CAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2000 November 13, 2000 Paul Hagstrom Week 10: Movement Theory

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1 CAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2000 November 1, 2000 Paul Hagstrom Week 10: Movement Theory Movement Theory NP-movement: (passives, raising ) (1) John i seems [ t i to speak Mandarin]. (2) * John i seems [ t i speaks Mandarin]. Tensed S constraint NP-movement can t escape a tensed IP. (5) John likes [me to win]. (6) John i likes [himself i to win]. (7) * John i thinks [himself i won]. (8) John i thinks [he i won]. (9) John i knows [himself i to have met Bill]. (10) * John i knows [Bill to have met himself i ]. A trace of NP-movement is an anaphor. () John i is known t i to have beaten Bill. (4) * John i is known Bill to have beaten t i. Specified subject condition NP-movement can t cross an overt subject. Traces of wh-movement are r-expressions. Principle C says R-expressions must be free. (11) Who i does John like t i? (12) * Who i does he i like t i? SCO (=who i likes himself i?) (1) * Who i did he i tell Mary that John likes t i? (=who i told Mary that John likes him i?) (14) * Who i did [his i boss] see t i? WCO (=whose i boss saw him i?) Crossover. A variable cannot be coindexed with a pronoun on its left. (15) Everyone i said that he i saw Mary. (16) * He i saw everyone i. (=e.o. i saw himself i ). (17) * [His i boss] saw everyone i. (=e.o. i s boss saw him i ). (18) Parla italiano. Italian (19) Habla español. Spanish (20) * Speaks English. EPP: SpecIP must be filled. With what? (21) pro parla italiano. (22) Gianni i ha detto che pro i parla italiano. John has said that speaks Italian John i has said that he i/j speaks Italian. (2) Che allenatore i t i pensa che i giocatori lo i odiano? Which manager i thinks the players hate him i? (24) *Che all. i pro i pensa che i giocatori odiano t i? Which mgr. i does he i think the players hate t i? pro is a pronoun, just silent.

2 Some languages allow pro (null) subjects. Agreement (recoverability) V2 seems to prevent null subjects. A separate category: Ellipsis of all kinds (Mandarin) (25) Q: Zhangsan kanjian Lisi le ma? Zhangsan see Lisi ASP Q Did Zhangsan see Lisi? A: Zhangsan shuo [ kanjian le] Zhangsan say see ASP Zhangsan says (he) saw (him) Two parameters: [±Recoverable deletion] (licenses ellipsis) [±Strong agreement] (licenses pro) pro-drop X-bar Theory Case Theory θ-theory Movement Theory Move-α Binding Theory Move any category anywhere. Idea: Derive the conditions on movement from general constraints. If there s a reason to move something, it can be moved. TSC, SSC derived already, NP-trace is an anaphor. EPP: SpecIP must be filled. [+Q]-CP: A [+Q] C must have a [+wh] specifier. Cyclicity condition: (26) [ CP [which car] i [ C did [ IP you think [ CP t i (that) [ IP John would fix t i ]]]]]? Wh-island constraint: (27) [ CP [which car] i [ C do [ IP you wonder [ CP when j [ IP John will fix t i t j ]]]]]? Wh-island constraint reduces to cyclicity. (0) [ DP the rumor [ CP that [ IP Bill fixed the car]]] (1)?? [ CP [which car] i [ C did [ IP you hear [ DP the rumor [ CP that [ IP Bill fixed t i ]]]]]? No, just the Complex NP constraint. Can we do better, can we reduce them to one? Complex NP condition: (28) [ DP the man [ CP who i [ IP t i can fix the car]]] (29)?? [ CP [which car] i [ C have [ IP you met [ DP the man [ CP who i [ IP t i can fix t j ]]]]]] Ah, cyclicity?

3 (2) [ CP [which car] i did [ IP you think [ CP t i (that) [ IP John would fix t i... () * [ CP [which car] i did [ IP you wonder [ CP when j [ IP John will fix t i t j... (4) * [ CP [which car] i have [ IP you met [ DP the man [ CP who j [ IP t j can fix t i... (5) * [ CP [which car] i did [ IP you hear [ DP the rumor [CP t i that [IP Bill fixed t i.. Subjacency Movement cannot cross more than one bounding node in a single step Bounding nodes: IP and DP. Subjacency derives: Cyclicity condition (hence wh-island constraint) Complex DP condition (both rumor-type and relative clauses) (6) Italian Tuo fratello ( your brother ), [ CP a cui i [ IP mi domando to whom I wonder [ CP che storie i [ IP abbiano raccontato t i t j ]]]], which stories they-have told era molto preoccupato ( was very worried ). (7) * Tuo fratello, [ CP a cui i temo [ DP la possibilità che abbiano to whom I-fear the possibility that they-have raccontato tutto ti],... told everything,... CNPC islands are respected, wh-islands aren t? (8) Mi sto domandando I am wondering [ CP a chi i potrei chiedere t i [CP quando j dovrò to whom I-may ask when I ll-have-to parlare di questo argomento t j ]] speak about this topic (9) * Questo argomento, [di cui k mi sto domandando This topic of which I am wondering [ CP a chi potrei chiedere to whom I-may ask [CP quando dovrò parlare t k ]]] when I ll-have-to speak mi sembra sempre più complicato to-me seems ever more complicated Italian bounding nodes: CP and DP. (Rizzi 1982) Arguments and adjuncts. (40)?Whose car i were you wondering how to fix t i? (Ed s car...i was wondering how to fix Ed s car.) (41) *How i were you wondering whose car to fix t i? (With a wrench... I was wondering whose car to fix with a wrench.) What makes these different? (42) VP... Ru VP VP how 1 1 with a wrench V V V which car V Ed s car Heads are divided into two kinds: Lexical: N, V, A, P Functional: C, I, D

