Crime mapping What s been happening since we last met?

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2 Crime mapping What s been happening since we last met? See a lot at this conference Survey of the use of GIS and crime analysis Evaluation of GIS-based information sharing systems Geographic targeting of stop and search PSU good practice guide Crime Mapping: Improving Performance

3 Launched yesterday Crime mapping is an important and flexible way of supporting a wide range of policing functions. It can also provide a platform where data from the different partners in a CDRP can be meaningfully brought together Hazel Blears MP

4 The purpose of the guide Helps to identify how crime mapping can be used How the opportunities it offers can be realised Designed for front line police officers Not based on abstract theory, but is written with a firm grip on reality

5 Explains what crime mapping is all about Exploits the inherent geographical quality of crimes and incidents Not just about hotspot maps Where do offenders live? Where do the most vulnerable communities live? How do offenders travel to the crime location? Where are our emerging problem areas? What are the characteristics of our high crime neighbourhoods that cause crime? Why do crimes occur in one area and not another?

6 Explains what crime mapping is all about It combines, The skills of people The practical use of data and information The application of technology Geographical Information Systems Desktop software In-house customised information system Web-based system Mobile handheld computer devices

7 Explains what crime mapping is all about Can be applied at all the NIM levels In all intelligence products Across all analytical techniques Supports intelligence-led, evidencebased approach Better informs visually accessible to a diverse audience Mechanism for working with partners

8 What is in the guide? Demonstrates how crime mapping can be used Policing Intelligence development Performance management Partnership working Crime prevention Explains the main principles Good quality data Technology Resourcing requirements Describes what senior police officers need to do to develop crime mapping

9 Crime Mapping: Improving Performance Crime mapping has been fundamental in improving police performance in the West Midlands, and in recent months reducing all crime by 20%" Assistant Chief Constable Nick Tofiluk West Midlands Police

10 Putting it on the map The principles of crime mapping Recording the address location of the crime Referencing the crime record to other geographic information Geocoding to a gazetteer (assigning geographic coordinates) Ordnance Survey mapping data Census, Neighbourhood Statistics, Partnership data Good quality data In some forces only 25% of crime data is geocoded

11 Putting it on the map The principles of crime mapping The need for good quality data 100% 25% 60%

12 Putting it on the map The principles of crime mapping Dumfries and Galloway

13 Putting it on the map The principles of crime mapping Dumfries and Galloway Integrated GIS and gazetteer into crime recording system Capture of address information has significantly improved The quality of recording the address/location details of crimes is now extremely precise and accurate - geocoding hit rates have reached 100% The process for capturing address/location details of crimes is quicker The cost of cleaning data and making amendments is now much reduced Cost savings of over 70% Other forces e.g. Hertfordshire

14 How can I use crime mapping? Generating intelligence products Crime mapping forms an integral subset of analysis Not just for visualising crime patterns or as an after thought Helping understand why crime happens Plays a role across all the intelligence products and analytical techniques Making crime mapping more integral to analysis has made our intelligence products more innovative Senior Analyst Mark Dallison, Lancashire Constabulary.

15 How can I use crime mapping? Generating intelligence products West Midlands FLINTS Project Spectrom Priority Neighbourhoods Partnership activity Target and prioritise responses

16 How can I use crime mapping? Generating intelligence products Vehicle Problem Profile Camden, London We think we have a vehicle crime problem Not quite sure what it is We think it relates mainly to local residents having their cars broken into or stolen at night

17 Theft of vehicle crime hotspots

18 Age of offenders Age of theft of and theft from vehicle accused 40.0% 35.0% Theft from vehicles Theft of vehicles 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Unclassified 10 to to to to to to 44 Over 44

19 Victims Theft of vehicles Camden victims (58%) Non-Camden victims (42%)

20 Type of vehicles stolen Vehicle type description Offences % Hatchback % Saloon % Estate % People carrier % Convertible % Sports % 4 X 4's 4 0.1% Moped or scooter % Motor cycle % Motor caravan % Van % Other % Not known %

