(Presented SUMMARY. responsibility.

Transcription

1 IAVWOPSG/7-IP/20 6/3/ /13 INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH OPERATIONS GROUP (IAVWOPSG)) SEVENTH MEETING Bangkok, Thailand, 18 to 22 March 2013 Agenda Item 5: Operation of the IAVW 5.1: Implementationn of the IAVW, including g the IAVW management reports POST-EVENT REPORT: SOPUTAN 26 AUGUST 2012 (Presented by the Australia) SUMMARY During August 2012, the volcanoo Soputan in northeast Suluwesi Indonesia generated a series of ash plumes to ft. Soputan lies within the VAAC Darwin area of responsibility and a sequence of volcanic ash advisoriess and SIGMETs were issued by the VAAC and regional meteorological watch offices. This paper presents the findings of a post-event re-analysis of the eruption undertaken by VAAC Darwin as part of its quality management process. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 VAAC Darwin has been certified to the AS/NZS ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management Standard since As part of VAAC Darwin s commitment to the continuous improvement of volcanic ash services at the VAAC, post-event reports are compiledd following all eruptions that reach aircraft cruising levels within the VAAC Darwin area of responsibility. 1.2 The post-event report, completed by VAAC Darwin for the eruption of the volcano Soputan in August 2012, is included as an attachment to this paper. Some elements of the discussion within this report will be of interest to the Group, particularly in regard to height estimates, communications, pilot reports, and SIGMET issuance. 2. REPORT FINDINGS 2.1 The Soputan post-event report identified a number of significant implementation issues concerning the IAVW; six recommendations emerged from the re-analysis process [refer to pages of the attachment]. (22 pages) IAVWOPSG.7.IP docx

2 IAVWOPSG/7-IP/ VAAC Darwin has undertaken follow up action on each of these recommendations as detailed in the appendix. In particular, a very constructive set of discussions occurred between VAAC Darwin and staff of Indonesian agencies in Jakarta, Bandung and Makassar during December 2012, with the kind facilitation of BMKG Indonesia. It is hoped that the very positive engagement between agencies will continue to lead to improvements in the operation of the IAVW in the region. 3. ACTION BY THE IAVWOPSG 3.1 The IAVWOPSG is invited to note the information in this paper.

3 IAVWOPSG/7-IP/20 Appendix APPENDIX Recommendation Follow-up Recommendation SOPUTAN: /1- That procedures for responding to SO2 alerts be included in the VAAC Darwin Volcanic Ash Directive. Status: Section SACS SO2 Alerts has been added to the 23 October 2012 update of the Volcanic Ash Directive; procedures are outlined to instruct the forecaster of what to do when an SO2 alert is received. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /2- To prevent miscommunication with CVGHM, the VAAC forecasters shall, where possible, attach a relevant satellite image to any inquiries. Status: Specific contact procedures for CVGHM have been added to the Volcanic Ash Directive in Section Indonesia. All enquires seeking information regarding a suspected eruption should include a relevant satellite image. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /3- That a review of available communication platforms at VAAC Darwin, shall be undertaken for the purpose of identifying opportunities for improved information sharing with regional volcano observatories. Status: Establishing effective communication platforms is vital for the operation of VAAC Darwin. Recent digital and social media changes have altered the way organisations interact and exchange information. Currently, VAAC Darwin does not actively engage in social media, which may potentially detract from our awareness of regional volcanic activity. A formal review of VAAC Darwin s communication strategy will be undertaken in 2013, incorporating the results of the VAAC Darwin Client Satisfaction Survey. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /4- That VAAC Darwin undertake a liaison trip to Indonesia involving CVGHM, Ujang Pandang and Jakarta MWOs to promote communication and cooperation between elements of the IAVW within the VAAC Darwin Area of Responsibility (AOR). Status: Andrew Tupper and Emile Jansons from VAAC Darwin visited Indonesia between the December for a series of meetings with BMKG, CVGHM, Hasanuddin MWO and Jakarta MWO. The meetings turned out to be very beneficial in identifying contact information that was incorrect, addressing communication issues with products and familiarising the VAAC with updated technology being used in Indonesia for the dissemination of volcanic activity related information including the use of social media. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /5- That an investigation of the internal dissemination pathway by which pilot reports reach VAAC Darwin, shall be undertaken to identify mechanisms that may expedite the process. Status: VAAC Darwin in conjunction with AirServices Australia and regional airlines, are currently working to streamline the dissemination of pilot reports within the region.

