RENEWABLE ENERGY MONITORING PROTOCOL Update 2010

Transcription

1 RENEWABLE ENERGY MONITORING PROTOCOL Update 2010 Methodology for the calculation and recording of the amounts of energy produced from renewable sources in the Netherlands NL Agency July 2010 Compiled by Simone te Buck Bregje van Keulen Lex Bosselaar Timo Gerlagh English translation by Tim Skelton Publication number 2DENB1014

2 FOREWORD This is the fifth, updated edition of the Dutch Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol. The protocol, compiled on behalf of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, can be considered as a policy document that provides a uniform calculation method for determining the amount of energy produced in the Netherlands in a renewable manner. Because all governments and organisations use the calculation methods described in this protocol, this makes it possible to monitor developments in this field well and consistently. The introduction of this protocol outlines the history and describes its set-up, validity and relationship with other similar documents and agreements. The Dutch Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol is compiled by NL Agency, and all relevant parties were given the chance to provide input. This has been incorporated as far as is possible. Statistics Netherlands (CBS) uses this protocol to calculate the amount of renewable energy produced in the Netherlands. These data are then used by the Ministry of Economic Affairs to gauge the realisation of policy objectives. In June 2009 the European Directive for energy from renewable sources was published with renewable energy targets for the Netherlands. This directive used a different calculation method - the gross energy end-use method whilst the Dutch definition is based on the socalled substitution method. NL Agency was asked to add the calculation according to the gross end use method, although this is not clearly defined on a number of points. In describing the method, the unanswered questions become clear, as do, for example, the points the Netherlands should bring up in international discussions. If you have any questions or comments about this protocol, please contact the authors at NL Agency. Mr. E.J. the Vries, Director of Energy and Sustainability Ministry of Economic Affairs May 2010 Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

3 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ITS SOURCES Renewable energy a definition Renewable energy in the Netherlands which sources count? THE DIFFERENT METHODS Substitution, gross end use, primary energy Explanation of the substitution method Renewable energy fraction for the substitution method Reference technologies for substitution The choice of reference technologies Efficiencies of the reference technologies CALCULATING BY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE Hydropower Wind energy Thermal use of solar energy Solar thermal systems Other solar thermal energy systems The photovoltaic use of solar energy Geothermal (deep ground-source energy) Shallow ground-source energy Ground-source energy: open sources Ground-source energy: closed systems Aerothermal energy Hydrothermal energy ENERGY FROM BIOMASS Municipal waste incineration plants Charcoal Small-scale wood burning Wood-burning stoves for heat >18 kw The co-combustion of biomass in power stations Other biomass combustion in stationary installations Biomass digestion Biofuels for transport Other conversion technologies THE GREEN ELECTRICITY BALANCE The Guarantees of Origin system The make-up of the balance - import and export Domestic production, stocks and consumption The counting of imports and exports with respect to policy goals REFERENCES APPENDIX 1: DETERMINING THE PERCENTAGE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY APPENDIX 2: FUEL EMISSIONS FACTORS APPENDIX 3: KEY FIGURES FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATION APPENDIX 4: SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS FACT SHEETS Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

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5 1 INTRODUCTION History of the protocol Until 1990, renewable energy was rarely discussed in national and international energy overviews. The total amounts were still too small and too difficult to measure. The figure has grown considerably however, and in 1990 Novem (later merged to become SenterNovem, and now renamed Agentschap NL (NL Agency)) began producing the Renewable Energy Monitor, in which the contribution of renewable energy to the national energy supply was published. In 2004 the Renewable Energy Monitor was taken over by Statistics Netherlands (CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek). Other organisations were of course also interested in renewable energy, and each used their own definitions and calculation methods in reports. In order to develop a uniform manner of reporting the contribution of renewable energy sources to overall energy supplies, and consequent reductions in the emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, Novem established the first version of this Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol in Updated versions followed in 2002 and 2004, and the document was published for the fourth time in This 2010 version is the fifth edition. The most important changes since the previous edition are: - The method for calculating gross end use as used in the recently published European Directive Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (2009/28/EC) is described in the protocol. - Adjustment of the key figures for heat and cold storage, manure digesters and heat pumps. - The method for calculating the reference efficiency in electricity production has been coordinated with the Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol, so that both protocols set the same reference efficiency. Policy targets Several different targets related to renewable energy have been established in the Netherlands. As part of the Clean and Economical ( Schoon en Zuinig ) working programme, the national government has set, among others, the following targets for renewable energy: In 2020, 20% of all energy consumed in the Netherlands is to be produced from renewable sources. A reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases by 30% in 2020 compared to 1990 levels. In Europe too, recent targets have been adopted and are set out in the Directive on the Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. The targets are as follows: In 2020, 20% of all energy consumed in Europ is to come from renewable sources. A target of 14% has been set for the Netherlands. In the transport sector a renewable energy target of 10% in 2020 applies. This will primarily be covered by transport fuel. Electrical vehicles count towards this. What does the protocol offer? The protocol describes how the amounts of the different forms of renewable energy are calculated and reported. In order to achieve the desired uniformity, this protocol gives its own definitions of the meaning of renewable energy, frames of reference and main assumptions, and of the information sources to be used. In drawing up these definitions we have attempted to be consistent with internationally accepted working methods. The calculation methods applied are also described in this protocol. This is done by renewable energy source. They will be described using the so-called substitution method, as the method for calculating the gross energy end use is outlined in the European Directive on the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

6 Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. The primary energy method will then also be described. This is used by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Eurostat. A. The substitution method applies the principle that although energy can be obtained from any arbitrary source, each renewable source can almost invariably in practice only be used as a replacement for a specific conventional energy source; and must therefore be compared to that conventional source (the reference technology). In the substitution method therefore, each contribution of a renewable source is calculated back to the theoretical energy content of the replaced conventional source. This is the avoided use of fossil primary energy. This substitution method makes it possible to compare the different energy sources (and also heat, electricity and gas) with each other. The substitution method is used to calculate the Dutch target for the share of renewable energy within the framework of the Clean and Economical (Schoon en Zuinig) programme. B. In the European Directive on the Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, the gross energy end use is taken as a starting point for determining the share of renewable energy. Thereafter it looks at what part of this comes from renewable sources. It is therefore not calculated back into an amount of fossil primary energy. The directive sets targets for the share of renewable energy. The method of determining the share of renewable energy in the directive is linked in principle to energy balances such as have long been established by Eurostat and the IEA (IEA/Eurostat, 2004), on the basis of reports submitted by the member states. On a number of points, such as heat pumps, there remains a difference between the statistics and the Directive. The precise interpretation of these is still under discussion. C. Eurostat and IEA have reported on the share of renewable energy for a number of years. This share is also calculated on the basis of the above-mentioned energy balances, but using another method: the primary energy method, also called the input method. As with the 2006 update, this edition of the protocol includes fact sheets. The fact sheets show how the renewable energy share must be calculated via the substitution method and the gross end use method as described in the European Directive on the Promotion of energy from renewable sources. Key figures, formulas and calculation examples are provided in the fact sheets to improve the clarity of the protocol and simplify its use. The data in these fact sheets are based on the year If another year is needed for calculation purposes, then some data (such as the efficiency of electricity power stations) must be replaced with figures from that year. From the definition of renewable energy used in this protocol (see Chapter 2), it follows that life cycle analyses (LCAs) of renewable and conventional energy sources play no part in the calculation of the renewable energy share. An LCA is more accurate in principle, but also has disadvantages. Firstly an LCA is more complex and thus less transparent. Secondly, more data are needed, so the costs for the data collector and data supplier are also increased, while early problems over the reliability of the data arise. An LCA can be used to analyse the inaccuracy of the other methods. LCAs are also applied in order to study environmental impact and the extent of sustainability. This will be described in more detail in Chapter 3. In recent years the renewable electricity market has been making more use of Guarantees of Origin. The measurement methods used have been added to this protocol. Specific measurement methods are included here for the measurement of the biomass percentage of mixed fuels and municipal waste incineration plants (MWIPs). Another consequence of the definition of renewable energy is that imports of green power are not included in domestic production figures. In general, only renewable energy produced on Dutch territory counts. Nevertheless, imports can be important in achieving targets. Imports of green power (registered by means of the system of Guarantees of Origin) can be counted towards realising the targets of the importing country, provided that the exporting country agrees explicitly by Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

7 means of a written declaration. For this reason the Green Electricity Balance is discussed in Chapter 6. Although this protocol focuses mainly on renewable energy, consideration is also given to determining the avoided emissions of CO 2 for the substitution method. The reason for this is that avoiding CO 2 emissions is an important factor driving the trend towards more renewable energy. Note that these figures are a guide to avoided CO 2, but that Dutch emissions registration is the reference source for the calculation of greenhouse gases 1. This protocol is used by Statistics Netherlands to determine the quantity of renewable energy produced in the Netherlands. The results are published on Statline, Statistics Netherlands s online database, and other articles and publications (Statistics Netherlands, 2009). All Statistics Netherlands publications are available via the internet ( The key figures and methodology described here have a general and statistical nature. The protocol can thus be used exclusively for making uniform statistical overviews and for checking targets. The assumptions made in this protocol cannot be used to claim subsidies. The protocol has been compiled to facilitate the calculation of statistical information about renewable energy in the Netherlands. The key figures can only be used for this purpose and not, for example, to calculate the yield of individual projects. Relations with other directives and protocols When studying energy and environmental questions, various protocols and agreements are available. Besides the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol there is also an Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol, which used a number of other definitions. As mentioned above, the substitution method is used to calculate the Dutch target for the renewable energy share (20% in 2020) within the framework of Clean and Economical programme. Moreover, the method for calculating the gross energy end use is the same as described in the European Directive on the Promotion of energy from renewable sources. Finally, there are reports on the Netherlands compiled by international organisations such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Eurostat, which are based on Dutch data. The Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol 2 is compiled by the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), NL Agency, the Central Planning Office (CPB - Centraal Planbureau), and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM - Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu). It describes how to determine much energy has been saved, i.e. how much less energy has been used. The Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol describes how to calculate the yield of renewable energy sources used, and how that relates to total energy generation. The Energy Saving Protocol is directed at savings with respect to a fixed reference year (static), while the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol focuses on substitution in the actual production year (dynamic); the Energy Saving Protocol calculates the electrical reference efficiency in a different way from the Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol. When each of these protocols was revised, it was decided to harmonise the two and to unify the method of calculating the reference efficiency. The most important differences between the Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol and the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol are outlined in the table below. 1 See also 2 CPB, ECN, Novem and RIVM (2001) Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

8 Table 1.1: Comparison of the Renewable Energy Monitoring and Energy Saving Protocols Aspect compared Renewable Energy Monitoring Energy Saving Protocol Protocol reference year dynamic (actual year) static (base year) assessment of heat from cogeneration (CHP) network losses n/a for the drawing of energy from central power production system (input taken into account); otherwise the avoided input of heat for the reference system references given with and without network losses for the drawing of energy from central power production system via the co-combustion factor; otherwise the avoided input of heat for the reference system Reference includes average network losses (for electricity from the grid) passive solar energy renewable source (not used) saving (implicit) renewables behind the meter Counts as renewable, calculations made using key figures Counts as a saving if not worked statistically into the total use (as extraction) total usage according to the protocol definition 3 greater or smaller than the total domestic use (TDU) as defined by Statistics Netherlands Statistics Netherlands total domestic use (TDU) minus the use of oil/gas as feedstocks Renewable energy is also a part of the Netherlands Energy Balance as carried out annually by Statistics Netherlands (Statistics Netherlands, 2008). In the Statistics Netherlands Energy Balance, energy balances are established for each energy carrier. The production of electricity from wind energy, solar energy and hydropower appear as the extraction of electricity. Biomass is part of the heat, biomass and waste energy carrier. Statistics Netherlands is working on treating biomass as a separate energy carrier in the Energy Balance. Statistics Netherlands uses the same source data for both the Energy Balance and for renewable energy statistics. Information sources used In statistical reports about the contribution of renewable energy to the overall energy supply, the information sources used must be mentioned. The reliability of these sources is reviewed by Statistics Netherlands and, if necessary, incorporated in its annual report (Statistics Netherlands, 2009). With a view to limiting administrative pressures and improving efficiency, primary observations (data collection specifically for renewable energy statistics) are only used if no other sufficiently reliable and timely sources are available. The future of the protocol This version of the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol will probably not be the last. Firstly, both the conventional and renewable ways in which energy is obtained are changing, so the calculation methods to compare them with one another must also change. Secondly, developments in Europe may make it necessary to adjust Dutch monitoring. Interested parties who have questions or suggestions about the protocol should contact NL Agency and Statistics Netherlands. 3 In the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol, the output of renewable sources is translated into saved fossil fuels. Thereby conversion losses are introduced that the Statistics Netherlands balances do not take into account. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

9 2 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ITS SOURCES This chapter outlines the assumptions and definitions that the protocol uses for determining the contribution of renewable energy sources to the overall energy supply. The first paragraph deals with the question of what we mean by renewable energy. This is followed by a discussion of the sources that are considered renewable in the Netherlands. 2.1 Renewable energy a definition The problem with energy production is that many of the sources from which energy is obtained can be adversely affected, and also that pollutants are released during production (particularly CO2 and acidifying agents). For years therefore, alternative energy sources have been sought for which this does not apply. The following is the definition of renewable energy according to Article 2 of the European Directive on the Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources: a) "energy from renewable sources": energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases; b) "aerothermal energy": energy stored in the form of heat in the ambient air; c) "geothermal energy": energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of solid earth; d) "hydrothermal energy": energy stored in the form of heat in surface water; e) "biomass": the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste; In the substitution method, geothermal and hydrothermal energy can consist of cold and well as heat. 2.2 Renewable energy in the Netherlands which sources count? To determine the contribution of renewable energy to the overall energy supply in the Netherlands, we must first decide which energy sources in the Netherlands count as renewable. Fossil fuels and nuclear power have of course been excluded. Broadly speaking, six energy sources are renewable: solar, wind, hydropower, environmental heat (geothermal and hydrothermal energy), ground heat (geothermal energy and energy stored in the ground), and biomass. An overview of these sources is shown in table 2.1, which shows them by energy type and also mentions techniques by which they can be converted into useful forms. The energy sources hydropower, tides, waves, wind and the sun are in principle all regarded as renewable energy sources, even if the contribution of passive solar energy such as in adapted housing developments and orientation does not count. Biomass can be obtained as a waste stream from other processes, or as result of crop cultivation intended for energy generation. In obtaining energy from waste, only the contribution of the renewable elements of the waste material is considered renewable. When exploiting environmental surroundings and natural heat, the situation is somewhat more complicated. In the Netherlands, heat pumps and the seasonal extraction of heat or Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

10 cooling are counted; the same applies to geothermal energy. However, these must be corrected to take into account the internal energy use of the installations. Furthermore, seasonal storage only counts if the stored heat is obtained from renewable sources; here too, waste heat produced from fossil fuels does not count. Table 2.1: Overview of the energy sources currently in principle considered as renewable in the Dutch situation. Source Technology wind sun hydropower tides waves fresh/saltwater gradient Ground and air: geothermal ground energy wind turbines a) photovoltaic systems (solar cells) b) thermal systems (solar thermal systems, dry swimming pool heating systems) hydropower stations tidal energy power stations wave energy power stations geothermal installations a) direct as heat/cold storage b) with a heat pump heat pumps heat pumps aerotherm (air) hydrotherm (surface water) Biomass thermal conversion: combustion, gasification, pyrolysis biological conversion: digestion input as transport fuel Finally it is important that, in accordance with the statistical conventions of Statistics Netherlands, Eurostat and the like, only renewable energy produced on Dutch territory is counted. Renewable energy produced in the Netherlands Antilles is not included. International trade in green energy is only counted if relevant bilateral agreements have been made (see Chapter 6). Biofuels for transport does not refer to production, but to the quantity sold on the domestic market, regardless of origin. This also conforms to European regulations. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

11 3 THE DIFFERENT METHODS 3.1 Substitution, gross end use, primary energy This protocol describes three methods: A, the so-called substitution method; B, the method for calculating gross energy end use as described in the European Directive on Energy from renewable sources; and C, the so-called primary energy method of IEA/Eurostat. A. The substitution method uses the principle that although energy can be extracted from any arbitrary source, each renewable source is in practice almost exclusively used as a replacement for a specific conventional energy source; and it must therefore be compared with that conventional source (the reference technology). In the substitution method therefore, each contribution of a renewable source is calculated back to the theoretical energy content of the replaced conventional source. This is the avoided use of fossil primary energy. This substitution method makes it possible to compare the different energy sources (and also heat, electricity and gas) with each other. The substitution method is used to calculate the Dutch target for the share of renewable energy within the framework of the Clean and Economical programme. Section 3.2 describes the substitution method in greater detail, the calculation of the renewable energy fraction using this method, and the choice of reference technologies. B. In the method for determining the gross energy end use according to the Directive on the Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (2009/28/EC), the final energetic energy use is used as a starting point. Thereby we can look at what part of this comes from renewable sources. This is not calculated as an amount of fossil primary energy. The final energy use is the energy delivered to the end use sectors (industry, services, households, transport and agriculture). Electricity generation by the end use sectors themselves is thereby moved to the energy sector. The gross end use includes the use of electricity and heat by the energy sector to generate electricity and heat, and also the electricity and heat losses during distribution and transmission. An important difference with the substitution method and the primary energy method is that the end use method in the EU directive does not count non-energetic use (such as oil for the production of plastics). The method is used to track the targets stipulated in this directive. These are as follows: In 2020, 20% of all energy consumed in Europe must come from renewable sources. A target of 14% has been established for the Netherlands In the transport sector a target of 10% renewable transport fuels in 2020 apples. Electric vehicles count towards this. C. Primary energy method/ input method. Data collected in order to determine the renewable energy share are also used for international reports on the Netherlands to the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Eurostat. The method used until now by Eurostat and the IEA in their publications is the primary energy, or input method. That means we measure the amount of renewable energy entering the system. Since 1999 these two organisations have used a joint questionnaire on renewable energy, in order to follow developments in the field of renewable energy from an international perspective. The joint questionnaire on renewable energy is linked with other similar questionnaires about energy. In the Netherlands this questionnaire is completed by Statistics Netherlands. They use the direct energy yield in its first usable form as a starting point, hence it is called the primary energy or input method. Certain changes will be applied following the publication of the European Directive on Energy from renewable sources (2009/28/EC). International reporting will be expanded, and will be reported according to the gross end use method used in the directive. Eurostat will make the gross end use method central. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

12 Input Output Renewable source Primary energy method (input) Duurzame Renewable Energie energy system systeem Renewable energy production Avoided primary Energy = RE Substitution method Referentie Reference systeem system Figure 3.1 Schematic of the input- output- and substitution method Figure 3.1 shows the schematic relationship between the input-, output- and substitution method. If for example wood is burned in a wood-burning stove, the input method gives the energy content of the wood, the output gives the heat produced heat, and the substitution method the energy content of the gas that is saved. In the gross end use method from the European Directive on the Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, the input or output method is used depending on the energy system used. In the example of burning wood, the gross end use takes the energy value of the wood (this is the same as the input method). The end user is after all the stoker, and the one requiring the heat. In the case of a biomass digester coupled to a cogeneration unit, the end user is the person next in line after the cogeneration unit. Here the gross end use is the heat and electricity delivered by the cogeneration unit, and is thus equivalent to the output. The following table briefly shows, by technology, the manner used to calculate the renewable energy per method. Chapters 4 and 5 describe this by technology in greater detail. Formulas and examples of the calculations are shown in the fact sheets. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

