1998 GT-SUITE User Conference (US) An Analytical Study On Turbocharging A V6 SUV High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) Diesel Engine
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1 1998 GT-SUITE User Conference (US) An Analytical Study On Turbocharging A V6 SUV High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) Diesel Engine
2 An Analytical Study on Turbocharging A V6 SUV HSDI Diesel Engine Introduction Simulation Boundary Conditions Simulation Results Summary
3 Sport Utility Vehicles (SUV)
4 Passenger Car and Light Duty Truck Sales in the US Cars Cars Millions of Vehicles LD-Trucks Sales % LD-Trucks Year Year Source: EPA
5 Combined Fuel Economy (City+Highway) for SUV Fuel consumption (MPG) Wheel Drive 4-Wheel Drive CAFE Standard for light duty trucks Engine displacement (L) Source: EPA
6 Boundary Conditions Engine configuration Rated rated speed Rated torque Low end torque Displacement 90 -V6, turbocharged and intercooled 186 kw (250 4,000 rpm 583 Nm (430 2,000 rpm 257 Nm (190 1,000 rpm or: λ 1.3 (A/F 18.8) 4.0 L Bore 92 mm (3.62 ) Stroke 101 mm (3.98 ) Firing order even: (split-pin crankshaft) Compression ratio 17.5 Maximum peak pressure Intake valves Exhaust valves Turbocharger Computer code 155 bar 2 x 34 mm 2 x 28 mm Derived from existing hardware GT-Power
7 GT Power Model - Baseline, One Turbocharger with Waste Gated Twin Flow Turbine
8 Turbocharger Arrangements a. One turbocharger with twin flow turbine, waste gated b. One turbocharger with single turbine entry, waste gated c. One turbocharger with single flow variable turbine geometry (VGT) d. Bi-Turbocharger system with single flow turbine, waste gated e. Bi-VGT turbocharger system with single flow turbines f. Two stage turbocharging system with single entry turbines
9 Comparison of Waste Gated Twin Flow and Single Flow Turbine with Same Compressor, and Same Turbine Size Relative AFR [-] Twin flow turbine with waste gate Single flow turbine with waste gate λ Required Max. cylinder pressure (bar) p max limit Engine BMEP (bar) BSFC (g/kwh)
10 Comparison of Waste Gated Twin Flow and Single Flow Turbine - Same 0 rpm Relative AFR [-] Twin flow turbine with waste gate Single flow turbine with reduced turbine size (60%) to match the low speed λ λ Required Max. cylinder pressure (bar) p max limit Engine BMEP (bar) BSFC (g/kwh)
11 Comparison of Engine 2,000 rpm, Twin Flow vs. Single Flow Turbine, Waste Gate Closed Turbine mass flow (kg/s) Twin flow turbine Single flow turbine Pressure at turbine entry (bar) Twin-turbine flow -left Twin turbine flow-right Single flow turbine Turbine efficiency (-) Twin flow turbine, overall eff. = 0.64 Single flow turbine, overall eff. = 0.66 Turbine power (kw) Twin flow turbine, overall power = 14.4 Kw Single flow turbine, overall power =12.3 Kw Crankangle (CA) Crankangle (CA)
12 Comparison of Gas Pressure Across Engine Cylinder No. 1 - Twin flow and Single Flow 0 rpm Waste gate closed Inlet port Cylinder Exhaust port Twin flow turbine Single flow turbine Pressure (bar) EO IO EC IC EO IOEC IC Crankangle (CA) Crankangle (CA)
13 Turbocharger Arrangements a. One turbocharger with twin flow turbine, waste gated b. One turbocharger with single turbine entry, waste gated c. One turbocharger with single flow variable turbine geometry (VGT) d. Bi-Turbocharger system with single flow turbine, waste gated e. Bi-VGT turbocharger system with single flow turbines f. Two stage turbocharging system with single entry turbines
14 Comparison of Waste Gated Twin Flow Turbine Turbocharger with Single Flow VGT Turbocharger Relative AFR [-] Twin flow turbine with waste gate Single flow VGT λrequired Max. cylinder pressure (bar) p max limit Nominal turbine size [-] BSFC (g/kwh)
15 Turbocharger Arrangements a. One turbocharger with twin flow turbine, waste gated b. One turbocharger with single turbine entry, waste gated c. One turbocharger with single flow variable turbine geometry (VGT) d. Bi-Turbocharger system with single flow turbine, waste gated e. Bi-VGT turbocharger system with single flow turbines f. Two stage turbocharging system with single entry turbines
16 Comparison of Biturbo Waste Gated Single Flow with One Single Flow VGT Turbocharger Relative AFR [-] Single flow waste gated turbochargers 1 Single flow VGT turbocharger 1 Twin flow waste gated turbocharger λrequired Max. cylinder pressure (bar) p max limit Engine BMEP (bar) BSFC (g/kwh)
17 Turbocharger Arrangements a. One turbocharger with twin flow turbine, waste gated b. One turbocharger with single turbine entry, waste gated c. One turbocharger with single flow variable turbine geometry (VGT) d. Bi-Turbocharger system with single flow turbine, waste gated e. Bi-VGT turbocharger system with single flow turbines f. Two stage turbocharging system with single entry turbines
18 Comparison of One Single Flow VGT Turbocharger With Bi-Turbo Single Flow VGT Turbochargers Relative AFR [-] Single flow VGT turbochargers 2 Single flow VGT turbocharger 1 twin flow waste gated turbocharger λrequired Max. cylinder pressure (bar) p max Limit Engine BMEP (bar) BSFC (g/kwh)
19 Comparison of Two Single Flow VGT With One Waste-Gated Twin Flow Turbine Turbocharger - Influence of VGT Vane Position Dependent Turbine Efficiency Turbine efficiency factor [-] Nominal turbine size [-] Nominal turbine size ratio Relative AFR [-] BSFC (g/kwh) Twin flow turbine with waste gate 2 Single flow VGT with variable turbine efficiency as a function of vane position 2 Single flow VGT with fixed peak turbine efficiency λ Required
20 Turbocharger Arrangements a. One turbocharger with twin flow turbine, waste gated b. One turbocharger with single turbine entry, waste gated c. One turbocharger with single flow variable turbine geometry (VGT) d. Bi-Turbocharger system with single flow turbine, waste gated e. Bi-VGT turbocharger system with single flow turbines f. Two stage turbocharging system with single entry turbines
21 Comparison of Two-Stage Turbocharging System vs. Other Arrangements Relative AFR [-] Stage single flow turbine 2 Single flow VGT turbines 1 twin flow waste gated turbine λ Required Max. cylinder pressure (bar) Pmax allowed Engine BMEP (bar) BSFC (g/kwh)
22 Summary The V6 engine with even firing order is beneficially turbocharged using a system with two separated exhaust volutes. The engine equipped with one twin-flow waste-gated turbocharger offers high low end torque at low cost compared to other turbocharging systems. The engine equipped with one VGT turbocharger improves high speed fuel economy compared to the waste-gate turbocharger, and will become the standard turbocharger system. The engine equipped with a bi-turbo VGT turbocharger system shows the best low end torque capability and high speed fuel economy but b it adds cost and complexity. The two-stage turbocharging system offers the highest potential for low end torque and best-in in-class fuel economy but adds complexity. It is superior for extended downsizing with dramatic improvement in transient response.
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