Basic seminar small wind energy systems with Windy Boy. Be a solar expert
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1 Basic seminar small wind energy systems with Windy Boy Be a solar expert
2 Organizational Matters > Escape routes > Meeting point in case of a fire alarm > Toilets > > Smoking Solar Academy area contact data > Please > mute Phone: your +49 cell (0) phones or switch them off > Badges > [email protected] d > > Canteen Download areas: > > > 2
3 Presentation topics > Small wind turbine classification > Grid connection > Windy Boy Familiy > Application and installation > Planning small wind turbine systems > Wind energy conversion > Optimizing the system VAWT Tripala - Pramac 3
4 Small wind turbine classification American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) Rated power up to 100 kw Residential systems 1 kw - 10 kw Commercial systems 21 kw kw British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) Rated power up to 50 kw Micro wind turbines, rotor swept area less than m 2 Small wind turbine, rotor swept area more than 3.5 m 2 German Wind Energy Association (BWE) Rated power up to 100 kw Residential up to 30 kw IEC Rotor swept area less than 200 m 2 IEC Rated power up to 150 kw, hub height up to 30 m Source: Kühn[1] 4
5 Small wind turbine market > Worldwide sales in MW (rated power up to 100 kw) > 20,700 units (10% growth over 2008) > 75% were installed in Off-Grid systems > 25% were of a very small size (rated power 5 kw and less) Source: AWEA [2] Source: AWEA [2] SMA Solar Technology AG Windy Boy-EN
6 Small wind turbine market - Manufacturers > More than 260 manufacturers in 26 countries worldwide > Often cooperation in terms of production (blades, tower and inverter) and in terms of distribution and sales Source: AWEA [2] 6
7 Turning wind into grid compliant electricity 7
8 Turning wind into grid compliant electricity Wind 8
9 Turning wind into grid compliant electricity > Turbines with permanent magnet synchronous generator > No gear box necessary = low maintenance > Operation at variable rotation speed (fixed rotation speed with asynchronous generators) = optimized yield > No external excitation necessary = easy installation and simple generator behaviour (rotation speed and voltage are proportional) HAWT Antaris Braun Windturbinen 9
10 Wind speed to turbine power > Connection of MPP* at all wind speeds lead to optimize load curve (best harvest by turbines) Wind > Programmed load curve with operation mode: turbine 12 m/s > (MPP tracking not dynamic enough) 7 m/s 5 m/s 3 m/s (wind speed) *Maximum Power Point Output Rotation voltage of speed wind of turbine wind turbine generator 10
11 Four questions to find the best match > Minimum DC voltage of the turbine under load (at approx. 3 m/s wind speed or cut-in wind speed)? > Maximum DC voltage of the turbine under load (at approx. 12 m/s wind speed)? > Nominal power of the turbine? > Maximum open circuit DC voltage of the turbine (important for over voltage protection (OVP) matching) > See bundle list draft from SMA HAWT R9000 Evance 11
12 Windy Boy family 12
13 Windy Boy family > Comprehensive variety of Windy Boy inverters, starting from 1 kw up to 6 kw > Multiplication of inverters allow combination with (nearly) all turbines > World-wide operation due to SMA Grid Guard 13
14 Windy Boy family > From low-voltage (20 60V) with Windy Boy 1100LV (1.1kW) > Wide input voltage range (80 550V) with new Windy Boy 3600TL und 5000TL > Up to high voltages ( V) > and high power with Windy Boy 6000A (X*6kW) 14
15 Windy Boy 1100LV > Max. DC power:1240 W > Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours per year: 1000 W/900 W > Max. DC input voltage: 60 V > Nominal DC voltage: 25 V > Min. open-circuit voltage for activating Turbine Mode : 25 V > Voltage range in Turbine Mode : 21 V 60 V 15
16 Windy Boy 1200/1700 > Max. DC power: WB1200: 1320 W, WB1700: 1850 W > Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours per year: WB1200:1050 W/1000 W, WB1700: 1400 W/1300 W > Max. DC input voltage: 400 V > Nominal DC voltage: WB1200:120 V, WB1700:180 V > Min. open-circuit it voltage for activating Turbine Mode : WB1200: 120 V, WB1700: 150 V > Voltage range in Turbine Mode : WB1200:100 V 400 V, WB1700:139 V 400 V 16
