Geothermal energy in the built environment. Martijn van Aarssen IF Technology November 29th, 2012

Transcription

1 Geothermal energy in the built environment Martijn van Aarssen IF Technology November 29th, 2012

2 IF Technology is a leading geothermal energy engineering and consultancy company About IF Technology Services: feasibility studies, risk assessment, geological research, permitting, technical and financial analysis and system design Market leader in underground energy storage systems Involved in most deep geothermal projects in the Netherlands Employing approx. 90 geologists, hydro-geologists, civil-, mechanical- and well engineers and energy consultants Based in Arnhem in the Netherlands

3 Geothermal Energy: Warm, hot and cold water from the subsurface geothermal energy

4 Geothermal systems in the Netherlands Shallow geothermal Deep geothermal Closed systems Open systems Gesloten systeem temp.11 ºC - lussen - tot 150 m-mv - geen vergunning - vanaf 1 woning Closed loops Wells (open loops, groundwater) Deep geothermal wells Depth up to 150 m Depth up to 300 m Depth up to 5,000 m Smaller projects (several houses) Mid-size to large scale projects Large scale projects (> 2,500 houses) More than 40,000 loops realized 1,200 large scale systems realized 5 systems realized, several in preparation

5 Closed loop BTES (Borehole Thermal Energy Storage) Closed loop system Indirect use of geothermal energy by heat pump Limited direct cooling (chiller ground coupled) Temperatures approx. 11 to 0 o C Depth from 20 to 150 m Small scale, single houses, small office buildings

6 Feasibility map for BTES

7 Example project Beijum Groningen (1983) Storage of heat in BTES Collected by solar panels Central technical room including short term storage and peak load boilers

8 Number of boreholes rapidly growing (CBS)

9 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Systems Storage of seasonal energy Open loop system Cooling demand Groundwater is extracted and infiltrated at the same time Temperatures approx. 6 to 25 C Indirect use of heat by heat pump Aquifer Direct cooling with cold groundwater Depth 40 to 300 m Many applications, all scales

10 How does ATES work? Cooling Heating Heat Cold Aquifer

11 Several options for ATES Doublet system doublet with separate cold and warm well in NL up to 300 m³/h per well two directional (seasonal change) large scale projects, all applications Recirculation system recirculation with extraction and injection well one directional (one way all year round) in NL up to 300 m³/h per well large scale projects, industrial application Monowell system monowell with cold and warm well in one borehole in NL up to 50 m³/h per well small(er) scale projects, all applications

12 Feasibility map for ATES

13 Applications ATES Utility Hospitals Greenhouses Residential areas and apartments Hotels City houses Spa, sauna, swimming pools From small offices to large areas

14 Distribution of applications for ATES Office buildings Residential Industry 45% 5% 13% Public buildings/malls Green houses Hospitals 12% 11% 14%

15 Permits for large scale ATES systems in The Netherlands systems 200 systems 1650 systems

16 Advantages ATES and BTES % reduction of energy and CO 2 -emission Independence of fossil fuels, everywhere available Geothermal energy, ATES, BTES proven and reliable technology Every possible scale: Small (houses) and large scale (districts) project Connection to local heating and cooling grid No noise, no smoke, no visual, no smell = no NIMBY

17 Energy savings with ATES system Cooling 60-80% saving on electricity consumption for cold production: only electricity consumption for submersible pump 80-90% reduction of electrical peak for cold production: no/limited chiller capacity needed Heating 20-30% saving on primary energy consumption for heat production: in comparison with gas-fired boiler because of high efficient heat pump no/smaller gas grid connection needed: no/limited gas fired boilers needed

18 Cost-effectiveness of ATES Characteristics No chiller required: limited additional investment High temperature cooling; low temperature heating Lower operating costs due to energy savings Result Pay out time for larger buildings, industry and specific agricultural applications < 5 years For housing higher, because of limited cooling demand

19 Example ATES: Technical University Eindhoven Phase 1 250,000 m² floor space 20 MW cooling capacity Phase 2 100,000 m² floor space 10 MW cooling capacity

20 Starting points Technical University Eindhoven 32 wells (16 cold, 16 warm) Total flowrate: 2,000 m³/h (125 m³/h per well) Well screens at m below surface level 15 GWh heating per year (1,700,000 m³) 13,5 GWh cooling per year (1,500,000 m³) Infiltration temp warm wells: o C Infiltration temp cold wells: 4-8 o C Result: 59 % primary energy savings

21 Well cluster locations TU/e

22 Environmental impact assesment: thermal en hydraulic

23 Routing transport piping TU / e

24 Example district energy system

25 Construction of the wells hydraulische boorkop compressor spoeling bak luchtinlaat boorbeitel

26 Drilling rig on site

27 Installing submersible pump and well head

28 Screen, riser and submersible pump

29 Well housings

30 Deep Geothermal systems Direct use of geothermal heat Indirect making of electricity (ORC, kalina-cycle) Temperatures > 65 C Depth 2,000 to 5,000 m Applications for large heating demands Depth of >2.000 m