21 Types of cars stolen Rank Approx % of all thefts Rank Make Model Approx % of all thefts Make 1 FORD 16% 1 FORD Fiesta 5% 2 VAUXHALL 14% 2 VAUXHALL Astra 4% 3 VOLKSWAGEN 12% 3 FORD Escort 4% 4 NISSAN 7% 4 VOLKSWAGEN Golf 4% 5 BMW 5% 5 NISSAN Micra 3% 6 ROVER 5% (b) 7 HONDA 4% 8 MERCEDES 6% 9 PEUGEOT 4% 10 FIAT 4% Scooters and mopeds Piaggio Vespa and Typhoon and Gilera Runner (65%) Motorbikes Honda CB, Yamaha R6 and Suzuki GSX (60%)

22 Cars Motorbikes Scooters and mopeds

23 Recovery status of vehicles 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% Recovery status of stolen vehicles in Camden 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% No Interest Not Stolen Damaged Rec D- M/Prop Rec Damaged Rec Intact Rec Part Rec Part/Dam Stolen/Taken Other Unknown % all vehicles % cars % motorbikes % scooters and mopeds Recovery status

24 Theft of vehicles by tim e of day (aoristic trend)

25 Clerkenwell hotspot

26 Vehicle type Camden Clerkenwell (n) Clerkenwell(%) Car 51% 41 18% Sports or convertible 3% 5 2% Scooter or moped 26% 95 42% Motor cycle 13% 70 31% Van 5% 3 1% Other 2.0% 10 4% Not known 0.5% 0 0% How would you respond to this?

27 Reducing vehicle crime in Portsmouth Crime and Disorder Reduction Strategy Target for : reduce vehicle crime by 17% Increase of 16% in 2002 and further increases being projected Needed a new approach to address this growing crime problem Turned to crime mapping and problem oriented analysis

28 Reducing vehicle crime in Portsmouth Problem profile identified, Portsmouth had a number of hot-streets ; Half of all vehicle crime occurred in 175 of Portsmouth s 1600 streets 10% of vehicle crime occurred in just 12 streets Vehicle crime was concentrated in many repeat locations that had not been previously identified Certain high-risk locations were identified. E.g. car parks at hospitals, doctors surgeries, and sports clubs, and in areas close to entertainment districts Repeat offenders tended to travel across Portsmouth while others committed crime local to their home

29 Reducing vehicle crime in Portsmouth Operation Cobra Shifted the emphasis of work away from previously predominantly offender based activity, to all aspects of the problem triangle Greater emphasis on targeted location work E.g. a crime reduction strategy that focused problem-solving responses to the worst affected areas

30 Reducing vehicle crime in Portsmouth Its 12 month impact, 33% reduction in thefts of vehicles 37% - 58% reduction in vehicle crime in areas that had been determined as hot-streets An overall 29% reduction of vehicle crime across Portsmouth A total of 1220 less vehicle crimes representing a cost saving of approximately 1,220,000

31 Reducing vehicle crime in Portsmouth Achievements were not dependent on large additional resource inputs Were predominantly based on using existing resources in a much more focused way to produce sustained reduction. When we moved into the targeted response phase, victim and location aspects of the problem triangle were concentrated on before offender focus. During parts of the Operation, due to competing resource priorities offender based activity had to be completely suspended, yet reductions in crime continued to be sustained from just focusing on victim and location work alone. Chief Inspector Julie Earle, Hampshire Constabulary

32 Reassurance policing Intelligence gathering through to response STREET PATROLS RESPONSE SERVICES INTELLIGENCE Reporting Form GIS, GPS, Gazetteer Camera Database Information/Location/Photo NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICING Crime mapping technology has provided for an effective electronic mechanism that directly feeds into joint NIM control strategy and tactical processes Inspector Mark Kenwood CDRP GIS

33 Reassurance policing Average Average Community lifestyle profiles High Poor F39 Fear of burglary Reassurance Targeting F39: Settled older couples and pensioners - Where do with they low live? incomes renting small flats and maisonettes Highest levels of fear of becoming victims of burglary, rape, mugging and physical attack by strangers Highest rate of victimisation (for all types of crime) immediately outside their own homes High dependence on public transport Respond well to poster advertising..?! Police response

34 Reassurance policing

35 How can I use crime mapping? Results analysis and performance management

36 How can I use crime mapping? Results analysis and performance management Crime mapping is at the heart of CompStat Visualise operational decisions Resource allocation Managerial accountability Thames Valley Uses live and interactive crime mapping