17 Windy Boy 2500/3000 > Max. DC power: WB2500: 2700 W, WB3000: 3200 W > Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours per year: WB2500: 2100 W/1900 W, WB3000: 2500 W/2200 W > Max. DC input voltage: 600 V > Nominal DC voltage: WB2500: 300 V, WB3000: 350 V > Min. open-circuit voltage for activating Turbine Mode : WB2500: 300 V, WB3000: 330 V > Voltage range in Turbine Mode : WB2500:250 V 600 V, WB3000: 290 V 600 V 17
18 Windy Boy 3300/3800 > Max. DC power: WB3300: 3820 W, WB3800: 4040 W > Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours per year: WB3300: 3100 W/2800 W, WB3800: 3600 W/3300 W > Max. DC input voltage: 500 V > Nominal DC voltage: 200 V > Min. open-circuit voltage for activating Turbine Mode : 250 V > Voltage range in Turbine Mode : 200 V 500 V 18
19 Windy Boy 5000A/6000A > Max. DC power: WB5000A: 5750 W, WB6000A: 6300 W > Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours per year: WB5000A: 4600 W/4200 W, WB6000A: 5500 W/5100 W > Max. DC input voltage: 600 V > Nominal DC voltage: 270 V > Min. open-circuit it voltage for activating Turbine Mode : 300 V > Voltage range in Turbine Mode : 250 V 600 V 19
20 Windy Boy 3600TL/5000TL > Max. DC power: WB3600TL: 3800 W, WB5000TL: 5300 W > Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours per year: WB3600TL: 3600 W/3600 W, WB5000TL: 4500 W / 4000 W > Max. DC input voltage : 550 V > Nominal DC voltage : 400 V > Min. open-circuit it voltage for activating Turbine Mode : 125 V > Voltage range in Turbine Mode : 80 V 550 V > Cannot be connected in parallel 20
21 Windy Boy 2000HF/2500HF/3000HF (coming soon) > Max. DC power: WB2000HF: 2100 W, WB2500HF: 2600 W, WB3000HF: 3150W > Max. DC input voltage : 700 V > Nominal DC voltage : 530 V > Min. open-circuit voltage for activating Turbine Mode : 220 V > Voltage range in Turbine Mode : 175 V 700 V 21
22 Windy Boy family > Integration of new technologies (e.g. Sunclix, Bluetooth, reactive power control) > Extend the complete Windy Boy portfolio to the US market > Enable all Windy Boy inverters to use our new, state-of-the-art polynomial load curve (instead of three point load curve) 22
23 Application and Installation 23
24 Application and Installation Indirect grid feed-in/net metering Consumer Windy Boy Mt Meter Public grid 24
25 Application and Installation Direct grid feed-in Windy Boy Consumer Meter Öffentliches Public Netz grid 25
26 Application and Installation Stand-alone power supply systems (Default: OFF-Grid settings!) Windy Boy Sunny Island Sunny Boy Consumer 26
27 Various application of Windy Boy inverters Hydropower plant Wind turbine CHP plant Diesel generator 27
28 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Windy Boy Protection Box Gleichrichter Rectifier Windy Boy (DC) Turbine (AC) Overvoltage Spannungsbegrenzung protection g Lastwiderstand load resistance (DC) > Rectifying the turbine output voltage > Overvoltage protection through switching on load resistor in parallel in case of overvoltage 28
29 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Recitifier > Passive B6 bridge > Connect wild AC from turbine at L1, L2 and L3 > 1- and d3-phase systems > Bypass by direct DC-connection 29
30 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Overvoltage protection U DC Kritisches critical DC-Spannungsniveau DC-voltage output voltage of Windy Boy Protection Box t 30
31 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Load resistor > Continious load up to 7000 W > One resistor for all Protection Boxes > Spezification: > Designed for up to 600 V DC > C (max. 54 Ω) > 100 % overload for 1 min 31
32 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Power uptake of load resistor: P U R 2 WBP-Box Switching Power input[kw] Can be used Model voltage[v] with: WB1200, WB ,8 WB3300, WB3800, WB3600TL, WB5000TL WB5000A, WB6000A, WB2500, WB
33 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Grid-tied operation of turbine > Components 6 kw Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600 > Grid voltage available > Wind conditions weak up to strong Windy Boy Protection Box Gleichrichter Recitfier i ht 6kW Überspannungs- Overvoltage protection schutz 33
