Helminthes Blood Flukes Schistosimiasis
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1 Diyala University Collage of Medicine Department of Microbiology Practical Parasitology 3 nd stage Lab 12: Schistosomiasis Helminthes Blood Flukes Schistosimiasis
2 Kingdom : Anemalia Sub Kingdom :Metazoan Phylum: Platyhelminthes a-body flattened dorsovetrally. b-body cavity absent. c-alimentary canal absent or rudimentary. d-suckers preset. e-mostly hermaphrodite Phylum: Nemathelminthes a-body cylindrical. b-body cavity is present. c-alimentary canal complete. d-suckers absent. e-sexually differentiat Class: Cestodea Body: a-tape like, segmented. Sex: b-hermaphrodite. Head: c-often with hooks and suckers. Alimentary canal: d- absent. Body cavity: e-absent Class: Trematodea a-leaf-like, unsegmented. b-hermaphrodite (except, Schistosoma). c-without hooks but with suckers. d-incomplete, without anus. e-absent. Class: Nematode a-cylindrical, unsegmented. b-differentiated into male and female worms. c-no hooks or suckers, well developed buccal capsule. d-complete with anus. e-present.
3 Trematodes belong to the phylum platyhelminthes. They are found in a wide range of habitats. The great majority inhabit the alimentary canal, liver, bile duct,ureter and bladder of vertebrate animals. According to the sites they inhabit, there are four groups of flukes. These are: Blood flukes, Intestinal flukes, Liver flukes, Lung flukes
4
5 BLOOD FLUKES There are five medically important species: 1. Schistosoma mansoni: causes intestinal schistosomiasis. 2. Schistosoma haematobium: causes vesical (urinary) schistosomiasis. 3. Schistosoma japonicum: causes intestinal schistosomiasis. 4. Schistosoma intercalatum: causes intestinal schistosomiasis. 5. Schistosoma mekongi: causes intestinal schistosomiasis.
6 Male adult worm : S. haematobium S. mansoni S. japonicum Length mm 6 10 mm mm Integument finely tuberculated coarsely tuberculated smooth No of testes 3 5 ( 4 ) 6 9 ( 7 ) in (cluster) 7 9 ( 7 ) (in column) Ceca reunite late reunite early reunite very late Female adult worm : Length mm mm mm Position of the ovary posterior half anterior half middle Length of the uterus long short long No. of ova in the uterus Ova Spine terminal spine lateral spine short lateral spine (rudimentary) Present in urine, less, frequently rarely in urine in stool in stool Habitat in human : Body vesicle plexus of urinary bladder in interior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein, less less frequently superior frequently interior Snails : (intermediate host) Bulinus truncatus Biomphalaria spp. Oncomelani spp.
7 Differential Features of Schistosoma spp.
8 life cycle of Schistosoma spp.
9 LIFE CYCLE OF SCHISTOSOMES Adult worms reside in pairs: the female lying in the gynecophoral canal,after fertilization, eggs are passed into the venules. A larval form the miracidium - develops within the egg. Its lytic enzymes and the contraction of the venule rupture the wall of the venule liberating the egg into the perivascular tissues of the intestine (S. mansoni) or urinary bladder (S. haematobium). The eggs pass into the lumens and organs and are evacuated in the feces (S.mansoni) or the urine (S. haematobium). On contact with fresh water the miracidia hatch from the eggs and swim about until they find the appropriate snail, which they penetrate. After two generations of sporocyst development and multiplication within the snail, the fork-tailed cercariae emerge. Infection to man takes place during bathing. The cercariae penetrate the skin, are carried into the systemic circulation and pass through to the portal vessels.within the intrahepatic portion of the portal system, the worms feed and grow to maturity.
10 243 S. haematobium Egg In Urine S. mansoni Egg In Stool Schistosoma japonicum Egg
11 Ova of Schistosoma spp.
12 S. mansoni, female and male S. mansoni, female and male In Copula
13 248 R. B. C S. mansoni Egg
14 Histopathological section in intestine showing S. mansoni eggs
15 S. haematobium Adult Male S.haematobium female and male
16 Schistosoma Spp- Cercaria Schistosoma Spp- Miracidium stages from the life cycle of the Schistosoma spp.
17 Biomphalaria Oncomelania The intermediate hosts of Schistosoma spp.
18 Distended Abdomen Dilatation of superficial abdominal blood vessels some clinical sign of schistosomiasis
19 Symptoms and complications Patients infected with S. haematobium suffer from terminal haematuria and painful micturition. There is inflammation of the urinary bladder (cystitis), and enlargement of spleen and liver. Patients infected with S. mansoni suffer from cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch)and dysentery (mucus and blood in stool with tenesmus) as well as enlargements of the spleen and liver. S. haematobium causes squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder.
20 Laboratory Diagnosis S. mansoni,s,japonicum Microscopic examination of the stool for eggs after concentration by sedimentation method. The egg has characteristic lateral spine. Rectal snip S. haematobium: Examination of the urine after allowing it to sediment in a conical urinalysis glass. A drop from the sediment is taken and examined for eggs. Egg has terminal spine. Biopsy from bladder
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