047 Chapter 47. Student:

Transcription

1 047 Chapter 47 Student: 1. College towns tend to be more diverse than a town of the same population size without a college. More industry, restaurants, shops, and retail stores can be found in cities with colleges. This would be an example of which model regarding community composition? A. the individualistic model B. the interactive model C. the diversity model D. the spatial heterogeneity model 2. Having a college in the area requires additional housing for students in the community. An apartment building represents which of the following? A. the spatial heterogeneity model B. resource partitioning C. competitive exclusion D. character displacement 3. A natural disturbance in an area can lead to: A. succession B. diversity C. pioneer species D. all of the choices are correct 4. A number of populations of different species interacting with one another is called A. competition. B. a community. C. an ecosystem. D. predation. E. symbiosis. Page 1

2 5. Community diversity is made of A. composition or a listing of the various species in a community. B. a community and all of the abiotic factors associated with it. C. the native species plus the introduced species. D. the potential number of species that should exist in a community minus the species that have gone locally extinct. E. both the number of species and the evenness or relative abundance of individuals of the different species. 6. Generally, as you move from the equator to the poles, A. the number of mammalian species increases. B. the number of mammalian species decreases. C. the number of mammalian species remains the same D. the number of mammalian species varies without any discernable pattern, which proves the individualistic model. 7. The model of community structure predicts that species will have independent distributions and that the boundaries between communities will not be distinct from each other. A. realized niche B. interactive C. individualistic D. logistic E. symbiotic 8. The data collected by modern ecologists A. do not match any of the models of composition and diversity. B. support all of the models of composition and diversity. C. support the individualistic model of composition and diversity. D. support the interactive model of composition and diversity. 9. Which of the following observations would support the individualistic model of composition and diversity? A. The similarity of species between similar reefs was very low. B. From one month to the next, from 20% to 40% of species had been replaced by other species. C. Each individual species has its own unique abiotic and biotic requirements. D. All of the observations support the individualistic model of composition and diversity. Page 2

3 10. Island biogeography predicts that A. small islands should contain more species than a nearby mainland because of the lack of predators. B. small islands should contain just as many species as the nearby mainland because of equal immigration and emigration. C. small islands should contain fewer species than a nearby mainland because of fewer resources and more variation in conditions. D. small islands should vary wildly compared to a nearby mainland because of small size. 11. Island biogeography and/or the spatial heterogeneity model predicts that A. uniform environments are richer than patchy environments. B. the equilibrium point is highest for a small island most distant from the mainland. C. space is unlimited and community richness can increase indefinitely. D. equilibrium is reached when the rate of immigrations matches the rate of species extinction. E. stratification decreases the number of species that can occupy an area. 12. All of the conditions under which an organism could conceivably survive and reproduce constitute its A. habitat. B. realized niche. C. fundamental niche. D. resource partition. 13. The actual conditions where an organism actually exists in nature constitute its A. habitat. B. realized niche. C. fundamental niche. D. resource partition. 14. Which term describes the ''mailing address'' where an organism lives? A. competitive exclusion B. habitat C. niche D. mimicry E. symbiosis Page 3

4 15. Which term describes the concept that no two species can have the same ''job'' in the community at the same time? A. competitive exclusion B. habitat C. niche D. mimicry E. symbiosis 16. Which term describes the ''occupation'' of an organism within the community? A. competitive exclusion B. habitat C. niche D. mimicry E. symbiosis 17. In an Asian rice paddy, carp eat decaying material from around the base of rice plants while a snail scrapes algae from the leaves, stems, and roots of the same plant. They can survive at the same time in the same rice paddy because they occupy A. the same habitat but different niches. B. the same habitat and the same niche. C. the same niche but different habitats. D. different habitats and different niches. 18. There are several species of grain beetles that live on dry mealthey get their water mostly as metabolic water. Many of these beetle species are grain pests that do considerable damage to stored grain. You set up a dozen jars of dry meal and introduce fifty individuals of each species to each jar, being careful to have half of each species from each sex. The food supply is sufficient to last for a year and the size is adequate so that wastes do not become toxic. Most likely, examination of the jars in six months will find A. a totally random variation in numbers of both beetles. B. only one species per jar, similar to Gause's paramecia. C. the same ratio of beetles as when you started(about half from each species). D. only dead beetles in all jars due to intense competition for the niche. Page 4