4 IAVWOPSG/7-IP/20 Appendix A-2 Recommendation SOPUTAN: /6- That a revised communications strategy, informed by the outcomes of Recommendation SOPUTAN: /4, be implemented to enhance communications between VAAC Darwin and MWOs within the VAAC AOR. Status: Pending the outcomes of recommendation SOPUTAN: /3.

5 IAVWOPSG/7-IP/ VAAC Darwin has undertaken follow up action on each of these recommendations as detailed in the appendix. In particular, a very constructive set of discussions occurred between VAAC Darwin and staff of Indonesian agencies in Jakarta, Bandung and Makassar during December 2012, with the kind facilitation of BMKG Indonesia. It is hoped that the very positive engagement between agencies will continue to lead to improvements in the operation of the IAVW in the region. 3. ACTION BY THE IAVWOPSG 3.1 The IAVWOPSG is invited to note the information in this paper.

6 IAVWOPSG/7-IP/20 Appendix APPENDIX Recommendation Follow-up Recommendation SOPUTAN: /1- That procedures for responding to SO2 alerts be included in the VAAC Darwin Volcanic Ash Directive. Status: Section SACS SO2 Alerts has been added to the 23 October 2012 update of the Volcanic Ash Directive; procedures are outlined to instruct the forecaster of what to do when an SO2 alert is received. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /2- To prevent miscommunication with CVGHM, the VAAC forecasters shall, where possible, attach a relevant satellite image to any inquiries. Status: Specific contact procedures for CVGHM have been added to the Volcanic Ash Directive in Section Indonesia. All enquires seeking information regarding a suspected eruption should include a relevant satellite image. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /3- That a review of available communication platforms at VAAC Darwin, shall be undertaken for the purpose of identifying opportunities for improved information sharing with regional volcano observatories. Status: Establishing effective communication platforms is vital for the operation of VAAC Darwin. Recent digital and social media changes have altered the way organisations interact and exchange information. Currently, VAAC Darwin does not actively engage in social media, which may potentially detract from our awareness of regional volcanic activity. A formal review of VAAC Darwin s communication strategy will be undertaken in 2013, incorporating the results of the VAAC Darwin Client Satisfaction Survey. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /4- That VAAC Darwin undertake a liaison trip to Indonesia involving CVGHM, Ujang Pandang and Jakarta MWOs to promote communication and cooperation between elements of the IAVW within the VAAC Darwin Area of Responsibility (AOR). Status: Andrew Tupper and Emile Jansons from VAAC Darwin visited Indonesia between the December for a series of meetings with BMKG, CVGHM, Hasanuddin MWO and Jakarta MWO. The meetings turned out to be very beneficial in identifying contact information that was incorrect, addressing communication issues with products and familiarising the VAAC with updated technology being used in Indonesia for the dissemination of volcanic activity related information including the use of social media. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /5- That an investigation of the internal dissemination pathway by which pilot reports reach VAAC Darwin, shall be undertaken to identify mechanisms that may expedite the process. Status: VAAC Darwin in conjunction with AirServices Australia and regional airlines, are currently working to streamline the dissemination of pilot reports within the region.

