2012 Small Grain Forage Trial

Transcription

1 2012 Smll Grin Forge Tril Dr. Hether Dry, UVM Extension gronomist Susn Monhn, Eri ummings, Hnnh Hrwood, nd Roslie Mdden UVM Extension rops nd Soils Tehniins Visit us on the we: Ferury 2013, University of Vermont Extension

2 2012 VERMONT SMLL GRIN FORGE TRIL Dr. Hether Dry, University of Vermont Extension hether.dry[t]uvm.edu INTRODUTION Spring erel grins suh s ots, rley, tritile nd whet n hve the potentil to provide high yield nd qulity feed for livestok. These ool seson nnuls n provide erly seson grzing, s well s high qulity stored feed. Spring grins re generlly plnted in mid to lte pril nd n e hrvested t vrious stges of development. In ddition, prodution of high qulity forge in the erly seson n improve the level of enefiil fts (i.e. Omege-3) in the milk. The ojetive of this projet ws to evlute yield nd qulity of vrious spring grin speies hrvested in the vegettive, oot or soft dough stge. The overll gol of this projet is to help orgni diry produers redue their reline on expensive onentrtes through the prodution of vriety of high qulity nnul forges. The dt presented here is from one replited reserh tril in Vermont. rop performne dt from dditionl tests in different lotions, nd often over severl yers, should e ompred efore you mke onlusions. This projet ws supported through the Orgni Vlley Frmers dvoting for Orgnis fund. METHODS In 2012, smll grin forge tril ws onduted t Borderview Reserh Frm in lurgh, VT (Tle 1). The previous rop in this lotion ws sunflowers, nd the seeded ws prepred y onventionl tillge methods. The field ws disked nd spike-toothed hrrowed in lte Mrh to prepre for plnting. Plots were plnted with six-inh Kinid one seeder on 6-pr t seeding rte of 125 ls/re. The vrieties nd seed soure re listed in Tle 2. Eh tretment ws hrvested t four development stges: vegettive stge, oot stge, soft dough stge nd grin. Susmples of pproximtely 2.5 ft 2 were ut to the ground, dried t 40 o, nd weighed to determine dry mtter yield. Oven dry smples were orsely ground with Wiley mill (Thoms Sientifi, Swedesoro, NJ) nd sent to umerlnd Vlley nlytil Servies, In. (Hgerstown, MD) for qulity nlysis. Results were nlyzed with n nlysis of vrine or with Tukey-Krmer method of omprison in SS (ry, N). Tle 1. Generl plot mngement. Tril Informtion Borderview Reserh Frm lurgh, VT Benson roky silt lom Sunflowers Soil type Previous rop Row width (in.) 6 Plnting dte 6-pr Hrvest dtes: Vegettive Boot Soft Dough Grin Seeding rte Tillge methods 6-Jun 6-Jun (Brley) 11-Jun (Ots, Tritile, Whet) 25-Jun (Forge Ots) 2-Jul (Brley) 6-Jul (Ots) 10-Jul (Whet) 19-Jul (Tritile) 23-Jul (Forge Ots) 3-ug 125 ls/re Mold ord plow, disk, nd spiketoothed hrrow