5 19. There are two organisms with overlapping ranges and filling a similar niche. We find that where their niches overlap, there is twice the competition for resources. This leads to A. speciation. B. hypervolume. C. competitive exclusion. D. total extinction of one species. E. a switch in habitat for one of the organisms. 20. Ecologist Robert MacArthur observed that five species of similar warblers coexisted on spruce trees because they A. ate different kinds of insects. B. cooperated in their foraging habits. C. foraged in different places on the tree. D. were actually subspecies of the same species. E. were kept below the carrying capacity by predators. 21. MacArthur's discovery that each of the warblers feeding in spruce trees on essentially the same foods foraged in different parts of the tree canopy was A. an exception to the competitive exclusion principle. B. an exception based on birds taking longer to eventually compete and eliminate competitors. C. proof that the warblers were actually all variations of the same species. D. an example of how the warblers partitioned the niche. 22. Similar species occupying slightly different niches in the same community is shown by A. introducing exotic species, such as cactus, into Australia. B. fluctuation of the snowshoe hare and lynx populations in Canada. C. competition between two species of barnacles in Scotland. D. removal of a starfish species from intertidal communities in Washington. 23. Interaction between two species in which one feeds on the other is A. competition. B. a community. C. an ecosystem. D. predation. E. symbiosis. Page 5

6 24. Which of the following is/are correct in a predator-prey cycle? A. A decline in the numbers of predators causes a decline in the number of prey. B. A decline in the numbers of prey causes a decline in the number of predators. C. An increase in the number of predators triggers an increase in the numbers of prey. D. All of these are correct, causing an up-and-down cycle for each animal. E. None of these is correct since this is a seasonal die-off that would occur without the other species present. 25. An intimate relationship between two species in which co-evolution and adaptation occur is A. competition. B. a community. C. an ecosystem. D. predation. E. symbiosis. 26. Interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources is A. competition. B. a community. C. an ecosystem. D. predation. E. symbiosis. 27. In large natural ecosystems, competition between two species over time will usually result in A. each species occupying a slightly different niche. B. equal numbers of each species persisting for a long time. C. death of all the members of one species within a short time. D. hybridization between the two species, resulting in a third species. E. None of the choices are correct. 28. A form of symbiosis in which one participant benefits and the other apparently is not benefitted or is harmed is A. commensalism. B. parasitism. C. mutualism. D. co-evolution. Page 6

7 29. Which of the following resources is NOT subject to interspecific competition? A. food B. water C. mates D. sunlight E. space 30. A harmless fly resembles a stinging wasp and is A. a Batesian mimic. B. a Mullerian mimic. C. a case of mutual camouflage. D. commensalism. 31. Consider the consequences of a harmless prey that evolves toward mimicry of a model that has an antipredator defense (Batesian mimicry). What happens to the effectiveness of this defense as more and more prey in the population are harmless mimics? Then consider what happens when a species with bad taste evolves to resemble a model that stings (Mullerian mimicry). A. The number of Mullerian mimics is limited because they dilute the protection afforded by the warning color pattern, but the addition of more Batesian mimics only strengthens the protective mimicry complex. B. The number of Batesian mimics is limited because they dilute the protection afforded by the warning color pattern, but the addition of more Mullerian mimics only strengthens the protective mimicry complex. C. The number of both Batesian and Mullerian mimics is limited because both dilute the protection afforded by the warning color pattern. D. The number of both Batesian and Mullerian mimics is unlimited because they both reinforce the protection afforded by the warning color pattern. 32. A small marine amphipod has recently been discovered that carries another bad-tasting organism on its back, which is contrary to its normal behavior. If a fish ingests the pair, it immediately spits them back out. If the amphipod is alone, however, it is readily eaten. There is no apparent benefit or harm in this relationship for the ''backpack'' organism. This is probably a case of A. mutualism. B. parasitism. C. commensalism. D. competitive exclusion. Page 7