7 IAVWOPSG/7-IP/20 Appendix A-2 Recommendation SOPUTAN: /6- That a revised communications strategy, informed by the outcomes of Recommendation SOPUTAN: /4, be implemented to enhance communications between VAAC Darwin and MWOs within the VAAC AOR. Status: Pending the outcomes of recommendation SOPUTAN: /3.

8 Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre October 12, 2012 SOPUTAN: 26/08/2012 Caveat: This report is preliminary and intended to provide a practical evaluation of the event. Please do not reproduce comments made here without seeking permission from the Darwin VAAC.

9 Contents 1 Background 2 2 Discussion Eruption Summary Volcanological Reports Pilot Reports Darwin VAAC Advisories Ash Height Calculation Aviation Warnings Satellite Data Sulphur-Dioxide Data Recommendations 11 A Urgent Initial Advisory 14 B Follow Up Advisory 15 C SIGMETs 16

10 1 Background Soputan ( N and E, summit elevation 1784m) is a basalt stratovolcano 1 located in northeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Soputan is one of 10 active volcanoes that lie along the North Sulawesi-Sangihe Islands magmatic arc. The first recorded eruption occurred in 1785 and since then the volcano has erupted at least 33 times [1]. During the last 9 years Soputan has produced at least 8 Volcano Expolosivity Index (VEI) 2 & 3 eruptions. Eruptions from Soputan typically occur with little advance warning and have previously resulted in the ejection of volcanic ash to aircraft cruising altitudes. The high probability of further eruptions from this volcano, combined with the lack of prior eruption warning signals and the proximity of commercial aviation routes, increases the potential hazard to aviation from Soputan. Figure 1.1 shows the time line and heights of volcanic ash advisories issued by VAAC Darwin since Figure 1.1: VAAC Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisories since A stratovolcano is composed of layers of tephra, ash and solidified lava. Most large volcanic eruptions are produced by stratovolcanoes, examples in the region include Mayon, Pinatubo and Merapi

11 3 Soputan Figure 2.1: Geographic location of Soputan volcano. 2 Discussion 2.1 Eruption Summary The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) [2] reported that seismicity at Soputan increased during 8-22 August and on 23 August volcanic earthquakes and avalanches significantly increased. At this time white plumes (steam) could also be seen m above the crater. An explosion at 1136 UTC on 26 August ejected incandescent tephra 50 m above the crater and produced a plume that rose 1 km and drifted west. The Alert Level of Soputan was upgraded by CVGHM at 1200 UTC on 26 August to Alert Level III, on a scale of 1-4. At 1505 UTC on 26 August, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake occurred in the North Celebes Sea (Figure 2.2); however it is not clear whether there exists any relationship between the earthquake and the eruption. Ground reports indicate at approximately 1500 UTC a second larger explosion occurred followed by the eruption of incandescent tephra and an ash cloud to 6784m ASL (22200ft), lasting approximatly four hours. Satellite analysis indicates the 1500 UTC eruption emitted ash that rose to approximately 12km ASL (40,000ft) by 1832 UTC. The