3 SILGE QULITY Silge qulity ws nlyzed y umerlnd Vlley nlytil Forge Lortory in Hgerstown, Mrylnd. Plot smples were dried, ground nd nlyzed for rude protein (P), id detergent fier (DF), neutrl detergent fier (NDF) nd vrious other nutrients. The Nonstruturl rohydrtes (NS) nd Totl Digestile Nutrients (TDN) were lulted from forge nlysis dt. Performne indies suh s Net Energy for Lttion (NEL) were lulted to determine forge vlue. Mixtures of true proteins, omposed of mino ids nd non-protein nitrogen mke up the rude protein (P) ontent of forges. The ulky hrteristis of forge ome from fier. Forge feeding vlues re negtively ssoited with fier sine the less digestile portions of the plnt re ontined in the fier frtion. The detergent fier nlysis system seprtes forges into two prts: ell ontents, whih inlude sugrs, strhes, proteins, non-protein nitrogen, fts nd other highly digestile ompounds; nd the less digestile omponents found in the fier frtion. The totl fier ontent of forge is ontined in the neutrl detergent fier (NDF). hemilly, this frtion inludes ellulose, hemiellulose nd lignin. Reently, forge testing lortories hve egun to evlute forges for NDF digestiility. Evlution of forges nd other feedstuffs for NDF digestiility is eing onduted to id predition of feed energy ontent nd niml performne. Reserh hs demonstrted tht ltting diry ows will et more dry mtter nd produe more milk when fed forges with optimum NDF digestiility. Forges with inresed NDF digestiility (dndf) will result in higher energy vlues, nd perhps more importntly, inresed forge intkes. Forge NDF digestiility n rnge from 20 80%. The NS or non-fier rohydrtes (NF) inlude strh, sugrs nd petins. Ftty id ontent nd profile of the feed smples were nlyzed using modified version of the diret trnsesterifition method developed y Sukhij nd Plmquist (1988). In rief, 1 ml of internl stndrd (1 mg 13:0 TG/mL etone), 2 ml of toluene, nd 2 ml of 2% methnoli H 2 SO 4 id were dded to 500 mg of ground feed omposites smples. The solution ws heted t 50 overnight. fter ooling the smples to room temperture, 5 ml of 6% KHO 3 solution nd 1 ml of hexne were dded. The smples were mixed nd entrifuged t 500 x g for 5 min. The resulting hexne lyer ws dried nd lened over mixture of N 2 SO 4 nd hrol. n liquot of the solution, ontining the ftty id methyl esters (FME), ws tken for GL nlysis. The nlysis of FME extrts ws performed on G-2010 gs hromtogrph (Shimdzu, Kyoto, Jpn) equipped with split injetor, flme ioniztion detetor, n utosmpler (model O-20s; Shimdzu), nd 100 m P-Sil 88 fused-sili pillry olumn (100 m 0.25 mm i.d. 0.2 μm film thikness; Vrin In., Plo lto, ) The injetor nd detetor were oth mintined t 250. Hydrogen ws used s rrier gs t liner veloity of 30 m/se. The smple injetion volume ws 1 μl t split rtio of 1:50. The oven progrm used ws: initil temperture of 45 held for 4 min, progrmmed t 13 /min to 175 held for 27 min, then progrmmed t 4 /min to 215 held for 35 min. Integrtion nd quntifition ws sed on the FID response nd hieved with G solution softwre (version 2.30, Shimdzu, Kyoto, Jpn). Identifition of FME ws omplished y omprison of reltive retention times with ommeril FME stndrds. Totl ftty id ontent ws determined using 13:0 s n internl stndrd. The ftty id results were expressed s perentges (weight/weight) of ftty ids deteted with hin length etween 10 nd 24 ron toms. The lowest level of detetion ws <01g/100g ftty ids nd is reported s not detetle (ND). Tle 2. Smll grin forge vrieties nd seed soure. Type Vriety ompny Forge Brley Kwrth Eldred Hy nd Grin ompny Grin Brley Trditionl Semin Forge Ots Everlef King's griseeds Grin Ots Tk lert Le Seedhouse Forge Tritile Tritil 141 Syngent erels Hrd Red Whet Mgog Semin Hrd Red Whet Sy Soren lert Le Seedhouse