8 33. Which statement is NOT true about parasitism? A. The host is generally larger than the parasite. B. An efficient parasite usually kills its host. C. Smaller parasites often live as endoparasites within the body of the host. D. Ectoparasites are attached to the outside of the host's body by specialized organs. E. Some organisms and all viruses are obligate parasites and must live inside a host. 34. A form of symbiosis in which one participant benefits and the other is harmed is A. commensalism. B. parasitism. C. mutualism. 35. A form of symbiosis in which both participants benefit is A. commensalism. B. parasitism. C. mutualism. 36. A probable example of commensalism is A. mycorrhizal fungal roots on the roots of plants. B. ants living on the bullhorn acacia tree. C. termites with protozoa in their digestive tracts. D. flowering plants and their pollinators. E. barnacles on whales. 37. Which would Clements consider to be the climax community in a humid environment? A. the pioneer community B. lichens, mosses, and ferns C. large plants such as shrubs and trees D. small native plants of the area such as grasses and herbs E. plants with limited water, limited nutrients, and high tolerance to full sun Page 8

9 38. Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves A. colonization by more K-selected species. B. time for development of the soil horizons. C. more time for development of a seed bank. D. colonization by organisms that are farther away. E. redevelopment of the atmospheric gases. 39. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that A. any disturbance at all reduces species diversity. B. abiotic factors are not involved in disturbances, which come solely from other living organisms. C. a moderate amount of disturbance is required for the highest degree of community diversity. D. lack of disturbance promotes the best community diversity. E. no matter how great the disturbance, a community can always return to its original state given enough time. 40. Removal of a keystone predator and subsequent loss of several species is shown by A. introducing exotic species, such as cactus, into Australia. B. fluctuation of the snowshoe hare and lynx populations in Canada. C. competition between two species of barnacles in Scotland. D. removal of a starfish species from intertidal communities in Washington. 41. A keystone species is A. an organism that acts as a commensal in a host. B. a predator that destroys many different species in a community. C. a mimic that has the same appearance as another, poisonous species. D. a prey species that must be present or the predator species will die off. E. a species whose removal causes major shifts in other species in a community. 42. An example of permanent human interference with normal interspecies competition is shown by A. introducing exotic species, such as the red fox, into Australia. B. fluctuation of the snowshoe hare and lynx populations in Canada. C. competition between two species of barnacles in Scotland. D. removal of a starfish species from intertidal communities in Washington. Page 9

10 43. Community interactions among species include which of the following? A. prey species B. assistance to other species C. parasitism D. all of these choices 44. The interactive model of community structure stated that A. a community remains stable due to homeostatic mechanisms. B. the same species will reoccur in communities whose boundaries are distinct from each other. C. species are dependent upon biotic interactions with its food source. D. all of the choices are true. 45. Symbiotic relationships include all of the following EXCEPT A. parasitism. B. predation. C. commensalisms. D. mutualism. 46. Plant prey defenses include which of the following? A. sharp spines B. pointed leaves C. tough leathery leaves D. poisonous chemicals E. all of choices apply 47. Animal prey defenses include all of the following EXCEPT A. camouflage. B. causing harm or fright. C. mimicry. D. All of the choices are prey defenses. Page 10

11 48. The frequent change in HIV surface proteins is a type of A. coevolution. B. parasitism. C. mutualism. D. commensalisms. 49. Which of the following is a commensalistic relationship? A. Plasmodiumhumans. B. epiphytestrees. C. human colon bacteriahumans. D. HIVhumans. 50. Clements proposed the climax-pattern model of succession. Governing factors for this succession that he proposed were A. climate. B. soil conditions. C. each community modifies the environment. D. all of the choices. 51. The loss of a top predator can lead to an increase in diversity of a small island. 52. Often a disturbance is so extensive that the structure of the community never recovers and is changed from its original state. 53. In laboratory experiments, didinia and paramecia both would be able to survive if there were hiding places to which prey could escape. 54. Human intervention in natural community interactions usually makes the community more stable. Page 11