12 2.2 Volcanological Reports 4 four hour long high level eruption was followed by semi-continuous eruptions to 6km ASL (20,000ft). Volcanic ash was last observed on satellite at 2332 UTC on 27 August; after this time the build up of meteorological cloud limited further detection until the advisory was terminated at 0040 UTC on 29 August, when the ash plume was not identifiable in meteorologically cloud-free imagery. 2.2 Volcanological Reports The status of Soputan was upgraded by CVGHM at 1200 UTC on 26 August to Alert Level III, which indicates a trend of increasing unrest that may result in an eruption within 2 weeks. Following the detection of ash on satellite imagery, an was sent from VAAC Darwin to CVGHM at 1956 UTC on 26 August to confirm the details of the eruption. After some discussion with CVGHM, confirmation was recieved at 0057 UTC on 27 August with CVGHM indicating that Soputan began to erupt at 1350 UTC and resulted in an ash column up to 5000m (16400ft) above the summit. 24 hours into the eruption, VAAC forecasters were unable to identify volcanic ash and contacted CVGHM for an update on the status of the volcano at 2038 UTC on 27 August. CVGHM replied at 0139 UTC on 28 August advising that Soputan was producing an ash column of m ( ft) above the summit with continuous tremors; level III alert was maintained. 2.3 Pilot Reports Despite at least two aircraft reports being generated, no pilot reports were received by VAAC Darwin during the initial event. One report, based on an observation made at 2000 UTC on the 26th, was received by VAAC Darwin via fax at 2112 UTC on the 28th, over 48 hours after the observation time. This delay indicates a serious implementation issue regarding the International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW) reporting arrangements for volcanic activity. Difficulties regarding the dissemination of pilot reports to VAACs, has been the subject of much recent discussion by the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) and the International Airways Volcano Watch Operations Supgroup (IAVWOPSG). The Final Report of the IVATF is available online at ivatf/meetingmetadata/ivatf-4.finalreport.pdf. The completion of Task TF-ATM03 indicates that from an Air Traffic Management (ATM) perspective the required dissemination pathway has been incorporated into a Regional Contingency Plan Template, but requires further operational implementation. 2.4 Darwin VAAC Advisories The eruption was identified by the overnight VAAC forecaster in cloudy conditions at approximately 1922 UTC. An Urgent Initial Advisory for Soputan was issued at 1929 UTC on 26 August, indicating ash to feet (FL400) (Attachment A).

13 2.5 Ash Height Calculation 5 A more detailed advisory followed at 1950 UTC, indicating a VA plume extending 80 nm to the west, based on the MTSAT-2 image from 1832 UTC (Attachment B). The brightness temperature of the plume was 238 K which yielded an initial height of FL320 ( ft) according to the nearby Menado trace from 1200 UTC on 26 August(Figure 2.2). The final plume height of FL400 was determined by matching the satellite observed ash movement with the available numerical wind guidance. Due to the detachment of the discrete high level plume from the continuous lower level plume, the ash was split into two separate regions on the advisory at 0138 UTC on 27 August: 1) FL400 moving west at 50 knots and 2) FL200 moving west at 20 knots (Figure 2.4). Volcanic ash was last observed via satellite at 2332 UTC on 27 August after which meteorological cloud and overnight imagery limited further detection. The advisory was terminated by VAAC Darwin at 0040 UTC on 29 August, when ash was no longer identifiable on meteorologically cloud free imagery. In total 11 advisories were issued during this event. Figure 2.2: Left: Red star indicates the earthquake location in the North Molucca, 1505 UTC Sea 26 August. Right: Menado 1200 UTC, 26 August Atmospheric Sounding. 2.5 Ash Height Calculation A discrepancy between the heights reported by ground based observers and those derived from satellite observations, has been identified during previous eruptions from Soputan. Figure 2.5 shows the height estimates obtained by different observation types for eruptions at Soputan for the period A detailed discussion of the phenomena, including recommendations for reducing the disparity, is found in the 2009 article by Tupper and Wunderman [3]. Of the many possible

14 2.5 Ash Height Calculation 6 Ash Soputan Figure 2.3: 2232 UTC, 26 August MTSAT µm image showing an ongoing eruption at Soputan with ash extending to the west. explanations for the observed height differences, two are particularly relevant for the 26 August Soputan eruption: 1. The eruption was at its most intense between 1500 and 1900 UTC, which corresponds to 11pm to 3am local time. Ground based observations of eruption heights made during darkness are particularly difficult. It is possible that 5000m above summit represents the eruption height observed soon after daybreak on the 27th. 2. A second possible explanation for the disparity is the proximity between the location of the nearest settlement and the volcano crater ( 7km). At close range it becomes very difficult for a ground based observer to view the full extent of an eruptive column and estimate the maximum height reached. Height estimates based on satellite observations of ash cloud temperatures, are also subject to various sources of error. Variations in ash cloud opacity and the availability of relevant atmospheric sounding data, can lead to significant errors in the calculated height. During the initial stages of the Soputan eruption, both the