4 LEST SIGNIFINT DIFFERENE (LSD) Vritions in yield nd qulity n our euse of vritions in genetis, soil, wether nd other growing onditions. Sttistil nlysis mkes it possile to determine whether differene mong vrieties is rel, or whether it might hve ourred due to other vritions in the field. t the ottom of eh tle, LSD vlue is presented for eh vrile (i.e. yield). Lest Signifint differenes (LSD s) t the 10% level of proility re shown. Where the differene etween two tretments within olumn is equl to or greter thn the LSD vlue t the ottom of the olumn, you n e sure in 9 out of 10 hnes tht there is rel differene etween the two vrieties. Tretments tht were not signifintly lower in performne thn the highest vlue in prtiulr olumn re indited with n sterisk. In the exmple elow, is signifintly different from ut not from B. The differene etween nd B is equl to 1.5, whih is less thn the LSD vlue of 2.0. This mens tht these vrieties did not differ in yield. The differene etween nd is equl to 3.0, whih is greter thn the LSD vlue of 2.0. This mens tht the yields of these vrieties were signifintly different from one nother. The sterisk indites tht B ws not signifintly lower thn the top yielding vriety. Vriety Yield 6.0 B 7.5* 9.0* LSD 2.0 RESULTS ND DISUSSION Sesonl preipittion nd temperture reorded t wether sttion in lurgh, VT re shown in Tle 3. The 2012 growing seson ws wrmer nd drier thn norml, espeilly in the months of June nd July. From pril to July, there ws n umultion of 3547 Growing Degree Dys (GDDs) in lurgh, whih is 195 GDDs higher thn the 30-yer verge. wrmer nd drier erly spring llowed for n exeptionlly erly plnting dte for the spring grins. Tle 3. Sesonl wether dt olleted in lurgh, VT, lurgh, VT pril My June July ugust verge Temperture (F) Deprture from Norml Preipittion* (inhes) Deprture from Norml Growing Degree Dys (se 32) Deprture from Norml Bsed on Dvis Instruments Vntge pro2 wether sttion with Wetherlink dt logger. Historil verges for 30 yers of NO dt ( ). * Preipittion dt for Jun-ug 2012 sed on Northest Regionl limte enter dt from oservtion sttion in Burlington, VT. Speies x Hrvest Stge Intertions There were speies y hrvest stge intertions for eh of the ftty id prmeters tested. It is helpful to look t grph of the dt in order to understnd the effets of oth speies nd hrvest stge. The totl ftty id onentrtion of Everlef ots ws higher thn whet nd tritile in the vegettive nd soft dough stge (Figure 1). However, during the oot stge, totl ftty id onentrtions were reltively similr ross forge speies. Overll, levels of omeg 3 F deresed with mturity for eh forge speies (Figure 2).

5 Omeg 3 F (% of totl F) Totl Ftty ids (mg/g) Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile Vegettive Boot Soft Dough Hrvest Stge Figure 1. Totl ftty id onentrtion of three smll grin forge speies t three hrvest stges. 7 6 Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile Vegettive Boot Soft Dough Hrvest Stge Figure 2. Omeg 3 ftty id profile of three smll grin forge speies t three hrvest stges.

6 Hrvest Stge ompring hrvest stges, forge hrvested in the soft dough stge yielded the gretest quntity of dry mtter t 10,730 ls dry mtter re -1 (Tle 4). Protein levels were highest during the vegettive stge, with rude protein ontent of 18.2%. The lowest DF nd NDF levels were seen from the grin hrvest, whih we would expet sine ll the strw nd hff nd firous mterils re removed from the grin. Of the three forge hrvest, the vegettive stge hd the lowest fier ontent nd highest fier digestiility. Fier ontent generlly inreses s plnts mture, ut the formtion of strh in the soft dough stge dilutes overll fier ontent. The nonstruturl rohydrtes (NS), net energy for lttion (NEL), nd non-fier rohydrtes (NF) were highest in the grin, followed y the soft dough stge, s result of grin fill in the heds. lthough the rude protein is highest in the vegettive stge, the dditionl strh from grin formtion improves the overll qulity of erel grins hrvested in the soft dough stge. Tle 4. erel grin yield nd qulity ompred ross hrvest stges. Hrvest DM Yield P DF NDF dndf Strh TDN NEL NF NS % l -1 % % % % % % Ml l -1 % % Vegettive Boot Soft Dough Grin Tril Men p-vlue * * * * * * * * * * * * p-vlue < Sttistilly nlyzed with Tukey-Krmer method of omprison. Top performer is in old. Totl ftty id onentrtion verged ross ll smll grin speies ws highest in the vegettive stge (Tle 5). Interestingly, totl F deresed from 2 mg g -1 to 11.5 in the oot stge, nd then inresed to 17.6 mg g -1 in the soft dough stge. However, the level of Omeg 3 Fs (profile nd onentrtion) stedily deresed with forge mturity (Figure 3). Tle 5. verge forge ftty id profile (%- in grey) nd onentrtion (mg g -1 -in white) t three hrvest stges. Vegettive Boot Soft Dough Tril men LSD SF (%) * SF (mg g -1 ) 5.2* (%) * (mg g -1 ) 3.7* MUF (%) * MUF (mg g -1 ) * PUF (%) 71.3* PUF (mg g -1 ) 14.3* :2 L (%) * :2 L (mg g -1 ) * :3 LN (%) 55.8* :3 LN (mg g -1 ) 11.2* Omeg 3 F (%) 56.1* Omeg 3 F (mg g -1 ) 11.2* Omeg 6 F (%) * Omeg 6 F (mg g -1 ) * Totl F (mg g -1 ) 2* Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 F * SF Sturted Ftty ids, MUF mono-unsturted ftty ids, PUF poly-unsturted ftty ids, L linolei id, LN linoleni id. * Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in row.