12 55. All the physiological requirements and activities of a species in its normal surroundings make up its habitat. 56. One of the effects of predation is the stabilization of the predator-prey relationship when there is not too much predatory pressure on the prey population. 57. In a Canadian study, it was shown that the size of a snowshoe hare population was simply and directly related only to the size of the predatory lynx population. 58. In a study of an intertidal pool community, removal of the keystone predator starfish allowed all the other species in the pool to flourish and increase in population size. 59. Strategies evolved by prey organisms to escape predation are called antipredator defenses. 60. Plants use spines and chemical poisons to prevent predation by animals, especially insects. 61. Viruses are always parasites. 62. Bacteria living in the human digestive tract and producing vitamins used by the human are best described as parasitic organisms. 63. Clements called his first stage of secondary succession the climax community. 64. Humans often disrupt natural succession to produce agricultural fields and managed forests. Page 12

13 65. Community characteristics permitting comparisons between communities to be made are community composition and diversity. 66. Describe how intraspecies competition differs from interspecies competition, including the results of the competition. 67. Describe how human intervention with a community can interfere with normal competition and with normal predation, giving two examples of each. 68. Explain the competitive exclusion principle, and give an example of its effects. 69. We conduct an experiment where we place two species of grain beetles into what we believe are identical niches of meal in jars. However, it is very difficult to keep conditions uniformone side is sunny and the other shaded, moisture may collect near the bottom and the meal dries out near the top. If our grain beetle cultures remain healthy with both beetles surviving quite well in what appears to be the same niche, why are we suspicious of the uniformity of our jar conditions and how could we refine the experiment to test the competitive exclusion principle further? Page 13

14 70. Describe the likely interaction between populations of predators and prey. 71. Describe the three classical types of symbiotic relationships, with examples of each. 72. Describe the differences between Batesian and Mullerian forms of mimicry, including the potential for a massive increase in mimics. 73. The interpretation of the original lynx-hare cycles was based on a simple record-keeping of fur trapper pelts provided each year for the two species; there was no experimental manipulation involved. The text describes three experiments where both lynx and hares are provided ample food, then only the lynx, then only the hare. If this cycling was driven only by internal physiological mechanisms, which experiment would reveal cycling and prove this? Why? Page 14

15 74. If you visit a tropical country, you must be more careful when drinking the water and eating vegetables and shellfish because you can become more ill than the native population; they have developed natural immunities to some of these organisms and are survivors of more resistant ancestors. Similarly, when a parasite or disease agent spreads to a new region, it is often more virulent than "at home,'' where the host represents a surviving lineage of resistant survivors. Explain why biologists consider virulent parasites and disease agents to be newer and evolution of parasites to move toward less virulence. How could this be used today to estimate where in the world bubonic plague first occurred? 75. Describe Clements' view of succession and the kinds and variety of organisms present in each stage. 76. How do the facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance models of succession differ? 77. When pioneers settled new land, they eliminated beaver and wild turkey from some areas. The state fish and game officers often work to reintroduce these species with no problems. On the other hand, some exotic species from other countries are accidentally introduced into the same countryside and soon cause major ecological problems. Explain the factors that cause this difference. Page 15

16 047 Chapter 47 Key 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. E 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. D Page 1

17 22. C 23. D 24. B 25. E 26. A 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. B 35. C 36. E 37. C 38. B 39. C 40. D 41. E 42. A 43. D Page 2

18 44. D 45. B 46. E 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. D 51. FALSE 52. TRUE 53. TRUE 54. FALSE 55. FALSE 56. TRUE 57. FALSE 58. FALSE 59. TRUE 60. TRUE 61. TRUE 62. FALSE 63. FALSE 64. TRUE 65. TRUE Page 3

19 66. Answers will vary. 67. Answers will vary. 68. Answers will vary. 69. Answers will vary. 70. Answers will vary. 71. Answers will vary. 72. Answers will vary. 73. Answers will vary. 74. Answers will vary. 75. Answers will vary. 76. Answers will vary. 77. Answers will vary. Page 4