34 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Grid-tied operation of turbine > Components 6 kw Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600 > Grid voltage available > Wind conditions very strong, hurricane Windy Boy Protection Box Gleichrichter Recitfier ht r 6kW Überspannungs- Overvoltage protection schutz kw 34
35 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Grid-tied operation of turbine > Components 6 kw Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600 > Grid voltage not available/cut off > Wind conditions weak up to strong Windy Boy Protection Box Gleichrichter Recitfier ht r Überspannungs- Overvoltage protection schutz kw 35
36 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Sunny Island grid with small wind turbine > Components 6 kw Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600 > Grid voltage Sunny Island > Wind conditions strong wind/high consumption Windy Boy Protection Box Gleichrichter Recitfier i ht 6kW Überspannungs- Overvoltage protection schutz 36
37 Function of Windy Boy Protection Box Sunny Island grid with small wind turbine > Components 6 kw Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600 > Grid voltage Sunny Island > Wind conditions strong wind/low consumption, reduced power Windy Boy Protection Box Gleichrichter Recitfier i ht 1kW Überspannungs- Overvoltage protection schutz 5kW 37
38 Use of Windy Boy Protection Box Connection of 1 x WBP-Box 1-phase Lastwiderstand Load resistor self Eigenverbrauch consumption Wind Windgenerator turbine system Windy Boy Protection Box Windy Boy Öffentliches Public gridnetz Small WES up to o7 kw SMA Solar Technology AG Windy Boy-EN
39 Use of Windy Boy Protection Box Connection of 1 x WBP-Box 3-phase Load resistor self consumption Wind turbine system Windy Boy Protection Box Windy Boy Public grid Small WES up to o7 kw SMA Solar Technology AG Windy Boy-EN
40 Use of Windy Boy Protection Box Connection of 3 x WBP-Box 3-phase Load resistor self consumption Wind turbine system AC distribution box Windy Boy Protection Box Windy Boy Public grid Small WES up to 18 kw SMA Solar Technology AG Windy Boy-EN
41 Windy Boy Protection Box with Load Resistor 41
42 Planning small wind turbine systems 42
43 Planning small wind turbine systems Key tasks Resource assessment Average wind speed, main wind direction, turbulence Siting Turbine technology Operation Identification of local regulations Positioning of tower, effects of obstacles, terrain type Rotor design, type of generator, inverter Noise, maintenance and repair (accessibility), safety risks Planning and building laws 43
44 Planning small wind turbine systems Resource accessment - Siting > Preliminary Assessment: Evaluation of selected site for adequate wind speed based on available sources (e.g. Wind Atlases, NASA [5]) 44
45 Planning small wind turbine systems Resource accessment - Siting > Frequency distribution of wind speeds. Mathematical approximation possible (Weibull function) > The wind speed for the hub height (largely determined by the roughness of the site s surface, defined by the roughness length z 0 ) Types of terrain surfaces z 0 [m] Roughness class Water surfaces Sand surfaces Snow surfaces Bare earth Meadow Airports, runway Airports with building and trees Agricultural terrain with very few bildi buildings, trees Agricultural terrain with an open appearance Agricultural terrain with a closed appearance Many trees and/or bushes Built-up terrain Suburbs Forest 0.8 >3 City 1 >3 Source: Hau [3] 45
46 Planning small wind turbine systems Resource accessment - Siting > Wind measurement campain on-site (time period of at least one year) > Data output is organised in bins, e.g. two-dimensional binning of wind speed and wind direction Bin Start End Sum N NNE ENE E ESE SSE S SSW WSW W WNW NNW Mean
47 Planning small wind turbine systems Resource accessment - Siting > Turbulence is the standard deviation of wind speed (horizontal or vertical) and wind direction around the average wind direction h 2 h 3 h 20 h 47
