2.1 Properties of Matter > Chapter 2 Matter and Change. 2.1 Properties of Matter. 2.2 Mixtures 2.3 Elements and Compounds 2.4 Chemical Reactions
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1 21 Properties of Matter > 1 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved Chapter 2 Matter and Change 21 Properties of Matter 22 Mixtures 23 Elements and Compounds 24 Chemical Reactions
2 2 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Recall from Chapter 1: Matter any substance that has both mass and volume
3 3 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > CHEMISTRY & YOU Why are windows made of glass? In this lesson, you will learn how properties can be used to classify and identify matter
4 4 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Describing Matter Why do all samples of a substance have the same intensive properties?
5 5 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter What you observe when you look at a particular sample of matter is its properties Is a solid shiny or dull? Does a liquid flow quickly or slowly? Is a gas odorless, or does it have a smell?
6 6 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Properties used to describe matter can be classified as extensive or intensive properties
7 7 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Extensive Properties Recall that matter is anything that has mass and takes up space The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter the object contains The mass of a basketball is greater than the mass of a golf ball
8 8 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Extensive Properties The volume of an object is a measure of the space occupied by the object The volume of a basketball is greater than the volume of a golf ball
9 9 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Extensive Properties Mass and volume are both examples of extensive properties An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
10 10 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Intensive Properties There are properties to consider when selecting a basketball besides mass and volume The outer covering may be made of leather, rubber, or a synthetic composite Each of these materials has different properties that make the basketballs suitable for different playing situations
11 11 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Intensive Properties For example, leather balls are suitable for indoor play but not outdoor play Leather balls absorb water and dirt more than rubber balls do
12 12 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Intensive Properties Absorbency is an example of an intensive property An intensive property is a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
13 13 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Identifying a Substance Each object in this figure has a different chemical makeup, or composition The soda can is mainly aluminum The watering can is mainly copper
14 14 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Identifying a Substance Matter that has a uniform and definite composition is called a substance Aluminum and copper are examples of substances, which are also referred to as pure substances
15 15 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Identifying a Substance Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition
16 16 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Identifying a Substance Aluminum and copper have some properties in common, but there are differences besides their distinctive colors Aluminum is highly reflective and is often used in silver paint Pure copper can scratch the surface of aluminum because copper is harder than aluminum Copper is a conductor of heat or electric current Copper and aluminum are both malleable, which means they can be hammered into sheets without breaking
17 17 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Identifying a Substance Hardness, color, conductivity, and malleability are examples of physical properties A physical property is a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance s composition
18 21 Properties of Matter > Interpret Data This table lists physical properties for some substances Physical Properties of Some Substances Substance State Color Melting point ( C) Boiling point ( C) Neon Gas Colorless Oxygen Gas Colorless Chlorine Gas Greenish-yellow Ethanol Liquid Colorless Mercury Liquid Silvery-white Bromine Liquid Reddish-brown 7 59 Water Liquid Colorless Sulfur Solid Yellow Sodium chloride Solid White Gold Solid Yellow Copper Solid Reddish-yellow The states of the substances are given at room temperature 18 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved
19 19 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Describing Matter Identifying a Substance Physical properties can help chemists identify substances For example, a colorless substance that was found to boil at 100 C and melt at 0 C would likely be water A colorless substance that boiled at 78 C and melted at 117 C would definitely not be water It would likely be ethanol
20 20 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > CHEMISTRY & YOU Glass is often used to make windows, while copper is often used in electrical wires What properties of glass make it a desirable material to use for windows?
21 21 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > CHEMISTRY & YOU Glass is often used to make windows, while copper is often used in electrical wires What properties of glass make it a desirable material to use for windows? Glass is transparent, so it can be seen through; hard, so it stays in place within window frames; and heat resistant, so it helps prevent the transfer of heat between outside and inside
22 22 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter States of Matter What are three states of matter?