13 Table 3.1: Overview of calculation methods by technology Substitution method Renewable energy directive IEA/EUROSTAT input method 4.1 Hydropower Standardised elec. / Standardised elec. Elec. subst. factor 4.2 Wind energy Standardised elec. / Standardised elec. Elec. subst. factor 4.3 Solar thermal Heat 4 / subst. factor Heat Heat 4.4 PV Elec. / subst. factor Elec. Elec. 4.5 Geothermal (deeper than 500m) Heat/subst. factor Heat Heat 4.6 Ground source energy 4.7 Aerothermal energy 4.8 Hydrothermal energy 5.1 Municipal waste incineration Ground cold/subst. factor + ground heat/subst. factor elec. use of heat pump/subst. factor Ground source heat Not calculated Heat/subst. Factor - Heat Not calculated elec. use of heat pump/subst. factor Cold/subst. factor Heat Not calculated (Elec./subst. factor + heat/subst. factor) * % renewable 5.2 Charcoal Charcoal * conv. factor (0%) / subst. factor heat (not included) 5.3 Small-scale wood Wood * conv. factor (10%-85%) /subst. factor 5.4 Wood-burning stoves > 18 KW 5.5. Combustion of biomass Wood * conv. factor (85%) /subst. factor Elec./subst. factor + heat/subst. factor (Elec.(gross) + heat) * % renewable Charcoal Wood Wood Elec.(gross) + heat Waste * % renewable Charcoal Wood Wood Biomass 5.6 Co-combusted Biomass Elec.(gross) + heat Biomass biomass 5.7 Biomass digesters Elec./subst. factor + heat/subst. factor + biogas Elec.(gross) + Heat (allocated) Generated biogas 5.8 Biofuels Biofuels Biofuels Biofuels The three methods can lead to some big differences, mainly in the following two instances: - In the direct production of renewable electricity (wind, water, sun), 1 GJ produced shows as 1 GJ in the statistics using the input method. The Dutch substitution method divides this by the reference efficiency to calculate the substitution of fossil fuels. For 2008 this comes to 1/0.427 = 2.3 GJ. In the gross end use method it is standardised using the installed capacity of the previous years, and for 2008 this would come to slightly less than 1 GJ. - For low conversion efficiencies (such as biomass combustion with 50% heat efficiency), 1 GJ of biomass gives 1 GJ of renewable energy using the input method. In the substitution method the 0.5 GJ of delivered heat is divided by the reference efficiency 4 For solar thermal, the heat in the substitution method is not the same heat as the heat used in the RED and the primary energy method. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

14 of 90% = 0.56 GJ. In the gross end use method, the heat produced is used if it is sold, and the biogas used to generate the heat is used if the heat is not sold. In a number of cases we can talk about the direct substitution of a fossil energy carrier by a renewable energy source. This is the case for example with co-combustion in a coal-fired power station, of with biofuels for transport. In these cases the protocol applies the direct substitution. The use of a primary energy carrier is in each case directly avoided. This applies if the avoided primary energy is similar to the renewable source (input). LCAs No life cycle analyses (LCAs) are performed in the calculation of the renewable energy share using the three methods. A life cycle analysis compares the entire production process of the renewable energy with conventional energy carriers. If emission throughout the process are taken into account, then we call this the LCA method. This is used mainly in biofuels to make a comparable analysis (well to wheel), because the production process of biofuels loses much of the saved CO 2. In the European Renewable Energy Directive a LCA calculation method is given to be able to calculate the saving in the greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels with respect to fossil fuels. Thereby we can take account of the extent of sustainability of the biofuel, and can set minimum sustainability requirements (minimum CO 2 reduction). In the case of the Renewable Energy Directive, LCA calculations are made on the basis of greenhouse gas emissions. Other emissions besides CO 2 are thereby taken into account, and these are converted to CO 2 equivalents. The result of the LCA calculation is not used to correct the energetic value of the biofuel. Biofuels that satisfy the minimum CO 2 reduction count fully as renewable. In the growing of the raw materials for, and the production of, biofuels, a relatively large amount of fossil energy is used, or, quite often, substantial amounts of non-co 2 greenhouse gases are emitted (for example through the use of fertilizers in the production of rapeseed for biodiesel). Over the whole production chain it is clear that the avoided use of fossil primary energy and the avoided emission of greenhouse gases is then also lower than the primary energy use and the greenhouse gas emissions of the replaced fossil fuels. For the current generation biofuels the production process results in around 80% avoided primary energy per unit of replacement biofuel. For CO 2 the avoided emissions are clearly even lower, from a minimum 35% to around 71% for ethanol from sugarcane, and 83% for biodiesel from waste oils. In the substitution method the Protocol assumes that 1 joule of biofuels leads to 1 joule of avoided primary energy. This is therefore an overestimation. The reasons for this are that for simplicity it is tempting not to use LCAs, and that the deviation from reality is still acceptable. For the avoided emission of greenhouse gases however, skipping the LCA calculation leads to too great a deviation from the reality. Therefore no avoided emissions of greenhouse gases are calculated for biofuels within the framework of this Protocol. Appendix 5 of the Directive on Energy from renewable sources gives a calculation method and default values for converting greenhouse gas emissions reductions to CO 2 equivalents on the basis of a life cycle analysis (LCA). The calculation of the CO 2 reduction of biofuels with respect to fossil fuels therefore refers to this Memo biofuels LCA Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

15 3.2 Explanation of the substitution method This section gives further explanation of the substitution method, the calculation of the renewable energy fraction for this method, and the choice of reference technology. When determining the contribution of renewable energy sources it isn t always possible to specify the exact frames of reference. What are, for example, the energy carrier and source of wind energy? For this reason we use the term renewable energy production as defined below: Renewable energy production is the net production of secondary energy carriers (electricity, heat and fuel) from renewable energy sources, corrected using a substitution factor When calculating net energy production, several factors must be taken into account: the installation s own energy consumption; external energy supplied to the installation; and any unused portion of energy yield. These must be deducted from the gross production. This portion, which also includes transport and similar losses, disappears, and therefore as such makes no contribution. In other words: Net energy production = gross energy production minus the installation s own energy use, minus energy supplied to the installation, minus the unused portion of energy production. For the substitution method it is important to know how much primary energy is avoided by the use of the renewable energy system. This is because the renewable energy production must be expressed as the amount of primary fossil energy that was needed to generate an equivalent amount of energy. This can be converted back from the renewably produced secondary energy carrier to primary energy, by means of a reference. This is the so-called substitution method, which has been used in the Netherlands until now. The avoided primary energy is the produced renewable energy Renewable energy fraction for the substitution method The Dutch government has set a target for renewable energy as a percentage of total energy use. However, stipulating this percentage using the substitution method presents a problem when the renewable energy fraction is large, because the percentage will then be too high. To avoid this problem in future a method for correcting for this error is now applied. The methodology and reasoning behind this are discussed in Appendix 1A. The formula used is: total avoided primary energy TEU renewable energy in TEU + total avoided primary energy in which TEU is the total energy use in the Netherlands, and total avoided primary energy is renewable energy production calculated according to this protocol. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

16 3.2.2 Reference technologies for substitution Renewable energy production is expressed in amounts of secondary energy carriers, in other words the energy products: electricity, heat and (various types of) fuel. For each one, assumptions can be made about the reference technology: the conventional method by which that energy product would otherwise be generated. Because the efficiency of that production method is known, we can determine what the theoretical energy content would have been of the conventional energy carrier that is no longer needed. This amount is called the (avoided) primary energy. Via the avoided primary energy, all energy sources can be compared with one another. Moreover, using a reference technology makes it possible to quantify of emissions of polluting substances that are avoided by using a renewable energy source The choice of reference technologies When choosing reference technologies, several different conditions must be met. Firstly, information about the reference technologies must be available, preferably in annually published statistics. Furthermore, as conventional technologies are also continually improving in terms of efficiency and emissions, comparisons must always be reported on using data from the same year in which the renewable energy was produced. That means that for any current year, reference data for that year must be available - or at least must be as recent as possible. For a preview, data covering the future are necessary. Because we know approximately what the conventional production picture will look like in 2010 and 2020, we can (if need be, by interpolating or even extrapolating) make an approximation of the contribution of a specified renewable energy source at any point in the future. This protocol has chosen a limited number of reference technologies (table 3.2). For gas and other biofuels the choice is fairly simple; for electricity, heat and energy saving we need to say more: Electricity uses as a reference the mix, during the period considered, of accepted technologies used to generate electricity from fossil and nuclear fuels (including both centrally generated and local capacity). This assumes central generation including power stations with little heat use (up to 20%). Power stations that use a lot of heat (more than 20%) are not included. This will be developed more in the 2010 Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol. Thereby a distinction can be made between a situation without transport and distribution losses (1a) and a situation with losses (1b); each has its own set of key figures. In the case of co-combustion, the direct substitution method is applied when calculating renewable energy production (1c, 1d). Heat production makes a distinction between small-scale capacity (<100 kw th ), as used in households and services, and large-scale capacity (>100 kw th ) as used in industry, agriculture and swimming pools. For larger capacities, gas boilers are used as a reference (3); for smaller capacities a further distinction is made between hot water apparatus (2a) and space heating equipment (2b). Solar thermal systems do not fall into this category and are treated separately (reference 7). In the case of co-combustion for heat production, the same reference technologies apply as for electricity (2c, 2d). Transport fuels use the amount of fuel replaced as a reference. Some renewable energy sources cannot be directly observed, for example if the energy production takes place behind the meter, or if they are incorporated into larger systems and only contribute to overall energy savings. For such sources (7) the reference technology is not always obvious. This applies for example to solar thermal systems and in heat/cold storage. In such cases it is more practical to express the contribution of the energy source directly as avoided energy products (energy saving) or as avoided primary energy (fuel saving). Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

17 Sometimes a renewable source directly replaces a fossil source without the direct production of heat or electricity, such as when biomass is co-combusted in an industrial process. In that case the directly avoided fuel is assumed to be the amount of renewable energy, and no reference technology is used. This appears in table 3.2. as direct substitution. Table 3.2: Reference technologies per renewably derived energy product Energy product Reference technology electricity 1a) electricity production (mix, at production) 1b) electricity production (mix, delivered to end user) 1c) direct substitution of coal (co-combustion in coal-fired power stations) 1d) direct substitution of gas (co-combustion in gas-fired power stations) heat 2a) small capacity: hot water apparatus (general) 2b) small capacity: space heating apparatus 2c) direct substitution of coal (co-combustion in coal-fired power stations) 2d) direct substitution of gas (co-combustion in gas-fired power stations) 3) large capacity: gas boilers gas 4) natural gas other biofuels 5) natural gas 6) direct substitution of fossil transport fuels energy saving 7) various Industrial heat or 8) direct substitution electricity Cold production 9) compression refrigerator Once a reference technology has been chosen for each energy product, references can also be assigned to the energy sources. Some sources can deliver more than one kind of energy product; in which case more than one reference technology may apply. Chapters 4 and 5 give the reference technologies for each energy source Efficiencies of the reference technologies Using quantitative information on the energy products, conversion efficiencies, and emissions of the reference technologies and renewable energy sources, we can calculate the avoided primary energy and avoided emissions of carbon dioxide and acidifying agents. Depending on of the aim of the report (historical development, current contribution, or forecast), key figures regarding the past, present and future are needed. These figures are given in this section; the calculation methods required will be covered in the following chapter. Electricity production The conversion and key emissions figures for electricity production (references 1a-d) are shown in table 3.3. In the past these have been based on data from the statistics on Electricity Production Means from Statistics Netherlands, and the National Fuels List published by NL Agency. Further explanation of the calculation of the reference efficiency can be found in the 2010 Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol. That Protocol does not use CO 2 emissions factors. For the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol these are stipulated from the average emissions factor of coal, natural gas and nuclear energy, weighted by the input of these three energy carriers in the reference park. The conversion efficiencies have been calculated on the basis of the lower heating value of the energy content of the fuels, and on the energy content of the net produced electricity and heat energy carriers. That only concerns electricity production from non-renewable sources, Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

18 such as coal, natural gas or nuclear energy. That only concerns those production units that are primarily intended for electricity production, sometimes found to a limited extent in heat production. Part of the input is assigned to the heat production, as a result of which the electrical efficiency appears somewhat higher that the relation between total input and electricity production. This concerns all production in the Netherlands, including production for other countries. Exported or domestically consumed electricity is assigned pro rata to fuel input, so that the overall efficiency is also valid for domestic use. In the case of an imported amount, it is assumed that this was generated with the same average efficiency as in domestic production. Thereby the import of electricity has no influence on the average efficiency used. Further explanation can be found in Appendix 1. It is also assumed that renewable energy sources save on domestic production, not on the import of electricity. If the transport and distribution losses between the renewable energy source and the end user of the electricity generated are ignored (reference 1b), the reference key figures must be corrected because losses do appear with conventional technologies. These are approximately 4.4%. The conversion efficiencies from reference 1a are therefore multiplied by a loss factor f V, which is based on this loss percentage. Table 3.3: Overview of the electrical conversion efficiencies and emissions factors for electricity production (reference 1a and 1b) for the period Source: ECN and Statistics Netherlands 2010, calculation for Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol, May 2010 Key figure unit electrical conversion efficiency (lower heating value) - at production (1a) - delivered to end user (1b) CO 2 emissions factor - average - at production (1a) - delivered to end user (1b) transport and distribution losses % % kg/gj prim kg/kwh e kg/kwh e % At the time of publication of this protocol, the future conversion efficiencies had not been determined. ECN Policy Studies will calculate these on the basis of reference estimates. Electrical efficiencies were determined in different ways in the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol and the Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol. Since both protocols have been revised, it was decided to bring the two closer together and to harmonise the calculation of the reference efficiency. Therefore you will find different efficiencies and CO 2 emissions factors than were used in the previous version of this Protocol. The outcome of the calculations of different renewable energy shares, performed by Statistics Netherlands, will therefore also change. The exact method for calculating the reference efficiency can be found in the 2010 Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol. Heat production Heat production in households and services usually takes place using gas-fired and electrical equipment with small capacities (<100 kw th ). This is enough to provide domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating. When a renewable energy source is used for heating tap water, in general it only provides part of the energy required; the remaining heat is produced by a conventional water heating appliance. Standby losses are barely reduced as a result of using Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

19 the renewable source, when compared to the situation in which the conventional appliance covers all the heating. For this reason we use heat generation efficiency and not usage efficiency when calculating the avoided primary energy: the relation between the energy taken up by the water and the energy supplied (thus excluding standby and pilot light losses). In practice large variations can appear, which in some cases are influenced by the renewable energy source. For DHW production therefore we use a gas-fired hot water appliance, with a production efficiency of 65% (lower heating value), as a fixed reference (2a). The assumption is that renewable energy sources primarily replace high efficiency gas boilers. With space heating equipment, a distinction can be made between individual central heating, (gas) heaters and communal (district) heating. This protocol uses a gas boiler with a space heating efficiency of 95% (lower heating value) as a fixed reference (2b) for all three. For heat production in industry and agriculture, large capacities (>100 kw th ) are needed. This also applies for example to swimming pools and drying processes. Unfortunately complete data are not available about the appliances used and their average output efficiency. Therefore a gas boiler with an average efficiency of 90% (lower heating value) is used as a reference (3) for heat production. The data for these are shown in table 3.4. Table 3.4: Overview of the thermal conversion efficiencies (lower heating value) and emissions factors for the period 1990 to 2020 (inclusive) for domestic hot water production and space heating (references 2a-b and 3) Key figure eenheid conversion efficiency when capacity <100 kw th DHW (2a) space heating (2b) % % Conversion efficiency when capacity >100 kw th DHW and space heating (3) % CO 2 emissions factor kg/gj Energy saving For a number of renewable energy sources, primarily in heat production, the contribution mainly takes the form of a saving, in other words the use of electricity or natural gas is reduced. In such cases (reference 7), this is calculated using the key figures from the previous categories. Chapter 4 discusses how this calculation takes place. For commonly applied technologies this can be done on a generic level (for example as a general statistical key figure for energy saving with solar thermal systems) or on a more detailed level for technologies in which individual projects vary greatly in size (ground heat, heat/cold storage, heat pumps) and where information is available about the specific reference situation. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

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21 4 CALCULATING BY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE This chapter discusses the data necessary to determine the contribution of each individual renewable energy source to the overall energy supply in the Netherlands: the required basic data, the reference technologies, and if possible the key figures for future energy production or savings. The calculation method for the substitution method, gross end use and the primary energy (input) method are also given. For some sources we also mention what average energy production per monitoring unit must be used for forecasts and targets up to and including the year 2020 (for example the amount of electricity produced in kwh per kw of installed capacity). In this way a calculation factor for those years can be established for capacities and amounts (expressed in energy products) of avoided primary energy and avoided emissions. There are so many different working methods available for extracting energy from waste and biomass, that these are discussed separately in the following chapter. 4.1 Hydropower Basic data nominal capacity per system (MW e ); measured net and gross electricity production (GWh e ). Key figures for future projects the monitoring of projects in the Netherlands shows that the average yield for hydropower stations is 2.7 MWhe/kW. A. Substitution method It has been decided to standardise the calculation of electricity production from hydropower and wind power (see 4.2) according to the method described in the Directive on Energy from renewable sources. To work towards the policy targets it is important to iron out fluctuations. The amount hydropower in the Netherlands is minimal. For wind energy this is important. Electricity generated with hydropower will be standardised over 15 years. This is the installed capacity multiplied by a standardisation factor (the average of 15 years of generated electricity divided by the installed capacity in that year). The calculation formulas are given in the fact sheet. The avoided primary energy as the renewable energy contribution is the standardised electricity production corrected by, as reference technology, the electrical efficiency (mix at production). B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive Electricity generated with hydropower will be standardised over 15 years. Gross end use is the installed capacity multiplied by a standardisation factor (the average of 15 years generated electricity divided by the installed capacity in that year). The calculation formulas are given in the fact sheet. C. Primary energy (input) method The input method uses electricity production directly as renewable energy production. This will not be corrected or standardised. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

22 4.2 Wind energy Basic data nominal electrical capacity (MW e ); measured net and gross electricity production (GWh e ); Key figures for future projects 6 newly installed wind turbines, onshore: 2,200 kwh e /kw; newly installed wind turbines, offshore: 3,650 kwh e /kw. A. Substitution method It has been decided to standardise the calculation of electricity production from hydropower and wind power according to the method described in the Directive on Energy from renewable sources. For wind energy in particular it is important to iron out fluctuations. Electricity generated with wind power will be standardised over 5 years. This is the installed capacity multiplied by a standardisation factor (the average of 5 years of generated electricity divided by the installed capacity in that year). The calculation formulas are given in the fact sheet. There is a clear difference in production yield between wind energy on land and at sea. The yield of the latter is higher. More wind turbines will be installed offshore in the coming years. In order not to smooth out this extra output with standardisation, the substitution method makes a distinction between offshore wind and onshore wind once 5 wind years has elapsed. As from 2011, offshore and onshore wind will be standardised separately. The Renewable Energy Directive makes no distinction between onshore wind and offshore wind. The avoided primary energy as the renewable energy contribution is the standardised electricity production corrected by, as reference technology, the electrical efficiency (mix at production). Note In general an estimation must be made for (small) electricity producers not connected to the grid, and for own use generation (self-generators). This is made with the help of the wind index or windex. B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive Electricity generated with wind power will be standardised over 5 years. Gross end use is the installed capacity multiplied by a standardisation factor (the average of 5 years generated electricity divided by the installed capacity in that year). The calculation formulas are given in the fact sheet. C. Primary energy (input) method For statistics, the contribution of renewable energy is the amount of electricity produced, based on the input method. 6 The key figures deviate from the values used for the Renewable Energy Stimulation Scheme (SDE stimuleringregeling duurzame energie), because these have a different background: in the SDE the number of full-load hours is used to calculate the financial gap, whereby an arbitrary number of full-load hours is chosen so that the maximum number can be achieved over 10 jears. This period is not relevant for this protocol. The values can be found in the SDE. More info at NL.nl/SDE. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