15 2.6 Aviation Warnings 7 Figure 2.4: Volcanic Ash Advisory Graphic issued by Darwin VAAC at 0138 UTC on 27 August. ash cloud opacity and the available sounding data, were conducive to reasonable height estimation by satellite techniques. 2.6 Aviation Warnings During the eruption of Soputan, four SIGMETs were issued for the Ujung Pandang Flight Information Region (FIR) (Attachment C). The first SIGMET was issued at 0115 UTC on 28 August, 28 hours after the initial VAA for Soputan was issued. The last SIGMET was issued for the period 1915 UTC 28 August through to 0115 UTC 29 August. At 0136 UTC on 29 August the VAAC forecaster noticed a discrepancy between the VA SIGMET and the VAA for Soputan and unsuccessfully attempted to contact Ujung Pandang Meteorological Watch Office (MWO) via phone. This incident indicates that VAAC Darwin contact procedures for the Ujung Pandang MWO are in need of reassessment.

16 2.7 Satellite Data 8 Figure 2.5: Height estimates by observation type Satellite Data In post-analysis, the first indication of an eruption on satellite imagery was at 1632 UTC on 26 August on the MTSAT-2 IR channels (Figure 2.6); however at this time detection capability was compromised by the presence of meteorological clouds. 3.9 µm MTSAT-2 satellite imagery indicates a hotspot for Soputan after 1732 UTC on 26 August and the 1817 UTC NOAA 18-AVHRR imagery indicates a hotspot and volcanic ash plume (Figure 2.8). The initial eruption to FL400 ended at approximately 1900 UTC. A second lower level plume to FL200 was identified extending westwards at 0145 UTC on 27 August. Ash from the lower level plume continued to be observed on MTSAT µm imagery until 2332 UTC on 27 August when meteorological cloud obscured the area (Figure 2.3). Due to the timing and location of AQUA and TERRA satellite overpasses, high resolution MODIS data was not available for the initial eruption. However the large volume of lava and incandescent material ejected during the eruption resulted in a persistent hotspot that was detected by MODIS sensors on 27 August (Figure 2.9).

17 2.7 Satellite Data 9 Soputan Soputan Figure 2.6: Left: 11µm MTSAT-2 image, 1632 UTC 26 August, showing a possible ash cloud extending to the west of the volcano. Right: 1632 UTC, Differential absorption image showing the 11µm - 12µm residual. Negative values (darker pixels) suggest the presence of ash however no signal detected here is above normal background levels. Soputan Soputan Figure 2.7: Left: 11µm MTSAT-2 image, 1732 UTC 26 August, showing high level ash cloud extending to the west of the volcano. Right: 1732 UTC Differential absorption image showing the 11µm - 12µm residual. Negative values (darker pixels) suggest the presence of ash.

18 Figure 2.8: Hotspot on NOAA-18/AVHRR 1817 UTC 26 August. The Volcanic Ash Advisory for Soputan was terminated at 0040 UTC on 29 August after volcanic ash emissions had ceased and no volcanic ash cloud was identifiable on meteorologically cloud free satellite imagery. 2.8 Sulphur-Dioxide Data An alert for SO2 was received at 0158 UTC on 27 August for a SACS [5] multisensor alert of exceptional SO2 concentration detected by a pass of the satellite GOME-2 EUMETSAT at 0103 UTC (Figure 2.10). The area of SO2 detected was found to correllate well with both previous VAA forecasts and observed ash areas. During the initial stages of a high level eruption, ash and SO2 are often ejected from a volcano to similar heights. This results in a similar distribution for both materials as they are advected away from the volcano by prevailing winds. However, over time the gaseous SO2 is less likely to be precipitated from the cloud and the distributions of SO2 and ash will begin to diverge; the process may continue until the SO2 region contains negligible ash. Therefore during the initial stages of a high level eruption it is prudent to consider that ash and SO2 may be collocated.

