Photovoltaic Systems on Roofs Athen, October 8th 2013

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1 Photovoltaic Systems on Roofs Athen, October 8th 2013 Dr. Uwe Hartmann German Society for Solar Energy, Berlin /24

2 Content Introduction, PV Potential in Germany Market and Trends, EEG (FIT) Mounting Systems Yield and Module Types, Ventilation Examples, Failures and Defects

3 Potential of PV * in Germany *provided system efficiency 13,5 % Source: Quaschning, HTW Berlin

4 Annually new installed PV power in Germany in MWp PV Market in Germany Entwicklung der PV-Installationen Market data PV-Systems in Germany Jährlich neu 2013* installierte Leistung in MWp seit 2000 New installed PV power 2013** bis MWp Total installed PV power up to 7/ MWp Solar power generation *** 31 Mrd. kwh Number of installed systems up to 7/2013 1,36 Mio Source: BSW-Solar, BNetzA, BMU, EEX, 05/2013 * rounded ** expected annex leading market players, Jan - Jul 2013 ca. 2,1 GWp new installed PV power *** forecast to year end **

000 MWp Total installed PV power up to 7/2013 34.500 MWp Solar power generation *** 31 Mrd. kwh Number of installed systems up to 7/2013 1,36 Mio. 7.400 7.500 7.600 5.000 4.000 3.

5 Average size of new installed PV-Systems Jan. to Jun in kwp Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Sachsen-Anhalt Sachsen Brandenburg Thüringen Saarland Bayern Deutschland Rheinland-Pfalz Schleswig-Holstein Niedersachsen Hessen Baden-Württemberg Nordrhein-Westfalen Bremen Hamburg Berlin Source: Bundesnetzagentur, BSW-Solar 07/2013 Durchschnittsgröße neu installierter PV-Anlagen Januar Dezember 2012 in kwp 13,9 12,0 17,1 15,1 20,9 18,7 23,1 21,7 27,6 27,3 26,5 36,1 45,7 49,5 58,9 69,5 120, Average size in kwp

Schleswig-Holstein Niedersachsen Hessen Baden-Württemberg Nordrhein-Westfalen Bremen Hamburg Berlin Source: Bundesnetzagentur,

6 EEG Feed in Tariffs, History and Future BSW-Solar

7 Roof: Function, construction, shape

8 Flat top roofs

9 Thin roofs Hanger bolts Theft protection Punctual fixing with clamps

10 Design options: semi transparent non standard modules Utility Hannover, semi transparent [modules: Scheuten Solar] Lehrter Bahnhof [modules: Scheuten Solar] Semi transparent ASI insulation glass modules at FH Trier-Birkenfeld [Module: RWESolar]

Lehrter Bahnhof [modules: Scheuten Solar] Semi transparent

11 [Photo: Saint Gobain] [Photo: Alwitra] [Photo: Sunovation] Bent and flexible PV modules Bus stop with bent acrylic glass modules Cold bent double glass modules Foil roof cladding with laminated amorphous solar cells

12 Special modules: solar tiles, roof integration

13 Berlin, Central Market, Installation

14 IBC system AEROfix, weight 10 to 13 Kg / m2

15 PV-Systems with three different modul types Azimuth 35 West Inclination 18 1 mono SI (963 kwh) 2 poly Si (947 kwh) 3 Cd Te (845 kwh)

16 Yield of the three sytems

17 Temperature increase and yield reduction Good ventilation is important for module cooling Less efficiency and less energy yield with increasing temperature Module temperature depends on type of mounting: less ventilation of highly integrated modules Facade integration, no ventilation Fassadenintegration, ohne Hinterlüftung Roof integration, no ventil.ation Dachintegration, ohne Hinterlüftung On / in facade, poor ventil. auf/ in Fassade, schlechte Hinterlüftung On / in facade, good ventilation auf/ in Fassade, gute Hinterlüftung On / in roof, poor ventilation auf/ im Dach, schlechte Hinterlüftung On / in roof, good ventil. auf/ im Dach, gute Hinterlüftung On roof with large gap auf Dach großer Abstand Freestanding völlig freie Aufstellung 8,9 % 5,4 % 4,8 % 3,6 % 2,6 % 2,1 % 1,8 % 0,0 % 22 K 43 K 39 K 35 K 32 K 29 K 28 K 55 K Temperaturerhöhung Minderung des Energieertrages

ation Dachintegration, ohne Hinterlüftung On / in facade, poor ventil.

18 Berlin, Central Market, 1 MWp

19 Wendelstein, Bavaria, mounting system, heat application System SOLFixx, weight 12,9 kg / m2

20 Common failures and defects Failures according to the frequency of occurrence: 1. Inverter defects 2. Cable connections 3. String fuses 4. Module failure and thus partial or total loss of a String (Bypass diodes or connection of cells within a module) 5. Surge arresters 6. Isolation failure Increasingly: Theft Fire Failures in PV-plants Source: EuPD research

Module failure and thus partial or total loss of a String (Bypass diodes or connection of

21 How do I find a suitable roof?

22 Thank you for the attention Dr. Uwe Hartmann

23 Lightning protection variants Grounding of the frame Inconveniently: better:

24 Shading analysis Digital analysis (e.g. with fisheye optics) Values are transferred to simulation programs CAD solutions

25 Troubleshooting

Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal in Germany Status quo and Outlook

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