23 4.3 Thermal use of solar energy We can only directly measure heat production in solar thermal energy systems in a very small number of cases. Most systems are found behind the meter in people s homes. To estimate their contribution (production or savings), key figures must therefore be used that are based on the number of installations and on the installed collector surface area. A distinction is made between the following types of system: solar thermal systems - systems for domestic hot water with a covered collector (surface area <6 m 2 ); mainly used in homes (see 4.3.1); other solar thermal energy systems (see 4.3.2), consisting of: hot water systems with a covered collector (surface area >6 m 2 ); mainly used in utility buildings and for communal systems in flats; systems for heat production using uncovered collectors, mainly used for heating water in swimming pools. For international reports no distinction is made between the application of large and small systems. The reports do request the division between solar thermal systems for space heating and the share of vacuum tube solar collectors. This share is estimated based on the opinion of experts from that industry. The IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme and ESTIF (which represents the European industry) are busy applying the results from the ThERRA project to create a uniform method for monitoring renewable energy from solar thermal energy. The results are not yet known. For the substitution method, nothing has changed for now. The Renewable Energy Directive (RED) method is linked to the expected actions. Basic data type of system; number of systems; installed collector surface area per system (m 2 ); annual global radiation (MJ/m 2 ). A. Substitution method The renewable energy contribution is the primary energy for heat production that is saved, adjusted by the primary energy needed for electricity use. For solar thermal systems: internal energy use (electricity, delivered to end user); energy saving. For other active solar thermal energy systems and niche markets: internal energy use (electricity, delivered to end user); space heating; heat production. Key figures for future projects For 2010 and 2020, solar thermal systems use the same energy savings key figures as assumed for the year 2005 (table 4.3.2). Notes The total capacity of all installed solar collectors is usually expressed in m 2 of collector surface. To make this figure comparable with other sources, the international solar thermal industry, working in conjunction with the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme of the International Energy Agency, states that one square metre of solar collector has a capacity of 0.7 kw th. This calculation factor is valid for all types of collectors 7. 7 Press release IEA-SHC and ESTIF, November & Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

24 B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive Most solar thermal systems are located with the end user. The gross energy end use in that case is the solar energy that the end user consumes, i.e. the input method (see C). Only if the solar energy is delivered to a distribution grid does the thermal output of the solar thermal system become relevant, and the output method have to be applied. In these cases the delivered heat is known per project, and a true production figure can be calculated. C. Primary energy (input) method For Eurostat/IEA statistics, the renewable energy contribution is calculated from the capacity (installed collector surface area) Solar thermal systems A. Substitution method Energy savings from domestic hot water production vary greatly from installation to installation. Therefore the calculations use the following basic assumptions: an average of 45% of domestic hot water heat demand in households is covered by solar thermal systems 8 ; the heat demand for hot water is the same as the average natural gas use of the hot water appliance, expressed in m 3 /year (table 4.3.1); for the extra internal electricity use of a solar thermal system in 2010, the following is assumed: 30 kwh e /year (table 4.3.2); only net production is used; the internal electricity consumption of the solar thermal system is converted using the substitution method into primary energy carriers and deducted from the energy saving (expressed in avoided primary energy). Table : Key figures for natural gas savings from solar thermal systems use [m 3 /year] saving [m 3 /year] Table 4.3.2: Key figures extra internal energy consumption of solar thermal systems with respect to reference (high-efficiency boiler) 10 before use [kwh/appliance/year] * These figures are based on a mix of existing and new systems. ** The savings in energy use from residual heating are included in these numbers 10. *** Figures for intervening years can be interpolated. In practice the savings realised by using a solar thermal system to cover heat demand are not proportional to the energy savings from domestic hot water production. This is a consequence of standby losses, among other things. As it is difficult to determine what correction must be carried out for this, a simplification is made by saying that heat demand is the same as energy use. If domestic hot water use increases, the contribution of solar energy usually also increases. The annual saving is 45% of the natural gas consumption per hot water appliance (m 3 /year) (divided by reference efficiency) minus the internal electricity consumption (divided by the 8 Ecofys, 2006, overview of the practical measurement of solar thermal systems 9 BAK, 2002, via 10 TNO-Bouw, 2004 Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

25 reference efficiency). Multiplying this by the number of solar thermal systems gives the total net energy savings from solar thermal systems. B. and C. Renewable Energy Directive and primary energy (input) method In international statistics, solar thermal systems are not counted per system, but by installed surface area (or capacity). The method used is then the same as for other solar thermal energy systems - see under B and C Other solar thermal energy systems A. Substitution method Other active systems for the thermal use of solar energy are used for swimming pool heating, drying agricultural products, space heating, heating tap water, and combinations of the last two. Table shows the average system yield per square metre of collector for each collector type. For swimming pools it must be noted that the heat production of the solar energy systems is not equal to avoided heat production, because the supply of solar energy and heat demand are not comparable. The extra internal electricity consumption of solar thermal systems with respect to the reference technologies is shown in table The internal energy use of solar panels and solar thermal systems for drying processes is assumed to be equal to that of conventional technologies; for other systems an extra internal consumption of 5 kwh/m 2 /year is used. Finally, only net production is covered here: the internal electricity consumption of solar thermal systems is converted according to the substitution method into primary energy carriers, and deducted from heat production (expressed in avoided primary energy). Table 4.3.3: Heat production (MJ/m 2 /yr) from other active solar thermal energy systems Collector Type covered air uncovered Application >6 m 2 >6 m 2 >100 <100 solar m 2 m 2 panels swimming pool heating 1, drying processes space heating DHW 1,500 DHW and space heating Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

26 Table 4.3.4: Extra internal energy consumption (kwh/m 2 /yr) from other active solar thermal energy systems with respect to conventional systems Collector type covered air uncovered Application >6 m 2 >6 m 2 >100 <100 solar m 2 m 2 panels swimming pool heating drying processes 0 0 space heating 5 5 DHW 5 DHW and space heating 5 5 Table 4.3.5: Generation efficiencies (%, lower heating value) of the reference technologies for other active solar thermal energy systems, by application and collector type Collector type covered air uncovered Application >6 m 2 >6 m 2 >100 <100 solar m 2 m 2 panels swimming pool heating drying processes other 90 space heating DHW 65 DHW and space heating B. Renewable Energy Directive In practice almost all solar thermal energy systems in the Netherlands are located with an end user, therefore the input method as described under C is valid for the RED. C. Primary energy (input) method The IEA statistics department and Eurostat use the input method. This is defined as: The Solar thermal production is the heat available to the heat transfer medium minus the optical and collector heat losses. 11 The project ThERRA (about the definition of renewable heat) has proposed to set this for solar thermal systems with a simple formula: E = C in * A [m 2 ] * G [GJ/m 2 ] E= renewable energy production C in = a constant for the input method A = collector surface area G = solar radiation under optimal conditions (for the Netherlands, 45 south). G comes from the Dutch standard NEN 5060: 2008 and is 4.28 GJ/m 2 /year. This is a fixed figure for the radiation. The value of C in has not yet been agreed internationally. The value varies per application. In this version of the protocol the value has been assumed to be the same as in the 2006 version. Table 4.3.6: Constants for calculating the contribution of solar thermal energy Application C in Solar thermal systems + large covered 0.38 systems Uncovered collectors 0.29 Small uncovered and solar panels IEA, Eurostat, OECD statistics manual Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

27 4.4 The photovoltaic use of solar energy For the photovoltaic use of solar energy (PV) a distinction must be made between stand-alone systems and those linked to a grid. In stand-alone systems, the yield per kw p installed capacity is strongly dependent on application and usage patterns. Basic data type of system: grid-linked or stand-alone; installed capacity (kw p ); measured energy yield per year (GWh e ); estimated energy yield per year (GWh e ). As the electricity production of grid-linked PV systems cannot be measured, some key figures must be used. Thus the annual energy yield is estimated on the basis of the installed capacity at the end of each year. At present this estimate is 700 kwh/kw p /year. New systems installed as from 2009 will for the most part be individually monitored, so that they can make use of the Dutch SDE subsidy. The key figure is therefore not relevant in these cases. Stand-alone PV systems are always designed for each specific application. Therefore it is important to maximise yield. In (house)boats for example, the yield is kwh/kw p /year, with an average of 450 kwh/kw p /year. As an average yield for all stand-alone PV applications, a value of 400 kwh/kw p /year. This value is assumed to remain constant over time. Key figures for future projects In the medium to long term this yield should increase, due to system improvements and to an increasing market share for new technologies with a higher yield per kw p. With a theoretical maximum (at the ideal angle and orientation, without shading losses, and with the best available inverter) of kwh/kw p /year, a feasible value for a mix of existing and new systems in 2020 is 850 kwh/kw p /year 12. Figures for the intervening years can be interpolated. A. Substitution method The electricity produced divided by the efficiency of the reference technology, electricity (delivered to end user) for systems smaller than 15 kw p. For systems with a capacity greater than or equal to 15 kw p, the reference is electricity (at production), because it is assumed that comparable systems mainly supply to the grid. The reference technology used here (which comes down to, for example, electricity from diesel aggregates or the requirements of an electricity consuming activity) is in many cases not usable in practice. In calculating the contribution from PV this nuance is overlooked. B. Renewable Energy Directive For the Directive, the electricity produced is the gross end use and the renewable energy contribution. C. Primary energy (input) method For Eurostat/IEA statistics the electricity produced is the renewable energy contribution. 12 Gehanteerde waarde in SDE regeling, zie NL.nl/sde, Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

28 4.5 Geothermal (deep ground-source energy) Geothermal in this protocol means the extraction of ground-source heat from depths greater than 500 m (the boundary below which mining laws apply). The international trend now is to call all systems that extract heat from below the surface of the Earth, ground-source heat. In the Netherlands the first projects exploiting geothermal heat are now in operation. These projects are individually monitored and their heat production is known. As yet there is no electricity supply from geothermal energy. It will eventually be calculated in a similar way to other renewable electrical options. Basic data thermal capacity (MW th ); net heat production (TJ th ); Key figures for future projects The yield of ground-source heat projects depends strongly on the size or duration of the heat demand. In the Netherlands the systems are dimensioned for a long operation time (see memo IF) 13. This comes down to 5,000 full-load hours. 30% co-combustion is then needed. A. Substitution method For the substitution method the following reference technologies are used. heat production (large capacities); electricity (delivered to end user - for the electricity consumption); The electricity needed to pump up the water is corrected on a primary energy basis. The key figure for the pump energy is a COP of 20. See the fact sheet for an example calculation. It is not corrected for the energy for heat distribution, because it must also be distributed in the reference. B. Renewable Energy Directive The production of heat from a geothermal source is in practice fully used, so the production at the source is equal to the gross end use. The energy production is the product of the mass flow, the temperature difference between hot and cold source (at ground level) and the specific heat of water. C. Primary energy (input) method Geothermal, for IEA and Eurostat, falls under geothermal energy. It is counted as the total heat delivered to the source (thus equal to B). 4.6 Shallow ground-source energy Shallow ground-source energy is the general term for the use of heat and cold from the ground. By shallow we mean depths of up to 500 m. Below that it is called geothermal. Up to depths of 500 m this mainly means the seasonal storage of heat and cold. These systems are often denoted as heat/cold storage (HCS) or cold/heat storage (CHS). In the Netherlands these are regarded as renewable energy. The European Renewable Energy Directive also regards this as energy from a renewable source. In the application a distinction is made between: 1. Open sources: the water is pumped out of an aquifer and returned to it. 2. Closed sources: only the heat and cold is extracted from the ground using a ground heat exchanger Memo IF, geothermal input (2009) Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

29 The term HCS is often only used for open sources, but closed sources also refer to heat and cold storage. This protocol uses the term heat/cold storage (HCS) for both systems. The 2006 protocol used a different classification. This has no effect on the amount of renewable energy, but the terminology has changed. The new classification harmonises developments in the Netherlands with those in the Renewable Energy Directive. Table Explanation of new classification protocol Protocol 2009 Groundsource energy (or groundsource heat) Aerothermal energy Hydrothermal energy Geothermal (deeper than 500m) 4.6 Shallow groundsource energy (depths less than 500m) or HCS. split between: a. open systems: Water-water systems b. closed systems: ground-water systems 4.7 Ambient heat: Air-air systems Air-water systems 4.8 Hydrothermal (surface water) Biomass heat Directive Renewable Energy geothermal energy : energy stored in the form of heat below the surface of the Earth aerothermal energy : energy stored in the form of heat in the ambient air hydrothermal energy : energy stored in the form of heat in surface water Protocol 2006 Geothermal HCS and Heat pumps Heat pumps Heat pumps Heat pumps 4.7 Geothermal 4.6 HCS 4.8 Heat pumps 4.8 Heat pumps: Reversible heat pumps 4.8 Heat pumps: not assigned separately 4.8 Heat pumps: heat from a biomass source Ground-source energy: open sources By open sources we mean heat and cold storage in aquifers below the ground. The term open source is used because the water is pumped up. All the water pumped up is then pumped back underground. The heat and cold in the source is used. In most cases the cold is exchanged in a compression refrigerator. The heat can be used directly or, if a temperature increase is required, via a heat pump. Heat and cold form the ground only counts as renewable energy if the source of the seasonal storage is a renewable source, such as ambient heat. Seasonal storage of heat from fossil energy carriers is not considered as renewable energy. The data about the HCS systems come primarily from registration of licensed systems at provincial level. Heat use via a heat pump is determined from information about the installed heat pump capacity. The data come from questionnaires completed by the heat pump suppliers. Basic data for the sources storage principle (heat and/or cold); application and sector (utilities, industrial process heating/cooling, residential or agricultural); year of installation; maximum permitted groundwater flow (m 3 ); presence of heat pumps to make use of heat (yes/no); Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

30 effective groundwater flow (m 3 ). Basic data for the heat pumps number of projects; application and sector installed thermal capacity (MW th ) Renewable energy production from ground-source energy consists of cold and heat. For heat a great deal of the contribution comes from the application of heat pumps, but there are also systems without heat pumps. For open sources the data are well known, because these require a licence from the relevant province. Data about the heat pumps come form a questionnaire about the number of installed heat pumps. It is assumed that water-water systems are always used for open sources. Ground-source energy is the total van ground-source cold and ground-source heat. Ground-source cold is calculated from data about open sources. Ground-source heat is calculated from data about the open sources, for systems without a heat pump, and from data about installed water-water heat pumps for systems with a heat pump. Data about the sources come from the provinces. Data about the installed number and capacity of heat pumps come from the industry. In order to avoid counting systems with a heat pump twice, the renewable energy is calculated from the installed heat pump capacity. Data about the source are not used. Key figures for future projects The technology is now reasonably well developed. Therefore the current key figures can be used for future projects. A. Substitution method For the substitution method the following reference technologies are used: heat production; space heating (capacities 10 kw); space heating (capacities > 10 kw); DHW; Cold production (compression refrigerator). Electricity: average efficiency at end user A.1 Calculation of ground-source cold In the substitution method, renewable energy production from ground-source cold is calculated from cold delivered by the source and the energy that a reference system with a compression refrigerator would have needed. This is elaborated on in the report Savings key figures for cold and heat storage 14. The report calculates the data for 74 HCS systems. 14 Savings key figures for cold and heat storage, IF-technology, Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

31 The table below shows the key figures from the above-mentioned report. Table Key figures cold and heat storage Application Heat Cold Note T ( C) β heat E key, heat (MJ/m 3 ) T ( C) β cold E key, cold (MJ/m 3 ) Agriculture without cooling Always with HP Agriculture with ,8 cooling Industry Cooling only Utility without HP Utility with HP Residential with HP Always with HP T= temperature difference ( C) β = the usage factor for heat or cold E key = key figure for heat or cold usage (MJ/m 3 ) NB: E key, cold and E key, heat is the saving in primary energy per m 3 water flow, according to the substitution method. The agriculture sector is also sometimes actively cooled. This is a small share (growing freesias and mushroom cultivation). The reference is a compression refrigerator. A separate key figure is therefore assumed. In industry a compression refrigerator may be used, and part of the time other cooling (air or surface water). It is assumed refrigerator is used for half the time, and for the other half a cooling method that used a very limited amount of primary energy. For the residential sector a compression refrigerator is not yet standard. For cooling therefore, nothing is assumed. For systems with a heat pump the saving is calculated at the heat pump (see below) and is counted. In this case β = 0 in the table. In Statistics Netherlands statistics both sources are counted and reported as shallow ground-source energy. The flow volume (θ) relation between cooling and heating is Thus half the flow reported in the licence counts for cooling. θ cold is equal to θ heat. The renewable energy contribution for cold is calculated by: E c = E key-cold * V total * θ cold * β cold E c = the annual renewable cold contribution E key-cold = is the key figure from table for cold usage θ cold = the fraction of total flow volume V total used for cold (given as 0.5) β cold = the usage factor for cold according to table V total = total volume of displaced ground water per year (m 3 /yr) A.2 Calculation of ground-source heat For systems without heat pump the contribution comes from table and is calculated in the same way as for ground-source cold: E h = E key-heat * V total * θ heat * β heat E h = the annual renewable heat contribution (for the part without a heat pump) E key-heat = is the key figure from table for heat usage θ heat = the fraction of total flow volume V total used for heat (given as 0.5) β heat = the usage factor for heat according to table V total = total volume of displaced ground water per year (m 3 /yr) Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

32 For systems with a heat pump the contribution comes from the calculation at the heat pump. This contribution is added to the ground-source heat for systems without heat pumps in order to determine the total contribution of ground-source heat. De assumption is that almost all water-water heat pumps are linked to an open source. A small number use surface water as a source. If that portion is known, the calculation for hydrothermal energy (4.8) can be used. The biggest application in open sources is space heating. There are insufficient data to calculate the use for DHW. The method is assumed here, because it is relevant for other applications. The contribution is determined with the following formulas: space heating Domestic hot water (DHW) E h = Q hp,h /η h Q in,h / η e Q hp,h =P*V h Q in,h =Q hp,h /SPF h E w = Q hp,w /η w Q in,w / η e Q in,w =Q hp,w /SPF w Wherein: Q hp,h and Q hp,w : the annual heat production of the appliance [GJ/yr]; Q hp,w is a fixed key figure (table 6) Q in,h and Q in,w : annual energy use [GJ/yr]; P: capacity V h : full-load hours (h/yr) η h and η w : efficiency of the reference heating system; η e : average Dutch conversion efficiency in electricity production (for a gas absorption heat pump, η e =1). SPF h seasonal performance factor for space heating SPF w seasonal performance factor for DHW The combined contribution ε [kg] of all heat pumps to avoided CO 2 emissions is calculated using the following formulas: space heating DHW ε = e g* Q hph /η h e e Q in,h / η e ε = e g* Q hpw /η w e e Q in,w / η e Wherein e g and e e are the emissions factors for gas and electricity respectively [kg/gj] The key figures for heat pumps are shown in tables and In this protocol the categorisation of heat pumps has been dropped. For systems installed up to and including 2009 the old categorisation and old SPFs have been retained. The number of operational hours has been reduced to what is now considered reasonable according to a TNO report. In conjunction with Statistics Netherlands, TNO performed a number of calculations and asked experts to estimate the actual number of operational hours in practice. Further practical measurements are desirable in order to arrive at a better figure. For combi-heat pumps the energy saving is equal to the sum of the energy saving of the space heating part and that of the DHW part. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