37 How can I use crime mapping? Information sharing and partnership working Use of GIS-based information sharing systems Crime mapping is fundamental to supporting CDRP business functions Scanning facility to identify community safety problems Easy access (in a controlled environment) to partnership data Analysis of crime and community safety problems in a multiagency environment Providing the public with facts and reassurance about community safety (e.g. Timely management performance reporting information Within two-clicks I found the information I needed, saving me pestering my analyst to produce a report on how robbery has changed in the last few months WMP Sector Inspector

38 New developments in crime mapping Prospective mapping Applied statistics from spatial epidemiology for modelling the communicability of diseases Burglary is communicable Properties within 400m of a burgled house are at an elevated risk for upto one month near repeats

39 New developments in crime mapping Prospective mapping 35% more accurate (accuracy measure does account for differences in hotspot area) Traditional hotspot mapping Prospective hotspot mapping

40 How to make full use of crime mapping Core infrastructure is in place, Hardware and software Police records Mapping and geographic data Analysts and other key staff But to make better use of crime mapping requires a gentle push

41 How to make full use of crime mapping Recommendation 1 Champion crime mapping at the senior level Recommendation 2 Create a geographic data management and support team Recommendation 3 Maintain high levels of geographic data quality Recommendation 4 Develop skills in crime mapping

42 Who can help? National resource? Contacts Home Office National organisations Universities Useful resources Comprehensive how to guide?

43 At least two copies per BCU Available on the Home Office PSU and JDI websites Written for senior officers But also written for analysts, GIS users, intelligence managers..

44 Home Office Survey Use of GIS for crime analysis Almost all analysts surveyed see GIS and crime mapping as a key part of their job and use it regularly Analysts expressed concern about: Poor quality crime data Insufficient GIS Training Adequacy of GIS software resources

45 Home Office Survey Use of GIS, crime mapping and crime analysis Large variations in the way GIS is applied and types of analyses conducted Many are using GIS on a daily basis to support operational crime reduction work, but in some cases it is used principally as a tool for producing maps for audits and strategies Types of analyses vary from plotting crimes on a map to more complex analyses using multiple datasets It is still only the minority that apply problem solving principles and models (like SARA and PAT) to their crime mapping work Dissemination of the outputs of GIS analysis to frontline officers appears to be occurring to varying degrees but many felt that their analyses were not used enough in operational decision making

46 Home Office Survey Use of GIS, crime mapping and crime analysis Next steps: Visit a sample of Force/CDRP analysts to gather good practice examples Another window of opportunity to complete the questionnaire Good practice report for analysts, to complement the guide for senior officers Discussion of interim findings in Workshop 2 and 4

47 Home Office Research Evaluation of GIS-based information sharing systems Aims Identify the key lessons learned for them to be applied into new systems or as existing systems are enhanced or expanded Identify how they can be best used to support the information sharing and analysis business functions and requirements of CDRPs Identify common weaknesses of and across the Systems that need to be rectified to achieve maximum effectiveness and impact Produce recommendations on how Information Sharing Systems should be further developed to provide for the needs of all community safety partnerships nationally, that is achievable, consistent and sustainable

48 Home Office Research Evaluation of GIS-based information sharing systems Research considers the following Functionality: tools, services and data Project management and administration Resourcing Information sharing processes Impact Due for completion in Summer 2005

49 Home Office Research Geographic targeting of stop and search Are searches geographically concentrated? What s the relationship between searches and recorded crime? What impact does the geographic targeting of stop and search have on crime? Can the disparity of searches be explained in geographic terms? Crime that happens Profile of offenders Specific incidents Available population for being searched 12 month research programme

50 Home Office Research Geographic targeting of stop and search Concentration and effect Targeting Extent of impact Stop & Search Crime hotspot

51 Home Office Research Geographic targeting of stop and search Concentration and effect Intensity Time Time Time

52 Home Office Research Geographic targeting of stop and search Concentration and effect Frequency Time Time Time

53 Home Office Research Geographic targeting of stop and search

54 Crime mapping What s also been happening since we last met? Out in all good book stores from June

55 Thank you Spencer Chainey The Jill Dando Institute of Crime Mapping University College London