4 Proper Government (first attempt) Government by a lexical head. Empty Category Principle (ECP) Traces must be properly governed (4) How i did you fix the car t i? Proper Government (final version) α properly governs β iff (i) α governs β and a is a lexical head or (ii) α antecedent-governs β. Antecedent Government (first attempt) α, a moved category, antecedent-governs β iff i) α binds β (c-commands & co-indexed) ii) no more than one blocking category dominates β but not α. if moving from β to α would not violate Subjacency (44)? Which song i were you wondering [ whether the band will play t i ]? (45) * Which band i were you wondering [whether t i will play that song]? (46)? Which car i do you know how to fix t i? (47) * Who i do you know how t i will fix the car? (48) Which band i did you consider [ t i to be the best ]? Subjects are not usually lexically governed; and when not, they are subject to the ECP. Adjuncts that violate the ECP (that is, that are not antecedent-governed) violate Subjacency too, right? Do we really need both the ECP and Subjacency? (Subjacency is very strong for adjuncts?) (49) Zhangsan yiwei Lisi mai-le shenme? Z. thinks L bought what What does Zhangsan think Lisi bought? (50) Zhangsan xiang-zhidao Lisi mai-le shenme. Z. wonders L bought what Zhangsan wonders what Lisi bought. Mandarin is a wh-in-situ language. (51) ni zui xihuan [shei mai de shu]? you most like who buy DE book?x: you like the books x bought *Who i do you like [the books t i bought]? (52) ni xiang-zhidao you wonder [wo weishenme mai shenme]? I why bought what?x: you wonder why I bought x??what i do you wonder why I bought t i? (5) * Who i do you like [the books t i bought]? (54)?? What i do you wonder [why I bought t i ]? (55) Who i t i knows [where we bought what]??x,y: x knows where we bought y (56) Who i t i likes [the books you gave to who]? (57)?* Who i do you like the books you gave to t i? Subjacency constrains overt movement. Mandarin wh-words don t move overtly. English whs-in-situ don t move overtly. Subjacency holds up until SS.

5 (58) * ni zui xihuan I most like [weishenme mai shu de ren]? why buy book DE person ( *Why i do you like [the man who bought the books t i ] ) (59) ni xiang-zhidao you wonder [wo weishenme mai shenme]? I why bought what?x: you wonder why I bought x not?y: you wonder what I bought for-y-reason ECP seems not to care about overt vs. covert. The ECP holds at LF. So, the ECP and Subjacency really are different things, and we need to keep both. (60) What i did you say that John would fix t i? (61) What i did you say John would fix t i? (62) Who i did you say t i would fix the car? (6) * Who i did you say that t i would fix the car? This is a subject-object asymmetry looks like a job for the ECP. The ECP can t do it as it stands Antecedent Government (revised) α, a moved category, antecedent-governs β iff i) α c-commands β ii) no more than one blocking category dominates β but not α. iii) there is no filled C governing β. (64) Which book i did j she t j read t i? (65) * Which student did j t i t j read this book? (66) Which student t i read this book? (67) Which student t i will read this book? (68) How i did you say (that) he fixed your car t i? (69)... CP t i C C IP (that) he I VP Ru VP t i # fixed your car (70) Italian Chi hai detto che ha scritto questo libro? who have-you said that has written this book Who did you say wrote this book? (71) Hanno telefonato molti studenti have.pl phoned many students Many students have phoned. (72) Vinceremo noi will-win.1pl we We will win. (7) [ CP Chi i [ IP pro hai detto [ CP t i che [ IP pro ha [ VP scritto question libro] t i ]]]]

6 (74) Mario E parla Florentine It. Mario SCL speaks Mario speaks. (75) E parla SCL speaks He speaks (76) * Parla (77) gl ha telefonato della ragazze SCL(M.SG) has phoned some girls(f.pl) Some girls telephoned. (78) Quante ragazze tu credi che gli abbia parlato? how.many girls you think that M.SG has.sg spoken How many girls do you think have spoken? (79) * Quante ragazze tu credi che le abbiano parlato? how.many girls you think that F.PL have.pl spoken ( How many girls do you think have spoken? ) (80) How tall will John be? [ CP how tall [ C will j [ IP John t j [ VP be... (81) How tall is John? " 1 z----m [ CP how tall [ C is j [ IP John t j [ VP t j... (82) * How tall be John will? " 1" 1 z----mz--m [ CP how tall [ C be j [ IP John will [ VP t j... " 1 z m Head-movement constraint (HMC) Movement of an X category α is restricted to the position of a head β that governs the maximal projection of α. ( No skipping )