7 Vegettive Stge Boot Stge Soft Dough Stge Omeg 6 SF Omeg 6 SF SF Omeg 6 Omeg 3 Figure 3. Ftty id profile of smll grin forges t three hrvest stges. Omeg 3 ftty ids (shown in solid grey) deresed with forge mturity. Smll Grin Forge Speies MUF Omeg 3 ompring forge speies ross ll hrvest stges my not e tht useful euse the vlues for grin, whih re drstilly different thn the whole plnt forge, re inluded in the overll vlue. However, vlues re presented in Tle 6 for omprison. Tritile hd the highest overll yields, 6,156 ls -1, while Soren whet hd the highest protein nd lowest NDF levels. In generl, the two speies of rley hd the most desirle forge qulity hrteristis. MUF Omeg 3 MUF Tle 6. Smll grin forge yield nd qulity verged ross four hrvest stges (vegettive, oot, soft dough nd grin). Speies DM Yield P DF NDF dndf Strh TDN NEL NF NS % l -1 % % % % % % Ml l -1 % % Kwrth Brley Trditionl Brley Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile Mgog Whet Soren Whet Tril Men Top performer is in old. When verged ross hrvest stges, Everlef ots hd the highest totl F onentrtion of ny forge speies (Tle 7). Everlef ots lso hd the highest rtio of omeg 6 to omeg 3 ftty ids ( lower rtio is onsidered enefiil), nd the highest onentrtion of omeg 6s (Figure 4). Tle 7. verge forge ftty id profile (%- in grey) nd onentrtion (mg g -1 -in white) t three smll grin forge speies. Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile 141 Tril men LSD SF (%) 30.1* * SF (mg g -1 ) 6.1* (%) 21.5* (mg g -1 ) 4.4* MUF (%) 13.0* MUF (mg g -1 ) 3.6* PUF (%) * PUF (mg g -1 ) 12.3* :2 L (%) 25.8* 26.6*

8 Rtio of Omeg 6 F to Omeg 3 F 18:2 L (mg g -1 ) 6.1* :3 LN (%) * :3 LN (mg g -1 ) NS Omeg 3 F (%) * Omeg 3 F (mg g -1 ) NS Omeg 6 F (%) NS Omeg 6 F (mg g -1 ) 6.2* Totl F (mg g -1 ) 21.9* Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 F 3.71* SF Sturted Ftty ids, MUF mono-unsturted ftty ids, PUF poly-unsturted ftty ids, L linolei id, LN linoleni id. * Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in row Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile 141 Smll Grin Speies Figure 4. Rtio of Omeg 6 to Omeg 3 ftty ids of three forge speies, verged ross three hrvest stges. lower rtio is onsidered enefiil. Vegettive Stge Hrvest Forges were hrvested t the vegettive stge to doument the vlue of smll grins s potentil erly seson grzing rop. t the vegettive stge hrvest, the highest yielding tretment ws Tk ots with 4183 ls dry mtter re -1 (Tle 8). Brley is the fstest mturing spring grin, nd unfortuntely, vegettive stge hrvest of rley ws missed. Everlef ots nd Mgog nd Soren whet hd the highest protein levels, round 19% rude protein (Figure 5). In the vegettive stge, Everlef forge ots hd etter qulity thn the other smll grins, with the lowest DF nd NDF levels, nd highest non-fier rohydrtes (NF) nd nonstruturl rohydrtes (NS) levels (Figure 6). Tle 8. Smll grin forge yield nd qulity when hrvested in the vegettive stge, June Vegettive Stge DM Yield P DF NDF dndf Strh TDN NEL NF NS % l -1 % % % % % % Ml l -1 % % Everlef Ots * 29.0* * 12.7* Tk Ots * 12.0* Tritile Mgog Whet * Soren Whet * 31.2* Veg Stge Men LSD NS NS NS NS NS Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in olumn (in old). NS - None of the vrieties were signifintly different from one nother.