33 Table 4.6.3: Key figures for heat pumps 15, 16 Heat pump Space heating DHW V h (h/yr) SPF h Q hp,w SPF w [GJ/yr] Air-air 12 kw SPF > * 3.0 n/a n/a Air-air > 12 kw SPF > * 3.0 n/a n/a Air-Water 12 kw SPF > 3.6 1, Air-Water > 12 kw SPF > 3.6 1, Ground-Water 12 kw 1, Ground-Water > 12 kw 1, Ground-Air 12 kw 1, n/a n/a Ground-Air > 12 kw 1, n/a n/a Water-water 12 kw 1, Water-water > 12 kw 1, Water-air 12 kw 1, n/a n/a Water-air > 12 kw 1, n/a n/a Gas absorption 12 kw 3, Gas absorption > 12 kw 3, Gas motor 12 kw 1,100 1, Gas motor > 12 kw 1, Heat recovery in milk cooling (per dairy cow) Table 4.6.4: Key figures for heat pumps installed up to and including Heat pump type Space heating DHW V h SPF h Q hp,w SPF w [h/yr] [GJ/yr] standard ( 10 kw) 1, n/a n/a standard (> 10 kw) 1, n/a n/a combi ( 10 kw) 1, combi (> 10 kw) 1, heat pump boiler n/a n/a Reversible > 10 kw 550* 3.00 n/a n/a Gas absorption ( 10 1, n/a 1.2 kw) Gas absorption 3, n/a 1.2 (>10kW) Heat recovery in milk cooling (per dairy cow) Notes on the two tables above: *: the full-load values given as 550 hours, mean 1,100 full-load hours, but half of the system is in practice not used as a heat pump, but only as a refrigeration unit. If better practical data becomes available, these figures will be adjusted accordingly. COP requirement: In air-air systems the heat pumps only count if the COP (according to EN14511) is higher than 3.6 under test condition 7/20. For air-water pumps the COP requirement is the same and the test condition is 7/30. For the systems until 2009 there is no COP requirement, because no COP data were requested at that time. Given uncertainties over the COP, the category air-air up to 10 kw for pre-2009 is not counted. B. Renewable Energy Directive Ground-source cold 15 : TNO, Updated key figures for heat pumps for the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol, Segers and de Koning, Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

34 The Directive indicates that heat and cold from renewable sources does count, but in more detailed explanation of the definitions, cold is not used. In current energy statistics, cold is not an energy carrier. Should cold be counted internationally in future, then the cold delivered by the source is counted. This is T * β cold * θ cold * c * V total Wherein: T: delta T according to table β cold : the usage factor according to the table θ cold : the fraction of the flow volume V used for cooling. This is assumed to be 50%. c: the specific heat of water: 4.2 MJ/m 3 V total : annual water displacement m 3 /yr Ground-source heat For the direct use of heat from open sources, the same formulas apply as for cold, but with T and β heat for heat use taken from table For systems with a heat pump, the European Directive explains in Appendix VII how the contribution from heat pumps must be calculated. Those formulas assume that all the energy extracted from the ground or the environment count as heat delivered to the end user. In other words this is the heat source for the heat pump. In the formulas this is shown as follows: Space heating E h = Q hp,h * (1-1/SPF) Q hp,h =P*V h DHW E w = Q hp,w * (1-1/SPF) Wherein Q hp,h and Q hp,w : the annual heat production of the appliance [GJ/yr]; Q hp,w is a fixed key figure (table 4.6.3) P: thermal capacity of the heat pump V h : full-load hours (h/yr), see table SPF: seasonal performance factor (see table) The SPF must satisfy the requirement that it is higher than 1.15 * 1/η, where η is the average efficiency of electricity generation in Europe. In 2007 this efficiency was 43.8% 17. The SPF requirement is therefore Systems that do not meet this requirement are not counted. The Directive says nothing about gas absorption heat pumps, but in line with the reasoning of the Directive, the requirement for equivalent systems is an SPF of C. Primary energy (input) method International energy statistics not explicitly include heat/cold storage. Cold is not an energy carrier. Heat storage can fall under geothermal energy, although it is not specified whether this is limited to ground-source heat. The current handbook for international energy statistics 18 is not totally clear on this point. For the time being the decision is not to drop heat storage. Should the international community come to a different but clear decision, then Statistics Netherlands will follow this. 17 Provisional information from Eurostat (Roman Enescu, R., calculation of the efficiency of electricity generation, Eurostat, presentation at working group on renewable energy statistics, October 2009) 18 IEA and Eurostat Statistics Manual (2004) Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

35 4.6.2 Ground-source energy: closed systems In closed systems no water is pumped out, but instead a heat exchanger is placed in the ground. A fluid (mainly water containing an anti-freeze) flows through this, extracting heat from the ground in winter and taking ambient heat into the ground in summer. There are no statistics about ground-source heat exchangers. They are mainly used in residential buildings and small offices. This form of ground-source energy is determined by the number of ground-source heat pumps. Cooling with closed sources is of limited importance for this sector. There is no possibility of obtaining information about this, because it is not known how many closed sources there are and which are used for cooling. Basic data for the sources application and sector (utility, industrial process cooling/heating, residential or agriculture); installed thermal capacity type of system (pure space heating, combi or water heating) Key figures for future projects The technology is now reasonably developed. The current key figures can be applied to future projects. A. Substitution method For the substitution method the following reference technologies are used: heat production; space heating (capacities 10 kw); space heating (capacities > 10 kw); DHW; electricity: average efficiency at the end user Calculation for ground-source heat It is assumed that all ground-water type heat pumps make use of the ground as a heat source. The calculation is the same as in open systems, but the appropriate key figures from table must be used. B. Renewable Energy Directive The contribution is also calculated in the same way as for open sources, see 4.6.1, part B. C. Primary energy (input) method International energy statistics do not include ground-source heat used with heat pumps as standard. A number of countries report this under geothermal, but the current handbook for international energy statistics 19 is not totally clear on this point. For the time being the decision is not to drop ground-source heat pumps. Should the international community come to a different but clear decision, then Statistics Netherlands will follow this. 19 IEA and Eurostat Statistics Manual (2004) Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

36 4.7 Aerothermal energy This new term was introduced in the Renewable Energy Directive. It is better known in the Netherlands under the name air-air heat pumps or air-water heat pumps. In the previous protocol these mainly came under reversible heat pumps. Air-air systems are used a great deal in utility buildings. Air-water systems are starting to become popular in residential buildings. The hybrid heat pump is an example of an air-water system. Renewable energy production is determined from the number of systems and their installed capacity. For the number of full-load hours and the SPF (seasonal performance factor), standard values are assumed per sector. Basic data for the sources application and sector (utility, industrial process cooling/heating, residential or agriculture); installed thermal capacity quality of the system according to label classification Key figures for future projects The technology is now reasonably developed. The current key figures can be applied to future projects. A. Substitution method For the substitution method the following reference technologies are used: heat production; space heating (capacities 10 kw); space heating (capacities > 10 kw); DHW; electricity: average efficiency at the end user The cooling these systems also often provide is not considered as renewable energy. The calculation is the same as in open systems, but the appropriate key figures from table must be used. B. Renewable Energy Directive This contribution is also calculated in the same way as for open sources, see 4.6.1, part B. Systems with a lower label classification may possibly not satisfy the SPF requirement. C. Primary energy (input) method In international energy statistics, aerothermal heat pumps are only counted if the heat is sold. This heat is not yet currently regarded as renewable energy. 4.8 Hydrothermal energy This new term was introduced in the Renewable Energy Directive. The hydrothermal energy source was until now known in the Netherlands as surface water. Notes Hydrothermal systems are not treated separately, because only the water-water application is known from sales statistics. There are also no known separate key figures for the SPF and full-load hours. If a good estimation is made of the share of hydrothermal systems, then this application can be reported separately in the annual statistics. The Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

37 calculation follows that of the heat pump calculation for ground-source energy with open systems (4.6.1 and table 4.6.3) Cooling with surface water is on the rise. It is known by the term deep lake cooling. There are still no separate key figures for this. Until more is known, the key figures and calculation method for cooling from open sources from ground-source energy can be used. Use of biomass heat A separate application is heat pumps that make use of the heat in fresh dairy milk to heat tap water and simultaneously cool the milk. As the source for these heat pumps is natural, the application counts as renewable energy. It is treated in the same way as a heat pump boiler. The heat demand per cow is estimated as 0.5 GJ per year, and the COP is This application was added to the protocol in The application s current industry penetration was estimated as 30% in 2006, but Statistics Netherlands will make a new estimation each year based on all the available sources. See table for the key figures. This is not included in the Renewable Energy Directive. It is possible to report this form of renewable energy under hydrothermal energy or as a special category. 20 Segers, de Koning: warmtepompen in de melkveehouderij (heat pumps in the dairy industry), 2006 Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

38 5 ENERGY FROM BIOMASS Biomass covers a large mixture of organic materials (including waste), from which energy can be extracted in many ways. For this reason biomass is treated separately from other renewable sources. Firstly however, we must identify which working methods and raw materials can be called renewable. To start with, only non-fossil biomass can be considered as renewable. In municipal waste incineration for example, the total energy yield must be corrected to allow for the fraction of non-renewable materials, and for any fossil energy used by the installation. At other installations where it is known that the energy stream does not consist purely of biomass 21, the percentage of the biomass fraction must be stipulated. This description complies with the European definition as described in section 2.2. The sustainability of biomass was becoming an issue while this protocol was being compiled. Sustainability criteria currently mainly apply to transport fuels and have been adopted into that methodology. In the long term it is possible they may also apply to some other biomass streams. In this version of the protocol we already look at sludge from sewage purification plants (SWPs) 22. The burning of sludge sometimes requires a lot of fossil energy in order to dry it first. The amount of sludge burned is relatively small (2 PJ). For simplicity sludge burning is treated normally, despite its pre-history. If sludge burning is excluded from the EU Directive on the basis of sustainability criteria, then it will also not count towards the national substitution method. When determining the contribution to the overall energy supply of biomass, the definition of the energy products, the distinction between net and gross production, and for the substitution method the associated definition of the reference technologies, is very important. This chapter covers all technologies for converting biomass and waste into energy used in the Netherlands. A distinction is made between the following types of energy conversion: 5.1 Municipal waste incineration plants 5.2 Charcoal 5.3 Small-scale wood burning 5.4 Wood-burning stoves for heat >18 kw 5.5 Co-combustion of biomass in power stations and industry 5.6 Other biomass combustion in stationary installations 5.7 Biomass digestion 5.8 Gasification, pyrolysis and other conversion technologies 5.9 Biofuels for transport Each combustion technology will be covered in a separate section, as will biomass digestion. Gasification, pyrolysis and other conversion routes are treated together in the same section. 21 The Guarantees of Origin ruling talks of earth pure biomass, whereby it can be assumed that this is pure, while the purity must be determined for other biomass. The latter are NTA 8003 groups 701 (other mixtures),709 (other other) and 890 (streams mixed with >1% plastics) Sludge Memo Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

39 5.1 Municipal waste incineration plants A municipal waste incineration plant (MWIP) is an installation for burning mixed household and business waste. Installations intended for specific waste streams, such as sludge and dangerous waste, fall outside this definition. Incinerators for specific waste streams with a biomass fraction (such as Solid Recovered Fuel, SRF) do produce renewable energy, but fall under biomass combustion. Installations for dangerous waste produce no renewable energy. The choice of system boundaries with these technologies plays a very important role in the interpretation of statistical data. The basic assumption is that the pre-separation, postseparation, and flue gas cleaning linked to a MWIP fall within the system boundaries. Activities at the same location that have no direct relation with the waste incineration plant (such as a landfill site or gas motors) fall outside the system boundaries. Furthermore, when determining the net contribution of MWIPs to renewable energy supplies, a correction must be made for the fraction of non-renewable material in the waste. As existing methods 23 for determining the biomass fraction are not applicable to mixed streams such as household waste, this protocol applies a separate method as described in Appendix 3. The most recent value relates to For that year, it was determined that 49% of the energy production of MWIPs came from the renewable fraction (this is based on the 2006 Protocol). A last necessary correction is for the use of fossil fuels by the plant. Many MWIPs use fossil fuels for the plant management (boiler combustion and flue gas cleaning). Since this falls within the system boundaries, a correction must be made for it. Basic data amount of incinerated waste (kton). net and gross steam production (TJ th ); net and gross hot water production (TJ th ); net and gross electricity production (GWh e ); the combustion energy value of the waste (GJ/ton); the percentage of biomass in the waste. In determining the amount of renewable energy the energetic fraction is relevant; for CO 2 emissions the carbon fraction is relevant; the internal consumption (of fossil fuels) of the energy generation plant. A. Substitution method The substitution method calculates the avoided use of fossil primary energy from the energy produced from the biomass fraction of the waste. For this the net energy production is allocated between the waste and the auxiliary fossil fuel on the basis of the energy content of both. The net electricity production (at production) and heat production in large boilers is the valid reference. The correction for the percentage of biomass is applied nationally, because the information is not available per MWIP. B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive The RED uses the energy delivered, which in the case of municipal waste incineration plants is the gross heat and electricity production expressed in GJ, corrected for the percentage of biomass by energy content. The energy produced is allocated by location between the waste and the auxiliary fossil fuels on the basis of their energy content. The correction for the percentage of biomass is applied nationally. 23 For an overview, see (among others): CEN/prEN Solid Recovered fuels Methods for the Determination of Biomass Content Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

40 C. Primary energy (input) method The input method uses the source, i.e. the energy content of the waste that is incinerated. The combustion value is hereby an extra piece of data that plays no part in the Dutch calculation, but which is derived from the calculation of the biomass percentage (see Appendix 3). The correction for the percentage of biomass is applied nationally. 5.2 Charcoal Charcoal is primarily used for the preparation of food and can therefore best be viewed as a direct replacement for natural gas, which is the most important fuel in households in the Netherlands. The efficiency is so low that the substitution of natural gas is negligibly small. As charcoal is covered in de IEA/Eurostat questionnaire, this application is covered in this protocol, but with a substitution factor of zero. Therefore there is no contribution to renewable energy according to the substitution method. Should more information become available in the future, it will be taken into account. Figures for the quantity of charcoal produced and used in the Netherlands will be requested from the charcoal producing industry. Basic data quantity of charcoal produced and used (kton); efficiency of the production of charcoal from wood (%); combustion energy value (GJ/ton). A. Substitution method Natural gas is used as a reference for the substitution method, but a substitution factor of 0 is used, in order to reflect the fact that the input efficiency is so inefficient that in practice there is negligibly less fossil fuel used through the application of charcoal B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive The end user is in this case the purchaser of the charcoal, thus it is reported according to the input method. This is equal to the consumption (ton) times the energy content (GJ/ton). C. Primary energy (input) method According to Eurostat methodology the input is reported. This is equal to the consumption (ton) times the energy content (GJ/ton), plus the biomass conversion losses during charcoal production. 5.3 Small-scale wood burning Small-scale biomass combustion refers to installations with a capacity less than 18 kw. This boundary has been chosen because there is a major difference in the market for boilers below this capacity, which are mainly aimed at households, and above this capacity, which are mainly used in industry. This is the reason why stoves above 18 kw fall under the NeR (Netherlands emissions Directive), while those below 18 kw do not. Basic data an estimation of wood use by stove type; an estimation of efficiency by stove type. Wood use is determined annually by Statistics Netherlands in consultation with TNO, which uses the same information for establishing the emissions of toxic materials. This protocol gives the average efficiencies. The combustion energy value of biomass comes from the Dutch fuels list (Appendix 2). Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

41 The average efficiencies of open hearths, built-in and free-standing wood-burning stoves are determined annually using a modelled figure for stoves in the Netherlands. To arrive at this figure, an estimation is made of which types of stoves are used in the Netherlands (including the accompanying efficiencies per stove and wood use). This is used to determine an average efficiency for open hearths, built-in, and free-standing wood-burning stoves for small-scale wood use. The efficiencies per stove vary from 10% for open hearths, 50 to 75% for built-in wood-burning stoves, and 60 to 85% for free-standing wood-burning stoves. On average, newer stoves have a higher efficiency than older stoves. TNO developed this model for the Emission Register. The results are used for renewable energy statistics. A Substitution method The substitution method for small-scale installations looks at the gross energy use of wood. This is thus the energy content of the wood that is burned. The amount of avoided fossil energy carrier is dependent on the assumed efficiency for the type of stove (see table 5.1) B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive The end use method for small-scale installations looks at the gross energy use of wood. This is thus the energy content of the wood that is burned. C. Primary energy (input) method The input method for small-scale installations looks at the gross energy use of wood. This is thus the energy content of the wood that is burned. 5.4 Wood-burning stoves for heat >18 kw For wood-burning stoves for heat greater than 18 kw, which are mainly found in industry, the renewable energy production is calculated on the basis of a questionnaire sent to suppliers. The renewable energy from this source is calculated from a standard efficiency. In 2004 this was 83%. The efficiency of newly installed stoves is around 85%. It is assumed that this will become the average efficiency in 2010 and the years thereafter. Intervening years can be interpolated [NL Agency, 2004]. The number of full-load hours is estimated to be 1,500. [Statistics Netherlands,2006]. Basic data Capacity of wood-burning stoves (MW th ) A Substitution method heat production is calculated from the installed capacity and the assumed number of full-load hours. Large-capacity heat production is used as the reference. B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive The end user in this case is the owner of the stove, and therefore the energy content of the wood is also assumed to be the gross end use. This is the heat production divided by the efficiency of the installation. C. Primary energy (input) method The primary energy input in this case is assumed to be the energy content of the wood. This is the heat production divided by the efficiency of the installation. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

42 5.5 The co-combustion of biomass in power stations Basic data biomass content (kton); energy content of the biomass (MJ/kg); for impure streams, the percentage biomass (%GJ); energy content of fossil fuels (TJ); net and gross steam production (TJ th ); net and gross hot water production (TJ th ); net and gross electricity production (GWh e ). Industrial processes in which the biomass is used in combination with fossil fuels follow the calculation described under Other biomass combustion (5.6) A. Substitution method In co-combustion the biomass supplied to electricity power stations or industrial installations replaces coal or gas at source. Therefore the energy content of the biomass is considered as a renewable contribution. Hereby it is assumed that 1 GJ of biomass replaces 1 GJ of fossil fuel. There are indications that the substitution is not always 1 to 1, but because there is no clarity about this, the protocol uses a substitution factor of 1. B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive The electricity production and heat production of co-combustion installations is allocated on an energy basis between the primary fuel and the biomass that is co-fired. As an example, if 10% of the energy content of an installation is biomass and 90% coal, then using this method 10% of the electricity and/or heat produced is assumed to be renewable energy. C. Primary energy (input) method The input of biomass, which forms the basis for the Eurostat/IEA calculation, can be calculated from the number of tons input multiplied by the combustion energy value. This method is the same as the Dutch calculation method. 5.6 Other biomass combustion in stationary installations All other biomass combustion is treated in the same manner in the monitoring. This covers installations that produce electricity and all installations that use fuels other than wood. Wood burning for personal heat requirements falls under 5.3 or 5.4. Basic data biomass content (kton), split between input for electricity production and end use. energy content of the (wet or dry) biomass (MJ/kg); net heat production (TJ th ); gross sold heat production (TJ th ); gross not-sold cogeneration heat (TJ) net and gross electricity production (GWh e ). Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

43 Notes In cases where the energy production is not known (e.g. relatively small boilers), an estimation must be made based either on the known parameters or on the assumed values for small or large wood-burning stoves. A Substitution method For the substitution method the following reference technologies are used. For electricity it is the mix delivered at production. For heat production it is large capacities. Net produced electricity and heat can be calculated back to avoided fossil fuel using these reference efficiencies. B. Gross end use according to the Renewable Energy Directive For installations that only deliver electricity to third parties, the gross electricity production - including internal energy use is used. For installations that only deliver heat, the amount of heat sold is used as gross end use. For installations that deliver both (cogeneration units) the fuel input is allocated according to the calculation rules for cogeneration units from the IEA/EUROSTAT energy statistics manual. The fuel input is allocated on an energy basis to gross electricity, sold heat and unsold heat. The gross end use is then the gross electricity production plus the sold heat plus the fuel content assigned to the unsold cogeneration heat. Note: Until there are more guidelines for how to deal with heat that is not sold, the method for allocating heat will be retained. C. Primary energy (input) method The input can be calculated from the quantity of biomass input and the combustion energy value. 5.7 Biomass digestion Biomass is digested in various processes. In digestion a methane-rich gas is released, most of which can be used for producing energy. Examples of such sources are the digestion of organic garden and household waste, manure digestion, digestion in landfill sites (landfill gas) and the processes in sewage water purification plants (SWPs) and industrial effluent purification installations (IEP). Because the waste stream itself is often used in SWPs and IEPs, the energy delivered to the end user is used as a reference. In the event that external gas that is not natural gas quality is delivered, this must be calculated back to natural gas equivalents. Basic data net and gross gas production (TJ prim or m 3 natural gas equivalents); net and gross hot water production (TJ th ); net and gross electricity production (GWh e ); the internal consumption of the energy generating unit. A. Substitution method The avoided primary energy as a renewable energy contribution is the electricity production, heat production and biogas production calculated back to the avoided use of primary energy using the reference technologies: electricity from SWP and IEP (delivered to end-user); other electricity (at production); heat production (large-scale capacities); natural gas Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