48 Planning small wind turbine systems Software tools Alwin BLADED Greenius RETscreen SWT Yield Eti Estimatort WAsP WindFarm WindFarmer WindPro License Freeware Commercial Commercial Freeware Freeware Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Yield Estimation x o x x x x x x x Structural Stresses o x o o o o o o o Wind Analysis x o x o x x x x x Noise Calculation o o o o o o x x x Calculation of Profitability o o x x o o o x o Source: Quaschning [4] 48
49 Planning small wind turbine systems - Technology > Turbines with vertical axis > Savonius Turbine > Darrieus Turbine > H-Turbine > Turbines with ithhorizontal axis 49
50 Planning small wind turbine systems - Technology > Rotors using aerodynamic drag > Rotors using aerodynamic lift low pressure lift airfoil chord angle of attack free-stream velocity drag high h pressure 50
51 Planning small wind turbine systems - Technology > Power control by rotor blade pitching > Passive stall control with ithfixed blade pitch 51
52 Planning small wind turbine systems Standard - Certification > International standard for small wind energy systems IEC XX > Certification organisations: > Cooperation of certification instituts with harmonised measurements and evaluations: MEASNET > > The Microgeneration Certification Scheme > org > Small wind certification organisation: certifications according to the AWEA Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard 52
53 Planning small wind turbine systems Wind energy association > The European Wind Energy Association, > > RenewableUK, formerly British Wind Energy Association > > American Wind Energy Association > 53
54 Wind Energy Conversion 54
55 Wind Energy Conversion momentum theory > Wind energy is the kinetic energy of an air mass m moving at a velocity v E ki n 1 mv 2 2 > The mass m of the moving air at a given time t can be described d as: m t m E 1 t mv 2 2 > If the moving air with the air density ρ passes through a cross-sectional area A m ρav at a velocity v, then the mass flow is: > With P E t E P t ρav ρav 2 3 E kin : kinetic energy [Nm] m: moving mass [kg] v: velocity [m/s] mm :massflow[kg/s] P: power [Nm/s=W] ρ: air density [kg/m 3 ] A: cross-sectional area [m 2 ] 55
56 Wind Energy Conversion - power coefficient > Energy from the wind can only be extracted by reducing the flow velocity, which means a widening of the cross-section as the air mass remains unchanged > The ratio between the extracted power and the power of the undisturbed mass flow is the power coefficient i c p > c p reaches its maximum at the ratio between the velocity v 1 before and the velocity v 2 after the turbine of 1/3 > c pmax = P c p 1 ρa v 3 2 R v: velocity [m/s] P: power [Nm/s=W] ρ: air density [kg/m 3 ] A R : rotor oo swept area ea[ [m 2 ] R Source: Hau [2] 56
57 Wind Energy Conversion tip speed ratio > While extracting power from the wind, the rotor will impart a spin to the wake in opposite to the torque of the rotor > The power coefficient c p is dependent on the ratio between the tangential velocity of the rotor blades and the undisturbed air flow, called the tip speed ratio λ Source: Hau [2] 57
58 Wind Energy Conversion tip speed ratio P c p 1 ρa v 3 2 R v: velocity [m/s] P: power [Nm/s=W] ρ: air density [kg/m 3 ] A R : rotor swept area [m 2 ] c p : power coefficient Source: Hau [2] ti p speedrati o λ ti p speed of rot or bl ade wi ndspeed SMA Solar Technology AG Windy Boy-EN
59 Wind speed to wind power P c p 1 ρa 2 3 v R v: velocity [m/s] P: power [Nm/s=W] ρ: air density [kg/m 3 ] A R : rotor swept area [m 2 ] c p : power coefficient kg ρ 1, 225 m³ (air density) Wind velocity[v] > Doubled wind velocity means 8 times more power to harvest by turbines 59
60 Wind speed to wind power (calculation example) 7887 W 1, 225kg m 3 3( 2m 2 ) π( P m 12 3 s s) c p 1 ρa 2 3 v R v: velocity [m/s] P: power [Nm/s=W] 1, 225kg 2 3 ρ: air density [kg/m 986 W m 6 2m s)m 3 ] A R : rotor swept area [m 2 ] 3( ) π( c p : power coefficient kg ρ 1, 225 m³ (air density) Wind velocity[v] 60
61 Wind speed to turbine power Summing up: > The tip speed ratio (TSR) is the ratio between the rotational speed of the tip of a blade and the current velocity of the wind > If we operate the turbine always at it s optimal TSR (e.g. 7 for a three-wing-turbine) t then we ensure the system s best power coefficient c p > But how can we ensure this at dynamically changing wind velocity 61