9 DF nd NDF nd NS (%) Dry Mtter Yield (ls/re) rude Protein (%) B B B Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile 141 Mgog Whet Soren Whet Forge Speies Yield rude Protein Figure 5. Yield nd protein of smll grin forge hrvested in the vegettive stge. Tretments with the sme letter did not differ signifintly from one nother B B B B DF NDF 20 NS 10 0 Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile 141 Mgog Whet Soren Whet Forge Speies Figure 6. id detergent fier (DF), neutrl detergent fier (NDF), nd non-struturl rohydrtes (NS) of smll grin forge hrvested in the vegettive stge. Tretments with the sme letter did not differ signifintly from one nother.

10 Omeg 3 F (% of totl F) In the vegettive stge, Everlef ots hd the highest levels of totl F 24.4 mg g -1 (Tle 9). But the omeg 3 F profile ws lowest for Everlef ots ompred to whet nd tritile (Figure 7). Tle 9. verge forge ftty id profile (%- in grey) nd onentrtion (mg g -1 -in white) of smll grins t the vegettive stge. Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile 141 Veg Men LSD SF (%) 29.2* SF (mg g -1 ) 6.9* (%) 21.2* (mg g -1 ) 5.1* MUF (%) 3.1* MUF (mg g -1 ) 0.8* PUF (%) * 72.2* PUF (mg g -1 ) NS 18:2 L (%) 15.9* 15.* :2 L (mg g -1 ) 3.9* :3 LN (%) * 58.2* :3 LN (mg g -1 ) NS Omeg 3 F (%) * 58.5* Omeg 3 F (mg g -1 ) NS Omeg 6 F (%) 16.2* 15.9* Omeg 6 F (mg g -1 ) 3.9* Totl F (mg g -1 ) 24.4* Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 F 0.32* SF Sturted Ftty ids, MUF mono-unsturted ftty ids, PUF poly-unsturted ftty ids, L linolei id, LN linoleni id. * Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in row Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile 141 Smll Grin Speies Figure 7. Omeg 3 ftty id profile of smll grin forges hrvested in the vegettive stge.

11 Dry Mtter Yield (ls/re) rude Protein (%) Boot Stge Hrvest In smll grin development, the oot stge ours when the grin hed is just rely visile nd out to emerge. Everlef ots hd the gretest dry mtter yields when hrvested in the oot stge, 6509 ls dry mtter re -1 (Tle 10 nd Figure 8). Soren whet nd tritile hd the highest oot stge protein levels, over 16%. Trditionl rley hd the lowest oot stge DF nd highest digestile NDF levels (Figure 9). Soren whet hd the lowest NDF levels nd highest strh, totl digestile nutrients, net energy for lttion nd non-fier rohydrtes. Tle 10. Smll grin forge yield nd qulity hrvested in the oot stge, June nd July Boot Stge DM Yield P DF NDF dndf Strh TDN NEL NF NS % l -1 % % % % % % Ml l -1 % % Kwrth Brley * Trditionl Brley * 55.7* * 18.3* 11.0 Everlef Ots * * * 10.9 Tk Ots * * 10.6 Tritile * 35.4* 56.2* Mgog Whet * * 0.633* 18.2* 10.7 Soren Whet * 34.6* 54.8* * 62.5* 0.645* 18.4* 10.5 Boot Stge Men LSD NS * Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in olumn (in old). NS - None of the vrieties were signifintly different from one nother D D B B D D Kwrth Brley Trditionl Brley Figure 8. Yield nd protein of smll grin forge in the oot stge. Tretments with the sme letter did not differ signifintly from one nother. Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile 141 Mgog Whet Soren Whet Forge Speies Yield rude Protein