23 23 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Depending on the circumstances, you use three different words to refer to water water, ice, and steam Water, which is a common substance, exists in three different physical states So can most other substances
24 24 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas
25 25 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Solids A solid is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume The shape of a solid doesn t depend on the shape of its container
26 26 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Solids A solid is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume The shape of a solid doesn t depend on the shape of its container The particles in a solid are packed tightly together, often in an orderly arrangement
27 27 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Solids A solid is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume As a result, solids are almost incompressible; that is, it is difficult to squeeze a solid into a smaller volume In addition, solids expand only slightly when heated
28 28 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Liquids The particles in a liquid are in close contact with one another, but the arrangement of particles in a liquid is not rigid or orderly
29 29 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Liquids The particles in a liquid are in close contact with one another, but the arrangement of particles in a liquid is not rigid or orderly Because the particles in a liquid are free to flow, a liquid takes the shape of the container in which it is placed
30 30 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Liquids The particles in a liquid are in close contact with one another, but the arrangement of particles in a liquid is not rigid or orderly However, the volume of the liquid doesn t change as its shape changes
31 31 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Liquids The volume of a liquid is fixed or constant Thus, a liquid is a form of matter that has an indefinite shape, flows, and yet has a fixed volume
32 32 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Liquids The volume of a liquid is fixed or constant Thus, a liquid is a form of matter that has an indefinite shape, flows, and yet has a fixed volume Liquids are almost incompressible However, they tend to expand slightly when heated
33 33 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Gases Like a liquid, a gas takes the shape of its container But, unlike a liquid, a gas can expand to fill any volume
34 34 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Gases A gas is a form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container
35 35 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Gases A gas is a form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container The particles in a gas are usually much farther apart than the particles in a liquid
36 36 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Gases A gas is a form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container The particles in a gas are usually much farther apart than the particles in a liquid Because of the space between particles, gases are easily compressed into a smaller volume
37 37 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > States of Matter Gases The words vapor and gas are sometimes used interchangeably But there is a difference The term gas is used for substances, like oxygen, that exist in the gaseous state at room temperature Vapor describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature, as in water vapor
38 21 Properties of Matter > 38 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container What state or states could it be in?
39 21 Properties of Matter > 39 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container What state or states could it be in? The substance could be either a liquid or a gas, as each takes the shape of its container
40 40 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Physical Changes Physical Changes How can physical changes be classified?
41 41 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Physical Changes The melting point of gallium metal is 30 C The figure at left shows how the heat from a person s hand can melt a sample of gallium
42 42 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Physical Changes The shape of the sample changes during melting as the liquid begins to flow, but the composition of the sample does not change Melting is a physical change During a physical change, some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change
43 43 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Physical Changes Words such as boil, freeze, melt, and condense are used to describe physical changes So are words such as break, split, grind, cut, and crush There is a difference between these two sets of words Each set describes a different type of physical change
44 44 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Physical Changes Physical changes can be classified as reversible or irreversible Melting is an example of a reversible physical change If a sample of liquid gallium cools below its melting point, the liquid will become solid
45 45 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Physical Changes All physical changes that involve a change from one state to another are reversible Cutting hair, filing nails, and cracking an egg are examples of irreversible physical changes
46 21 Properties of Matter > 46 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved Water boils and becomes water vapor Is this a reversible or irreversible physical change?
47 21 Properties of Matter > 47 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved Water boils and becomes water vapor Is this a reversible or irreversible physical change? It is a reversible physical change because it involves a change from one state to another
48 48 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Key Concepts Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas Physical changes can be classified as reversible or irreversible
49 49 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Glossary Terms mass: a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains; the SI base unit of mass is the kilogram volume: a measure of the space occupied by a sample of matter extensive property: a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample intensive property: a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
50 50 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Glossary Terms substance: matter that has a uniform and definite composition; either an element or a compound; also called pure substance physical property: a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance s composition solid: a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume liquid: a form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and has an indefinite shape
51 51 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > Glossary Terms gas: a form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container; a gas has no definite shape or volume vapor: describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature physical change: a change during which some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change
52 52 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 21 Properties of Matter > BIG IDEA Chemistry as the Central Science Physical properties, such as melting point and boiling point, are used to describe matter
53 21 Properties of Matter > 53 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved END OF 21
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