44 Notes In calculating the avoided CO 2 emissions from landfill gas it must be borne in mind that uncontrolled emissions no longer occur in the Netherlands. The reference is also burned off without recovery, so for the calculation we only need to look at energy production from landfill gas extraction. The excess heat from any cogeneration unit nest to a digester is often (partly) used to enhance the fermentation process. This heat, along with the internal electricity use, is not counted as renewable energy. For biomass digesters in agriculture, and other digesters (foodstuffs industry, garden and household waste) 24 it is assumed that: Internal electricity use = 0.03 MJ internal use / MJ biogas produced (including cogeneration) Internal heat use = 0.1 MJ internal use / MJ biogas produced (including cogeneration) For installations without a gas motor the internal electricity consumption is MJ per MJ biogas produce d. Key figures for a few projects may deviate from the above-calculated key figures. There are many variables that determine the key figures. The most important are: whether or not there is a secondary digester, in which extra substrates such as glycerine are digested; the raw materials that are digested; the temperature at which the digester is kept (mesophile ~ 38 C or thermophile ~ 55 C); the use of a hygienisation process for the input material of the digester or the digestate. Almost all digesters in the Netherlands are mesophile. The calculation of the average is therefore based on a sample survey of mesophile installations. The above is a rough approximation of the reality. B. Renewable Energy Directive The Renewable Energy Directive is not completely clear on how the gross end use of biomass digesters should be calculated. For electricity the situation is somewhat clearer. Here, the gross production is reported. In international statistics non-sold cogeneration heat is not explicitly reported. Instead, the cogeneration units concerned are asked to allocate part of the fuel input to this heat, and that part counts as gross end use. To make this transfer the input to the cogeneration unit must be split between the portion destined for electricity generation and the portion destined for heat generation. It has been agreed internationally that that each country is completely free to select its own method of allocation. In the absence of a national method, Eurostat and IEA suggest allocating on the basis of output energy. We will follow this recommendation in order to obtain internationally comparable results. The inclusion of natural gas made from biogas (green gas) in the count is not yet clear. The text of the directive mentions the intention to have it included. In reality, according to the current statistical method, natural gas from green gas does not come under gross end use. We provisionally count green gas as renewable heat. Note: Until there are more directives regarding the non-sold heat, the current method for allocating heat will be maintained Memo: Determining key figures for digesters Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

45 C. Primary energy (input) method In the primary energy method, the energy content of the usefully used biogas must be reported (i.e. excluding flares). For electricity production, IEA and Eurostat use gross electricity production in place of net electricity production. 5.8 Biofuels for transport Basic data Sales of biofuels for transport (% GJ fuels) on the domestic market total sales of transport fuels. A. Substitution method The monitoring of biofuels is linked to sales of biofuels on the end-user market, conforming with the European directive on biofuels for transport (2003/30/EC) and the European Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC). In order to calculate the quantity of renewable energy from fuel, we need to know the amounts of biofuels sold in the Netherlands and what their energy content is. The avoided fossil fuel content is calculated using a 1-to-1 replacement basis. Notes The extent of transport fuels sustainability is the subject of discussions. Therefore, the European Directive on Energy from Renewable Sources sets sustainability requirements. Biofuels sold on the Dutch market must therefore satisfy these sustainability requirements in order to be counted (as from 2011). A full life cycle calculation (LCA) of biofuels will clearly produce less renewable energy than the direct substitution method as applied here. This applies to a greater degree to the avoided CO 2 emissions. Therefore this Protocol does not use the LCA method. This is explained in greater detail in 3.1. In any case, when reporting with regard to the biofuels targets, Statistics Netherlands measures in a different way from the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM). Statistics Netherlands is closer to the physical reality than VROM. Statistics Netherlands estimates on the basis of a survey among bonded warehouse owners of the physical amount of biofuels brought to the market, while Article 3 of the Biofuels for Transport Act (Besluit Biofuels Wegverkeer) notes how much has administratively been sent to the market. The administrative result differs from the physical result for three reasons: - The method of determining the biomass fraction bio-etbe differs. - It is possible to build up administrative stocks and to use them physically more in one year and less in the next. - With the administrative result, it is not necessary for the biofuel to physically come onto the Dutch market. Blended biofuel may also be exported as long as no rules are infringed (such as counting it towards a blending obligation in another country). The Statistics Netherlands figures are used for calculating the renewable energy share. B. Renewable Energy Directive Biofuels that satisfy the sustainability criteria described in the Directive are counted as renewable. There are requirements for the CO 2 performance in the biofuels production chain. Only biofuels with a minimum reduction of 35% CO 2 may be counted. For installations dating from before January 2008, this requirement only comes into effect as from The greenhouse Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

46 gas reduction rises to 50% as from 2017, and to 60% in 2018 for new installations coming into operation as from Moreover, biofuels may not be produced from crops or other raw materials in regions with, among others, a high biodiversity value, high carbon absorption (forests etc) and peat bogs. The Directive comes into effect in December 2010, therefore all biofuels will have to meet these sustainability requirements as from 2011 in order to be counted as renewable. Note: Besides the target for the overall share of renewable energy (for the Netherlands: 14% in 2020), the Directive has also set a target for the renewable energy share in transport (10% in 2020, through the application of biofuels, hydrogen and electric transport). For the latter target, biofuels for transport based on waste, waste streams, non-food cellulose-based materials, and lignocellulose can be counted double. There are also bonuses for electric cars: the (renewable) energy that these use counts 2.5 times. This double counting and bonus only applies to the transport target. C. Primary energy (input) method Because the Netherlands also uses the input method here, it is identical to the data required for the Eurostat/IEA questionnaire. 5.9 Other conversion technologies New conversion systems will be added to the methodologies described here whenever possible. Those being worked on at this time include a number of pre-preparation technologies for biomass that will lead to a fuel for co-firing. In these case they will be linked to the monitoring for co-combustion. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

47 6 THE GREEN ELECTRICITY BALANCE Since 2002, the annual monitoring report on renewably produced energy has incorporated a so-called green electricity balance. This balance shows the state of the Dutch market for renewable electricity. Because the balance relies heavily on the Guarantees of Origin system, the main principles of this system will be explained first. Then the different components of the balance will be dealt with: imports, internal production, stock and consumption, and exports. Finally, we address the question of to what extent the Netherlands has reached its policy objectives. The registration method has been modified several times in the past. For ease of comparison, only the method that has been in use since January is discussed here. 6.1 The Guarantees of Origin system In order to be able to distinguish between environmentally conscious electricity generation and ordinary electricity, the Dutch government has introduced production certificates. These certificates are proof that the electricity has been generated in an environmentally aware manner. CertiQ issues the certificates, and, as a subsidiary of the national grid operator Tennet, manages the system by which the certificates are given out. This certification system makes it possible to make transparent the entire energy route, from production to end user. CertiQ issues different sorts of certificates, whereby each different certificate has a specific function. Guarantees of Origin are given out for renewable electricity. 25 In the Netherlands Guarantees of Origin for renewable electricity are the only proof that a supplier is delivering 'green' electricity. Besides this, Guarantees of Origin are used for labelling flows of electricity. The issuing of Guarantees of Origin happens in accordance with the 1998 Dutch Electricity Act, and various Ministerial regulations. Guarantees of Origin for renewable electricity can be traded internationally. That means that Dutch Guarantees of Origin can be exported and Guarantees of Origin from overseas can be imported into the Netherlands. CertiQ has made agreements with a number of other countries regarding international trade in Guarantees of Origin and certificates. These agreements are necessary to ensure that foreign Guarantees of Origin used in the Netherlands satisfy the same standards as Guarantees of Origin issued in the Netherlands. Beside Guarantees of Origin there are also RECS certificates. RECS, the Renewable Energy Certificate System, refers a voluntary European certification system that has been initiated by several international market parties, thus making it possible to trade the certificates internationally. In the Netherlands CertiQ the issuing body for RECS. A Dutch Guarantee of Origin can also contain the 'RECS' identifier. At this time more countries satisfy the RECS standard than that of the Guarantee of Origin. Therefore a RECS certificate can be sold in more countries than a Guarantee of Origin. RECS certificates cannot be used in the Netherlands to label electricity flows as proof of a supply of renewable electricity. Installations that are covered by Guarantees of Origin or RECS certificates are wind turbines, biomass power plants (including MWIPs), solar installations and hydropower stations. The regional grid operators check whether the electricity generated in a power plant can be considered as renewable or as a cogeneration plant, and whether the amount of electricity can clearly be measured. The regional grid operator sends the electricity figures (usually monthly) to CertiQ. The measured data are eventually converted into certificates and booked to the certificates account of the trader that the producer has previously indicated. 25 Since 2007 is has also been possible to receive Guarantees of Origin for electricity from high-efficiency cogeneration. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

48 For biomass installations additional conditions apply: the electricity producer is required to produce an auditor s certificate showing which kinds of biomass were used and in what proportions. The trader can transfer the certificates to other traders or use them personally to deliver renewable electricity to the end user. Certificates in the Netherlands are not only used to give the end user insight into the origin of the power. They are also used in the awarding of subsidies (MEP/SDE). 6.2 The make-up of the balance - import and export As described above, Guarantees of Origin can be traded internationally for renewable electricity. The 1998 Dutch Electricity Act stipulates that these must be comparable in import and nature. The fulfilling of these conditions includes a check of elements such as uniqueness, fraudulent activity, whether the Guarantees of Origin have been issued by a competent body, etc. To promote international trade, CertiQ is participating in the development of an international standard with the Association of Issuing Bodies (AIB). At this moment in the Netherlands, GvOs from the following countries are also recognised: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Austria, and the Belgian region of Flanders. Monitoring Since the introduction of Guarantees of Origin there is no longer a link with physical imports or exports. As a result, there may be a time difference between physical production and the import or export of the certificate (Guarantees of Origin in the Netherlands are valid for a maximum of one year after issue). For practical purposes, imports of renewable electricity are defined here as the quantity of imported Guarantees of Origin. The same applies to exports: exports of renewable electricity are defined as the quantity of exported Guarantees of Origin. Only Guarantees of Origin count as green imports or exports in this method. 6.3 Domestic production, stocks and consumption To determine domestic production in the balance we start with the Guarantees of Origin that were issued by CertiQ. This amount is not equal to the total amount of renewable electricity generated in the Netherlands. There are several reasons for this: a Guarantee of Origin is not requested and provided for all renewable electricity. Besides this, there is a time difference between actual production and the issuing of the certificate. As the grid operator sends measurement data to CertiQ on a monthly basis, there is usually a delay of 1 to 2 months between the physical generation and the moment the certificate is issued. Guarantees of Origin (and RECS certificates) in the Dutch system are valid until one year after the date of issue. Valid certificates remain in stock until one of the following different ways of brining it to the market is achieved: consumption (written off); export; expiry of validity; withdrawal. Suppliers that deliver renewable electricity to end users are required to write off Guarantees of Origin. Consumption of renewable electricity is defined as the amount of Guarantees of Origin that are written off. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

49 6.4 The counting of imports and exports with respect to policy goals The Netherlands has adopted several targets regarding renewable energy. For the Clean and Economical working programme and the targets for the Renewable Energy Directive, the same way of counting imports and exports applies. For renewable electricity, within the framework of the EU Directive, the European Commission stipulates that imports of green electricity in the EU (registered via the system of Guarantees of Origin) can only be counted towards realising the targets of the importing country, if the exporting country relinquishes its claim to count the production towards its own targets (European Commission, 2004). In the new EU Renewable Energy Directive, the following principle is also applied. In determining target realisation the following order is important: (1) domestic production; (2) import and export; (3) import and export about which specific agreements have been made; (4) amount of renewable energy that counts towards target realisation. For imported renewable electricity, the amount of avoided fossil fuels is determined with the help of the average Dutch efficiency. That only applies to avoided fossil fuels, not to the avoided CO 2 emission. De avoided CO 2 emission always counts in then country of origin (emissions are always assigned in the country where they arise). Finally, the Netherlands until now (2009) has not counted imported electricity towards the realisation of Dutch targets. The reason is that the exporting countries have not given their explicit permission to subtract the exported volume of green electricity from their target and to count it towards the Dutch target. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

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51 REFERENCES Statistics Netherlands, Nederlandse Energyhuishouding (NEH) - (Netherlands Energy Housekeeping), statline section, publication of the energy balance, found under businesses/energy and water/physical energy. Statistics Netherlands (2009), Duurzame Energie in Nederland in 2008 (Renewable Energy in the Netherlands, 2008). Statistics Netherlands (2006) and Animal Sciences Group, Cattle Breeding Division, Wageningen UR, Segers and De Koning, Warmtepompen in de melkveehouderij (Heat pumps in dairy farms). CEN(2006), prcen/ TS 15440, Method for the determination of the biomass conten, CEN/TC 343. Centraal Planbureau (CPB), Milieu en Natuurplanbureau (MNP) en Ruimtelijk Planbureau (RP) (Central Planning Office, Environment and Nature Planning Office, and Spatial Planning Office), Welvaart en leefomgeving, een scenariostudie voor Nederland in 2040 (Prosperity and Social Surrounding a scenario study for the Netherlands in 2040), September 2006, CPB, ECN, Novem and RIVM, P. Boonekamp, Protocol monitoring energiebesparing (Energy Saving Monitoring Protocol), Ecofys (2004). Background information on renewable energy reference efficiencies. Ecofys in conjunction with NL Agency, August Ecofys (2006). Overzicht praktijkmetingen huishoudelijke zonneboilers (Overview of the practical measurement of domestic solar thermal systems ). European Commission (2004). The Share of Renewable Energy in the EU. Commission Report (2004), 366. European Commission (2003) Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the Promotion of the Use of Biofuels and other Renewable Fuels for Transport (OJEU L123 of 17 May 2003). ECN/Novem (2001). Phyllis Database ( ECN/RIVM (2002). Referentieraming energie en CO (Reference Estimates for Energy and CO ). ECN, Petten. EnergyNed (1997). D. de Jager et al.: Duurzame Energie in Cijfers (Renewable Energy in Figures). EnergyNed/Ecofys, Arnhem. EnergyNed, BAK (2001). Basisonderzoek Aardgasverbruik Kleinverbruikers (BAK) (Investigation of Natural Gas Use by Private Consumers). Arnhem, November Later data taken from the same Home-database with the help of NL Agency. ETSU (1994). An Assessment of Renewable Energy for the UK Energy Technology Support Unit, Harwell, UK. EZ (1995). Derde Energienota (Third Energy Document), Minister of Economic Affairs, Tweede Kamer (the Netherlands Lower House of parliament), session , 24, 525, nos.1-2, Sdu, The Hague. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

52 EZ (1999). Duurzame energie in uitvoering (Performance of renewable energy). Minister of Economic Affairs, Tweede Kamer, The Hague. IEA, Eurostat, OECD, Energy Statistics Manual, IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF), Worldwide Capacity of Solar Thermal Energy greatly underestimated, IF-Technology (2006), Energiebesparing van koude-/warmteopslag in de praktijk (Energy savings from heat and cold storage in practice). NEN (2003), NTA 8003:2003, Classificatie van biomassa voor energietoepassing (Classification of biomass for energy applications). Novem (1996). Grootschalige waterkracht in Nederland (Large-Scale Hydropower in the Netherlands). Netherlands Organisation for Energy and the Environment, Sittard, May Novem/Ecofys (1999). Protocol Monitoring Duurzame Energie. Methodiek voor het registreren en berekenen van de bijdrage van duurzame/hernieuwbare energiebronnen (Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol. Methodology for calculating and recording the contribution of renewable/sustainable energy sources). Ecofys in conjunction with Novem, Utrecht. Novem/Ecofys (2002). Protocol Monitoring Duurzame Energie. Methodiek voor het registreren en berekenen van de bijdrage van duurzame/hernieuwbare energiebronnen. Update (Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol. Methodology for calculating and recording the contribution of renewable/sustainable energy sources, 2002 Update) Ecofys in conjunction with Novem, Utrecht. Novem (2003). Biofuels in the Dutch Market: a Fact-Finding Study. Report number 2GAVE Published by Ecofys, Utrecht. Rekenkamer (National Audit Office) (2004). Groene Stroom (Green Power). Tweede Kamer session year , 29,630, no.1 2 (2004). RIVM/LAE (1996). D. Nagelwood: Monitoring prioritaire afvalstoffen gegevens 1994 (Monitoring priorities for waste materials 1994 data). RIVM/LAE, Bilthoven. RIVM/CBS (2001). Milieucompendium 2001 (Environmental Compendium 2001),. ( Therra project (2006) Report on Res Heat statistics in participating countries, TNO (2005). J. Koppejan, P.D.M. de Boer-Meulman. Status warmteproductie middels biomassaverbrandingsinstallaties, (Status of heat production by means of biomass combustion plants, 2005). TNO (2004). H. Visser. Second opinion voorstel Holland Solar kentallen zonneboilers (Second opinion proposal Holland Solar key figures for solar thermal systems). TNO-Bouw in conjunction with NL Agency, September TNO (2004). A. Traversari. Beoordeling systematiek protocol monitoring DE warmtepompen (Systematic appraisal of the renewable energy monitoring protocol for heat pumps). TNO-MEP in conjunction NL Agency, August/September NL Agency, Protocol monitoring duurzame energie, uitgave (Dutch Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol, 2004 edition). Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

53 NL Agency/Vereniging Afvalbedrijven/VROM (various years). Werkgroep Afval Registratie (Waste Registration Group). Afvalverwerking in Nederland (Waste Processing in the Netherlands), Utrecht. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

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55 APPENDIX 1: DETERMINING THE PERCENTAGE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY To determine the contribution of renewable energy sources to the total Dutch energy supply, and to make possible the mutual comparison of those sources, the production (or saving) of electricity, heat and fuel must be converted into avoided primary energy. In a similar way it is also possible to determine the avoided emissions of carbon dioxide and acidifying agents. This chapter describes the general calculation methodology, as well as some specific calculations used for the reference technologies for electricity production. Required information and formulas For these calculations we must first gather the necessary information. Ideally this would come from observation, but such data are rarely available. Therefore information obtained from other sources must be converted. Chapters 4 and 5, in which the calculations are outlined by renewable energy source, describe how the required data should be obtained. For all renewable energy sources the following information at least is necessary: (net) electricity production, E e(lectricity) ; (net) heat production, E h(eat) ; (net) gas production, E g(as) ; (net) avoided fossil energy carriers through replacement with biomass, E b(iomass) ; direct emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) from the renewable energy source, ε re, i. Furthermore, for each reference technology the following information must be available: conversion efficiencies of primary energy to electricity (η e ) or heat (η h ); emissions factors for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), expressed in (kilo)grammes per gigajoule primary energy, e ref,i. Based on these data, the avoided primary energy (E prim ) and the avoided emissions of each material i (ε i ) can be calculated by renewable energy source using the following two formulas: E prim = E/η ε net,i = e ref,i * E/η ε re,i In the case of the direct replacement of fossil energy carriers by biomass (E g or E b ), the efficiency and emissions factor of the conversion process may be affected. This must therefore be corrected. Other information Besides information on the contribution of the source, expressed in produced secondary energy carriers, the following information is also generally relevant: the established thermal and/or electrical capacity; the capacity of gas production, extraction and exploitation; heat, electricity and fuel production (net/gross); fuel or gas production (syngas/digestion gas, net/gross); number of production units. For the energetic exploitation of waste and biomass, the following is useful: the fuel content and energy content of the fuel; the direct emissions from energy conversion; the consumers of the heat produced; the (average) temperature of the heat (and pressure in the case of steam production). Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