19 11 Figure 2.9: MODIS thermal hotspot 27 August [4]. 3 Recommendations During the initial stages of the Soputan eruption, ash positions derived from IR and visible satellite imagery were well correlated with those derived from SO2 imagery. In addition the utility of the SACS SO2 alert system for confirming eruptions in near real time was demonstrated. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /1- That procedures for responding to SO2 alerts be included in the VAAC Darwin Volcanic Ash Directive. Communication challenges between CVGHM and VAAC Darwin remain an ongoing concern. Initial information received from CVGHM did not confirm an eruption and the reliance on communication resulted in some delays. In this case, there was strong evidence from satellite imagery of an eruption and the VAAC

20 12 Figure 2.10: GOME-2 SO2 Image over Sulawesi, 0103 UTC 27 August. forecaster clarified the situation by sending a satellite image attached to a further inquiry. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /2- To prevent miscommunication with CVGHM, the VAAC forecasters shall, where possible, attach a relevant satellite image to any inquiries. Without realtime input from ground based observers the capacity of VAACs to provide adequate warnings to aircraft is compromised. Communication between Volcano Observatories and VAACs has been recoginised as an area of concern by the IVATF and IAVWOPSG as best practice requires that all available information sources are considered when developing a forecast. IVATF/4 Recommendation 4/9 invites the IAVWOPSG to task the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) Provider States, and the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) through the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), to take the lead in efforts to improve communication channels between VAACs and States with active volcanoes. Details of the interaction between VAAC Darwin and CVGHM during the Soputan eruption strongly demonstrate the utility of this recommendation.

21 13 Recommendation SOPUTAN: /3- That a review of available communication platforms at VAAC Darwin, shall be undertaken for the purpose of identifying opportunities for improved information sharing with regional volcano observatories. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /4- That VAAC Darwin undertake a liaison trip to Indonesia involving CVGHM, Ujang Pandang and Jakarta MWOs to promote communication and cooperation between elements of the IAVW within the VAAC Darwin Area of Responsibility (AOR). VAAC Darwin did not receive any Pilot Reports within 24 hours of the initial eruption, despite at least two having been generated. Reports and photos from aviation are critical to VAAC Darwin especially in cases where eruptions occur overnight or in areas of meteorological cloud. Many volcanoes in the VAAC Darwin AOR are located in remote areas where airborne observations may be the only direct observation available. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /5- That an investigation of the internal dissemination pathway by which pilot reports reach VAAC Darwin, shall be undertaken to identify mechanisms that may expedite the process. During the event, there were four SIGMETs issued for the Ujung Pandang FIR. The first SIGMET was not issued until 28 hours after the time of first VAA. VAAC forecasters were unable to effectively communicate with the Ujung Pandang MWO using existing communications methods such as phone calls and as a result were unable to resolve SIGMET/VAA discrepancies. Recommendation SOPUTAN: /6- That a revised communications strategy, informed by the outcomes of Recommendation SOPUTAN: /4, be implemented to enhance communications between VAAC Darwin and MWOs within the VAAC AOR.

22 A Urgent Initial Advisory VA ADVISORY DTG: /1929 UTC VAAC: Darwin VOLCANO: Soputan = PSN: N0107 E12444 AREA: Sulawesi-Indonesia SUMMIT ELEV: 1784M ADVISORY NR: 2012/1 INFO SOURCE: MTSAT-2 AVIATION COLOUR CODE: RED ERUPTION DETAILS: VA PLUME OBS TO APPROX FL400 OBS VA DTG: 26/1915 UTC OBS VA CLD: SFC/FL400 N0105 E N0105 E N0105 E12445 FCST VA CLD +6HR: FCST VA CLD +12HR: FCST VA CLD +18HR: RMK: A MORE DETAILED ADVISORY WILL FOLLOW AS SOON AS POS- SIBLE. NXT ADVISORY: NO LATER THAN /0115 UTC

23 B Follow Up Advisory VA ADVISORY DTG: /1950 UTC VAAC: Darwin VOLCANO: Soputan = PSN: N0107 E12444 AREA: Sulawesi-Indonesia SUMMIT ELEV: 1784M ADVISORY NR: 2012/2 INFO SOURCE: MTSAT-2 AVIATION COLOUR CODE: RED ERUPTION DETAILS: VA PLUME OBS TO FL400 EXTENDING 80NM TO THE W AT 26/1832 UTC. OBS VA DTG: 26/1945 UTC OBS VA CLD: SFC/FL400 N0110 E N0035 E N0135 E N0110 E12445 MOV W 60KT FCST VA CLD +6HR: 27/0145 UTC SFC/FL400 N0105 E N0015 E N0215 E N0105 E12445 FCST VA CLD +12HR: 27/0745 UTC SFC/FL400 N0105 E N0000 E N0240 E N0105 E12445 FCST VA CLD +18HR: 27/1345 UTC SFC/FL400 N0035 E N0145 E N0305 E S0010 E N0035 E12320 RMK: EARTHQUAKE OCCURED IN NORTHERN MOLUCCA SEA AT 1506 UTC. ERUPTION CURRENTLY ONGOING. NXT ADVISORY: NO LATER THAN /0145 UTC

24 C SIGMETs ***** WAA UTC SIGMET A04 VALID / WAAA- WAA UTC UJUNG PANDANG FIR ERUPTION MT SOPUTAN NO107 E12444 VA CLD OBS AT 1915 UTC SFC/FL200 NO105 E N0030 E N0000 E MOV SW 15KT ***** WAA UTC SIGMET A03 VALID / WAAA- WAA UTC UJUNG PANDANG FIR ERUPTION MT SOPUTAN NO107 E12444 VA CLD OBS AT 1315 UTC SFC/FL200 NO105 E N0030 E N0000 E MOV SW 15KT FCST 1915 UTC SFC/FL200 NO105 E N0030 E N0000 E12340= ***** WAA UTC SIGMET A02 VALID / WAAA- WAA UTC UJUNG PANDANG FIR ERUPTION MT SOPUTAN NO107 E12444 VA CLD OBS AT 0715 UTC SFC/FL200 NO105 E N0030 E N0000 E MOV SW 15KT FCST 1315 UTC VA CLD APRX SFC/FL200 NO105 E N0030 E N0000 E12340= ***** WAA UTC SIGMET A01 VALID / WAAA- WAA UTC UJUNG PANDANG FIR ERUPTION MT SOPUTAN NO107 E12444 VA CLD OBS AT 0115 UTC SFC/FL200 NO105 E N0030 E N0000 E NO105 E12440 MOV SW 15KT FCST 0715 UTC SFC/FL200 NO105 E N0030 E N0000 E NO105 E12440=

25 Bibliography [1] Kushendratno, J.S. Pallister, Kristianto, F.R. Bina, W. McCausland,S.A. Carn, N. Haerani, J. Griswold,and R. Keeler (2012). Recent explosive eruptions and volcano hazards at Soputan volcano a basaltstratovolcano and in north Sulawesi, Indonesia, Bulletin of Volcanology, 74(7), [2] Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi/PVMBG) [3] Tupper, A. and R. Wunderman, 2009: Resolving discrepancies in ground and satellite observed eruption cloud heights. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 186, science/article/pii/s [4] MODVOLC, Near-real-time monitoring of global hot-spots, HIGP The University of Hawai i [5] Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS) hosted by the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy [6] World Health Organisation action_ino_sitrep-mt_soputan_280812_red.pdf [7] World Organisation of Volcanic Observatories