62 Determination of the turbine curve wind tunnel > Test setup in the wind tunnel with matching Windy Boy > Set the operating condition constant voltage for the Windy Boy 62
63 Determination of the turbine curve wind tunnel > Measuring the output power for different voltages at constant wind speed > Determination i of MPPfor different wind speeds 7 m/s Output voltage of wind turbine generator 63
64 Determination of the turbine curve measurement campaign > Execution of measurement campaigns (wind speed, output power of wind turbine) with different curves and comparing the output power of the turbine Wind speed 64
65 Determination of the turbine curve measurement campaign > Determine the best turbine curve for different wind speeds 12 m/s 7 m/s 5 m/s 3 m/s (wind speed) Output voltage of turbine generator 65
66 Determination of the turbine curve calculation > Calculation of rotor area and circumference of the blade length > Choosing the optimal tip speed ratio λ for the rotor type (e.g. λ = 7 for three-bladed rotor) > Calculation of the rotation of the rotor from the circumferential speed (wind speed times tip speed ratio) divided by the circumference > Multiplying by 60 to get rotations per minute > The AC voltage is obtained by multiplying the generator ration with the rotation of the rotor > The voltage for three-phase generators is indicated between two phases, therefore calculation of the inverter input voltage from the product of the generator voltage and square root 2 > Calculation of power by inserting the calculated variables in the equation: P c p 1 3 v: wind speed [m/s] ρa v 2 R P: power [Nm/s=W] ρ: air density [kg/m 3 ] A R : rotor swept area[m 2 ] c p : power coefficient i 66
67 Determination of the turbine curve calculation example > Blade length: 2,5 m > Tip speed ratio: 7 > Power coefficient: 0,32 > Air density 1,22 kg/m 3 > Generator ratio: 0,5 V/min -1 67
68 Optimizing your system 68
69 Key feature: turbine curve Wind turbine Windy Boy Protection ti Box Windy Boy 69
70 Turbine mode with 3-point load curve 3-point load curve > Good approximation > Optimized control 70
71 Turbine mode with polynomial load curve Polynomial load curve > The real thing, not just an approximation > Optimized i control > Continious load gradient (minimized mechanical stress) 71
72 Polynomial load curve Parameters > U PV Start start of grid monitoring > U DC WindStart start of load curve > Wind_a0 to Wind_a3 amplification of polynom P AC (U DC ) Wind_a0 Wind_a1 U DC Wind_a2 U 2 DC Wind_a3 U 3 DC 72
73 Windy Boy Setup Tool > Optimize your load curve (even offline) > Perfect adjustment of your Windy Boy to your turbine > Easy-to-use tool all you need in one window (tab Software ) 73
74 Setting of the load curve USB-Service-Interface > Easy upload and download of Windy Boy settings > Communication i e.g. via USB-Service USBS interface latest driver downloadable from SMA website > Save and reuse your optimized settings (for multiple sites) 74
75 Setting of the load curve - Bluetooth > Direct communication with the Windy Boy via Bluetooth -connection > Extract the coefficients i from the Windy Boy Setup tool and enter them in the Windy Boy via Bluetooth and Sunny Explorer > Wind_a0=Constant deviation of power calculation > Wind_a1=Coefficient of power calculation based on Udc > Wind_a2=Coefficient of power calculation based on Udc^2 > Wind_a3=Coefficient of power calculation based on Udc^3 75
76 Windy Boy Setup Tool Windy Boy Setup Tool documentation, chapter
77 Appendix References > 1. Kühn, Paul: Introduction to small wind turbines, accessed > 2. American Wind Energy Association (AWEA): 2010 AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study, accessed > 3. Hau, Erich: Wind Turbines, 2006 > 4. Quaschning, Volker: hi accessed , extension for SWT Yield Estimator > 5. NASA, Surface meteorology and Solar Energy: 77
78 Appendix Software tools > Alwin: > BLADED: > Greenius: > RETscreen: > SWT Yield Estimator: search for small wind turbine yield estimator > WAsP: > WindFarm: h/i > WindFarmer: > WindPro: dk/windpro/frontpage 78
79 Let s be realistic and try the impossible! SMA Solar Technology AG
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