Database Systems: Introduction to Databases and Data Warehousing Nenad Jukic, Susan Vrbsky, Svetlozar Nestorov

Transcription

1 Database Systems: Introduction to Databases and Data Warehousing Nenad Jukic, Susan Vrbsky, Svetlozar Nestorov Prospect Press, 2017 DETAILED CONTENTS Preface... xvii Acknowledgments... xxiii About the Authors... xxv Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION... 1 Initial Terminology...1 Steps in the Development of Database Systems...4 Database Requirements Collection, Definition, and Visualization... 5 Database Modeling... 6 Database Implementation... 6 Developing Front-End Applications... 7 Database Deployment... 7 Database Use... 7 Database Administration and Maintenance... 7 The Next Version of the Database...7 Database Scope...8 People Involved with Database Systems...8 Database Analysts, Designers, and Developers... 8 Front-End Applications Analysts and Developers... 9 Database Administrators... 9 Database End Users... 9 Operational versus Analytical Databases...9 Relational DBMS Book Topics Overview Key Terms 11 Review Questions 11 Part 1 Operational Databases Chapter 2 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS AND ER MODELING Introduction Basic ER Modeling Constructs Entities Attributes (Unique and Non-Unique) Relationships Cardinality Constraints Types of Relationships (Maximum Cardinality-Wise) Relationships and Relationship Instances Relationship Attributes... 19

2 Example: Set of Database Requirements and ER Diagram Composite Attributes Composite Unique Attribute Multiple Unique Attributes (Candidate Keys) Multivalued Attributes Derived Attribute Optional Attribute Example: Entity Containing Various Types of Attributes Exact Minimum and Maximum Cardinality in Relationships Unary Relationships and Relationship Roles Multiple Relationships Between Same Entities Weak Entity Naming Conventions for Entities, Attributes, and Relationships Multiple ER Diagrams Example: Another Set of Database Requirements and an ER Diagram Database Requirements and ER Model Usage Various ER Notations Enhanced ER (EER) A Note About M:N Relationships with Multiple Instances Between the Same Entities A Note About Associative Entities A Note About Ternary (and Higher Degree) Relationships Summary 50 Key Terms 52 Review Questions 52 Exercises 53 Mini Cases 53 Chapter 3 RELATIONAL DATABASE MODELING Introduction Relational Database Model: Basic Concepts Primary Key Mapping Entities into Relations Mapping Entities with Composite Attributes into Relations Mapping Entities with Unique Composite Attributes into Relations Mapping Entities with Optional Attributes into Relations Entity Integrity Constraint Foreign Key Mapping Relationships into Relational Database Constructs Mapping 1:M Relationships Mapping M:N Relationships Mapping 1:1 Relationships Referential Integrity Constraint Example: Mapping an ER Diagram into a Relational Schema Mapping Entities with Candidate Keys (Multiple Unique Attributes) into Relations Mapping Entities with Multivalued Attributes into Relational Database Constructs Mapping Entities with Derived Attributes into Relations Example: Mapping an Entity Containing Various Types of Attributes into a Relational Schema Mapping Unary Relationships Mapping 1:M Unary Relationships Mapping M:N Unary Relationships Mapping 1:1 Unary Relationships... 76

3 Mapping Multiple Relationships Between the Same Entities Mapping Weak Entities Example: Mapping another ER Diagram into a Relational Schema Relational Database Constraints Implicit Constraints User-Defined Constraints A Note About Mapping Associative Entities A Note About Mapping Ternary Relationships A Note About Designer-Created Primary Keys and the Autonumber Option A Note About Performing Both ER and Relational Modeling Summary 87 Key Terms 88 Review Questions 88 Exercises 89 Mini Cases 89 Chapter 4 UPDATE OPERATIONS, UPDATE ANOMALIES, AND NORMALIZATION Introduction Update Operations Insert Operation Example Delete Operation Example Modify Operation Example Update Operation Terminology Note Update Anomalies Example Scenario Example Relation (Containing Redundant Data) Insertion Anomaly Deletion Anomaly Modification Anomaly Functional Dependencies Functional Dependency Notation Functional Dependencies Example Streamlining Functional Dependencies Augmented Functional Dependencies Equivalent Functional Dependencies Types of Functional Dependencies Partial Functional Dependency Full Key Functional Dependency Transitive Functional Dependency Another Functional Dependencies Example Normalization First Normal Form (1NF) Second Normal Form (2NF) Third Normal Form (3NF) Other Normal Forms Eliminating Redundancy and Resolving Update Anomalies Another Normalization Example A Note About Normalization Exceptions A Note About Denormalization: Normalization versus Performance A Note About ER Modeling versus Normalization A Note About Designer-Added Entities (Tables) and keys for Streamlining Database Content