56 Besides these, a number of other details may also be important: other relevant key figures (such as the surface area of the collector or module in the thermal or photovoltaic use of solar energy); key figures for calculating energy production and saving with renewable energy conversion technologies on the demand side (which are located behind the meter and therefore cannot be measured directly). To determine the percentage of renewable energy in the energy balance, the following formula can be used: total avoided primary energy TEU renewable energy in TEU + total avoided primary energy At first glance it seems sufficient to divide renewable energy production, expressed in avoided primary energy, by total energy usage (TEU). However, this has unwanted effects at higher renewable energy contributions. One example is electricity production from wind energy. In this case 1 GJ of electricity leads, by means of the substitution method, to approximately 2.5 GJ of avoided fossil energy. In the energy balance (and therefore in the TEU) however, the same electricity only equates to 1 GJ. By correcting the energy balance this difference can be accounted for. To date the difference has been small, as a result of which the modification has caused no problems. The correction is specifically applicable to the substitution method and therefore does not need be used in reports intended for Eurostat or the IEA. Dealing with advances in understanding This protocol uses the methodology of Statistics Netherlands (CBS) wherever possible. New insight and new data may make it necessary to change historical data, in order to keep the historical progression as consistent as possible. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

57 APPENDIX 2: FUEL EMISSIONS FACTORS This appendix is a copy of the Dutch fuels list and is intended for information purposes only. The most recent version must always be used for monitoring. This can be found at: Introduction For national monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions within the climate change framework (UNFCCC), and monitoring at company level for the benefit of the European CO 2 emissions trading, a national list of defined energy carriers and standard CO 2 emissions factors has been provided. This list starts with the IPCC list with default CO 2 emissions factors, but uses national values where the Dutch situation deviates. This list will be also used in the Netherlands for the environmental annual reports (e-mjv e-milieujaarverslag), because these are used for national monitoring. The Dutch list of energy carriers and standard CO 2 emissions factors (henceforth called the Dutch list ) is currently available in the form of: 1. A table with the name (in Dutch and English) of the energy carrier and corresponding standard energy content and CO 2 emissions factor; 2. A fact sheet per energy carrier, wherein the values are substantiated, corresponding names and possible specifications are presented, and an overview is given of codes used by organisations for that energy carrier. This document is intended for users of the Dutch list. It gives the basic assumptions for the list and gives indications for its various uses, such as the national monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, European CO 2 emissions trading, and in the e-mjv. The background to the list is also explained. The list, this document, and background documents for the establishment of specific Dutch values can be found at Basic assumptions for the Dutch lijst In compiling the Dutch list the following basic assumptions are made: 1. The list contains at least all energy carriers as stipulated in the IPCC guidelines (Revised 1996 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, henceforth the 1996 IPCC guidelines ), table 1-1 (in Chapter 1 of the Reference Manual, volume 3 of the 1996 IPCC guidelines) and their differentiation in the Workbook table 1-2 (in module 1 of the Workbook, volume 2 of the 1996 IPCC guidelines). The 1996 IPCC guidelines apply to the national monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of the UNFCCC. 2. The list contains at least all energy carriers as stipulated in European Commission Decision 2007/589/EC about the reporting of CO 2 emissions trading (...determining guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions... ), Appendix 1, Section The definitions of the energy carriers are linked to the definitions used by Statistics Netherlands for energy statistics. 4. In accordance with the 1996 IPCC guidelines and EC Decision 2007/589/EC as mentioned in 1. and 2., CO 2 emissions factors are stated to one decimal place. 5. The list starts with the standard CO 2 emissions factors in the 1996 IPCC guidelines and EC Decision 2007/589/EC, but specific Dutch standard values are stipulated for energy carriers where the Dutch situation differs, established from (documented) data. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

58 The Dutch list In 2002 an investigation into specific Dutch CO 2 emissions factors was carried out. From this it emerged that the Dutch situation deviates for a limited number of energy carriers, such that country-specific values must be stipulated. Specific values that could be updated already existed for some energy carriers (Emissions Registration, 2002), and for a limited number of others new current values were stipulated. For the following energy carriers a specific Dutch standard CO 2 emissions factor has been stipulated, or they refer to an energy carrier that does not appear in the 1996 IPCC guidelines or in EC Decision 2007/589/EC, but is added as an additional specification of one of the energy carriers therein: 1. Gasoline 2. Gas- and Diesel oil 3. LPG 4. Coking coal (coke ovens and blast furnaces) - (see explanation below) 5. (Other bituminous) coal 6. Coke Ovens/Gas Coke 7. Coke Oven Gas 8. Blast Furnace Gas 9. Oxy Gas 10. Phosphor Gas 11. Natural gas (see explanation below) With industrial gases, besides refinery gas, chemical waste gas has also been identified. For the IPCC main group other fuels only (non-biomass) waste is identified (see explanation below). Coking coal For coking coal the standard CO 2 emissions factor is also a weighted average: of coking coal used in coke ovens and in foundries. Natural gas In 2006 research into natural gas was carried out to find methodologies for establishing CO 2 emissions factors for natural gas (TNO, 2006). This has led to the advice to use a countryspecific factor from the base year 1990 (NL Agency, 2006). In a meeting of April the Dutch Emissions Registration steering group took the advice and produced an update of the fuel list ratified for the period From 2007 the CO 2 emissions factor for natural gas would be determined annually. In the Emissions Registration steering group meeting of April , it was confirmed that the emissions factor for natural gas would be given annually. This document (December 2009) follows this procedure and used the emissions factor for natural gas announced for Waste As from 2009 is fuel waste (non biomass) has been replaced by waste on the Dutch list. This refers to all waste incinerated in the Netherlands, thus including both household and other waste. Also as from 2009, the combustion value and the emissions factor are issued annually on the Dutch list. These values are not used as input for greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of the UNFCCC, but are the result of calculations (see Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol, 2006). In the e-mjv the values can be used for those companies that incinerate waste. This document (December 2009) gives the combustion values and emissions factors for waste issued in The waste that is incinerated is a mix of biomass and non-biomass waste. Therefore the percentage of biomass is mentioned for both the combustion value and the emissions factor. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

59 Biomass The list also contains biomass as a fuel with associated Dutch-specific CO 2 emissions factors. The emissions from biomass are reported separately (as a memo element) in the national monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of the UNFCCC, and do not count towards the national emissions figure. The emissions are not counted in European CO 2 emissions trading, because biomass uses an emissions factor of 0. Solid biomass uses the CO 2 emissions factor for wood, and liquid biomass uses that of palm oil 26). For gasified biomass the standard factor is a weighted average of three specified biogases, namely: 1. sewage water purification plant (SWP) biogas, 2. landfill gas 3. industrial digestion gas Combustion values The combuistion values correspond to the standard values Statistics Netherlands uses for the replaced energy carriers in its questionnaires for energy statistics. Table 2.B Dutch energy carriers and standard CO 2 emissions, December 2009 version Main group (Dutch) Main group (English) IPCC (supplementary) Unit Combustion value (MJ/unit) CO 2 EF (kg/gj) A. Liquid Fossil, Primary Fuels Ruwe aardolie Crude oil kg Orimulsion Orimulsion kg Aardgascondensaat Natural Gas Liquids kg Liquid Fossil, Secondary Fuels/ Products Motorbenzine Gasoline kg Kerosine luchtvaart Jet Kerosene kg Petroleum Other Kerosene kg Leisteenolie Shale oil kg Gas-/dieselolie Gas/ Diesel oil kg Zware stookolie Residual Fuel oil kg LPG LPG kg Ethaan Ethane kg Nafta's Naphtha kg Bitumen Bitumen kg Smeeroliën Lubricants kg Petroleumcokes Petroleum Coke kg Raffinaderij grondstoffen Refinery Feedstocks kg Raffinaderijgas Refinery Gas kg Chemisch restgas Chemical Waste Gas kg Overige oliën Other Oil kg B. Solid Fossil, Primary Fuels Antraciet Anthracite kg Cokeskolen Coking Coal kg Cokeskolen (cokeovens) Coking Coal (used in coke oven) kg Cokeskolen (basismetaal) Coking Coal (used in blast furnaces) kg ,8 (Overige bitumineuze) Other Bit.Coal kg steenkool Sub-bitumineuze kool Sub-bit. Coal kg ) In calculating the national transport emissions for biofuels, the combustion value and emissions factor for liquid biomass are not used. For further explanation, see: Klein et al, 2009 (including, among others, table 1.31) Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

60 Main group (Dutch) Main group (English) IPCC (supplementary) Unit Combustion value (MJ/unit) CO 2 EF (kg/gj) Bruinkool Lignite kg Bitumineuze Leisteen Oil Shale kg Turf Peat kg Solid Fossil, Secundary Fuels Steenkool- and BKB & Patent Fuel kg bruinkoolbriketten Cokesoven/ gascokes Coke Oven/Gas Coke kg Cokesovengas Coke Oven gas MJ Hoogovengas Blast Furnace Gas MJ Oxystaalovengas Oxy Gas MJ Fosforovengas Fosfor Gas Nm C. Gaseous Fossil Fuels Aardgas Natural Gas (dry) Nm 3 ae ) Koolmonoxide Carbon Monoxide Nm Methaan Methane Nm Waterstof Hydrogen Nm Biomass 28) Biomass vast Solid Biomass kg Biomass vloeibaar Liquid Biomass kg Biomass gasvormig Gas Biomass Nm RWZI biogas Wastewater biogas Nm Landfill gas Landfill gas Nm Industryel fermentatiegas Industrial organic waste gas Nm D Other fuels Waste 29) Waste kg ) 28) 29) The emissions factor for natural gas in this table (56.7 kg CO 2/GJ) applies to emissions calculations for 2007 (Zijlema, 2008) and 2008 (Zijlema, 2009). For the period the emissions factor remained unchanged (56.8 kg CO 2/GJ). In the future the emissions factor for natural gas will be updated annually. Biomass: the value of the CO 2 emissions factor is used as a memo item for climate change reports; for emissions trading and for the Kyoto Protocol, the value is 0. The percentage of biomass in the combustion value is 49%. The percentage of biomass in the CO 2 emissions factor is 63% (based on 2008). Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

61 APPENDIX 3: KEY FIGURES FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATION New layout for calculating renewable energy Determining the portion of renewable energy in municipal waste incineration plants is difficult due to the inhomogeneity of the fuel. One problem is the lack of a workable protocol for sampling and analysis of the extent of the inhomogeneity. However, since many years of research have already been carried out into the composition of waste in the Netherlands, the energy and carbon content, and the associated biomass fraction of waste streams burned in municipal waste incineration plants (MWIPs) can be determined from well-known data. From the biomass fraction, a fixed percentage of renewable energy for all MWIPs in the Netherlands can be calculated. Calculating the percentage of renewable energy from MWIPs happens in four steps, each of which is described here. The steps are summarised in table B3.1, which also shows from which sources the information for the different waste streams in each of the steps is taken. Table B3.1: Steps for calculating the renewable share in municipal waste incineration Step Description of step Household Other waste waste* 1 Amount per waste stream WAR WAR 2 Breakdown of components Sorting analyses Monitoring protocol 3 Amount of energy per component Monitoring protocol Monitoring protocol 4 Renewable energy share per component Monitoring protocol Monitoring protocol 5 Amount of energy from incinerated waste 6 Amount of renewable energy from incinerated waste 7 Renewable energy share * This refers to the portion of municipal waste (EURAL ) that comes from households For household and other waste the various steps will be discussed separately. Household waste Step 1 The Waste Registration Working Group (Werkgroep Afvalregistratie - WAR) reports annually on the quantities of incinerated household waste. This occurs in summer and covers the previous calendar year. In accordance with Eural code household waste only means household waste streams mixed with municipal waste. Step 2 The composition of household waste is stipulated by means of sorting analyses. To this end, a representative sample is taken annually from the domestic waste of 1,100 addresses in the Netherlands. This waste is sorted into components, and the totals are considered a reflection of the average composition of household waste in the Netherlands. This appears in the Composition of household waste reports, produced for different years by NL Agency. The published figures are a 3-year average. That means that for 2008, the average for 2007 is used, i.e. the average for the years 2006, 2007 and As the 3-year average for 2008 was not available at the moment the statistics were published, the sorting analyses is therefore 1 year behind the quantities reported. Table B3.2 shows how the components in the different studies compare with each other. The division of components in the sorting analyses is limited to household waste directly from households. Using post-separation, some components are removed from household waste. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

62 The relation of the portions of components will therefore change. If necessary, these postseparation activities will be taken into account (for example, plastic packaging) 30. The most recent data for 2004 are shown by component in table B3.3. The categories other combustible and non-combustible are not used; for combustible however it is possible to use the sum of textiles and residual waste, and for non-combustible, glass, metal, white and brown goods, masonry and small chemical waste ( KCA - e.g. batteries, cleaning products, etc). Organic waste is defined in the sorting analysis as garden and kitchen remains ( GFT ), plus an indefinable remainder. These aggregated figures are reflected in table B3.2. Step 3 The NCV (net calorific value, or energy content) of household waste is the sum of the fractions of the components multiplied by the NCV of each component. This is the average NCV of the Dutch household waste for a given year. Table B3.3 shows the NCV of the different components. It also shows the carbon fraction and the biomass carbon fraction of the component. Source: NL Agency Step 4 To find the total biomass NCV, the component share is first multiplied by the NCV of the component and the biomass share of the NCV. Then all the contributions of each component are added together. This is the part of the NCV that is attributable to biomass in Dutch household waste for a given year. Other waste Step 1 The Waste Registration Working Group (Werkgroep Afvalregistratie - WAR) reports annually on the quantities of incinerated waste. This occurs in year following the reporting year. Step 2 The various waste streams are divided into 6 standard materials for which data are known. The standard materials are: paper and carton, organic, wood, plastics, other, and noncombustible. The breakdown is shown in table B3.4. Step 3 The NCV per waste stream is the sum per waste stream of the fraction of each standard material multiplied by the NCV of each standard material. The NCV of the standard materials is shown in table B3.5. This is the average NCV of the waste stream. Step 4 The biomass NCV per waste stream is the sum per waste stream of the fraction of each standard material multiplied by the biomass NCV of each standard material. The biomass NCVs of the standard materials are shown in table B3.5. All waste Step 5 To obtain the total energy content, the NCV is multiplied by the amount of the waste stream, for each waste stream. These are then added together. The energy content of the household waste is hereby also taken into account. Step 6 For the total biomass energy content, the biomass NCV is multiplied by the amount of the waste stream, for each waste stream. These are added together. Step 7 30 This is calculated in consultation with the sector. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

63 From the relation between the renewable energy content of all waste together, and the total energy content of the waste (renewable + non-renewable) the percentage of renewable energy from incinerated waste can be calculated. The NCV of incinerated waste is then the total energy content of incinerated waste divided by the total mass of incinerated waste. Table B3.2: Conversion table between sorting analysis components and NCV list NCV Sorting analysis Components Components Vegetable, fruit and =Vegetable, fruit and garden waste garden waste total indefinable Indefinable waste =Indefinable waste Paper (excl. nappies) =Paper total - nappies Nappies =Nappies Plastics =Plastics total Glass =Glass total Ferrous =ferrous total Non-ferrous =non-ferrous total Textiles =textile Small chemical waste = Small chemical waste Wood =other wood Other, waste =other waste Other, EEA =other EEA Other, stony =other stony Non-combustible n/a Table B3.3: NCV list per component Sorting fractions NCV Moisture NCV biomass content (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) (weight%) Vegetable, fruit and garden waste Indefinable Paper (excl. nappies) Nappies Plastics Glass Ferrous Non-ferrous Textiles Small chemical waste Wood Other, waste Other, EEA Other, stony Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

64 Table B3.4: Division of standard materials per waste category combustible paper, carton wood organic plastics other Noncombustible b db Waste category Household waste household waste Annual via sorting analysis large waste 4% 28% 11% 16% 14% 27% Commercial waste Commercial waste 25% 4% 34% 12% 15% 10% Agricultural waste 100% Non-hazardous industrial waste, 25% 4% 34% 12% 15% 10% Non-hazardous hospital waste 100% 0% Post-separation waste materials separated waste Equal to household waste Other waste Tyres 30% 70% Building and demolition waste, other 8% 55% 0% 14% 23% 0% Cleaning services waste 9% 2% 80% 9% 0% 0% composting/digesting residues 60% 0% 0% 40% Non-hazardous MWIP residues 25% 4% 34% 12% 15% 10% Drinking water residues 64% 0% 0% 36% Shredder waste, total 35% 10% 20% 20% 7% 8% Sludge from communal SWPs 64% 0% 0% 35% Hazardous other waste Equal to household waste other waste or not specified, hazardous 100% 0% Hazardous MWIP residues 100% 0% Hazardous hospital waste 100% 0% Table B3.5: NCV of standard materials paper, carton Combustible Noncombustible wood organic plastics other NCV MJ/kg Value for biomass 100% 100% 100% 0% 50% 0% Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

65 APPENDIX 4: SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acronym or abbreviation MWIP SWP BAK CBS CE CEN COP CPB DEN DHW DTO-chemie EC ECN EEA ER EZ GFT LHW GO HT IEA KCA LT MJV NEH NEN NO x NP NTA REM Protocol PV RECS RED RIVM SPF SHC Statline TDU VA VROM WAR Windex Explanation Municipal waste incineration plant Sewage water purification plant Basisonderzoek Aardgasverbruik Kleinverbruikers (Investigation of Natural Gas Use of Private Consumers) Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Statistics Netherlands) Centrum voor Energiebesparing (Centre for Energy Saving) European Committee for Standardisation Coefficient of performance, the relation between useful heat and energy consumption for specified business conditions Centraal Planbureau (Central Planning Office) Duurzame Energie Nederland (Renewable Energy Netherlands), a programme of NL Agency Domestic hot water Duurzame Technologische Ontwikkeling (Renewable Technology Devlopment) European Commission Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands Electrical and electronic appliances Emissions Registration (Minsterie van) Economische Zaken (Ministry of Economic Affairs) Groente-, fruit- en tuinafval (Vegetable, fruit and garden waste) Largw household waste Guarantee of Origin High temperature International Energy Agency Klein Chemisch Afval (Small chemical waste, e.g. batteries, etc) Low temperature Milieujaarverslag (Environmental annual report) Nederlandse Energiehuishouding (Netherlands Energy Housekeeping) Nederlandse Normalisatie instituut (Dutch Standardisation institute) Generic name for oxides of nitrogen Non-process-related waste Nederlandse Technische Afspraken (Dutch Technical Agreements) Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol Photovoltaic Renewable Energy Certificate System Renewable Energy Directive Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) Seasonal Performance Factor, relation useful useful heat and energy used during heating and cooling seasons Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (IEA) Online data bank of Statistics Netherlands Total domestic usage Vereniging Afvalbedrijven (Association of Waste Companies) (Ministerie van) Volksgezondheid, Ruimtelijke Ordening and Milieu (Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment) Werkgroep Afval Registratie (Waste Registration Working Group) Wind index Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

66 List of Symbols Symbol Name Unit ß quality factor - ß cold ß heat Usable factor cooling/heating - ε (avoided) emissions kg CO 2 ε net avoided CO 2 emissions kg CO 2 η (conversion) efficiency - η e,a electrical conversion efficiency, at - production (based on exergy); η e,b electrical conversion efficiency, delivered - to end user (based on exergy); η ref efficiency reference technology - θ cold θ heat Ground water fraction w.r.t. cooling/heating A collector surface area m 2 A key key figure natural gas saving per unit m 3 (standard cubic metre gas) A supp Natural gas use as supplementary MJ/year energy A tot total biogas production MJ/yr (or m 3 /yr) A net net biogas production MJ/yr (or m 3 /yr) B Fuel content ton B e energy content fuel (total fuel content) MJ c specific heat water KJ/kg.ºC C Installed capacity MW C in constant for calculating contribution of solar thermal energy COP Coefficient of performance D Debit m 3 /year Dz Installed capacity kw E energy(production), as electricity, heat KWh or GJ or fuel E be contribution of renewable to energy GJ gross end use E e generated electricity GWh E N(norm) Standardised electricity in year N GWh E prim saving in primary energy GJ E prim,sts saving in primary energy per solar GJ thermal energy system E key key figure electricity consumption per KWh unit E key, cold Key figure avoided primary energy MJ/m 3 consumption for cold application in the case of ground-source energy E key, heat Key figure avoided primary energy MJ/m 3 consumption in the case of groundsource energy e emissions factor kg CO 2 /GJ prim e elecco2 average emissions factor for electricity kg CO 2 /GJ prim power stations e elecco2end emissions factor for electricity delivered kg CO 2 /kwh e to the end user e elecco2prod emissions factor for electricity on the kg CO 2 /kwh e production side e gasco2 emissions factor for the burning of natural gas kg CO 2 /GJ prim Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