12 DF nd NDF (%) Net Energy for Lttion (Ml/l) d d B B DF NDF NEL 3 Kwrth Brley Trditionl Brley Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile 141 Forge Speies Mgog Whet Soren Whet 00 Figure 9. id detergent fier (DF), neutrl detergent fier (NDF), nd net energy for lttion (NEL) of smll grin forge hrvested in the oot stge. Tretments with the sme letter did not differ signifintly from one nother. In the oot stge, totl F onentrtions were similr ross forge speies (Tle 11). Everlef ots hd higher levels of omeg 6 F nd higher rtio of omeg 6 to omeg 3 F thn whet nd tritile. The omeg 3 F profile for Everlef ots ws over 12 perentge points lower thn the omeg 3 profile for whet nd tritile (Figure 10). Tle 11. verge forge ftty id profile (%- in grey) nd onentrtion (mg g -1 -in white) of smll grin forges hrvested in the oot stge. Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile 141 Boot Men LSD SF (%) 36.8* SF (mg g -1 ) 4.4* (%) 24.6* (mg g -1 ) 2.9* MUF (%) NS MUF (mg g -1 ) 0.4* 0.4* PUF (%) * PUF (mg g -1 ) NS 18:2 L (%) 21.8* :2 L (mg g -1 ) 2.6* :3 LN (%) * 48.6* :3 LN (mg g -1 ) * 5.3* Omeg 3 F (%) * 48.8* Omeg 3 F (mg g -1 ) * 5.3* Omeg 6 F (%) 22.9* Omeg 6 F (mg g -1 ) 2.8* Totl F (mg g -1 ) NS Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 F 0.62* SF Sturted Ftty ids, MUF mono-unsturted ftty ids, PUF poly-unsturted ftty ids, L linolei id, LN linoleni id. * Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in row.

13 Omeg 3 F (% of totl F) Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile 141 Smll Grin Speies Figure 10. Omeg 3 ftty id profile of smll grin forges hrvested in the oot stge. Soft Dough Stge Hrvest Similr to the oot stge, tritile ws the highest yielding tretment when hrvested during the soft dough stge (Tle 12 nd Figure 11). Tritile yielded lose to 15,000 ls dry mtter re -1, whih is lmost 2700 ls re -1 more thn the next highest yielding tretment, Everlef ots. Soren whet hd the highest protein levels of the soft dough hrvest t 12.0%. Soren whet lso hd the highest qulity hrteristis with the lowest DF nd NDF, nd highest strh, TDN, NEL nd NS. The rley vrieties lso hd similrly low DF nd NDF levels nd high digestile NDF, nd non fier rohydrtes, s well s high strh, totl digestile nutrients, net energy for lttion nd nonstruturl rohydrtes (Figure 12). Tle 12. Smll grin forge yield nd qulity hrvested t the soft dough stge, July Soft Dough Stge DM Yield P DF NDF dndf Strh TDN NEL NF NS % l -1 % % % % % % Ml l -1 % % Kwrth Brley * * 64.8* 0.668* 35.2* 29.2* Trditionl Brley * 47.1* 48.1* 26.7* 66.2* 0.685* 38.8* 30.7* Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile * Mgog Whet * Soren Whet * 44.1* 47.5* 27.7* 67.8* 0.703* 38.7* 31.7* Soft Dough Men LSD * Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in olumn (in old).

14 DF nd NDF (%) dndf (%) Dry Mtter Yield (ls/re) rude Protein (%) D D B BD D B Kwrth Brley Trditionl Brley Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile 141 Mgog Whet Soren Whet Forge Speies Yield rude Protein Figure 11. Yield nd rude protein (P) of smll grin forge hrvested in the soft dough stge. Tretments with the sme letter did not differ signifintly from one nother D B B D D B DF NDF dndf 20 Kwrth Brley Trditionl Brley Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile 141 Mgog Whet Soren Whet Forge Speies Figure 12. id detergent fier (DF), neutrl detergent fier (NDF), nd digestile neutrl detergent fier (dndf) of smll grin forge hrvested in the soft dough stge. Tretments with the sme letter did not differ signifintly from one nother. During the soft dough stge, totl ftty id onentrtion for Everlef ots ws lmost triple tht of whet nd tritile (Tle 13). However, the rtio of omeg 6 to omeg 3 ftty ids ws lso muh higher thn the other forges. Mgog whet hd the highest omeg 3 ftty id profile of the forge speies in the soft dough stge (Figure 13).