4 Key Terms 120 Review Questions 120 Exercises 120 Chapter 5 SQL Introduction SQL Commands Overview Data Definition Language (DDL) Data Manipulation Language (DML) Data Control Language (DCL) and Transaction Control Language (TCL) SQL Data Types Brief SQL Syntax Notes CREATE TABLE DROP TABLE INSERT INTO SELECT WHERE DISTINCT ORDER BY LIKE Aggregate Functions GROUP BY HAVING Nested Queries IN JOIN Alias Joining Multiple Relations ALTER TABLE UPDATE DELETE CREATE VIEW and DROP VIEW Set Operators: Union, Intersect, Except (Minus) Additional SQL Examples with Additional SQL Commands CREATE TABLE (Additional Example) INSERT INTO (Additional Example) Constraint Management Select (Additional Examples) Join of a Relation with Itself (Self-JOIN) OUTER JOIN Join without Using a Primary Key/Foreign Key Combination IS NULL EXISTS NOT Inserting from a Query Other SQL Functionalities A Note About Inappropriate use of Observed Values in SQL A Note About SQL Standard and SQL Syntax Differences SQL Syntax Difference Note 1: DATE and TIME Data Types SQL Syntax Difference Note 2: FOREIGN KEY

5 SQL Syntax Difference Note 3: Usage of AS Keyword with Aliases SQL Syntax Difference Note 4: ALTER TABLE SQL Syntax Difference Note 5: Set Operators SQL Syntax Difference Note 6: FULL OUTER JOIN SQL Syntax Difference Note 7: Constraint Management SQL Syntax Difference Note 8: GROUP BY Key Terms 174 Review Questions 174 Exercises 175 Mini Cases 175 Chapter 6 DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION AND USE Introduction Referential Integrity Constraint: Delete and Update Implementation Options Delete Options Update Options Implementing Delete and Update Options Implementing User-Defined Constraints CHECK Clause Other Mechanisms for Implementing User-Defined Constraints Indexing Database Front-End Data Quality Issues A Note About Assertions and Triggers Key Terms 204 Review Questions 204 Exercises 204 Part 2 Analytical Databases Chapter 7 DATA WAREHOUSING CONCEPTS Introduction Analytical versus Operational Information Data Makeup Differences Technical Differences Functional Differences The Data Warehouse Definition Structured Repository Integrated Subject Oriented Enterprise-Wide Historical Time Variant Retrieval of Analytical Information Detailed and/or Summarized Data Data Warehouse Components Source Systems Data Warehouse ETL Data Warehouse Front-End (BI) Applications Data Marts Steps in Development of Data Warehouses

6 Requirements Collection, Definition, and Visualization Data Warehouse Modeling Creating the Data Warehouse Creating ETL Infrastructure Developing Front-End (BI) Applications Data Warehouse Deployment Date Warehouse Use Data Warehouse Administration and Maintenance The Next Version of the Data Warehouse Key Terms 222 Review Questions 222 Chapter 8 DATA WAREHOUSE AND DATA MART MODELING Introduction Dimensional Modeling: Basic Concepts Initial Example: Dimensional Model Based on a Single Source Characteristics of Dimensions and Facts and the Analysis of the Initial Example Expanded Example: Dimensional Model Based on Multiple Sources Additional Possible Fact Attributes Transaction Identifier in the Fact Table Transaction Time in the Fact Table Multiple Fact Tables in a Dimensional Model Detailed versus Aggregated Fact Tables Detailed Fact Table Aggregated Fact Table Detailed versus Aggregated Fact Table Granularity of the Fact Table Line-Item versus Transaction-Level Detailed Fact Table Slowly Changing Dimensions and Timestamps Type 1 Approach Type 2 Approach Type 3 Approach Additional Dimensional Modeling Issues Snowflake Model Cubes Data Warehouse (Data Mart) Modeling Approaches Normalized Data Warehouse An Example of a Normalized Data Warehouse Dimensionally Modeled Data Warehouse An Example of a Dimensionally Modeled Warehouse Independent Data Marts A Note About Comparing Dimensional Modeling and ER Modeling as Data Warehouse/Data Mart Design Techniques Key Terms 265 Review Questions 265 Exercises 266 Mini Cases 272 Chapter 9 DATA WAREHOUSE IMPLEMENTATION AND USE Introduction Creating a Data Warehouse ETL: Extraction, Transformation, Load

7 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) OLAP/BI Tools OLAP/BI Tools Functionalities Slice and Dice Pivot (Rotate) Drill Down and Drill Up Additional OLAP/BI Tools Functionality Notes OLAP/BI Tools Purpose Data Warehouse/Data Mart Front-End (BI) Applications Executive Dashboard Data Warehouse Deployment A Note About OLAP/BI Tools Database Models A Note About OLAP/BI Tools Data Architecture Options MOLAP ROLAP HOLAP Key Terms 297 Review Questions 297 Exercises 299 Part 3 Other Topics Chapter 10 OVERVIEW OF DBMS FUNCTIONALITIES AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATION Introduction DBMS Components Database Administration Overview Monitoring and Maintaining the Database System Data Dictionary Securing the Database against Unauthorized Access Providing Database Backup and Recovery Ensuring Database Integrity Optimizing Database Performance Developing and Implementing Database Policies and Standards Key Terms 309 Review Questions 309 Appendices APPENDIX A ENHANCED ER APPENDIX B FURTHER NOTES ON NORMALIZATION AND HIGHER NORMAL FORMS APPENDIX C ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) APPENDIX D DATA GOVERNANCE AND MASTER DATA MANAGEMENT APPENDIX E OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASES APPENDIX F DISTRIBUTED DATABASES, PARALLEL DATABASES, AND CLOUD COMPUTING APPENDIX G DATA MINING APPENDIX H XML

8 APPENDIX I NOSQL DATABASES APPENDIX J BIG DATA Glossary Index