31 Geothermal energy is an inexhaustible source of energy, sufficient for the global energy demand for thousands of years Composition Earth Inner core; 0-1,200 km Outer core; 1,200-3,500 km Mantle; 3,500-6,400 km Crust; 6-30 km thick 99% of the earth is > ºC Nuclear replenishment at the earth s core Conductive processes transport heat to the surface

32 The geothermal family in NL (W-Europe) (sedimentary basin) 1. Underground heat exchanger (closed loop - BTES) 2. Heat-Cold storage (ATES) 3. Deep geothermal energy 4. Ultra deep geothermal energy (EGS = Enhanced Geothermal System) Outside NL 5. High Enthalpy (steam filelds)

33 Temperature at 2.5 km depth Approx. 60 mw/m 2 (Small) local differences in temperature at depth dt average= 3 C/100 m 100 m: C 2,000 m: 70 C 3,000 m: 100 C 5,000 m: 160 C

34 Geothermal energy - aquifer Greenhouses, industry, heat distribution network 40 C 80 C Heat exchanger pump Injection well 1 à 2 km Production well

35 Is heat mining sustainable? No CO 2 emission Theoretically inexhaustible, but local depletion Two sustainability issues: o Thermal breakthrough o Recovery time

36 Thermal breakthrough and heat recovery Development of injected volume of cold water T = 0 jaar T = 30 jaar T = 0 jaar -100 T = 30 jaar T = 0 jaar T = 30 jaar T = 250 jaar T = jaar T = 250 jaar -100 T = jaar Recovery of temperature T = 250 jaar T = jaar T = jaar T = jaar T = jaar -100 T = jaar

37 Geothermal energy projects in NL Six projects realized: o Heerlen minewater o 4 greenhouse projects o Aardwarmte Den Haag Two projects in preparation: o Koekoekspolder o GeoMEC Geothermal energy in Netherlands is just heating up >80 permit applications!

38 Permit applications in NL for deep geothermal projects Geothermal energy 38

39 Example: geothermal project in The Hague Situated in housing area Single doublet to 2,290 m (production well) and 1,880 m (injection well) depth Production temperature > 75 C Injection temperature = C Flow rate = 150 m3/h; Thermal capacity = 6 MW t Used to heat up to 4,000 houses connected via district heating Provides base load (peak is gas fired boiler) for heating of 4,000 houses.

40 Location of ADH project injector producer

41 Predicted temperatures in the Delft Sandstone

42 Well trajectory design The Hague The Hague 1.0 km outstep Production Well (Azimuth N-E: 84,11; N=0 E=90) True Vertical Depth (m) VERTICAL SECTION (m) Production Well Start of section Screen End of section Screen Start depth Screen End depth Screen Basis Noordzee Supergroep Basis Krijtkalk Basis Rijswijk/Rijnland Top Delft Zandsteen Basis Delft Zandsteen (Top DZ - 100m) Basis Schieland Groep Minimale diepte Top Delft Zand (-65m) Maximale diepte Top Delft Zand (+55m) Maximale diepte Basis Delft Zand (max. Top DZ+75m)

43 Schematic energy system 4,000 houses 20,000 m² office < 35 C 73 C Base load: well (6 MW) peak: gas fired boiler back-up: district heating network 75 C /150m³/h 2,200 meter

44 Dutch government foresees significant contribution of geothermal energy to renewable heat in the near future Direct heat 11 PJ/yr (12%) in 2020 Source: Nationaal actieplan voor energie uit hernieuwbare bronnen (agentschap NL, 2010)

45 Renewable energy contribution with geothermal systems Direct cooling (ATES): > 80% Direct heating (Deep geothermal): > 80% Heating with heat pumps (ATES, BTES): 20-40% Average realised (based on monitoring): > 40%

46 Contribution geothermal to RE in NL Current renewable geothermal heat/cold delivered: 2 PJ/year Market potential: o o Low temperature heat demand and cold demand: 30% of Dutch energy consumption: approx PJ Geothermal potential: o Technical: virtually unlimited Feasible in 2020: o 100 PJ, or 3 % renewable energy

47 Geothermal energy is cost effective Low costs: < 150 euro/ton CO 2 prevented Costs lower than solar, wind, biomass Simple pay out time (SPOT) depending on cooling demand: Office buildings 3 to 8 years Industry 0 to 8 years Residential 8 to 15 years

48 Conclusions Geothermal heating and cooling are a succes in the built environment Large potential energy source o o Direct use already proven technology Possibilities for producing electricity Connecting to (existing) energy grids and district heating makes transition to renewable heat possible It can contribute significantly to renewable energy targets in NL and EU Geothermal energy is an important energy source!

49 Questions?