15 Omeg 3 F (% of totl F) Tle 13. verge forge ftty id profile (%- in grey) nd onentrtion (mg g -1 -in white) of smll grin forge hrvested in the soft dough stge. Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile 141 Soft Dough Men LSD SF (%) * SF (mg g -1 ) 7.0* (%) * 21.8* (mg g -1 ) 5.3* MUF (%) 32.1* MUF (mg g -1 ) 9.5* PUF (%) * PUF (mg g -1 ) 12.9* :2 L (%) * 46.4* :2 L (mg g -1 ) 11.7* :3 LN (%) * :3 LN (mg g -1 ) * Omeg 3 F (%) * Omeg 3 F (mg g -1 ) * Omeg 6 F (%) * 47.8* Omeg 6 F (mg g -1 ) 11.8* Totl F (mg g -1 ) 29.4* Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 F 10.19* SF Sturted Ftty ids, MUF mono-unsturted ftty ids, PUF poly-unsturted ftty ids, L linolei id, LN linoleni id. * Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in row Everlef Ots Mgog Whet Tritile 141 Smll Grin Speies Figure 13. Omeg 3 ftty id profile of smll grin forges hrvested in the soft dough stge.

16 DM Yield (ls/re) rude Protein (%) Grin Hrvest Grin ws hrvested on 3-ug Soren whet hd the highest grin yields of ll the speies, with lmost 2500 ls re -1 (Tle 14, Figure 14). Both whet vrieties yielded signifintly more thn other speies, with Trditionl rley yields lose ehind. Soren nd Mgog whet lso hd the highest rude protein levels, round 17%. Mgog whet hd the lowest DF nd NDF, nd highest strh, totl digestile nutrients, net energy for lttion, non fier rohydrtes nd nonstruturl rohydrtes (Figure 15). Soren whet nd Tritile 141 lso hd similrly high grin qulity hrteristis. The ots hd higher fier thn the other grins due to the hulls tht did not thresh freely from the grin, however this fier ws highly digestile. Tle 14. Smll grin forge yield nd qulity of grin, ugust Grin Stge DM Yield P DF NDF dndf Strh TDN NEL NF NS % l -1 % % % % % % Ml l -1 % % Kwrth Brley Trditionl Brley Everlef Ots 92.2* Tk Ots 91.9* Tritile * 15.2* * 81.4* 0.855* 67.2* 67.8* Mgog Whet * 16.7* 3.2* 11.1* * 82.6* 0.868* 69.6* 69.1* Soren Whet * 17.6* 3.5* 12.2* * 81.9* 0.858* 67.3* 67.5* Grin Men LSD * Vrieties with n sterisk indite tht it ws not signifintly different thn the top performer in olumn (in old) B B Kwrth Brley Trditionl Brley Figure 14. Yield nd rude protein of smll grin forge hrvested s grin. Tretments with the sme letter did not differ signifintly from one nother. Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile 141 Mgog Whet Soren Whet Forge Speies Yield rude Protein

17 DF nd NDF (%) NEL (Ml/l) 6 5 d d B B d d B DF NDF NEL Kwrth Brley Trditionl Brley Everlef Ots Tk Ots Tritile 141 Forge Speies Mgog Whet Soren Whet 00 Figure 15. id detergent fier (DF), neutrl detergent fier (NDF), nd net energy for lttion (NEL) of smll grin forge hrvested s grin. Tretments with the sme letter did not differ signifintly from one nother. REFERENE Sukhij, P. S., nd D. L. Plmquist Rpid method for determintion of totl ftty id ontent nd omposition of feedstuffs nd fees. J. gri. Food hem. 36: KNOWLEDGEMENTS The UVM Extension Northwest rops nd Soils Tem would like to thnk Orgni Vlley Frmers dvoting for Orgnis for funding this reserh. Speil thnks to Roger Rinville nd the stff t Borderview Reserh Frm, Ktie Blir, onner Burke, Lily lderwood, hntel line, nd Svnn Kittell-Mithell for their ssistne with this tril. This informtion is presented with the understnding tht no produt disrimintion is intended nd neither endorsement of ny produt mentioned, nor ritiism of unnmed produts, is implied. UVM Extension helps individuls nd ommunities put reserh-sed knowledge to work. Issued in furtherne of oopertive Extension work, ts of My 8 nd June 30, 1914, in oopertion with the United Sttes Deprtment of griulture. University of Vermont Extension, Burlington, Vermont, University of Vermont Extension, nd U.S. Deprtment of griulture, ooperting, offer edution nd employment to everyone without regrd to re, olor, ntionl origin, gender, religion, ge, disility, politil eliefs, sexul orienttion, nd mritl or fmilil sttus.