ordovician Baltica began move from South Pole End of Ordovician Baltica moved to tropics Gondwanaland nearing south pole Glacier expanded Sea-level fell Mass extinction (2 pulses)
25 Taconic Orogeny Ordovician mountain building Early Ordovician carbonate platform east coast of Laurentia Mid-Ordovician carbonate deposition stopped; flysch sedimentation dominated
26 Taconic Orogeny Flysch overlain by molasse Clastic wedge tapering towards northwest
27 Taconic Orogeny Carbonate platform wedged into subduction zone Exotic terrane
28 Taconic Orogeny Fossils of different fauna but same age
29 Taconic Orogeny With continued collision, foreland basin migrated westward
30 Western Laurentian Margin Stable continental shelf Steep carbonate platform edge Accumulated thick limestone sequences
31 Western Laurentian Margin Burgess Shale Unusual fauna Collected by Walcott
32 Western Laurentian Margin Buried by turbidites Accumulated in oxygen-poor environment
33 Tommotian Fauna & Ordovician Oolites
34 Reefs Colonial reef building rugose corals
35 Glaciation and Mass Extinction Ordovician glaciation
36 Glaciation and Mass Extinction North African glaciation
37
38
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