67 E coalco emissions factor for the burning of coal kg CO 2 /GJ prim f Loss factor F Fossil fuel content MJ G Solar radiation MJ/m 2 h renewable percentage of waste % m Mass water flow Kg/hr NCV net calorific value (combustion value) GJ/ton P Capacity - S Substitution factor biomass - SPF h SPF w Seasonal performance factor space - heating / DHW T h Temperature hot source ºC T c Temperature cold source ºC Q Heat production GJ/year Q key key figure heat production per unit MJ Q in Required electrical capacity heat pumps MJ/yr Q hp,h Heat delivered by a heat pump for space GJ/year heating Q hp,w Heat delivered by a heat pump for DHW GJ/year V Full-load hours hour V h V w Full-load hours space heating/dhw hour V total Annual groundwater flow = flow for m 3 /year heating per year + flow for cooling per year STS Number of solar thermal systems - Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

68

69 FACT SHEETS Introduction This document outlines, by renewable energy technology, how the associated energy contribution is calculated, according to the methodology in the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol (2010 version). The aim of these fact sheets is, by way of examples, to improve the understanding of the methodology of the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol, which forms the basis of the monitoring of renewable energy developments in the Netherlands. They can also be used as a first indication of the yield of renewable energy projects. It must be noted however, that the fact sheets assume certain standard situations (year, project time, etc.). The calculations in these fact sheets have been made for 2008, because all data are available for this year. When determining the actual contribution, the most current data available must be used. The methodologies shown in the protocol and in these fact sheets can be also used for future calculations. In such cases a number of key figures must be adopted (such as the national average efficiency of electrical power stations). When making calculations for specific renewable energy projects, always check first whether the main assumptions apply. If this is not the case, then calculations must be adapted to the specific circumstances. NL Agency tries to perform all its calculations for present and future renewable energy monitoring according to the present protocol and the fact sheets. It expects that this protocol will become a reference for others in the Netherlands involved with renewable energy calculations. If calculations deviate from the key figures laid down in this protocol, then it must be explicitly noted that they were not carried it out in accordance with the protocol. The table below gives the basic assumptions for the calculations in the fact sheets. Table F1 Basic assumptions used in fact sheet calculations (Monitoring) name: abbreviation assumption: reference year 2008 efficiency of electricity power stations - mix at production η e,a 42.7% - mix - delivered to end user η e,b : 40.8 % CO 2 emissions factor - electricity power stations, avg. e elecco kg CO 2 /GJ prim - burning natural gas e gasco kg CO 2 /GJ prim - burning coal E coalco kg CO 2 /GJ prim - electricity production E elecco2prod kg CO 2 /kwh e - electricity delivered to end user E elecco2end kg CO 2 /kwh e Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

70 hydropower abbreviation units and formulas installed capacity C In MW key figure full-load hours V 2,700 h/yr electricity production in year i E ei in GWh via measurement (monitoring): or E ei = C*V via calculation (future project) MWh/yr = installed capacity (MW) * key figure fullload hours (h/yr) reference year N standardised electricity in year N E N(norm) =3.6*, C N * N Ee i / 15 i= N 14 Ci in GWh 3.6 *installed capacity (MW) * standardisation factor (GWh/MW) (the average of 15 years generated electricity in year i GWh)/ installed capacity in year i MW) efficiency of electricity power stations (mix, at production) A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided primary energy in 2008 avoided CO 2 emission avoided CO 2 emissions in 2008 η e,a E prim = E N(norm) *3.6/ η e,a avoided primary energy (TJ prim /yr) = standardised electricity production (GWh) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix-at production) E prim (TJ prim /yr) = E N(norm) (GWh/yr) * 3.6 (TJ/GWh) / ε net =E prim * e elecco2 avoided CO2 emissions (kg CO2/yr) = E prim (GJ prim /yr) * CO 2 emissions factor electricity power station (kg CO 2 /GJ prim ) ε net (kg CO 2 /yr) = E prim (GJ prim /yr) * 68,9 (kg CO 2 /GJ prim ) A. Example for C 2008 = C 2007 to C 1990 E e1994 E e1995 E e1996 E e1997 E e1998 E e1999 E e2000 E e2001 E e2002 E e2003 E e2004 E e2005 E e2006 E e2007 E e MW 100 GWh 88 GWh 80 GWh 92 GWh 112 GWh 90 GWh 142 GWh 117 GWh 110 GWh 72 GWh 95 GWh 88 GWh 105 GWh 107 GWh 102 GWh Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

71 E 2008(norm) = 37 MW * GWh/MW /15 =100 GWh, C N * N Ee i / 15 i= N 14 Ci renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy E prim = 3.6*E N(norm) / η e,a 3.6 TJ/GWh * 100 GWh* / = 843 TJ avoided CO 2 emissions ε net =E prim * e elecco2 843*10 3 GJ* 68.9 kg CO 2 /GJ = 58,088,993 kg CO 2 = 58 kton CO 2 /yr B. EU renewable energy directive renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use gross end use in 2008 B. Example for 2008 E be = 3.6E N(norm) =3.6*, C N * N Ee i / 15 i= N 14 Ci N E N(norm) E ei C i gross end use (TJ) = 3.6 * standardised electricity (GWh) = 3.6 *installed capacity (MW) * standardisation factor (GWh/MW) (average of 15 years generated electricity in year i GWh)/ installed capacity in year i MW) reference year standardised electricity in year N in GWh electricity production in year i in GWh total installed capacity in MW E be 3.6* 37MW *40.54 GWh/MW / 15 =360 TJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

72 Wind energy Abbreviation units and formulas installed capacity in year C j MW i key figure full-load hours V Onshore: 2,200 h/yr Offshore: 3,650 h/yr electricity production in year i E ei or E ei = C j *V in GWh via measurement (monitoring): via calculation (future project) MWh/yr = installed capacity (MW) * key figure full-load hours (h/yr) reference year N standardised electricity E N(norm) = in GWh = in year N average installed capacity over 2 years (MW) * sum of 5 years generated electricity (GWh) / average of 5 years installed capacity (MW) C N + C J = N n e, i N 1 i= N n * 2 N j 1 N E C j + C 2 Efficiency of electricity power stations (mix, at production) A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided primary energy in 2008 avoided CO 2 emissions avoided CO 2 emissions in 2008 N η e,a E prim = E N(norm) *3.6 / η e,a ε net = E prim * e elecco2 4, or the number of years preceding the year N for which capacity and production data are available, if that number is lower standardised electricity production (GWh) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix, at production) E prim (TJ prim /yr) = E N(norm) (GWh/yr) * 3.6 (TJ/GWh) / E prim (GJ prim /yr) * CO 2 emissions factor for electricity power stations (kg CO 2 /GJ prim ) kg CO 2 /yr) = E prim (GJ prim /yr) * 68.9 (kg CO 2 /GJ prim ) Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

73 Example A for 2008 renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy C 2003 C 2004 C 2005 C 2006 C 2007 C 2008 E e2004 E e2005 E e2006 E e2007 E e MW 1073 MW 1224 MW 1558 MW 1748 MW 2121 MW 1867 GWh 2067 GWh 2733 GWh 3438 GWh 4256 GWh E N(norm) 1934,5 (MW) *14361 (GWh) / MW = 3904 GWh E prim = E N(norm) *3.6 / η e,a 3904 GWh* 3.6 TJ/MWh / = 32,913 TJ/yr avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E prim * e elecco2 32,913*10 3 GJ/yr* 68.9 kg CO 2 /GJ = 2,268 kton CO 2 /yr B. EU renewable energy directive renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use gross end use in 2008 B. Example for 2008 E be = 3.6E N(norm) = 3.6 * C N N E N(norm) E ei C j n + C J = N n e, i N 1 i= N n * 2 N j 1 N E C j + C 2 Gross end use (TJ) = 3.6 * Standardised electricity in year N (GWh) = 3.6 * average installed capacity over 2 years (MW) * sum of 5 years generated electricity (GWh) / average of 5 years installed capacity (MW) reference year Standardised electricity in year N (GWh) Electricity production in year i in (GWh) Total installed capacity (MW) 4, or the number of years preceding the year N for which capacity and production data are available, if that number is lower E N(norm) (MW) *14361 (GWh) / MW = 3904 GWh E be 3.6 (TJ/GWh)*3904 (GWh) = 14,053 TJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

74 Photovoltaic solar energy abbreviation units and formulas installed capacity C KW p key figure full-load hours: V - grid-linked systems h/yr - stand-alone systems h/yr electricity production A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy E e or E e =C*V E prim = E e *3.6 / η e,b measurement (monitoring): in kwh/yr calculation : installed capacity (kw p ) * key figure full-load hours (h/yr) electricity production (kwh) * conversion factor (MJ/kWh) / electrical conversion efficiency, delivered to end user avoided primary energy in 2008 avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E e * E elecco2end of E prim * E elecco2 E prim (MJ prim /yr) = E e (kwh/yr) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) / E e (kwh/yr) * CO 2 emissions factor for electricity at end user (kg CO 2 /kwh e ) ε net (kg CO 2 /yr) = E e (kwh/yr) *0.608 kg/kwh e avoided CO 2 emissions in 2008 A. Example for project in 2008 installed capacity C 1 kw full-load hours V 700 h/yr electricity production E e = C*V 1 kw *700 h/yr = 700 kwh/yr renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy E prim = E e *3.6 / η e,b avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E e * E elecco2end 700 kwh/yr* 3.6 MJ/kWh / = 6,176 MJ/yr = 6.2 GJ/yr 6.2 GJ/yr * 68.9 kg CO 2 /GJprim=426 kg 700 kwh *0.608 = 426 kg CO 2 B EU renewable energy directive renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use E be = E e *3.6 electricity production (kwh) * conversion factor (MJ/kWh) gross end use in 2008 B. Example for project in 2008 renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use E be = E e *3.6 E be (MJ be /yr) = E e (kwh/yr) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) 700 kwh/yr * 3.6 MJ/kWh = 2.52 GJ/yr 31 The calculation method for grid-linked and stand-alone systems is the same, except for the number of fullload hours. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

75 solar thermal energy systems: a) solar thermal systems (STS) number of STS key figure natural gas saving per STS key figure in 2008 key figure for electricity consumption per STS in 2008 A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution per STS in avoided primary energy in 2008 total renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy abbreviation units and formulas STS A key - average 45% of the heat demand for DHW in households m 3 natural gas per STS per year see table E key 31.2 kwh/appliance/year, see table E prim,sts = A key * E key * 3.6 / η e,b avoided CO 2 emissions per STS ε net = [A key * * e gasco2 ] - [E key * e elecco2end ] A. Example for project in 2008 number of solar thermal systems key figure natural gas saving per STS key figure electricity consumption per STS renewable energy contribution per STS in avoided primary energy. net avoided CO 2 emissions per STS key figure for natural gas saving per unit capacity (m 3 /STS/yr) * net calorific value natural gas (MJ prim /m 3 ) key figure internal electricity consumption (kwh) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) / electrical converison efficiency delivered to end user. E prim,sts (MJ prim /yr) = 165 (m 3 /STS/yr) * (MJ prim /m 3 ) (31.2 (kwh) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) / 0.408) = 4,947 MJ E prim =STS* E prim,sts number of solar thermal systems (#) * renewable energy contribution per STS (MJ prim /yr) STS 1 A key E key E prim,sts = A key *31.65 E key * 3.6 / η e,b ε net =[A key * 31.65* e gasco2 ] - [E key *e elecco2end ] ε net (g CO 2 /yr) = [A key (MJ prim /yr) * (MJ/m 3 natural gas) * CO 2 emissions for natural gas burning (g CO 2 /MJ prim )] - [E key (kwh) * CO 2 emissions from electricity power station at end user (kg CO 2 /kwh e ] 165 m 3 /yr 31.2 kwh/yr 1 STS * 165 (m 3 /STS/yr) * (MJ prim /m 3 ) 31.2 (kwh) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) / = 4,947 MJ = 4.9 GJ [165 m 3 /year * MJ/ m 3 * 56.7 g CO 2 /MJ] [31.2 kwh * 608 g CO 2 /kwh e = 277 kg CO 2 /yr B. EU renewable energy directive constant C in 0.38, see table collector surface area A m 2 optimal solar radiation G 4.28 GJ/ m 2 renewable energy contribution in gross end use B. Example for project in 2008 E be = C in * A * G Constant * collector surface area (m 2 )* optimal radiation (GJ/ m 2 ) A 1 m 2 E be = C in * A*G 0.38 * 1 * 4.28 = 1.63 GJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

76 actieve solar thermal systems: abbreviation units and formulas b) other systems installed collector surface area A m 2 key figure, heat production per unit Q key MJ/m 2 /yr, see table 4.3.3: capacity heat production Q = A* Q key collector surface area (m 2 ) * key figure, heat production per unit capacity (MJ/m 2 /yr) heat production, expressed in avoided primary energy A. Substitution method internal energy consumption solar thermal energy system (input), expressed in primary energy renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy Q prim = Q / η ref E prim,in,stes = A * E key * 3,6 / η e,b : E prim = Q prim - E prim,in,stes heat production (MJ/yr) / generation efficiency of reference technology (see table 4.3.5) Q prim (MJ prim /yr) = Q (MJ/yr) / η ref Collector surface area (m 2 ) * key figure electricity consumption per unit capacity (kwh/m 2 /yr) * conversion factor (MJ/kWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix delivered to end user) natural gas saving (MJ prim /yr) - internal energy consumption of solar thermal energy system (MJ prim /yr) avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = Q prim * e gasco2 ] - [E prim,in,stes * e elecco2 ] only the net energy saving is considered, i.e. the internal energy consumption of the solar thermal energy system according to the reference methodology is calculated as primary energy carriers used and subtracted from the primary heat production. (g CO 2 /yr) = [heat production, prim. (MJ prim /yr) * CO 2 emissions from natural gas burning (g CO 2 /MJ prim )] - [internal energy consumption (MJ prim /yr) * CO 2 emissions from electricity power station (g CO 2 /MJ prim )] A. Example for project in 2008 installed capacity A 100 m 2 uncovered system key figure, heat production per unit Q key 900 MJ/m 2 /yr capacity key figure, electricity consumption per E key 5 kwh/m 2 /yr unit capacity heat production Q = A* Q key 100 m 2 * 900 MJ/m 2 /yr = 90 GJ/yr heat production, expressed in avoided primary energy internal energy consumption solar thermal energy system (input), expressed in primary energy Q prim = Q /η ref E prim,in,stes = A * E key * 3.6 / η e,b : 90 GJ/yr / 0.90 = 100 GJ/yr 100 m 2 * 5 kwh/m 2 /yr * 3.6 MJ/kWh / = 4.4 GJ/yr Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

77 renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy E prim = Q prim - E prim,in,stes = 96 GJ/yr net avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = [Q prim * e gasco2 ] - [E prim,in,stes * e elecco2 ] [100 GJ/yr * 56.1 kg CO 2 /GJ] - [4.3 GJ/yr * 68.9 kg CO 2 /GJ] = 5314 kg CO 2 /yr = 5.3 ton CO 2 /yr B EU renewable energy directive constant C in 0.29, see table collector surface area A m 2 optimal solar radiation G 4.28 GJ/ m 2 total renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use B. Example for project in 2008 E be = C in *A *G A E be = C in *A* G Constant * collector surface area (m 2 )* optimal radiation (GJ/ m 2 ) 100 m 2 uncovered system 0.29 * 100 * 4.28 = GJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

78 Geothermal abbreviatio n units and formulas capacity P kw th Key figure, full-load hours V h 5,000 h/yr Mass water flow m kg/hr Specific heat water c kj/kg.ºc Temperature hot source T h ºC (ground level) Temperature cold source T c ºC (ground level) Heat production (MJ/yr) Q g =m*c* (T h -T c )*V h of Q g =P*V h *3.6 mass water flow (kg/hr) *specific heat (kj/kg.ºc)*temperature difference.(ºc)*key figure, full-load hours (h/yr) Capacity (kw th ) *key figure full-load hours (h/yr) *3.6 MJ/kW Electrical capacity required for pumps A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided primary energy in 2008 avoided CO 2 emissions Q in =Q g / cop E prim =Q g -Q in /η e,b : /η ref ε net = E prim *e gasco2 Heat production (MJ/yr) / coefficient of performance. heat production (GJ/yr) / generating efficiency of reference technology internal energy consumption of pumps (GJ/yr) / electrical conversion efficiency delivered to end user E prim (GJ prim /yr ) = Q g / 0.9 (Q g /COP)/0.408 E prim (GJ prim /yr) * CO 2 emissions factor, natural gas burning (kg CO 2 /GJ prim ) avoided CO 2 emissions in 2008 A. Example project in 2008 P COP Q g = P*V h *3.6 renewable energy E prim = contribution expressed in Q g / η ref - Q in avoided primary energy / η e,b : avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E prim *e gasco2 B EU renewable energy directive renewable energy E be = Q g = contribution in gross end m*c*(t w -T k ) use *V (kg CO 2 /yr) = E prim (GJ prim /yr) *56.1 (kg CO 2 /GJ prim ) 5.5 kw th 30 MJ/MJ 5.5 (kw th )* 5000 (hr/yr) *3.6 (MJ /kw) = 99,000 MJ 99 (GJ) / 0.9 [99 (GJ) / 30] / = GJ GJ* 56.1 kg CO 2 /GJ = 5,740 kg CO 2 = 5.7 ton CO 2 Heat production (MJ/yr) B. Example project in 2008 renewable energy contribution in gross end use or Q g =P*V h *3.6 E be = Q g = P*V h * (kw th )* 5000 (hr/yr) *3.6 (MJ /kw) = 99,000 MJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

79 ground-source energy abbreviation units and formulas open system HCS without heat pump ground-source energy Ground-source cold + Groundsource heat Usage factor cold and heat β cold, β heat See table groundwater fraction w.r.t. θ cold, θ heat cold and heat supply Specific heat water c 4.2 MJ/m 3 total groundwater flow for cold and heat supply V total measurement (monitoring) [m 3 /yr] temperature difference T ºC, see table A. Substitution method key figure, primary energy E key,cold MJ/m 3, see table saving per m³ groundwater Cold production E cold = β cold * θ cold * V total * E key,cold Usage factor * groundwater fraction * groundwater amount * key figure, primary energy saving per m³ groundwater heat production HCS (without heat pump) renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy: E heat = β heat *θ heat * V total * E key,heat E prim, = E cold + E heat avoided CO 2 emissions: ε net = E cold *e elecco2 + E heat *e gasco2 kg CO 2 A. Example: Utility system without heat pump V total 100,000 m 3 Usage factor * groundwater fraction * groundwater amount * key figure primary energy saving per m³ groundwater MJ β cold 1 (table 4.6.2) β heat 0.3 (table 4.6.2) θ cold = θ heat 0.5 E key,-cold 9.3 MJ/m3(table 4.6.2) E key,-heat 23 MJ/m3(table 4.6.2) primary energy saving E prim, = E cold + E heat = β cold * θ cold *V total * E key,cold + β heat *θ heat *V total * E key,heat 1*0.5*100,000* *0.5*100,000*23 = 465 GJ GJ = 810 GJ avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E cold *e elecco (GJ) * 68.9 (kg/gj) + E heat *e gasco2 345 (GJ)* 56.7 (kg/gj) = 51.6 ton B. EU renewable energy directive Cold production Heat production HCS (without heat pump) renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use Not recorded E heat = β heat * θ heat * V total * c * T E be = E heat Usage factor * groundwater fraction *specific heat * groundwater amount * temperature difference MJ B. Example : Utility system without heat pump c 4.2 MJ/m 3 T heat 5.7ºC (table 4.6.2) E be = β heat * θ heat * V total * c * T 0.3*0.5*100,000*4.2*5.7 = 359 GJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

