Global Warming and the Walrus. Mika Van Winkle Kimberly Merrell
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1 Global Warming and the Walrus Mika Van Winkle Kimberly Merrell
2 Sea Ice Sea Ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface and affects both human and animal biological ecosystems.
3 Sea Ice Notes This graph shows the depletion of sea ice in last 30 years. The x-axis shows the time lapse ( ) The y-axis shows the sea ice extent in million kilometers squared Although there were ups and downs in the extent of sea ice from year to year, the overall data shows a decrease. Because of this trend, we agree with the statement made in the IPCC report 2007 that, sea ice is predicted to shrink in both the arctic and the Antarctic under all SRES scenarios. (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) There are three major positive feedbacks that cause the sea ice to melt according to the Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment (ACIA): A darkening surface: Pollution traveling into the arctic is darkening the snow and ice, which increases absorbtivity. Also, dark oceans absorb more solar energy. More direct warming: The evaporation rate of the sun s energy is far less in the Arctic, therefore a higher percentage goes directly into warming the air. A thinner atmosphere: The Arctic s troposphere is much thinner than that of the tropics, which means it takes less energy to produce a certain amount of warming. Source: SOTC: Sea Ice." National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). 26 Nov University of Colorado. 19 Feb < "NSIDC Press Room: Sea Ice Minimum 2008." National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). 2 Oct Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder. 19 Feb < Henson, Robert. The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Strand: Penguin Group, 2008.
4 Sea Ice THEN, NOW, & FUTURE Projections Below: Left is a picture of the thickness of sea ice in the 1950 s and the right shows the predicted thickness of sea ice in 2050 Above: Left is a picture of sea ice in 1979, and the right shows the sea ice in September 2008
5 Sea Ice THEN, NOW, & FUTURE Projections Notes The average sea ice coverage in September of 2007 was less than 80% of what it was in the 1970s. Throughout winter, the ice extent is shrinking by about 4% per decade. Not only is the sea ice extent decreasing by size, but it is also thinning. The average is down about 15% since the 1960s. During the summer, the sea ice decreases and breaks. As global warming increases, the arctic sea ice is melting more rapidly during the summer. By the September of 2007, which set the record for the quickest melting pace, only two-thirds of the usual late-summer pack remained. There was a vast amount of ice-free water, more than recorded in previous history. From what we found through researching the effects of global warming on sea ice, we can predict that many arctic mammals will be affected by the loss of sea ice in the north pole. One of the animals we investigated that is and will continue to be affected, is the walrus. Sources: NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. NOAA. 19 Feb < "NSIDC Press Room: Sea Ice Minimum 2008." National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). 2 Oct Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder. 19 Feb < Henson, Robert. The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Strand: Penguin Group, 2008.
6 Melting of Arctic Sea Ice: Implications on Walruses "If walruses and other ice-associated marine mammals cannot adapt to caring for their young in shallow waters without sea-ice available as a resting platform between dives to the sea floor, a significant population decline of this species could occur. -US Coast Guard Research Team
7 Melting of Arctic Sea Ice: Implications on Walruses Notes Walrus calves rest on sea ice while their mothers dive and hunt for food. As the Arctic warms and sea ice melts, there is less habitable space for walruses to reside. Walrus calves are swimming to shore because their mothers abandon them to follow the retreating polar sea ice northward. We believe this is extremely detrimental to walrus calves because they rely on their mothers milk for up to 2 years. If their mothers abandon them they cannot survive. As sea ice retreats, walruses are forced to move to shore. One of the shores the Walruses retreated to was land on the Russian side of the Chukchi Sea, the body of water touching Alaska and Russia just north of the Bering Strait. Instead of spending the summer spread over sea ice, thousands of walruses were stranded on land in unprecedented numbers for up to three months. This led to the death of 3,000 to 4,000 mostly young walruses due to stampedes. From our research on walruses, we discovered that their food consists of 200 clams a day for the adults, snails, crabs, shrimps, and worms. Therefore, this puts pressure on land food sources because the walruses are feeding on shore instead of in the waters. Affects on land resources: If they continue to stay on and around land in summers, due to lack of sea ice, they are likely to diminish the availability of clams and other foods. Increased temperature in waters decrease the amount of plankton, which is food for creatures that walrus feed on. Sources: "Dwindling Arctic Ice : Feature Articles." NASA Earth Observatory: Home. 19 Feb NASA. 19 Feb < "Arctic melting: greenhouse effect blamed - Environment - Specials - smh.com.au." Sydney Morning Herald - Business & World News Australia smh.com.au. 29 Sept Feb < "Walrus Latest To Be Threatened By Warming, Sea Ice Melting Leaving Many Stranded On Land, Causing Stampedes, Woes For Other Species - CBS News." CBS News - Breaking News Headlines: Business, Entertainment & World News. 24 Dec CBS News and The Associated Press. 19 Feb <
8 Conclusion In conclusion, the rapid sea ice reduction due to global warming is a serious problem that we believe is very detrimental to many marine animals, including the walrus. Based on the data we have gathered through our research, we conclude that within the next few generations the walrus population will experience a significant decrease due to the increased stampedes that kill the young, decreased habitable sea ice, and lack of food due to the increase in ocean water temperature.
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