80 ground-source energy open system with heat pump abbreviation ground-source energy Ground-source cold + groundsource heat units and formulas A. Substitution method Ground-source cold usage factor β cold See table groundwater fraction used θ cold for of cooling total groundwater flow for cold and heat supply V total measurement (monitoring) [m 3 ] key figure, primary E key MJ/m 3, see table energy saving per m³ groundwater Cold production E cold = β cold * θ cold * V total * E key,cold Usage factor * groundwater fraction * groundwater amount * key figure, primary energy saving per m³ groundwater avoided CO 2 emissions: ε net = E cold *e elecco2 kg CO 2 Ground-source heat with heat pump capacity P kw th (output thermal capacity) Full-load hours space heating or DHW production heat production - space heating and DHW electrical capacity required renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy for space heating renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy for DHW avoided CO 2 emissions for space heating V h V w Q hp,h = P * V h * 3.6 Q hp,w = P * V w * 3.6 Q in,h = Q hp,h / SPF h Q in,w = Q hp,w / SPF w E prim,h = Q hp,h /η ref Q in,h / η e,b : E prim,w = Q hp,w /η ref Q in,w / η e,b : Q in,w =Q hp,w /SPF w ε net = [e gasco2 * Q hp,h / η ref ] - [e elecco2 * Q in,h / η e,b : h/yr, measured or key figure depending on heat pump type for application, space heating or DHW production, see table output thermal capacity (kw) * full-load hours (h/yr) * conversion factor (MJ/kWh) delivered thermal capacity (MJ) / seasonal performance coefficient, measured or from table E prim (MJ prim /yr) = heat production (output, MJ prim /yr) / efficiency ref. system internal energy consumption heat pump (input, MJ/yr) / (electrical conversion efficiency, delivered to end user). E prim,t (MJ prim /yr) = delivered heat (GJ) / efficiency ref. How water system required electrical energy (MJ/year)/ (electrical conversion efficiency delivered to end user) ε net (g CO 2 /yr) = [CO 2 emissions. reference Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

81 for DHW ε net = [e gasco2 * Q hp,w / η ref ] - [e elecco2 * Q in,w / η e,b : technology (g CO 2 /MJ prim ) * energy delivered by heat pump (MJ) / efficiency ref. system] - [CO 2 emissions electricity (g CO 2 /MJ prim ) * required capacity (MJ) / efficiency of electricity] {This formula refers to an electrical heat pump. For gas absorption η e,b := 1, and gas must also be taken into account for the emissions.} A. Example: Utility system with heat pump for space heating (water-water >12KW (year 2008) Ground-source cold V total 100,000 m 3 β cold 1 (table 4.6.2) β heat 0.3 (table 4.6.2) θ cold 0.5 E key,cold 8.4 MJ/m3 (table 4.6.2) Cold production E cold = β cold * θ cold * V total * E key,cold 1*0.5*100,000* 8.4 = 420,000 MJ avoided CO 2 emissions ε net,cold = E cold *e elecco2 / ,000 (MJ) * 68.9 (kg/gj) / 1000 = kg 28.9 ton CO2 Ground-source heat Heat pump for space P 130 kw heating full-load hours and SPF V h ; SPF h number of full-load hours = 1,100 SPF h = 4.3 (from table ) heat production Q hp,h = P * V r * kw * 1,100 h * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) = 515 GJ electrical energy required for heat pump Q in,h = Q hp,h / SPF h 515 GJ / 4.3 = 120 GJ per year renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy for space heating E prim,h = Q hp,h / η ref Q in,h / η e,b : 515 GJ / GJ / = 248 GJ per year avoided CO 2 emissions ε net,heat = [e gasco2 * Q hp,h / η ref ] - [e elecco2 * Q in,h / η e,b : [56.7 kg CO2/ GJ * 515 GJ / 0.95] [68.9 kg CO 2 /GJ *120 GJ / ] = 10,470 kg CO ton CO2 Total avoided primary energy Total avoided CO 2 emissions E prim,cold + E prim,h 420 GJ GJ= 668 GJ ε net,cold + ε net,heat 28,938 kg + 10,470 kg = 39,408 kg 39.4 ton CO2 B EU renewable energy directive Ground-source cold Not recorded Ground-source heat with heat pump capacity P kw th (output thermal capacity) Full-load hours space heating or DHW V h V w h/yr, measured or key figure depending on heat pump type Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

82 heat production space heating Q hp,h = P * V h * 3,6 for application, space heating or DHW production, see table output thermal capacity (kw) * full-load hours (h/yr) * conversion factor (MJ/kWh) heat production DHW Q hp,w Fixed key figure see table Seasonal performance SPF See table factor gross end use E be,h = Q hp,h * (1-1/SPF) E be,w = Q hp,w * (1-1/SPF) MJ B. Example: Utility system with heat pump for space heating (water-water >12KW (2008) Ground-source heat P 130 kw V h number of full-load hours = 1,100 (table 4.6.3) Q hp,h = P * V h * kw * 1,100 h * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) = 515 GJ SPF 4.3 E be,h = Q hp,h * (1-1/SPF) 395 GJ Total gross end use E be,h 395 GJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

83 BIO-ENERGY combustion abbreviation units and formulas capacity C th C el thermal capacity in MW th and/or electrical capacity in MW e net heat production Q net TJ/yr net electricity production E net GWh/yr (delivered electricity) Gross heat production 32 Q gross TJ/yr ( Q net + Q process ) Gross electricity production E gross GWh/yr (produced electricity) Fuel input B TJ/yr energy Internal use process heat Q process TJ/year A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided primary energy in 2008 avoided CO 2 emissions E prim = [Q net / η ref ] + [E net * 3.6/ η e,a ] ε net = [[Q net / η ref ] * e reftechco2 ] + [E net * 3.6/ η e,a ] * e elecco2 ] [net heat production (TJ/yr) / efficiency of reference technology] + [net electricity saving (GWh) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix at production)] E prim (TJ prim /yr) = [W (TJ/yr) / 0.90] + [E (GWh/yr) * 3.6 (TJ/GWh) / 0.427] [[net heat production (MJ/yr) / efficiency of reference technology] * CO 2 emissions factor for reference technology (g CO 2 /MJ prim )] + [[net electricity production (kwh/yr) * CO 2 emissions factor from electricity power stations (ton CO 2 /MWh)] avoided CO 2 emissions in 2008 ε net (g CO 2 /yr) =[[Q net (MJ/yr) / 0.9] * E reftechco2 (g CO 2 /MJ prim )] + [[E(kWh/yr)* (kg CO 2 /kwh)] A. Example for 2008 Net heat production Q net 200 TJ Net electricity production E net 150 GWh renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided CO 2 emissions B EU renewable energy directive renewable energy contribution in gross end use. In the case of delivery of only heat or electricity E prim = [Q net / η ref ] + [E net * 3.6 / η e,a ] ε net = ([Q net / η ref ]* e reftechco2 ) + ([E net / η e,a ] * e elecco2 ) E be = Q gross E be = E gross 200 TJ /0.9 + (150 GWh *3.6 TJ/GWh/ 0.427) = 1487 TJ 200 TJ / 0.9 * 56.7 ton CO 2 /TJ + (150 GWh * 581 ton CO 2 /GWh) = 100 kton CO 2 Heat production (TJ/yr) Electricity production (TJ/yr) 32 The term process is broadly defined here, i.e. all usefully applied heat that is not sold. This may also be another process at the same installation. It is important that the useful heat is used, but not sold, otherwise it falls under Q net. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

84 In the case of cogeneration E be = E gross * Q net + [B * Q process /( Q net + Q process + E gross )] B. Example for cogeneration Net heat production Q net 200 TJ Gross heat production Q gross 220 TJ Internal heat consumption Q process 20 TJ Gross electricity production E gross 180 GWh Fuel energy content B 2000 TJ Gross end use (TJ/yr) = Gross electricity production (GWh) * 3.6 TJ/GWh + Net heat production (TJ) [Fuel input (TJ) * process heat (TJ) / (net heat production (TJ) + process heat (TJ) + electricity production (GWh) * 3.6 GWh/TJ)] Gross End use E be = 180 GWh * TJ + [2000 TJ * 20 TJ / (200 TJ + 20 TJ GWh * 3.6) = 894 TJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

85 BIO-ENERGY combustion abbreviation units and formulas municipal waste incineration plants (MWIPs) heat production Q TJ/yr net electricity production E net GWh/yr gross electricity production E gross GWh/yr renewable share/renewable h % (2008 value, 49%) energy Use of fossil fuel as A supp TJ/yr this is mainly gas consumption. supplementary energy. Gas consumption is primarily needed to achieve sufficiently clean emissions. Energy content waste (fuel) B TJ/yr A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided primary energy in 2008 avoided CO 2 emissions from renewable energy production avoided CO 2 emissions from renewable energy production in 2008 E prim = ( [Q / η ref ] + [E net *3.6/ η e,a ] ) * B/(B+A supp) * h ε net = [[Q / η ref ] * e reftechco2 ] + [E H * e elecco2 ] * B/(B+A supp ) * h [heat production (TJ/yr) / efficiency reference technology] + [net electricity production (GWh/yr) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix at production)] * Fuel (TJ) / (Fuel (TJ) + supplementary energy (TJ) ) * renewable share (%) E prim = ( [q net / 0.9 ] + [E net / 0.427] ) * B/(B+A supp ) * 49% [[ heat production (TJ/yr) / efficiency reference technology] * CO 2 emissions factor reference technology (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )] + [[net electricity production (GWh/yr) * CO 2 emissions factor electricity power station (ton CO 2 /kwh prim )] * Fuel (TJ) / (Fuel (TJ) + supplementary energy (TJ) ) * renewable share (%) ε net (ton CO 2 /yr) =[[W (TJ/yr) / 0.9] * 56.7 (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )] + [[E H (GWh/yr)] * 581 (ton CO 2 /GWh prim )] * B/(B+A supp ) * 49% A. example MWIP with 2008 data energy content waste B 5000 TJ Use of fossil fuel as A supp 100 TJ/yr supplementary energy. net heat production Q net 320 TJ/yr net electricity production E net 400 GWh/yr percentage renewable P 49% renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy E prim = [Q / η ref ] + [E H *3.6/ η e,a ] * B/(B+A supp ) * h [(320 TJ/yr / 0.90) + (400 GWh/yr * 3.6 TJ/GWh / 0.427)] * (5000 TJ /(5000 TJ+100 TJ) *49% = 1791 TJ avoided CO 2 emissions from ε net = [[Q/ η ref [[ 320TJ /0.90] * 56.7 (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )]+ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

86 renewable energy production ] * e reftechco2 ] + [[E net * e elecco2 ] * B/(B+A supp ) * h B EU renewable energy directive renewable energy contribution in gross end use E be = ( [Q + [E gross *3.6 ) * B/(B+A supp ) * h [400 GWh * 581 (ton CO 2 /GWh)]] * 5000 TJ /(5000 TJ+100 TJ) *49% = kton CO 2 (heat production (TJ/yr) + gross electricity production (GWh/yr) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh)) * fuel (TJ) / (fuel (TJ) + supplementary energy (TJ) ) * renewable share (%) B. example MWIP with data 2008 energy content waste B 5000 TJ use of fossil fuel as A supp 100 TJ/yr supplementary energy. heat production Q 320 TJ/yr net electricity production E gross 440 GWh/yr percentage renewable P 49% renewable energy contribution in gross end use E prim = [Q + [E gross *3.6* B/(B+A supp ) * h (320 TJ/yr + (440 GWh/yr * 3.6 TJ/GWh ))* (5000 TJ /(5000 TJ+100 TJ) *49% = 915 TJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

87 BIO-ENERGY abbreviation units and formulas small-scale burning Net calorific value wood NCV MJ/kg Fuel input / wood use B kg Boiler efficiency η boiler - A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution E prim = B * Wood use (kg) * Net calorific value wood expressed in avoided primary energy NCV * η boiler / η ref (MJ/kg) * boiler efficiency (%)/ reference efficiency heat (%) avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E prim * e gasco2 E prim (GJ prim /yr) * CO 2 emissions factor for natural gas burning (kg CO 2 /GJ prim ) avoided CO 2 emissions in 2008 K (kg CO 2 /yr) = E prim (GJ prim /yr) *56.7 (kg CO 2 /GJ prim ) A. Example project for 2008 net calorific value wood NCV 15.1 MJ/kg Wood use B 900 kg (built-in stove) Boiler efficiency Η boiler 50% (built-in stove) renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E prim * e gasco2 B EU renewable energy directive renewable energy contribution in E be = B * NCV gross end use B. Example project for 2008 renewable energy contribution in E be = gross end use E prim = 900 kg * 15.1 MJ/kg * 50% / 90% = 7.6 GJ 7.6 GJ* 56.7 kg CO 2 /GJ = 0.4 ton CO 2 Wood use (kg) * energy content of wood (MJ/kg) 900 kg * 15.1 MJ/kg = 13.6 GJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

88 BIO-ENERGY combustion abbreviation units and formulas Co-combustion Biomass input B measurement (monitoring): ton Net calorific value biomass NCV [GJ/ton] Substitution factor S % Electricity production power E GWh gross production plant Heat power plant Q TJ Fossil fuel input power plant F TJ A. Substitution method Renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary E prim = NCV*B *S Biomass input (ton) * net calorific value (GJ/ton) * substitution factor energy Avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E prim * e specificco2 E prim (TJ prim /yr) * CO 2 emissions factor avoided fuel (ton CO 2 /TJ prim ) Avoided CO 2 emissions in 2008 coal: ε net (ton CO 2 /yr) = E prim (TJ prim /yr) * 94.7 (ton CO 2 /TJ prim ) gas: ε net (ton CO 2 /yr) = E prim (TJ prim /yr) * 56.7 (ton CO 2 /TJ prim ) A. Example in coal-fired power station Fuel input B 30,000 ton Net calorific value fuel NCV 15 GJ/ton Substitution factor S 100% Renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy Avoided CO 2 emissions ε net = E prim * B EU renewable energy directive renewable energy contribution in gross end use E prim =B* NCV*S 30,000 ton * 15 GJ/ton *100% = 450 TJ/yr e specificco2 E be = ( E + Q ) * B * NCV / (B * NCV + F) 450 TJ/yr * 94.1 ton CO 2 /TJ = 42 kton CO 2 /yr Gross Electricity production (MWh) * 3.6 GJ/MWh + heat production (GJ) * (Biomass content (ton) * net calorific value biomass (GJ/ton) / (biomass content (ton) * net calorific value biomass (GJ/ton) + energy content fossil fuel (GJ) B. Example in coal-fired power station Electricity production power E 500 GWh gross production plant Heat power plant Q 450 TJ Fossil fuel input power plant F 4500 TJ renewable energy contribution in gross end use E be = 500 GWh * 3.6 TJ/GWh TJ * ( 30 kton * 15 GJ/ton) / ( 30 kton * 15 (GJ/ton) TJ ) = 204 TJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

89 BIO-ENERGY combustion abbreviation units and formulas Transport fuels Biofuels brought to the market B measurement (monitoring): ton Net calorific value fuel NCV [GJ/ton] Substitution factor S % A. Substitution method Renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy E prim = H*B* S Biofuel input (ton) * net calorific value (GJ/ton) * substitution factor A. Example petrol (gasoline) substitution Bioethanol input B 100,000 ton Net calorific value bioethanol NCV 27 GJ/ ton Substitution factor S 100% Renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy B EU renewable energy directive Renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use E prim =B*NCV*S 100,000 ton * 27 GJ/ton *100% = 2,700 TJ E be = B* NCV* S Biofuel input (ton) * net calorific value (GJ/ton) * substitution factor B. Example petrol (gasoline) substitution Renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use E be = B *NCV* S 100,000 ton * 27 GJ/ton *100% = 2,700 TJ For the calculation of the CO 2 reduction for biofuels, refer to the LCA method in Appendix 5 of the European Renewable Energy Directive. Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

90 BIO-ENERGY - digestion capacity abbreviation C th C el units and formulas thermal capacity: MW th electrical capacity: MW e heat production 33 Q net TJ/yr heat used for digester, Q dig TJ/yr internal use net biogas production 34 A net TJ/yr (of m 3 /yr) total biogas production 35 A tot TJ/yr (of m 3 /yr) electricity production E GWh/yr A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided primary energy in 2008 avoided CO 2 emissions avoided CO 2 emissions in 2008 E prim = [Q / η ref ] + [A net ] + [E*3.6/ η e,a ] ε net = [[Q / η ref ] * e reftechco2 ] + [A net * e gasco2 ] + [E * 3.6/ η e,a ] * e elecco2 ] A. Example in 2008 Q net 300 TJ/yr Q dig 100 TJ/yr A net 100 TJ/yr A tot 1900 TJ/yr electricity production E net 150 GWh /yr E gross 167 GWh /yr [heat production (TJ/yr) / efficiency of reference technology] + [biogas production (TJ/yr)]+ [electricity production (GWh) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix at production)] E prim (TJ prim /yr) = W (TJ/yr) / A (TJ/yr) + E (GWh/yr) * 3.6 (TJ/GWh) / [[heat production (TJ/yr) / efficiency of reference technology] * CO 2 emissions factor fot reference technology (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )] + [natural gas production * CO 2 emissions factor for natural gas burning (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )] + [[electricity production (GWh/yr) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix at production)] * CO 2 emissions factor for electricity power stations (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )] ε net (ton CO 2 /yr) =[[Q (TJ/yr) / 0.9] * 56.7 (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )] + [A (TJ/yr) * 56.7 (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )]]+ [[E(GWh/yr)*3.6 (TJ/GWh) / 0.427] * 68.9 (ton CO 2 /TJ prim )] 33 Delivered plus internal consumption, minus internal consumption for digestion. 34 Biogas production = extraction - flares internal consumption for cogeneration internal consumption for other conversions - internal consumption for digestion. 35 Total biogas production is the extraction of biogas in the digester Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol

91 renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy E prim = [Q/η ref ]+ [A net ] + [E*3.6/ η e,a ] avoided CO2 emissions ε net = [[Q/ η ref ] * e reftechco2 ] + [A net * e gasco2 ] + [E * 3.6/ η e,a ] *e elecco2 ] B EU renewable energy directive Percentage heat %Q %Q= Q net / [Q net + Q dig + E gross * 3.6] Fuel input to cogeneration unit allocated to net heat production Renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use Q alloc = %Q *[A tot -A net ] [300 (TJ/yr) /0.90] + [100 (TJ/yr)] + [150 (GWh/yr) * 3.6 (TJ/GWh) / 0.427] = 1,698 TJ/yr = 1.7 PJ/yr [[300 (TJ/yr) /0,90] * 56.7 (ton CO2/TJprim)] + [100 (TJ/yr) * 56.7 (ton CO2/TJprim)] + [[150 (GWh/yr) * 3.6 (TJ/GWh) / 0.427] * 68.9 (ton CO2/TJprim)] = kton CO2/yr [heat production (TJ/yr) / heat production (TJ/yr) + heat used for digester+ (TJ/yr) + electricity production (GWh) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) ] Percentage heat * biogas input to cogeneration unit E be = E gross *3.6 + Q alloc [electricity production (GWh) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh + allocated heat production (TJ/yr) + biogas production (TJ/yr)][) B. Example in 2008 Renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use %Q= Q net / [Q net + Q dig + E gross * 3.6] Q alloc = %Q *[A tot -A net ] E be = E gross *3.6 +Q alloc + A net (300 TJ )/(300TJ TJ + 167*3.6) = *(1900 TJ -100 TJ) =540 TJ 167*3.6 TJ TJ TJ = 1,732 TJ Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol