ANALYTICAL REPORT ABRIDGED VERSION

Transcription

1 A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from to remove the watermark 2002 UGANDA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS ANALYTICAL REPORT ABRIDGED VERSION UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS Plot 9, Colville Street P. O. Box 7186 Kampala Tel: Fax: [email protected] Website: October 2006

2 The 2002 Population and Housing Census

3 Analytical Report FOREWORD The Uganda Bureau of Statistics was established in 1998 as a semi-autonomous Government agency responsible for coordinating, monitoring and supervising the National Statistical System. The Bureau continues to support Government s results-based agenda by providing statistics needed for planning, monitoring development performance and progress in the implementation of major national development policies and initiatives. The Population and Housing Census is the major source of demographic and social-economic statistics in Uganda. The country has conducted scientific population and housing censuses at intervals of about ten years since The latest such census was conducted in 2002 and was the most comprehensive census ever undertaken in Uganda. This census collected household-based data on population, housing, agriculture, micro and small enterprises as well as community based data. In its continued commitment to make statistics a public good, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics has published Census results in different reports at different times and with varying degrees of detail. The Analytical Report provides more detailed and subject-oriented analyses of the census data which relate the findings to the national development policies and targets as outlined in the PEAP. This Analytical Report - Abridged Version contains the summary of all the monographs. The Bureau has also started a process of working with the District Planning Units to produce district specific analytical reports. The Bureau is grateful to the many institutions and individuals who contributed in various ways to the success of the 2002 Census. They include those who participated in the planning and/or implementation of the Census: Members of the Inter-Institutional Steering and Technical Advisory Committees; District Census Committees; field Staff including Mapping Assistants, Enumerators and Supervisors; the millions of individual respondents who provided the required information; data processing Staff and the Authors of the various Chapters of this and other Census Reports. The Government of Uganda funded the bigger part of the Census and the other part was funded by various development partners. The Bureau is grateful for this collaboration and support. Finally, the Bureau appeals to the people of Uganda to make maximum use of the census data as a basis for evidence-based policy debate and design; decision-making at every level of society; investment and business transactions; and for many other purposes. John B. Male - Mukasa Executive Director i

4 The 2002 Population and Housing Census PREFACE The 2002 Census was conducted with reference to 12 th /13 th September 2002 as the census night. During the census, trained enumerators visited every household and collected information on all persons who spent the Census night in the household. Special arrangements were made to enumerate mobile population as well as those living in institutions. Persons living in internally displaced people camps were enumerated as households and the information was recorded against the areas where they came from. Specifically, persons who spent the census night in hotels and lodges were enumerated using a simple questionnaire which they filled in with the help of the hotel management. Household Heads who were not at home on the Census Night were enumerated where they spent the census night, however, their Characteristics were also recorded against the households they usually live in. The enumeration was completed within seven days for most areas. UBOS has produced several reports from the census data. In order to increase the utility of the census data, subject specific monographs giving the analytical findings of the 2002 Census have been written. These were written by a team of local experts in the different disciplines. This Abridged Version presents the summary results from 10 separate monographs. In carrying out the Census analysis, differentials by sex and rural-urban residence have been studied. In the case of household characteristics, the differentials were studied with reference to relevant socioeconomic characteristics of the household head. Further differentials have been studied with respect to socio-economic characteristics as well as spatial distribution of the population. Where possible, the 2002 Census results are compared with those from previous data sources, mainly the Censuses of 1969, 1980 and 1991, the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) and the Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS) 2002/03. However, with the exception of total population, these comparisons are limited to national level data only, since disaggregation of data by district or other characteristics for earlier dates could not be obtained. For purposes of presentation of spatial differentials, data are shown for the country s 56 districts as at the time of enumeration. These have been grouped into four regions namely Central, Eastern, Northern and Western. These are statistical groupings of districts without administrative or political status. Kampala City has indicators which are usually very different from the rest of the districts. This thus makes the Central region appear to be fairing far better than the other regions. In order to make a fair comparison of the regions, the indicators for Central region are presented in two ways viz with and without Kampala City. In order to show a clearer trend, the 1980 and 1991 censuses data were redistributed according to the district boundaries and other lower administrative units as at the time of the 2002 Census enumeration. ii

5 Analytical Report Prior to this analytical report, six other products were published. These are: i. Preliminary Results giving total population by district and sex, released in October ii. Provisional Results giving total population of administrative areas by sex, released in November iii. Report on the Agricultural Module giving information on household based agricultural activities, released in September iv. Census Results: Main Report giving population and household characteristics based on the final results was released in March v. Post Enumeration Survey Report giving the procedure and findings from the Post Enumeration activity released in October vi. District Census Report giving district specific population and household characteristics based on the final results released in November In addition, the Bureau will be producing several other reports as outlined below: i. Census Monograph series (10 volumes) ii. Census Administrative report iii. District-level Analytical Reports iv. Census Atlas v. Poverty Maps iii

6 The 2002 Population and Housing Census TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword...i Preface...ii List Of Acronyms...x Executive Summary...xii Chapter 1: Background General Information About Uganda Sources of Data The 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census... 6 Chapter 2: Population Size and Distribution Total Population Spatial Distribution of the Population Population Growth Population Density Migration Urbanisation Chapter 3: Population Composition Composition of the Household Population Composition of the Non-Household Population Citizenship and Ethnicity Religious Composition Chapter 4: Age and Sex Composition Sex Composition Age Composition Chapter 5: Fertility and Mortality Marriage Fertility Parity High Risk Births Infertility and Childlessness Mortality Chapter 6: Education and Literacy School Attendance Status Primary School Enrolment Secondary School Enrolment Educational Attainment Literacy Chapter 7: Economic Activity Economic Activity Framework The Working Age Population The Employed Population Unemployment Economically Inactive Population iv

7 Analytical Report 7.6 Micro and Small Enterprise (MSEs) Chapter 8: Household and Housing Characteristics Housing Conditions Household Health and Sanitation Household Amenities Household Welfare Chapter 9: Special Interest Groups Status of Children The Young People The Older Persons Persons with Disabilities CHAPTER 10: GENDER ISSUES Gender and Education Gender and Economic Activity Gender Issues in the Households Gender Violence CHAPTER 11: POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS List of References Annex 1: Appendix Tables Annex 2: Glossary of Census Terms Annex 3: Questionnaires v

8 The 2002 Population and Housing Census List of Tables Table 1.1: Number of Administrative Units by Census Table 2.1: Distribution of Districts Population by Size Table 2.2: Distribution of Sub-counties/ Divisions by Population Size Table 2.3: Distribution of Parishes / Wards by Population Size Table 2.4: Distribution of Districts by Growth Rates, Table 2.5: Population Density of Uganda, Table 2.6: Trends in Urban Population, Table 2.7: Distribution of the Population by Migration Characteristics Table 2.8: Immigrants by Race and Sex, Uganda, Table 2.9: Distribution of Recent Immigrants by Country of Previous Residence Table 2.10: Distribution of Recent Migrants by Residence and Sex Table 2.11: Distribution of Recent Migrants by Selected Characteristics and Sex Table 2.12: Distribution of Recent Internal Migrants by Size of Migration Stream Table 2.13: Net Migration Rates for the Top 10 and bottom 10 Districts Table 3.1: Distribution of Households and Household Population by Residence Table 3.2: Distribution of Households by Region/ Residence and Sex of Head Table 3.3: Percentage Distribution of Household Head by Socio-economic Characteristics and Sex Table 3.4: Percentage Distribution of Households and Household Population by Size Table 3.5: Distribution of Household Population by Relationship to Household Head Table 3.6: Distribution of Non Household Population by Sex and Type of Institution Table 3.7: Selected Characteristics on Non-Ugandan Population, Table 3.8: Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Population Size Table 3.9: Distribution of Ugandan Population by Ethnic Group, Table 3.10: Population of the Small Ethnic Groups Table 3.11: Distribution of Population by Religion Table 4.1: Population by Sex for different Population Subgroups Table 4.2: Population of Selected Age Groups, Table 5.1: Distribution of Population aged 15 years and Above by Marital Status Table 5.2: Proportion of Population (15 years and Above) by Marital Status and Age by Sex Table 5.3: Selected Nuptiality Indicators by Socio-economic Characteristics Table 5.4: Percentage Distribution of Women by Number of Children Ever Born Table 5.5: Proportion of Births in the Last 12 Months that were of High Risk by Type Table 5.6: Childhood Mortality by Sex, Table 5.7: Life Expectancy at Birth by Census Year and Sex, Table 6.1: Distribution of Population by School Attendance Status and Age Group by Sex Table 6.2: Primary School Gross Enrolment Rate and Gender Parity Index Table 6.3: Primary School Net Enrolment Rate (6 12 years) by Sex and Region Table 6.4: Distribution of Pupils (6 years and above) in Primary Schools by Disability Status and Sex vi

9 Analytical Report Table 6.5: Distance to Nearest School Table 6.6: Secondary School Gross Enrolment Rate and Gender Parity Index Table 6.7: Secondary School Net Enrolment Rate by Sex and Region Table 6.8: Population of Selected Age groups by Highest Level of Education Attained and Sex Table 6.9: Literacy Rates by Residence and Sex Table 7.1: Percentage Distribution of the Working Age Population by Selected socio-economic Characteristics. 69 Table 7.2: Selected Labour Market Indicators by Sex and Socio-Economic Characteristics Table 7.3: Percentage Distribution of the Working Population by Status in Employment Table 7.4: Percentage Distribution of the Working Population by Industry and Sex Table 7.5: Percentage Distribution of the Working Population by Major Occupational Group and Sex Table 7.6: Unemployment Rate by Socio-economic Characteristics and Sex Table 7.7: Proportion of Inactive Working Age Population by Socio- economic Characteristics Table 7.8: Spatial Distribution of MSEs by Region and Residence Table 7.9: Distribution of MSE employment Enterprise Type by Industry Table 7.10: Employment of MSEs by Residence and Region Table 8.1: Distribution of Households by Status of the Dwelling Unit Table 8.2: Distribution of Households by Characteristics of the Dwelling Unit Table 8.3: Distribution of Households by Occupancy Tenure of the Dwelling Unit Table 8.4: Average Room Occupancy and Distribution of Households by Number of Rooms Table 8.5: Selected Housing Overcrowding Indicators by Residence Table 8.6: Distribution of Households by Source of Drinking Water and Residence to Nearest Water Source Table 8.7: Percentage Distribution of Households with Toilet Facilities by Residence Table 8.8: Percentage distribution of Households by Method of Solid Waste Disposal Table 8.9: Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Fuel and Residence Table 8.10: Percentage Distribution of Households by Household Facility and Residence Table 8.11: Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of Livelihood Table 8.12: Percentage Distribution of Households by Consumption of Basic Necessities Table 8.13: Proportion of Households owning Selected Assets Table 9.1: Distribution of Special Interest Populations ( 000s) by Selected Characteristics and Sex Table 9.2: Percentage Distribution of Children by Selected Characteristics and Sex Table 9.3: Percentage Distribution of Children by Living Arrangements Table 9.4: Selected Characteristics of Households with Children, Table 9.5: Number of Vulnerable Children by Type, Residence and by Sex Table 9.6: Parental Survival and Orphanhood by Region Table 9.7: Percentage of Economically Active Children (5-17 years) by Region Table 9.8: Proportion of Children aged 5-17 years by sex who were Child Labourers Table 9.9: Percentage Distribution of Children with a Disability by Age and Sex Table 9.10: Percent Distribution of Children (aged 5-17 years) with Disabilities by type of Disability Table 9.11: Percentage of Girls aged years who had ever given Birth, by Region and Age of Child Table 9.12: Distribution of Communities reporting existence of Child Abandonment and Mistreatment Table 9.13: Distribution of the Young Population by Sub groups, Table 9.14: Proportion of the Young Population Attending School by Age Table 9.15: Percentage Distribution of the Young by Occupation Category and Age Group vii

10 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 9.16: Proportion of the Youths (aged years) who were Idle by Residence / Region Table 9.17: Percentage of Women (12-19 years) who were Mothers by Age group Characteristics Table 9.18: Selected Demographic Characteristics of Older Persons Table 9.19: Selected Characteristics of the Older Persons Table 9.20: Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by Region Table 9.21: Distribution of PWDs by Selected Age Group Table 9.22: Causes of Disability by Broad Age Group* Table 9.23: Rehabilitation of PWD s by Disability Type Table 10.1: Sex Distribution of Working Population (14 64 Years) by Major Occupation Categories Table 10.2: Proportion of Households by Selected Characteristics of the Dwelling and Sex of Head Table 10.3: Proportion of Households Owning Selected Assets and Welfare Indicators Table 10.4: Distribution of Communities by Region and Prevalence of Widow Inheritance Table 10.5: Distribution of Communities by Region and Prevalence of Rape/Defilement List of Appendix Tables A1.1: Selected Population Indicators by District A1.2: Distribution of Recent Internal Migrants by District A1.3: Selected Indicators on Population Composition by District A1.4: Selected Age Sex Composition Indicators by District A1.5: Selected Marriage and Fertility Indicators by District A1.7: Literacy and Primary School Enrolment Rates by District A1.8: Selected Economic Activity Indicators by District A1.9: Percentage of Household by Selected Dwelling Unit Characteristics and District A1.10: Percentage of Households by Selected Household Welfare Indicators A1.11: Distribution of Vulnerable Children by Type of Vulnerability and District viii

11 Analytical Report List of Figures Figure 1.1: Map of Uganda showing the Districts as of September Figure 2.1: Population of Uganda, Figure 2.2: Percentage Share of Population by Region, Figure 3.1: Average Household Size by Selected Characteristics of Household Head Figure 4.1: Trend in Sex Ratios, Uganda, Figure 4.2: Sex Ratios by Age, Figure 4.3: Myre s Index of Digit Preference Figure 4.4: Trend in Myer s index of Digit Preference, Figure 4.5: Population Pyramid in Five-Year Age Groups Figure 5.1: Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFRs) Figure 5.2: Total Fertility Rates, Figure 5.3: Total Fertility Rates by Socio-economic Characteristics of Women Figure 5.4: Proportion of Women aged Years who were childless Figure 5.5: Crude Death Rate by Sex, 1969, 1991 and Figure 6.1: Educational Attainment for Population aged 6 Years and over Figure 6.2: Literacy Rates by Age and Sex Figure 7.1: Labour Force Framework Figure 7.2: Distribution of Working Age Population by Activity Status Figure 7.3: Proportion of the Working Population (14 64 Years) who were engaged in Subsistence farming Figure 7.4: Distribution of Economically Inactive Population (14 64 Years) by Category and Sex Figure 8.1: Proportion of Households within 5 Kms from the Nearest Health Facility by Residence Figure 8.2: Proportion of Households with all or none of the Basic Household Facilities Figure 8.3: Poverty Incidence (Proportion of population below poverty line) by District Figure 9.1: Proportion of Children (6-17 years) by Region who were out of school Figure 9.2: Proportion of Children (6-17 years) with Disabilities by Schooling Status Figure 9.3: Sex Distribution of the Young Population (14 30 years) by Economic Activity Status Figure 9.5: Prevalence of Disability by Age Figure 9.6: Percentage Distribution of Cases of Disability by Type Figure 10.1: Sex Distribution of Population that had Never been to School by Age Figure 10.2: Sex Distribution of Population (15 years and above) currently out of school by the Highest Level Figure 10.3: Sex Distribution of Population Aged 10 years and above by Literacy Status Figure 10.4: Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons by Status in Employment and Sex Figure 10.5: Sex Distribution of Economically Inactive Population by Type Figure 10.6: Sex Distribution of Household Heads by Residence Figure 10.7: Distribution of Households by Sex of Head and Source of Livelihood ix

12 The 2002 Population and Housing Census LIST OF ACRONYMS AIDS ASFR CBR CDR CEB CWD DRC FAL GDP GER GNP GoU GPI HIV ILO ISCO ISIC IMR LC LFAR LFPR MAAIF MNCEB MDG MGLSD MoES MoFPED MMR MSE NER NGO NGP NOP OVC PEAP PES PWD SIDP TFR UAC Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Age Specific Fertility Rate Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate Children Ever Born Children with Disabilities Democratic Republic of Congo Functional Adult Literacy Gross Domestic Product Gross Enrolment Rate Gross National Product Government of Uganda Gender Parity Index Human Immuno-defficiency Virus International Labour Organization International Standards Classification of Occupation International Standards Industrial Classification Infant Mortality Rate Local Council Labour Force Absorption Rate Labour Force Participation Rate Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries Mean Number of Children Ever Born Millennium Development Goal Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development Ministry of Education and Sports Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Maternal Mortality Rate Micro and Small Enterprises Net Enrolment Rate Non Governmental Organization National Gender Policy National Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children Policy Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children Poverty Eradication Action plan Post Enumeration Survey Persons With Disabilities Social Investment Development Plan Total Fertility Rate Uganda AIDS Commission x

13 Analytical Report UBOS UCE UDHS UN UNHS UNICEF UNPAC UPE USE Uganda Bureau of Statistics Uganda Certificate of Education Uganda Demographic and Health Survey United Nations Uganda National Household Survey United Nations Children s Fund Uganda National Programme of Action for Children Universal Primary Education Universal Secondary Education xi

14 The 2002 Population and Housing Census EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2002 Census was conducted with reference to the night of 12 th /13 th September (Census Night). The enumeration covered all persons resident in Uganda on the Census Night. Special arrangements were made to enumerate institutional, homeless, hotel and mobile populations. The census collected data on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population; household and housing conditions, agriculture; activities of micro and small enterprises; and the community characteristics. There was evidence of deliberate falsification of data from Kotido District. Therefore the analysis in this report excludes data for Kotido district. The population of Uganda was 24.2 million persons, of which 51 percent were females. The average annual population growth rate of 3.2 percent for the period was higher than the growth rate of 2.5 for the earlier inter-censal period The high growth rate was due to high fertility levels and declining mortality. The level of urbanization remained low, with only 12.3 percent of the population residing in the urban areas. International migration does not have a significant impact on the size of the population. There were only 333 thousand immigrants (persons born outside Uganda), and of these, 100,000 were recent immigrants, constituting less than one percent of the total population in More than 90 percent of the recent immigrants were from the 6 neighbouring countries. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was origin to more than one-third of the recent immigrants in 2002 followed by Sudan with 20 percent. About 3.1 million persons born in Uganda were enumerated outside their district of birth and hence classified as internal migrants. About 43 percent of the internal migrants were recent migrants (moved within 5 years prior to the census). Population Composition The majority of the population was enumerated in households. The Census covered a total of 5 million households of which 23 percent were headed by females. The single-person households constituted 13 percent of all households while households with 10 or more persons constituted six percent of the total number of households. The average household size in Uganda was 4.7 persons which was close to that from the previous censuses of 4.8 in 1991 and 4.7 in This reflects stable fertility behaviour in Uganda over the past three decades. Nearly all persons (98 percent) enumerated were Ugandans. This is slightly higher compared to the previous censuses. The proportion of women in the non-ugandan population increased from 39 percent in 1969 to 50 percent in Out of the 56 legally recognised ethnic groups, nine had a population of over one million persons, and they collectively constituted 70 percent of the indigenous population. The Baganda were the largest single tribe (18 percent) followed by the Banyankole (10 percent). xii

15 Analytical Report Christianity was the most dominant faith. Catholics were the largest religious group in Uganda with 42 percent of the total population while 37 percent of the population were of the Anglicans/Church of Uganda belief. The Moslems came third with 12 percent. The sex and age composition of a population has implications for planning. The majority of the population were females as depicted by a sex ratio of 95 males per 100 females. The population of Uganda is increasingly becoming younger, with the proportion of children (population below 18 years of age) having increased from 51 percent in 1969 to 56 percent in 2002, while the proportion of Older persons (aged 60 years and above) decreased from 5.8 percent in 1969 to 4.5 percent in Population Dynamics The data showed that in Uganda marriage is almost universal by age 35, and it begins much earlier among females than their male counterparts. Marital instability was more visible among females than males. Fertility levels have remained high with a Total Fertility Rate of about 7 children per woman. The mortality levels have improved slightly compared to the 1991 census. The life expectancy at birth was 50.4 years representing a gain of 2 years since However, infant and under-five mortality rates remained high at 87 and 156 deaths per 1000 live births respectively. Education and Literacy The official age for entering primary school is six years. The census found out that 19 percent of all persons aged six years and above were currently attending school. The primary school Net Enrolment Rate was 86 percent while that for secondary school was 23 percent. Among persons aged 15 years and above and out of school, the majority (82 percent) had only completed primary school level. The Literacy Rate was 70 percent among persons aged 10 years and above, the female and male literacy rates were 62 percent and 77 percent respectively. The literacy levels were higher among the urban population at 88 percent compared to the rural population at 67 percent. The Literacy rate among adolescents years was 81 percent. Economic Activity The Ugandan labour force consists of persons aged 14 to 64 years who were either in paid employment, self-employed or unpaid family workers or were unemployed (without work and available for work). Out of the 12 million persons of working age, 6.7 million (56 percent) were in the labour force. About 71 percent of the working persons were subsistence farmers, with females having a slightly higher percentage (80) compared to males at 63 percent. The census findings showed that about 9 in every 10 persons with no formal education are in subsistence agriculture and the percentage reduced with increased levels of education. The unemployment rate in Uganda was 4.6 percent, with a high urban unemployment rate of 10 percent as compared to 4 percent in the rural areas. The xiii

16 The 2002 Population and Housing Census unemployment rate was lowest amongst persons without secondary education (4 percent) and highest amongst those with post secondary education (7.2 percent). At the time of the 2002 Census, there were 1.1 million Micro Small Enterprises (MSE) in the country, employing 1.7 million people. The majority of the MSEs were in the trade sector. Household and Housing Conditions The housing sector recorded a general improvement compared to the situation in The share of households staying in dwelling units with permanent roof materials increased from 40 percent to 56 percent while those with permanent wall materials increased from 12 percent to 28 percent and those with permanent floor materials increased from 14 percent to 22 percent. Overall 18 percent of the households were staying in permanent dwellings in Generally, household welfare was poor particularly in the areas where income poverty is pervasive i.e. the North and East. More than two thirds (68 percent) of the households were dependent on subsistence farming for a livelihood. About one third of households with children had all children having a separate blanket, less than half of Uganda s households had members with at least a pair of shoes each. Twenty percent of households had only one set of clothing for each member; three quarters of the households were using tadoobas (open paraffin lamp) for lighting. Use of wood fuel for cooking is almost universal as only three percent of the households use other fuels. Three in every five households had access to safe drinking water. Use of safe toilet facilities was not universal as thirty percent of the households lacked safe facilities. Special Interest Populations There are various sub-populations that are of special interest because of their potential and or vulnerability. These include children, youths, older persons and persons with disabilities among others. The census showed that there were 13.4 million children (population below 18 years) in 2002, and these constituted 56 percent of the total population The majority of children lived in households. Out of the 5 million households in Uganda, 3.9 million (78 percent) had at least one child. The census further shows that 13 percent of the children were orphans, having increased from 11.6 percent in Vulnerability is a state where one bears a substantive risk of suffering physical, social, psychological, mental and emotional harm in comparison with other children in the same environment. The Census showed that a total of 3.3 million in Uganda were vulnerable. This constituted 24 percent of all the children. Of the children aged years seven percent were child mothers. There were slightly more than 600,000 children age (5 17) years who were working. Despite the existing laws against child labour, five (5) percent of the working children aged 5-17 years were child labourers. xiv

17 Analytical Report The total number of older persons (aged 60 years and above) increased from 686,000 persons in 1991 to 1.1 million in About one third of the older persons were literate and 13 percent were working. One in every eight older persons were living alone. Nationally, 4 percent of the population had a disability. The prevalence increased with increasing age. Out of the persons with disabilities, 13 percent had more than one type of disability. About half (45 percent) did not receive any rehabilitation. In general households with a PWD had lower welfare indicators compared to those without. Most common disabilities were physical. xv

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19 The 2002 Population and Housing Census CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND 1.1 General Information about Uganda Location and Size Uganda is located in East Africa and lies across the equator, about 800 kilometres inland from the Indian Ocean. It lies between South and North latitude, East and East longitude. The country is landlocked, bordered by Kenya in the East; Sudan in the North; Democratic Republic of Congo in the West; Tanzania in the South; and Rwanda in South West. It has an area of 241,038 square kilometers, of which the land area covers 197,323 square kilometres Administration The country was divided into 56 districts at the time of the 2002 Population Census. The districts are sub divided into lower administrative units. These are counties, subcounties, parishes and villages or Local Council 1 (LC 1). Overtime, the numbers of districts and lower level administrative units have continuously increased with the aim of making administration and delivery of services easier. This however, had a negative element in that most of the districts do not have time series data and hence it is not possible to do a trend analysis. The numbers of administrative units at the various census nights since 1969 are given in Table 1.1 below. Table 1.1: Number of Administrative Units by Census Level of Census Year Administrative Unit District County Sub-county Parish 3,141 3,478 4,636 5,238 In addition, Uganda has a Local Governments System at different levels. These are LC V (District); LC IV (County / Municipality); LC III (Sub County); LC II (Parish); and LC I (Village). The role of the local governments is to implement and monitor government programmes at the respective levels. 1

20 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 1.1: Map of Uganda showing the Districts as of September 2002 S U D A N YUMBE MOYO KITGUM N ARUA ADJUMANI KOTIDO PADER GULU NEBBI R.N ile LIRA MOROTO APAC KATAKWI D. R C O N G O L.Albert MASINDI KABERA -MAIDO NAKAPIRIPIRIT HOIMA NAKASONGOLA L.Kyoga SOROTI KUMI KAPCHORWA KAMULI PALLISA SIRONKO BUNDIBUGYO KIBAALE KIBOGA LUWERO KAYU -NGA MBALE IGANGA TORORO KABAROLE KYENJOJO MUBENDE KAMWENGE KASESE MPIGI L.George SSEMBABULE JINJA BUGIRI WAKISO BUSIA MUKONO MAYUGE KAMPALA K E N Y A L.Edward BUSHENYI MBARARA MASAKA KANUNGU RUKU -NGIRI NTUNGAMO RAKAI KALANGALA Lake Victoria KISORO KABALE R W A N D A KEY International Boundary District Boundary Water Body T A N Z A N I A Central Region Eastern Region Northern Region Western Region KM 2

21 Analytical Report Geography The country enjoys equatorial climate with plenty of rain and sunshine moderated by the relatively high altitude. In most parts of the country, the mean annual temperatures range from 16 0 C to 30 0 C. Nevertheless, the Northern and Eastern regions sometimes experience relatively high temperatures exceeding 30 0 C and the South Western region sometimes has temperatures below 16 0 C. The Central, Western and Eastern regions have two rainy seasons, from March to May for the first rains, and the second rains from September to November. The Northern region receives one rainy season from April to October, and the period from November to March has minimal rain. Most of the country receives between 750 mm and 2100 mm annually. The country has loamy soils with varying proportions of sand and clay. In addition, it has varying vegetation with tropical rain forest vegetation in the South and savannah woodlands and semi arid vegetation in the North Culture and Religion Uganda s population is made up of different ethnic groups with varying customs and norms. These play a major role in shaping the behaviours and ways of life of the people in the country. Some of the traditional values have changed due to the integration of the people as a result of migration and/or intermarriages. The cultural groupings, such as, Baganda, Basoga, Batoro, Banyoro, Itesoit etc are headed by traditional kings or chiefs who are not politically elected but have an indirect role in community governance and moral build up. There are a number of languages spoken because of the many tribes in Uganda, however English is the official language. The Swahili language is being promoted in the spirit of Regional Socio-Economic Corporation, and integration of the East African Community. The 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Uganda recognizes the freedom to practise any religion Education Uganda s education system is both formal and informal. Under the formal system, the four tier educational model is followed i.e. seven years of primary education, four years of ordinary level secondary education, two years of advanced level secondary education and the tertiary level of education. Each level is nationally examined and certificates are awarded. University education is offered by both public and private institutions. 3

22 The 2002 Population and Housing Census The Universal Primary Education (UPE) was introduced in 1997 to offer free education at the primary level. However, access to secondary and tertiary education is limited to only those who can meet the costs. There are plans by the Government to introduce Universal Secondary Education (USE) in The government also sponsors about 4,000 students every year through the public universities. In addition, the private sponsorship scheme is operational in the public universities. University education can also be obtained from any of the seven private universities in the country. In addition, a large number of institutions both private and public also offer tertiary education. In addition to formal education there exists informal education to serve all those persons who did not receive formal education. Under the informal system, a range of practical/hands-on skills are imparted to those who have not gone through or only partially gone through the formal system of education. The majority in the informal system are the young adults and/or drop out and disadvantaged children. The Functional Adult Literacy (FAL) programme in the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development also targets older people who did not get chance to go through formal training Macro economy Uganda s economic performance was performing well in the early years of independence; with rapid economic growth and development. In the early post independence period ( ), the economy grew at an average of 6.7 percent per year. By the end of the 1960 s, commercial agriculture accounted for more than one-third of GDP and industrial output had increased to nearly nine percent of GDP, given the new food processing industries. In the early 1970 s, the government targeted an annual GDP growth rate of about 5.6 percent. However, the political instability and associated economic mismanagement resulted in a persistent economic decline that left Uganda among the world s poorest and least developed countries. In early 1980s, Structural Adjustment programs were introduced which led to strong economic growth of GDP. Hence, the period that followed showed a remarkable increase in productivity and output. This was given impetus by macroeconomic stability resulting from the macroeconomic reforms. This led to the economy reverting to its high GDP growth rates and low and stable inflation and interest rates from the 1990 s to present. The PEAP target was for a GDP growth rate of 5.2 percent in 2003, and an average of 7 percent thereafter. 4

23 Analytical Report The economy of Uganda is primarily based on the agricultural sector, with over 70 percent of the working population being employed by the sector. Agricultural exports account for over 45 percent of the total export earnings with coffee, tobacco and fish continuing to be the main export commodities that bring in foreign exchange. In the last 5 years, the telecommunication sector has been the fastest growing sector of the economy, and this is due to the expansion programs and increase in coverage by the major telecommunication companies in the country which have led to increased numbers of subscribers and providers of the services. 1.2 Sources of Data The main data sources for establishing benchmarks for economic and social indicators for Uganda are censuses and surveys. Information is also obtained from administrative records The Earlier Population Estimates Prior to 1900, there was limited information on Uganda s population. The first official population estimates of the Uganda Protectorate were made in 1900 and 1901, and gave a population at 2 million and 2.5 million respectively which were more or less accepted until the first census was carried out in the year The Population Censuses The population censuses in Uganda have been conducted in the years 1911, 1921, 1931, 1948, 1959, 1969, 1980, 1991 and The 1911, 1921 and 1931 population censuses were mainly administrative in nature, and for all the three censuses, separate enumeration procedures were made for the African and non-african population in the country. For the non-african population and for the Africans living on non-african premises, census forms were collected from their local administrative centres. The population census results of 1911, 1921 and 1931 were 2.5 million, 2.9 million and 3.5 million respectively. The 1948 Population Census was the first scientific census to be carried out in Uganda. This was followed by the 1959 Censuses. During the two censuses, the African Population and the non African population were enumerated separately. The two censuses were followed by sample censuses of 10 percent and 5 percent respectively. The sample censuses were intended to provide detailed data to help in the planning processes. 5

24 The 2002 Population and Housing Census The first post independence census was conducted in 1969 followed by 1980 and The methodology used during these censuses was similar, people were enumerated where they spent the census night (De facto Census) and conducted simultaneously for Africans and Non-Africans. Two different types of schedules were used to collect the data. The first schedule contained limited questions and was administered at 100 percent coverage while the built in sample covered 10 percent of the rural areas and 100 percent of the urban areas and was intended to provide detailed data to aid in planning. 1.3 The 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census The 2002 Population and Housing Census was the most comprehensive census ever conducted in Uganda. The census collected data on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the population; household and housing conditions, agriculture; activities of micro and small enterprises; and the community characteristics. A structured questionnaire was administered to all households and the institutional population Census Implementation The reference night (Census Night) was 12 th /13 th September 2002, and the actual enumeration was carried out between 13 th and 19 th September The enumeration was done by trained enumerators who canvassed the entire country and administered the questionnaires to the household head, or in his/her absence any other knowledgeable household member. Special arrangements were made to enumerate institutional, homeless and mobile populations. The census administered a standard questionnaire to all persons countrywide. For purposes of presentation of the results, the country s 56 districts have been grouped into four regions namely Central, Eastern, Northern and Western. These are statistical groupings of districts without administrative or political status. In order to show a clearer trend, the 1980 and 1991 censuses data was redistributed according to the 2002 district boundaries and other lower administrative units Quality of the Census Data Quality is an important aspect of data as it enhances their credibility, increases their potential use and the benefits to be derived from them. Census data quality can be compromised by poor measurement of characteristics as well as poor quality control in implementation of methodologies. In particular, quality can be compromised through inadequate coverage, use of untested methodology and procedures, inaccurate responses, high non response errors and data processing errors (editing, coding, data entry, tabulation, etc). 6

25 Analytical Report The 2002 census process paid attention to quality management and enhancement. In particular, special measures were taken to ensure quality census data. These included, among others: dividing up the whole country into compact and manageable enumeration areas which can be covered by one enumerator. producing enumeration area maps to avoid omission or double counting during enumeration ensuring that each enumerator exhaustively canvassed the assigned area. using simple and pre-tested questionnaires. preparation of an Enumerators Instructions Manual to act as a full-time guide to the census enumeration. adequate publicity of the census exercise throughout the country. adequate training of all field staff lasting for a period of 6-7 days intensive supervision at all levels parish, sub-county, district and national checking and editing the census questionnaires. 100 percent verification of all data entered into the computer. carefully checking all data for internal consistency as well as consistency with data from other sources. conducting a Post Enumeration Survey (PES) with the aim of measuring the magnitude, direction and sources of errors for the 2002 Census Exclusion of data from Kotido District The final results showed that Kotido District had a very high population growth rate of 9.5 percent per annum and an average household size of 6.8 persons. These were much higher than what was observed for the same district in 1991 and for the neighbouring districts in UBOS carried out an investigation of the Census data and found that a number of indicators for Kotido district deviated from other reliable results obtained from other studies. A deeper review of a representative sample of the census data for the district revealed that there was a deliberate duplication of households and individuals to inflate the population figures. Statistical methods were applied on the population of Kotido to come up with more reliable estimates of the population of the district as of UBOS subsequently adjusted the population of Kotido district downwards to be consistent with the results from other studies carried out around the same time. Despite this adjustment, it was not possible to have obtained detailed characteristics of the population and households. 7

26 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Since most of the indicators from the district were not reliable, a decision was taken to carry out the census analysis without Kotido data. Thus, the indicators shown in this report exclude the figures for Kotido district apart from indicators on population size, growth and distribution. Because of this, the analysis of population size and Growth (Chapter 2) is based on the total population of 24.2 million, while the rest of the report is based on the population excluding persons enumerated in Hotels and Kotido district, which was 23.8 million. 8

27 Analytical Report CHAPTER 2: POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION To formulate present and future development programmes, a country needs to know the size, quality and growth of its population. Population growth should be in tandem with economic growth and development if a country is to develop fast enough. Population censuses are the main sources of demographic data in general and information on population size, distribution and growth in particular. Other sources include the various surveys, the Birth and Death Registration System (BDR) and Administrative records. Although the BDR system is in operation in some of the districts, it does not generate reliable estimates. 2.1 Total Population The Population of Uganda was 24.2 million in 2002 having increased from 2.5 million in 1911 reflecting nearly a 10-fold increase over a 90-year period. Between 1948 and 2002 the population increased from 5.0 million to 24.2 million an increase of about 5 times. Since the last census the population has grown by about 7.5 million. This is the highest inter-censal increase ever registered in Uganda. Figure 2.1: Population of Uganda, Population (Millions) Census Year 2.2 Spatial Distribution of the Population The Central region had the largest share of the national population at 27 percent in 2002 but decreased from 29 percent in 1991 (Figure 2.2). Western region also experienced a decrease in share of the national population between 1991 and On the other hand the Northern region still had the lowest share of the population despite the considerable percentage gain between 1991 and 2002 censuses. 9

28 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 2.2: Percentage Share of Population by Region, Share of the Population Central Eastern Northern Western Regions Table 2.1 shows that 36 out of the 56 districts had a population between 250,000 and 750,000 persons, and these constituted about two thirds of the total population. Table A1.1 shows that in 2002, two Districts (Mbarara and Kampala) had populations of more than one million people while Kalangala District had the least population (34,766) in 2002 and was the only district with a population of less than 100,000 people in Table 2.1: Distribution of Districts Population by Size Indicator Less than 250, , , , , ,000 or More All Sizes Number of Districts Population (Millions) Share of Population (%)

29 Analytical Report The population size of the sub-counties vary quite widely. Table 2.2 below shows that slightly more than half of the population lived in the 631 sub-counties with a size of 10,000 30,000 persons. There were 31 large sub-counties, (with populations of 50,000 persons or more), and they collectively constituted 12 percent of the population. Table 2.2: Distribution of Sub-counties/ Divisions by Population Size Sub county / Divisions Population Size Indicator Number of Less than 10,000 10,000 29,999 30,000 49,999 More than 50,000 All Sizes Sub-counties/ Divisions Population (Millions) Share of population (%) Table 2.3 shows that the majority of the people lived in parishes with a population of 2,000-4,999 or 5,000-9,999 people. Only 4 percent of the people lived in the very small parishes with less than 2,000 persons, while 13 percent lived in parishes with more than 10,000 people. Table 2.3: Distribution of Parishes / Wards by Population Size Parish / Wards Population Size Less than More than All Indicator 2,000 2,000-4,999 5,000-10,000 10,000 sizes Number of Parishes/ Wards 617 2,895 1, ,238 Population (Millions) Share of population (%) Population Growth The average annual population growth rate between was 3.2 percent Uganda s population grew at an average annual rate of 3.2 percent during the period 1991 to This was the second highest inter-censal growth rate, the highest being 3.9 percent observed during the period Table A1.1 shows that the central region had the highest average annual growth rate of the population during the period and the lowest one for The 11

30 The 2002 Population and Housing Census results also reveal that the northern region had the highest growth of the population at 4.2 percent during the period This can be partly explained by the returning of residents of this region especially to districts of West Nile area. During the period , four districts experienced a negative population growth rate. However, no district experienced a similar trend during the period The results also indicate that during the period the population of the districts of Kalangala, Adjumani, Moyo and Yumbe more than doubled. No district experienced a doubling of its population during the previous intercensal period ( ) Table 2.4: Distribution of Districts by Growth Rates, Inter-censal Period Growth Rate (%) More than 5% % % % % % 6 2 Less than 0% 4 0 Total The growth rate of Uganda s population at 3.2 percent during was higher than that of Tanzania (2.9 percent), Kenya (2.9 percent) and Rwanda (2.5 percent) around the same period. During the same period the average population growth rate of the Africa s population was 2.1 percent and that of the World was 1.3 percent Population Density Uganda has a total area of 241,038 square kilometres. The population density was 123 persons per square kilometre of land area in Table 2.5 shows that the population density increased from 25 persons per square kilometre in 1948 to 123 persons per square kilometre in US Bureau of Census, Global Population Profile,

31 Analytical Report Table 2.5: Population Density of Uganda, Index Population (Millions) Population Density (Persons per Sq Km) The results in Table A1.1 show that the Eastern region had the highest population density of 226 persons per square kilometre in 2002 as compared to the Northern region which had the lowest of 62 persons per square kilometre. Population densities for Central and Western region were 176 and 127 persons per square kilometre respectively. The population density of the districts varied between 22 persons per square kilometre for Moroto district to 7,259 persons per square kilometre for Kampala district. 2.5 Urbanisation Urbanisation is defined as the increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas. However, the definition of urban areas has been changing over time. The 2002 Census defined urban areas as only the gazetted ones while the earlier censuses included ungazetted trading centres with more than 1,000 people as part of the urban population Only 12 percent of the population was living in urban areas. Table 2.6 shows that the population of Uganda was predominantly rural with 88 percent of the population living in rural areas in This level of urbanization is extremely low compared to Kenya and Tanzania, which relatively had 20 percent and 22 percent respectively of their population living in urban areas, in Table 2.6: Trends in Urban Population, Population (Millions) Census Year Urban* Total Percent of Population in Urban Areas Urban Growth Rate (%) * The information for the 1980 and 1991 censuses have been recast to the 2002 definition of urban population, and are therefore different from figures published in earlier reports Urban Population growth rate is 5.1 per year between 1991 and Table 2.6 shows that the urban population in Uganda has increased rapidly from less than one million persons in 1980 to 3 million 2002, representing a more than three-fold increase. During the same period, the share of the population that lives in urban areas increased from 6.7 percent to 12.3 percent. The urban population was characterized by a high growth rate of 5.1 percent between 1991 and

32 The 2002 Population and Housing Census 2.6 Migration Migration is the geographic movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new residence. The 2002 Census did not collect information on Usual Residence. Therefore, the information on Place of Enumeration is taken as a proxy for Usual Residence. Migration may be internal (within the country s boundaries) or international (across country boundaries). Table 2.7 gives the distribution of the total population by selected migration characteristics. The table shows that 84 percent were enumerated in their district of birth and hence are nonmigrants. Table 2.7: Distribution of the Population by Migration Characteristics Migration Characteristics Total Population Resident Migrants* None Migrant - Born and Enumerated in Same District + Visitors at the time of the Census 20,213.4 NA Place of Birth is in Uganda and Place of Previous Residence is in Uganda 3, ,349.4 Place of Birth is in Uganda but Place of Previous Residence is outside Uganda Place of Birth is outside Uganda but Place of Previous Residence is in Uganda Place of Birth is outside Uganda and Place of Previous Residence is outside Uganda Total 23, ,477.5 * Persons whose Duration of Residence in the District is less than 5 Years; The information excludes persons whose Place of Previous Residence was Kotido district International Migration One of the factors that lead to a change in the size of the country s population is International migration. It has two components, namely, emigration and immigration. Emigration is the movement of people out of the country, whereas immigration is the movement of people into the country. 14

33 Analytical Report International migrants constituted 1.4 percent of total population For purposes of this Report, international migrations have been considered to involve people whose place of birth was outside Uganda. Table 2.8 gives the number of immigrants for the various census years. The table shows that there were 333,000 lifetime immigrants in 2002, and these constituted about 1.4 percent of the total population of Uganda. The 1969 census recorded the highest number of immigrants which stood at 786,000 persons. The absolute numbers fell from 406,000 in 1991 to 333,000 in 2002 representing a decrease of about 18 percent. The downward trend of immigrations since 1969 could be partly explained by the relative stability in Southern Sudan in the early 1990 s thus reducing on the number of refugees received compared to the late 1980 s when the Ugnada registered massive inflows from Sudan occasioned by the insurgency there. Other events leading to the decrease of immigrants include the return of Rwandese refugees in The expulsion of Asians in 1972 was another notable movement. Table 2.8: Immigrants by Race and Sex, Uganda, Year Africans Non Africans All Races Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total na na 41.0 na na na na na na na na International immigration figures have since the 1948 census been higher for the Africans compared to non-africans. Up to the 1991 census, immigrants were dominated by males. However, in 2002, the females outnumbered the males Recent International Migration Recent international migrants are defined as persons whose Place of Birth was outside Uganda and Place of Previous Residence was outside Uganda and had lived in the district for less than five 5 years. The 2002 Census did not collect data on emigration (movement of people to outside countries). Therefore, it is not possible to estimate the magnitude and direction of net international migration. More than one third of recent immigrants were from DRC Out of the 333,000 immigrants, about one third (98,000) were recent immigrants. Table 2.9 gives the distribution of recent immigrants by country of origin and their sex composition. The table shows that the majority of immigrants in 2002 came from six neighbouring countries and these constituted 92 percent of all recent immigrants. The 15

34 The 2002 Population and Housing Census pattern has remained similar to previous censuses with neighbouring countries being the dominant places of origin of immigrants into Uganda. More than one third of the recent immigrants were from Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) while 20 percent were from Sudan. There are no major variations in the sex composition of immigrants from the neighbouring countries, with the share of females close to 50 percent. Neighbouring countries immigrants tend to move as families hence having sex differences that are minimal. In contrast, a bigger difference in sex composition for immigrants from far off countries is explained by the fact that they tend to move as individual males. Table 2.9: Distribution of Recent Immigrants by Country of Previous Residence Country of Previous Residence Male Female Total Percent Females DR of Congo Sudan Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Burundi Other Africa Asia Rest of the World Total percent of Uganda born population were internal migrants Internal Migrants The 2002 Census revealed a total of 23 million persons were born in Uganda. Of these 3.1 million (equivalent to 13 percent) were enumerated outside their district of birth and hence classified as internal migrants. These were almost equally distributed between sexes. Because of changes in the boundaries of districts (which are the migration defining areas) between any two censuses, no comparison with the findings from the previous censuses is made. A Recent Internal Migrant is defined a person who was born in Uganda, the previous residence was within Uganda and at the time of the Census had stayed in the district for a period not exceeding 5 years. Because of problems of classification of visitors to the household at the time of the census, they are excluded from the study of recent migration. Out of all the lifetime internal migrants, 41 percent (1.3 million persons) 16

35 Analytical Report were recent internal migrants. population. These constituted about six percent of the total Volume and Distribution of Recent Internal Migrants Internal migration is with respect to persons born in Uganda and whose previous residence was in Uganda. The spatial distribution of internal migrants is determined by the different pull and push factors in the destination and source district respectively. Female migrants outnumbered the male migrants with a sex ratio of 95 males per 100 females (Table 2.10). More of the recent migrants (66 percent) were enumerated in urban areas than in rural areas (34 percent). Table 2.10: Distribution of Recent Migrants by Residence and Sex Place of Male Female Both Sexes Sex Residence No. ( 000s) Percent No. ( 000s) Percent No. ( 000s) Percent Ratio Urban Rural All Areas , Table A1.2 shows that the Central region had the biggest share (57 percent) of the recent in-migrants in the country. The Western region had the second biggest share (20 percent) while the Northern region had the least share of only eight percent of the internal migrants. The table further shows that Kampala City had the biggest percentage of internal migrants (18 percent) while Hoima District the least of 1.5 percent. This high share of Kampala is attributed to the urban nature of Kampala City, which attracts in-migrants with the hope of improving their livelihood and getting employment opportunities Characteristics of Recent Internal Migrants The distribution of recent internal migrants by age shows that, nearly half of the recent migrants were in the age bracket There were slightly more men in the age bracket than women. Table 2.11 further shows that the Literacy rate among the recent migrants aged 10 years and above was higher (80 percent) than that for the total population. Similarly, the economic activity rate for those aged years was 57 percent compared to 53 percent for the total population. 17

36 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 2.11: Distribution of Recent Migrants by Selected Characteristics and Sex Characteristics of Male Female Both Sexes Recent Migrants Age Number ( 000s) Percent Number ( 000s) Percent Number ( 000s) Percent Under Literacy Literate Illiterate Econ Activity Working Looking for Work Not Working All Recent Migrants , , Size of Recent Migration Streams A migration stream is a group of persons who moved from one place (place of origin) to a common destination (place of destination) irrespective of when the actual migration actually took place. A recent Migration stream refers to those movements that took place within the five years preceding the census. The distribution of recent migration streams by size is given in Table The table shows that there were 2,847 non-zero recent internal migration streams out of a possible 2,970 streams. Of these, 14 had more than 10,000 persons each, 34 had 5,000 10,000 persons, 78 had 2,500 5,000 persons each and 2,544 had less than 1,000 persons. 18

37 Analytical Report Table 2.12: Distribution of Recent Internal Migrants by Size of Migration Stream Population Number of Persons Number of Streams Number ( 000s) Percent 10,000 or More ,000 10, ,500 5, ,000 2, ,000 2, Zero Total 2,970 1, Net Internal Migration Net internal migration is the gain or loss in population arising out of internal migration, and is computed as the difference between in-migrants and out migrants. The net migration rate is expressed as a percentage of the population of the receiving area. 36 out 55 districts had negative net migration rates Table A1.2 shows the net migration rates by districts. The table shows that 19 districts experienced a net gain in population while the remaining 36 districts had a loss. Kalangala district had the highest positive net migration rate (38 percent). On the other hand, Kabale district had the highest net out-migration rate (11.4 percent). Table 2.13 shows the 10 districts with highest net in-migration and highest net outmigration rates. Six out of the ten districts with the highest net in-migration rates were in Central region, while the majority of those with the lowest net migration were in the Western region. 19

38 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 2.13: Net Migration Rates for the top 10 and bottom 10 Districts. Postive Net Recent Migration Negative Net Recent Migration Rank. District Rate (%) District Rate (%) 1 Kalangala 37.5 Kabale Wakiso 17.5 Kisoro Kampala 11.7 Mpigi Kiboga 7.7 Rukungiri Masindi 6.1 Masaka Sembabule 5.1 Bushenyi Kyenjojo 4.7 Kabarole Kibaale 4.6 Iganga Nakasongola 4.5 Nakapiripirit Mayuge 4.4 Nebbi -4.1 Summary The total population was 24.2 million representing an annual growth rate of 3.2 percent between 1991 and The population was close to evenly distributed between the regions, although the Central region had the largest share. The urban population was growing at 5.1 percent per year; however, the Urbanisation level was still low at 12 percent. Four out of every five persons were non-migrants while the international migrants contributed less than one percent of the total population. The majority of the recent immigrants were from the neighboring countries. There was higher inter-district migration with 14 percent of the Ugandan-born population being enumerated outside their district of origin. More than half of the recent internal migrants were found in Central region. Most of the districts experienced a net out migration. 20

39 Analytical Report CHAPTER 3: POPULATION COMPOSITION This chapter presents a description of the composition of household and nonhousehold population, as well as the ethnic and religious composition of the population. 3.1 Composition of the Household Population A Household is defined as a group of persons who normally eat and live together. Household composition is a key variable for determining the demographic characteristics of a population. It is that variable that classifies households according to the relationships between its members. This section therefore highlights the age, sex, number and type of family nuclei, the presence of related and unrelated people. The 2002 Census enumerated only persons present in the household on the Census Night (De facto Census). The exception was household heads as their characteristics were recorded whether they were present or absent from the household on the census night in order to allow for proper analysis of household / family structures. The spatial distribution of households is given in Table 3.1. The table shows that there were a total of 5 million households of which 14 percent were in the urban areas. Table 3.1: Distribution of Households and Household Population by Residence Households Household Population Residence / Region Number Percent Number Percent Average Household Size Residence Urban 706, ,948, Rural 4,337, ,892, Region Central 1,538, ,572, Eastern 1,276, ,202, Northern 935, ,770, Western 1,292, ,295, Total 5,043, ,841,

40 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Household Headship For purposes of the 2002 Census, a Household Head is the person who was regarded by the members of the household as its head, and could be a man or a woman. Majority of the households were males headed From Table 3.2, it is evident that 77 percent of the households in Uganda were headed by males. The proportion of female headed households was higher in urban areas (28 percent) than in the rural areas (22 percent). Among the regions, the Central region had the highest proportion of female headed households of 27 percent while Eastern region had the least of 20 percent. Table 3.2: Distribution of Households by Region/ Residence and Sex of Head Characteristics of Sex of Head Household Head Male Female Both Sexes Residence Urban Rural Region Central Eastern Northern Western Total percent of female Household Heads were widowed, divorced or separated Table 3.3 shows that almost three quarters of the household heads were married, while less than 10 percent had never been married. There were noticeable variations in household headship by sex. Among the female headed households, 40 percent were widowed and 22 percent were divorced. The equivalent percentages among male headed households were 2.1 percent and 4.5 percent respectively. Nearly one quarter of the household heads had never had education, while about one half had only primary level education. Close to 50 percent of the female headed households did not have any education, compared to 18 percent of the male counterparts. Almost three quarters of the household heads were working and about one quarter were not working. 22

41 Analytical Report Table 3.3: Percentage Distribution of Household Head by Socio-economic Characteristics and Sex Sex of Household Head Background Characteristics Male Female Both sexes Age of Head Child (10 17 yrs) Adult (18 59 yrs) Older Person (60 yrs +) Marital status Never married Currently married Widowed Divorced/separated Educational Attainment None / Never Attended School Primary Secondary Post secondary Activity status Working Looking for work Not economically active Total Household Size The household size is the number of usual members of the households. However, since the 2002 Census enumerated people where they spent the census night, the household sizes presented refer to the size on the census night. Thirteen percent of the households were single person Table 3.4 shows that households had widely varying sizes. The single-person households constituted 13 percent of all households while households with 10 or more persons constituted six percent. Almost two-thirds of the households had less than six persons. Urban areas tend to have smaller households. The proportion of small households (less than six persons) was slightly higher in urban areas than in rural areas while the reverse is observed for the large households with 6 persons or more. 23

42 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 3.4: Percentage Distribution of Households and Household Population by Size Urban Rural Total Household size Households Population Households Population Households Population One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine or more Total The average household size has remained around 4.7 persons for the last three decades The average Household Size is a measure of the number of persons per household. In this case, the size given is as of the census night, which might be slightly different from the mean number of usual members. The average household size for Uganda was 4.7 persons as indicated in Figure 3.1 below. This was close to the size observed from the previous censuses of 4.8 in 1991 and 4.7 in The stability in the household size is a reflection of the stable fertility Uganda has experienced over the past three decades. Among the regions, the average household size varied from 4.2 in Central Region to 5.0 persons in Northern region. The average household size was smallest in Kalangala district (2.6 persons) and largest in Nebbi district (5.5 persons) as indicated in Table A1.3. Educated persons tend to have smaller households Some variations in average household size were observed by the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the household head as shown in Figure 3.1. The average household size was larger in rural areas than in urban areas. The average household size varied with the education level of the household head. It ranged from 6.9 persons in the household whose head had no education to only 1.6 persons where the household head had post-primary education. 24

43 Analytical Report Figure 3.1: Average Household Size by Selected Characteristics of Household Head Uganda Male Female Rural Urban No Educ Primary Secondary Post Sec 83 percent of the household population were members of the nuclei family Relationship to the Household Head The bulk of the household population were members of the nuclear family including 19 percent who were household heads (excluding those absent on the census night), 13 percent were spouses and 51 percent were children/step children to the head. The extended family members constituted almost 17 percent of the household population. There were more males among the household heads and other relatives while the females were dominant among the spouses. Table 3.5: Distribution of Household Population by Relationship to Household Head Relationship to Household Head Male Female Total Sex Ratio Head * Spouse Child Step Child Parent of Head or Spouse Brother/Sister of Head or Spouse Other Relative Non Relative Total * Excludes Household Heads who were absent from the household at the time of the census 25

44 The 2002 Population and Housing Census 3.2 Composition of the Non-Household Population Only 1 % of the population was not enumerated in households Out of the 23.8 million persons enumerated in Uganda, 244 thousand were not enumerated in households and hence classified as non-household population. This accounted for one percent of the total population. Table 3.6 shows that more than one third of the non-household population were enumerated in educational institutions while another one fifth were in refugee camps. Each of the other categories had less than 10 percent of the non household population. The non-household population was male dominated with a sex ratio of 138. There are wide variations in the sex composition of the institutional population by type. Most notable were the prison inmates and the homeless with sex ratios of 834 and 779 males per 100 females respectively. Religious and medical institutions had sex ratios less than 100 implying that they were female dominated. Table 3.6: Distribution of Non Household Population by Sex and Type of Institution Population Type Male Female Total Sex Ratio Educational Refugee Camp Medical Prison Religious Floating Population Hostel Barracks Orphanage/Reformatory Homeless Hotel Total The non-household population was unevenly distributed among regions and districts of Uganda. The distribution of the population by region and district is given in Table A1.3. The Northern region had 43 percent of the non-household population. The Eastern region had the least share of non-household population (9 percent). 26

45 Analytical Report 3.3 Citizenship and Ethnicity Uganda is characterised by a high ethnic diversity. The 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Uganda recognises and respects the diverse ethnic groups, freedom of worship, ideological, political and cultural diversity. The 2002 Census collected data on Citizenship of non-ugandans and Ethnic grouping of the Ugandans. Similar information was collected from earlier censuses. The share of non- Ugandans declined from 6 percent in 1969 to 2 percent in 2002 The majority of the population enumerated (98 percent) were Ugandans. This is similar to what was observed in the previous censuses. Table 3.7 shows that although the total population has been increasing over time, the non-ugandan population has remained fairly constant. Therefore the proportion of non-ugandan population to total population decreased from six percent in 1969 census to two percent in 2002 Census. The non-ugandan population was male dominated. Table 3.7: Selected Characteristics on Non-Ugandan Population, Census Year Characteristics of the Non-Ugandan Population Non Ugandan Population ( 000s) N/A Share of Non-Ugandans (%) Sex Ratios of the Non-Ugandan Population 5.6 N/A N/A Total Population (Millions) Note: N/A Not Available The Baganda were the most populous ethnic group in all censuses The 2002 Census classified the Ugandans into the 56 legally recognised ethnic groups existing at that time. Table 3.8 shows that there were nine ethnic groups with a population of over one million persons, and these collectively constituted 69 percent of the indigenous population. The Baganda were the largest single tribe (18 percent) followed by the Banyankole with (10 percent) as shown in (Table 3.9). 27

46 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 3.8: Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Population Size Population Size Ethnic Groups Population Number Names Number ( 000s) Percentage 1 million or More 9 Baganda, Banyakole, Basoga, Bakiga, Iteso, Langi, Acholi, Bagisu, Lugbara 16, ,000 1,000,000 4 Banyoro, Bakhonzo, 2, Batoro, Alur 250, ,000 8 Bafumbira, Bagwere, 2, Jopadhola, Banyole, Banyarwanda, Madi, Basamia, Karimojong 100, ,000 5 Sabiny, Bahororo, Kumam, Baruli, Kakwa 25, , Jonam, Bagwe, Pokot, Babwisi, Bakenyi, Bagungu, Batagwenda, Baamba, Kuku, Kebu (Okebu), Nubi Less than 25, So (Tepeth), Banyara, Batuku, Chope, Babukusu, Banyabindi, Lendu, Basongora, IK (Teuso), Batwa, Bahehe, Dodoth, Ethur, Mening, Jie, Mvuba, Nyangia, Napore, Vonoma Others Non Indigenous Groups Total 56 23,

47 Analytical Report Table 3.9 shows the trends of the 10 most populous ethnic groups during the period 1948 to The Baganda have been the largest tribe since 1948 to The Iteso who were the second largest tribe up to 1959 were the fifth largest tribe in On the converse, the Banyankole who were the fourth largest tribe in 1948 became second while the Basoga have maintained the third position. Table 3.9: Distribution of Ugandan Population by Ethnic Group, Percentage Distribution Ethnic Groups Population in 2002 (millions) Baganda Banyankole Basoga Bakiga Iteso Langi Acholi Bagisu Lugbara Other Ugandans Total There are minority groups in Uganda in terms of ethnicity, religion, language, numbers, access to power, cultural and economic resources. Although there is no universally acceptable definition of minority, any disempowerment regardless of the numerical size, should be considered a minority. Table 3.10 shows that there were 15 different ethnic groups which had populations of less than 25,000 persons hence constituting less than 0.1 percent of the indigenous population. 2 NB: The classification of ethnic groups has been changing over time. Therefore, part of the difference realised is due to subdivision of ethnic groups in subsequent censuses. 29

48 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 3.10: Population of the Small Ethnic Groups Ethnic Group Population Share of Ugandan Population Vonoma Napore* Nyangia Mvuba Jie* 1, Mening 1, Ethur 2, Dodoth* 2, Bahehe 3, Batwa 6, IK(Teuso) 8, Basongora 10, Lendu 11, Banyabindi 13, Babukusu 14, Chope 20, Batuku 20, Banyara 20, So(Tepeth) 21, All Minority Groups 160, *These ethic groups are predominantly found in Kotido District whose results are not included. 3.4 Religious Composition Religion can be defined as a belief in, and reverence for, supernatural powers. It is a system of thought, feeling, and action that is shared by a group and that gives the members an object of devotion, a code of behaviour by which individuals may judge the personal and social consequences of their actions. It is a frame of reference by which individuals relate to their group and the universe 85 percent of the population were Christians The 2002 Census classified the population into nine different religious beliefs, with a residual category of Others for those whose belief did not fall in any specified groups. Table 3.10 shows that the majority of the population belonged to the Christian faith. The Catholics were 42 percent of the total population while the Anglicans were 37 percent. The Moslems came third with 12 percent. 30

49 Analytical Report Table 3.11: Distribution of Population by Religion Religion Number ( 000s) Percent Number ( 000s) Percent Catholic 7, , Anglican/Protestant 6, , Moslem 1, , Pentecostal NU NU 1, SDA Orthodox Other Christian Bahai NU NU Others* Total 16, , NU Not separately identified during enumeration * Others includes: Other Non-Christians, Traditional and None. Summary The majority of the population was enumerated in households. Only one percent of Uganda s population were not in households, but instead were in other institutions like Educational Institutions, refuge camps, hostels, barracks, etc, while the rest were homeless or in Hotels. Nearly one third of the non-household population were in Educational Institutions. The sex ratio of the non-household population was highest in Prisons with 834 males per 100 female inmates. The Census counted a total of 5 million households of which 23 percent were female headed. The single-person households constituted 13 percent of all the households while very large households with 10 or more persons constituted six percent of the total number of households. The average household size in Uganda was 4.7 persons and it was very close to that from the previous censuses of 4.8 in 1991 and 4.7 in This reflects stable fertility in Uganda over the past three decades. The average household size reduces as the education level of the head increases. The household heads constituted 19 percent of the household population, while children/step children to the head were more than half of the household members. Members of the nuclear family made up of 83 percent of the household population. Nearly all persons (98 percent) enumerated were Ugandans. This is slightly higher compared to the previous censuses. The non-ugandan population was male dominated, although the male dominance is reducing. The proportion of women increased from 39 percent in 1969 census to 50 percent in

50 The 2002 Population and Housing Census There were nine ethnic groups with a population of over one million persons, and they collectively constituted 69 percent of the indigenous population. The Baganda were the largest single ethnic group (18 percent) followed by the Banyankole with (10.0 percent). The dominance of the Baganda has been observed since the 1948 Census. Catholics were the largest religious group in Uganda with 42 percent of the total population while 37 percent of the population were of the the Anglicans/Church of Uganda beliefs. The Moslems came third with 12 percent. Christianity was predominant being practiced by 85 percent of the population. 32

51 Analytical Report CHAPTER 4: AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION Age and sex are the most basic characteristics of a population. The study of the current sex and age composition of the population is useful in understanding the past trends of population change. Sex and age composition of a population also has significant implications for the reproductive potential, human resource, school attendance, family formation, health care, and other service delivery in general. The 2002 Census collected information on sex, exact date of birth and age in completed years of every individual enumerated. 4.1 Sex Composition There were 95 males for every 100 females The sex composition of the human population is one of the basic demographic characteristics, which is extremely vital for any meaningful analysis. It is a result of past trends of fertility, mortality and migration. The sex ratio defined as number of males per 100 females is an index for comparing the numerical balance between the population of either sex in different population groups irrespective of their size, location and time reference Sex Composition of the Total Population The sex ratio for Uganda for the total population started by increasing from in 1948 to in 1969 (Figure 4.1). Thereafter, there has been a consistent fall from 98.2 in 1980 to the current level of 95.3 in The civil unrest in the country since the early 1970 s could have led to the higher male mortality and hence partly explain the emerging findings. At the regional level, sex ratios were quite close, implying that there was no major regional variation in the sex composition. However, the district level sex ratio in 2002 varied widely from 82 percent for Kisoro to 150 percent for Kalangala (Table A1.4). 33

52 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 4.1: Trend in Sex Ratios, Uganda, Sex Ratio (males /100 females) Year Sex Composition of the Population Sub-groups The sex composition of the population varies widely by sub-population. Table 4.1 shows that for non-ugandans, there were 102 males per 100 females, implying that more males migrate to Uganda than females. The sex ratio was slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas. There were more males enumerated in institutions than females i.e. 138 males for every 100 females. Table 4.1: Population by Sex for different Population Subgroups. Characteristics Male Female Total Sex Ratio Residence Rural population Urban population Citizenship Ugandans Non-Ugandans Population Type Household population Non Household population Uganda

53 Analytical Report Sex Composition of the Population by Age-groups Figure 4.2 presents the age-specific sex ratio of the population. Across all age groups, there was generally a consistent drop in sex ratios between 1969 and A reduction for the period 1991 to 2002 is observed in all age groups with exception of those aged below 10, 15 to 19, 30 to 34, 40 to 44 years, and 60 to 69. Figure 4.2: Sex Ratios by Age, Age Group Age Composition For purposes of studying age composition, use is made of the functional age groups commonly used in Uganda s development programmes as well as the standard fiveage groups used in demographic analyses Evaluation of the Quality of Age Data Data on age are usually characterised by age misreporting in the form of preference or avoidance of ages ending in certain digits. Several measures have been developed which give an estimate of the level of age misreporting. In order to evaluate the quality of age data in this report, the Myer s Index is used. The age data were evaluated in 35

54 The 2002 Population and Housing Census respect to digit preference. The index returns a negative figure if a digit is avoided and a positive one if it is preferred. Figure 4.3 shows extensive heaping for ages ending in digit zero, and this is especially so for females. Heaping is also observed for ages ending in digits 2, 5 and 8 with digit 2 being preferred more than 5 and 8. The remaining digits were avoided with digit 1 being most avoided. Figure 4.3: Myre s Index of Digit Preference Male Female Figure 4.4 presents the trend in quality of age reporting using the combined Myer s Index of Preference. The figure reveals that the combined index decreased from 30.3 in 1969 to 25.8 in 1991 and further to 15.3 in This signifies an improvement in age reporting over time. In all the censuses, age heaping was higher among females than males. 36

55 Analytical Report Figure 4.4: Trend in Myer s index of Digit Preference, Male Female Total Wide variations in the combined index were observed at regional and district level (Table A1.4). It should however be noted that some districts experience a lot of migration (Section 2.6) which is usually highly age selective. Therefore, some of the apparent errors in age data may be a reflection of the true structure of the population in those districts. This signifies an improvement in the reporting of age data over time. The quality of reporting has been poorer for females compared to males in all the three censuses Age Distribution of the Population The Ugandan population is youthful and is becoming even younger over time. Table 4.2 reveals that the proportion of children (population below 18 years of age) increased from 51 percent in 1969 to 56 percent in The primary school age population (6 12 years) constituted 22 percent of the population in 2002 while the proportion of the older persons (aged 60 years or more) decreased from 5.8 percent in 1969 to 4.6 percent in Despite the decrease in the proportion, the actual number of older persons increased from 556,000 in 1969 to 1.1 million in

56 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 4.2: Population of Selected Age Groups, Age Index Age Category Population Aged 6 12 Years Population Aged less than 15 Years Population Aged Less than 18 Years Population Aged Years Population Aged Years Population Aged Years Population Aged Years Population Aged 60 Years or More Summary Measures Dependency Ratio Median Age * These age categories are NOT mutually exclusive and therefore do not add to 100 percent A population pyramid is a pictorial representation of the age distribution of a given population. Its shape is determined by the past birth and death rates in that population. Uganda s population pyramid (Figure 4.5) is broad based, which is a characteristic of populations with high levels of fertility. The wide bars at the base show that fertility in this population is high. The sharply receding bars in the age range years, assuming no significant net outward international migration, is a reflection of high mortality. The fact that one side is almost a mirror image of the other, shows that there has been no major sex differential in mortality. 38

57 Analytical Report Figure 4.5: Population Pyramid in Five-Year Age Groups Age Group 95 Plus 90 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 14 5 to 9 0 to Proportion of the Population Male Female Summary measures of the age structure of the population include the median age and the Age Dependency Ratio. The Age Dependency Ratio is a ratio of the persons in the dependant ages (population below 15 year and those 65 years and above) to the economically active population (population aged years). The analysis of the data revealed a dependency ratio of 110 implying that on average there are 110 dependent persons per every 100 economically active persons. Table A1.4 shows that the Eastern region had the highest dependency ratio of 120, while the Central region had the least of 103. The variation by district was even wider. It ranged between 44.4 percent for Kalangala district and percent for Iganga district. The Median Age is the age that divides the population into two numerically equal groups. Table 4.2 shows that the median age has been declining over time from 17.2 in 1969 to 15.3 in This is further testimony that the population is becoming younger. There were no major variations in the median age by region. However, wide variations can be observed at the district level. 39

58 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Summary The sex and age composition of a population has significant implications in the area of planning. The sex ratio, increased up to 102 in 1969 then declined to 95.3 in 2002 implying that majority of Ugandans are females. The sex ratio for non-ugandans was 102 males for every 100 females. The population of Uganda is increasingly becoming younger as the proportion of children increased from 51 percent in 1969 to 56 percent in It is also worth noting that the proportion of older persons decreased from 5.9 percent in 1969 to 4.6 percent in However, the evaluation of the quality of the age data reveals extensive heaping for ages ending in digit zero. 40

59 Analytical Report CHAPTER 5: FERTILITY AND MORTALITY The levels and trends in fertility, mortality and migration are the three direct factors that lead to changes in size, composition and distribution of the population. Ideally fertility and mortality levels should be measured using data collected from a Birth and Death Registration (BDR) System. However, the BDR system in Uganda is not well developed and as such is unable to generate data that can be used for derivation of fertility and mortality levels. Hence, the information is collected retrospectively during surveys and censuses. 5.1 Marriage The demographers interest in marriage is based mainly on its influence on the fertility behaviour which is one of the components of population dynamics. Marriage is the gateway to family formation, the most basic unit of social and community organization in any society. It forms the setting in most societies within which childbearing occurs. The 2002 Census defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman who are living together as husband and wife whether or not they have been through any civil or religious ceremonies. During the 2002 Census, the question on marital status was asked to all persons aged 10 years and above. However, in this report, the analysis is restricted to persons aged 15 years and over because of small numbers of persons below this age who had married Marriage Levels and Trends Table 5.1 shows that nearly 60 percent of the persons aged 15 years or more were in a marriage union. The majority of the currently married persons were in monogamous unions. More than one third of the males and one fifth of the females had never married at the time of the 2002 Census. There were more males who had never married compared to the females as shown by a sex ratio of 153 percent. The reverse was observed for other categories of marital status with sex ratios less than 100. Table 5.1: Distribution of Population aged 15 years and Above by Marital Status Marital Status Male Female Total Sex Ratio Never married Currently married/cohabiting (monogamous) Currently married/cohabiting (polygamous) Widowed Divorced/separated All categories

60 The 2002 Population and Housing Census The proportion of the population that had ever been married (currently married/cohabiting, separated/divorced and widowed) increases with age. By the age of 60 years, 95 percent of the population of either sex had ever been married. For all ages considered, the proportion ever married among females is higher than that for males. Sometimes individuals do not stay in marriage/unions permanently. The change in marital status may be caused by separation, divorce or dearth of a spouse. This change in marital status is reflected by the difference between the proportion ever married and the proportion currently married. Table 5.2 shows that marital instability increases with age and it affects females more than males. By age 35, marriage in Uganda is nearly universal Marriage among females begins much earlier than among the male counterparts. More than one quarter (30 percent) of the females aged years had Ever Married compared to only six percent of the males in the same age group. Among the females aged years, only one quarter had Never Married, compared to 60 percent among the males. After age 35, less than 10 percent of persons of either sex had never married while for the older persons (age 60 years or more) only four percent of the female and six percent of the males had never been married, thus confirming the notion of close to universality of marriage in Uganda. Sometimes individuals do not stay in marriage/unions permanently. The change in marital status may be caused by separation, divorce or death of a spouse. This change in marital status is reflected by the difference between the proportion ever married and the proportion currently married. Table 5.2 shows that marital instability increases with age and it affects females more than males. Table 5.2: Proportion of Population (15 years and Above) by Marital Status and Age by Sex Never Married Currently Married Ever Married Age Group Male Female Male Female Male Female Total (15 yrs and above )

61 Analytical Report Differentials in Marriage Patterns Marriage behaviour is known to vary according to the socio-economic characteristics of an individual. The factors considered here are sex, place of residence, religion, and education. The 2002 Census did not ask a direct question on age at first marriage, hence that indicator is estimated by using the Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM). The SMAM gives the average duration of time that men and women in a given population spend before getting married. Marriage begins earlier among females than males The data show that in Uganda, in addition to marriage being almost universal by age 35, it also starts early. The Singulate Mean Age at Marriage was 24.1 years for males and 19.9 years for females. This represents a slight increase from the respective figures of 23.7 and 19.4 in The figures for 2002 are also close to the Mean Age at First Marriage from the UDHS of 22.3 and 17.8 for males and females respectively. Table 5.3 shows marriage differential by educational attainment. The table exhibits that females early entry into marriage is closely associated with their level of educational attainment, either as a cause or a consequence. Education delays marriage by about 7 years The Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM) was 18.2 years for women with no education and increases with level of education. The SMAM was observed to be 24.9 years for women with Post Secondary level showing a difference of 6.7 years between the SMAM for women with no education and those with post secondary education. Similar observations were made for males. Those with no education enter marriage at an earlier age (SMAM was 22.9 years) than those with Post secondary (27.5 years). The SMAM by Region and District are given in Table A

62 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 5.3: Selected Marriage Indicators by Socio-economic Characteristics Characteristics of Percent who are Currently Married * SMAM* Percent Ever Married (60 Years and Over) Population Male Female Male Female Male Female Residence Urban Rural Educational Attainment No Education Primary Secondary Post Secondary Religion Church of Uganda Catholics Moslems Others Uganda * For persons aged 15 years and over 5.2 Fertility Fertility indicators measure the frequency of childbirth in a given population. Such measures can tell how fast the population of a given country or region would increase. This information has implications on the country s ability to create a development infrastructure. High fertility coupled with low or declining mortality will lead to a fast growing population. The 2002 Census collected data to generate both direct and indirect measures of fertility. The direct measures were computed from data on the birth to women in the reproductive age (15-49 years) that took place in the 12 months preceding the census. While this would be the best source of fertility information, there is a tendency for women to underreport these births which leads to an underestimation of fertility levels 3. Consequently, indirect methods were used to check on the quality of reporting. 3 United Nations, Manual X Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation

63 Analytical Report The indirect data were obtained from the children ever born as reported by the women. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) calculated using the direct method was 6.3 while the one computed using indirect methods was 7.0. This shows that there was underreporting of births in the last 12 months by 10 percent. Since the direct method tends to underestimate fertility, for discussion of fertility levels, the indirect method will be used Current fertility There are several indicators used to measure current fertility. However, this report presents three namely i) Crude Birth Rate (CBR), ii) Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) and iii) Total Fertility Rate (TFR). Crude Birth Rate was 47 births per 1,000 population The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) measures the incidence of births relative to the general population. From the 2002 census, the CBR was estimated to be 47 children per 1,000 population. Although this is lower than that observed during the 1991 Census (52 births per 1000) it still indicates very high fertility The Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) measure the frequency of child bearing among women of different age groups within the reproductive ages (15-49 years). The ASFRs are a far more refined measure of fertility because they give the probability of a woman or group of women of a particular age having a live birth. The ASFRs presented in Figure 5.1 show the high fertility pattern being experienced by Uganda s population. Childbearing starts early in this population with year old women displaying a rate as high as In addition, childbearing peaks early, in the age group and persists until the age group. The pattern observed here shows that fertility starts early and has a very broad peak. When childbearing persists long in women s lives, it limits their participation in the country s development activities. 45

64 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 5.1: Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFRs) 0.4 Births per Woman Age Group The Total Fertility Rate was 7 children per woman The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the number of live births (children) a woman will have born at the end of her reproductive life if she experiences the current ASFR pattern. The ASFRs give a TFR of 7 children. Such a TFR implies that a Ugandan woman will bear more than 7 children by the time she comes to the end of her childbearing period. This is a very high fertility rate and is one of the highest in the world. In a situation of differing data quality and methodology used, it is difficult to discuss trends with absolute certainty. Figure 5.2 presents a comparison of total fertility rates for different years over the last 33 years as estimated from different data sources. The general picture that comes from this figure shows that fertility in Uganda has remained high and constant over the last 30 or more years. 46

65 Analytical Report Figure 5.2: Total Fertility Rates, Total Fertility Rate * * * Year 1988, 1995 and 2000 UDHS * 1969, 1991 and 2002 Population Censuses Differentials in Current Fertility Uganda is a high fertility country. However, there are sub-groups which are already experiencing a fertility decline. It is important to examine how and why these groups have lower fertility than the general population. That information would be useful in the design of appropriate interventions to trigger fertility transition in the general population. Fertility differentials can be realised by education level of a woman, regions and districts and by religious affiliation. Table A1.5 shows that fertility differentials by regions with Eastern region having the highest TFR of 7.6 children. There were also marked differentials in fertility levels among districts. It is notable that 39 of the districts have very high fertility ranging between 7 and 9 children per woman. Kampala district registered the lowest TFR of 4.0 children. The highest fertility is recorded in Kibaale district with a TFR of 8.2 children. 47

66 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Post secondary Education reduces fertility levels by half. Figure 5.3 shows that women without any education and those with only primary education reported the highest level of fertility at around 7.3. This means that education starts having an effect on fertility behavior only at secondary level. The women with secondary level of education reported considerably lower fertility of 5.2 children, and even lower (3.4 children) for women with tertiary education. This finding suggests that allowing women to realise their full education potential will cut Uganda s fertility by nearly half. Fertility does not show much variation across religious groups. Figure 5.3: Total Fertility Rates by Socio-economic Characteristics of Women Rural Urban No Education Primary Secondary Post secondary Catholics Anglican Moslems Others 5.3 Parity Parity refers to the total number of live births a woman has had in her lifetime. Table 5.4 further confirms the phenomenon of early childbearing. Among adolescents aged years, 30 percent had already had a child. Similarly, among women aged years, 80 percent had already had a child with one third having had more than 2 children. Worth noting is the fact that nearly half of the women in the age group had had 8 children or more (higher than the TFR). The mean number of Children Ever Born (MCEB) for women aged was 7.2. This is close to the observed TFR implying that there has not been a major change in the fertility behavior over a 35 year period. 48

67 Analytical Report Table 5.4: Percentage Distribution of Women by Number of Children Ever Born Number of Children Ever Born Age Group None MNCEB MNCEB: Mean number of children Ever Born 5.4 High Risk Births High risk births are those births that are associated with the four Too s namely Too Early, Too Close, Too Many and Too Late. The births that are considered Too Early are those born to women below the age of 20. Those that are Too Close are the births that are less than two years from the previous birth. The Too Many are births born to women with four or more births, while the Too Late are births born to women aged 35 years or more. These high risk births are highly correlated with high fertility populations. They are a point of concern because they play a big role as causes of both infant as well as maternal morbidity and mortality. However, since the census did not ask for women s birth histories, the dimension of too close cannot be investigated. 54 percent of the births in the last 12 months were high risk births Table 5.5 shows that out of the 1.1 million children born in the 12 months prior to the 2002 Census, more than half (54 percent) were high risk births. The UDHS , which used a birth history approach was able to capture the births that were too close and it gave a figure of 67 percent. Thus the low figure does not necessarily mean a decline in proportion of high-risk births but rather a difference in methodology. The biggest category is births to women with more than 4 births, which constituted about one third of all the births. High-risk births are more likely to be born to women in rural areas, those who have never married and those with lower levels of education. 49

68 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 5.5: Proportion of Births in the Last 12 Months that were of High Risk by Type High Risk Category Characteristics of Women Too Early Too Late Too Many All Categories* Residence Urban Rural Marital Status Never Married Married Widowed/Divorced/Separated Education None Primary Secondary Above secondary All Women * Some births fall in more than one risk category. Therefore, this figure is NOT a sum of the three categories. 5.5 Infertility and Childlessness Infertility is a medical condition which cannot be easily established. However, the Ugandan society is characterized by early and almost universal marriage as well as high fertility. Therefore, having had no children at the end of ones reproductive life is unlikely to be voluntary and is taken as a proxy for infertility. A difficulty in this approach is raised by those women who lose children at very young ages and report themselves childless. Figure 5.6 shows that about five per cent of the women aged years (hence at 6 percent of the old women were infertile the end of their reproductive life) had never given birth. This compares to 6 percent of women in the age group that were childless, which could suggest that childlessness is declining over the years. The level of childlessness in a normal population is taken to be between 2 and 4 percent 4. Although the level of childlessness in Uganda is slightly higher than normal, it is neither large nor alarming. Even if reduced, it is unlikely to have substantial effect on the level of fertility. 4 Shryock H.S and Siegel J.S, The Methods and Materials of Demography Condensed Edition 50

69 Analytical Report Figure 5.4: Proportion of Women aged Years who were childless Proportion of women who were Childless (45-49) Ever Married Women All Women 5.6 Mortality Mortality data is useful in assessing the overall health of the population of a country. Mortality statistics provide baseline indicators from which health profiles can be constructed and health policies formulated. Infant and childhood mortality is highly sensitive to the socio-economic changes in the country. Therefore, studying levels of mortality provides an indirect measure of the welfare of a given population. The mortality indicators (Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy at Birth and Under five Mortality Rate) are part of those indicators being monitored by the PEAP and the MDGs Data Quality and Estimation Procedures There are several measures that are used in measuring the mortality situation. These include the Crude Death Rate, Infant and Childhood Mortality Rates and the Life Expectancy at Birth. The 2002 Census collected information on deaths in the 12 months prior to the census, which gives a direct estimate of the recent mortality experience of the country. According to the results, a total of 332,000 deaths were 51

70 The 2002 Population and Housing Census reported to have taken place in the 12 months prior to the census. The information shows that 56 percent of the deaths were male while 44 percent were female. However, past experience has shown that such data are associated with high levels of under reporting especially in the young ages 5. Therefore the information is not used in determining the levels of mortality in the country. An evaluation of the 2002 Census data revealed underreporting of 38 percent. The 2002 Census included other questions that can be used in the estimation of mortality levels using indirect techniques. These are: Children Ever Born (CEB) to women of reproductive age, and their survival status Last birth to women of reproductive age and its survival status Population by age, sex and the survival status of their parents. These other types of information used predetermined models to generate indirect estimates which refer to a time period approximately 5 15 years, and are not a good reflection of the current mortality situation. This is further exacerbated by models developed before the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, whose impact is highly age selective. Several modifications have been developed to adjust the indirect estimates for the effect of AIDS. Crude Death Rate was 15 per Crude Death Rates A Crude Death Rate (CDR) refers to the number of deaths in a given year divided by the mid-year population of the same period. The rate is normally given per 1000 population. The national Crude Death Rate was 14.7 deaths per 1000 population per year. The estimates presented in Figure 5.5 show a declining trend in mortality among the population as compared with the 1991 and 1969 censuses estimates which were 19.0 and 17.3 respectively. The mortality rates for males were higher compared to those of females for the last three censuses. The Crude Death Rate has a limitation of being too general and therefore not showing the mortality experience of different age groups. 5 United Nations, Manual X Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation,

71 Analytical Report Figure 5.5: Crude Death Rate by Sex, 1969, 1991 and Crude Death Rate (Per 1,000) Male Female Total Infant and Childhood Mortality The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) gives the probability that a newly born child will not survive to the first birthday, while the Under five Mortality Rate (CMR) is the probability that a child born will not survive to the fifth birthday. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) was estimated at 87 deaths per 1000 live births for the five years preceding the 2002 Census. The PEAP target is to reduce the IMR to 68 per 1,000 by the year 2007/08. The under-five mortality estimate from the census were 156 deaths per 1,000 over the same period of time. These estimates reflect some decline in childhood mortality rates when compared with other estimates derived from the 1991 Census. Despite the decline, the levels of mortality are high when compared with IMR estimates of 51 and 55 in Southern and Northern Africa respectively for

72 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 5.6: Childhood Mortality by Sex, Infant Mortality Rate Under Five Mortality Rate Year Male Female Total Male Female Total There was a gain of 2 years in Life Expectancy at Birth between 1991 and Life Expectancy at Birth Life Expectancy at Birth is an estimate of the average number of years a person is expected to live if the current mortality pattern is maintained. The findings in Table 5.7 show that the life expectancy at birth was 50.4 years. In comparison with previous estimates, the current findings suggest that there was a gain of 2.3 years in an 11- year period ( ), while between 1969 to 1991, there was only a gain of 1.6 years. The estimates derived from the 2002 census suggest slight improvement in the health status of the population especially among children. Table 5.7: Life Expectancy at Birth by Census Year and Sex, Census Year Male Female Total It should be noted that between 1969 and 1991, the males experienced a decline in life expectancy at birth while the female experienced a modest gain of 3.5 years. The difference in behavior is a reflection of exposure to excessive mortality arising out of the civil strife in the country in the decade preceding the census. 54

73 Analytical Report Summary Marriage is the most common gateway to family formation and subsequently child bearing. The data indicate that marriage in Uganda is almost universal, and that it begins much earlier among females than among their male counterparts. Marital instability is more common among females than males. Fertility levels have remained high at around 7 children per woman, with minor variations observed by religion. However, wide differentials in fertility were observed by the level of education attained and place of residence. The mortality levels for the whole population improved slightly compared to the 1991 census. The life expectancy at birth was 50.4 years a gain of 2.3 years since However, infant and childhood mortality rates remain high. The Mortality levels were higher for males compared to females. 55

74 56 The 2002 Population and Housing Census

75 Analytical Report CHAPTER 6: EDUCATION AND LITERACY The education sector plays a vital role in promoting sustainable development through capacity building of the population in various skills, raising awareness on various issues of national importance and improving general standards of living. The education system aims at training children and adults in a range of skills from basic education to professional development. Most programmes are based on the national curricula that enable children to transfer into the public system more easily. Uganda s education system includes formal and informal education. Formal education comprises of training at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. It is a 7,4,2,3 system i.e. primary 7 years, secondary 4 years for Uganda Certificate of Education ( O level) and 2 years for Advanced Certificate of Education ( A level) and tertiary from 3 to 5 years. Informal education trains beneficiaries in basic skills of education like reading, writing and numeracy. Tertiary education includes universities, colleges of commerce, technical and vocational colleges, technical institutes and teacher training colleges. Admission to tertiary institutions requires at least a Uganda certificate of education (UCE). 6.1 School Attendance Status The 2002 Census categorized school attendance status into four groups: those who Attended school in 2002, Left School in 2002, Left school before 2002 and Never attended school. This information was collected from all individuals aged 5 years and above. 19 percent of the population aged 6 years and above had never been to school Table 6.1 shows that about one fifth (19 percent) of all persons aged 6 years and above had never attended school, while nearly two fifth left school before 2002, 41 percent were attending school. The proportion that had never been to school was much higher among females (25 percent) than males (14 percent). 57

76 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table: 6.1: Distribution of Population by School Attendance Status and Age Group by Sex Aged 6 Years and Over Aged 15 Years and Over School Attendance Status Male Female Total Male Female Total Attended in Left School Never been to School Total Although the official age for starting primary school is six (6) years, the census data revealed that a total of 310 thousand children aged 5 years were in school and these constituted 37 percent of the population aged five years. 6.2 Primary School Enrolment The official primary school going age is 6 to 12 years. However, previous studies have shown that children older than 12 years do attend primary school. In 1997, Government introduced the Universal Primary Education (UPE) programme for children aged 6 15 years. Consequently, primary school enrolment increased from 3.1 million in 1996 to 5.3 million in 1997 and 7.4 million in The Census figures are slightly different from those released by the Ministry of Education and Sports because of the differences in age group covered and the reference date for the data Gross Enrolment Rate The primary school Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) refers to the total enrolment in primary school regardless of age and grade expressed as a proportion of the official school going age population (6-12 years). Table 6.2 shows that at the national level, the GER was 127. The male GER of 130 is more than the female GER (124). At regional level, Western region had the highest GER of 131, followed by Eastern region (129), and Northern region had the lowest of 121. There were minimal sex differences in primary school enrollment The Gender Parity Index (GPI), commonly used to assess gender differences, is the ratio of the GER for girls to the GER for boys. A value of less than one indicates that boys are favoured more than girls in school participation. The national GPI was Although men have a consistently higher GER in all regions, the gap between the female and male participation in primary schools is very small. The Northern region had the lowest Gender Parity Index indicating the largest disparity between boys and girls attendance to other regions. 58

77 Analytical Report Table 6.2: Primary School Gross Enrolment Rate and Gender Parity Index Region Male Female Total GPI Central Central (Exc. Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Uganda Net Enrolment Rate The primary school Net Enrolment Rate (NER) refers to the proportion of the total enrolment of eligible official school- age population (6-12 years) to the corresponding age group. A high level of NER shows a higher level of participation of the pupils within that age group. It is a better measure of school participation than the GER. Table 6.3 shows that the national level primary school net enrolment rate was 86. This shows that 14 percent of the primary school age population were not enrolled in primary schools. Northern region had the lowest NER of 77 percent. The difference between the GER (127) and the NER (86) shows the level of primary school participation of the pupils outside the official school going age. This therefore means that about 40 percent of the primary school going age children who are not supposed to be attending primary schools were either below 6 years or above 12 years. Table 6.3: Primary School Net Enrolment Rate (6 12 years) by Sex and Region Region Male Female Total Central Eastern Northern Western Uganda

78 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Pupils with Special Needs The 2002 Census collected information on the disability status of all persons. Table 6.4 shows that just over two percent of the children who were enrolled in primary school had a disability. Table 6.4: Distribution of Pupils (6 years and above) in Primary Schools by Disability Status and Sex Disability Status Male Female Total Without a disability With a disability Total Distance to the Nearest Primary School Table 6.5 shows that 83 percent of the households in urban areas were within one kilometre distance from the nearest primary school compared to 46 percent in the rural areas. At the national level, 8 percent of the households were more than 5 kilometres from the nearest school. Table 6.5: Distance to Nearest School Distance Urban Rural Total Less than 1/2km /2 - < 1km kms More than 5 kms Total Secondary School Enrolment The official secondary school going age is 13 to 18 years. There were about 500,000 enrolled in secondary schools. Government is committed to introducing USE which is in line with the MDG target of Universal Secondary Education (USE) by There was a wide sex differential in secondary education Gross Enrolment Rate Table 6.6 shows that the national Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) for secondary school was 34 percent, with the male GER being higher at 38 percent as compared to 30 percent for the females. This signifies a low participation in secondary education for both males and females. These rates are higher than those from the 1991 Census, which gave a national figure of 17 percent. The Central region had the highest GER (44) followed by Eastern region (35) and Western region having the lowest of 27 60

79 Analytical Report Wider variations wee observed in secondary school enrollment by sex. In the Northern region, the male GER (39) was double that of the female (19) giving a GPI of The GPIs for the other regions are higher, the highest being for Central region (1.1) signifying almost no disparity. Table 6.6: Secondary School Gross Enrolment Rate and Gender Parity Index GER Region Male Female Total GPI Central Central(Excl Kla) Eastern Northern Western Uganda GPI = Gender Parity Index Net Enrolment Rate Table 6.7 shows that the national secondary school Net Enrolment Rate was 23 percent, with a slight difference between the males and females. This is nearly three times higher than the NER from the 1991 Census of eight percent. The Central region had the highest NER of 33 while the Northern and Western region have relatively lower NER of 16 and 18 respectively. There was low participation at secondary level across the country with 77 percent of the secondary school age population (13 18 years) not enrolled in secondary schools. Similarly, more than 80 percent of the secondary school going age population in the Northern and Western regions were not enrolled. Table 6.7: Secondary School Net Enrolment Rate by Sex and Region Region Male Female Total Central Eastern Northern Western Uganda

80 The 2002 Population and Housing Census 6.5 Educational Attainment The 2002 Census collected data on education attainment by asking the highest grade completed for all persons aged 5 years and above. The question applied to every one who had been to school. Pupils attending primary one (P1) were recorded as having completed no class Highest Class Completed Figure 6.1 shows that out of all the persons aged 6 years and above the majority (61 percent) had their highest class completed as primary, while 24 percent had never been to school. Only 15 percent had post primary education. Gender differentials depict the same pattern. Figure 6.1: Educational Attainment for Population aged 6 Years and over None Primary Secondary Tertially Both Sexes Male Female More than two thirds of the population without formal education were females Highest Class Completed for Persons not in school Table 6.8 shows that 31 percent of the population aged 10 years and above had no formal education. The table further shows that 82 percent of people aged 15 years and above did not have post primary education and 95 percent of those aged 20 years and above did not have post secondary education. For all indicators, the proportions were much higher for females than males. The male dominance is further confirmed by the share of women which was closer to 70 percent for the two categories of the population without formal education. 62

81 Analytical Report Table 6.8: Population of Selected Age groups by Highest Level of Education Attained and Sex Educational Attainment by Category Male Female Total Share of Females Proportion of Population aged 6+ who had no formal Education Proportion of Population aged 10+ who had no formal education Proportion of Population aged 15 Years and over without Post Primary Education Proportion of Population aged 20 Years and over who had no Post Secondary Education Literacy Literacy is defined as the ability to read with understanding and write meaningfully in any language. The 2002 Population Census measured literacy for all persons 10 years and above. 77 percent of the males and 62 percent of the females were literate Table 6.9 shows that the Literacy Rate for persons aged 10 years and above was 70 percent. This reflected a general improvement from the rate of 54 percent observed in The PEAP target is to increase literacy levels to 85 percent by 2009/10. However, wide sex disparities still exist in the literacy rates. The female and male literacy rates for the 2002 census were 62 percent and 77 percent respectively. The Literacy Rate among the urban population was higher at 88 percent than the rural population at 67 percent which is well below the national rate of 70 percent. There is a wider difference in the literacy rates between the males and females in the rural population than in the urban population. The Central region had the highest literacy of 82 percent, while the Northern region recorded the lowest of 60 percent. The Eastern and Western regions recorded Literacy rates of 63 percent and 70 percent respectively. Literacy is similar among males and females in the Central region. 63

82 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 6.9: Literacy Rates by Residence and Sex Region/Residence Male Female Total Residence Urban Rural Regions Central Central (Excl. Kla) Eastern Northern Western Uganda Moroto District had the lowest Literacy Rates of 12 percent Figure 6.2 shows that sex disparity in literacy rates are existent in all ages except those aged years. The MDG s focus is on reducing this disparity. Emphasis is on the age group years. Literacy rate for this age group was 81 percent, 86 percent for males and 76 percent for females. Despite the high levels of literacy, in absolute terms, over 5 million persons aged 10 years and above were illiterate. Figure 6.2: Literacy Rates by Age and Sex Literacy Rates (%) Age Group Male Female 64

83 Analytical Report The variation by districts is even wider ranging from 12 percent for Moroto district to 94 percent for Kampala (Table A1.7). However, apart from Moroto and Nakapiripirit districts which recorded rates of 12 percent, in all other districts at least half of the population aged 10 years and above were literate. Summary One in every four persons aged 15 years and above had never attended school, while three out of every five had left school. There were a total of 5.2 million children of primary school going age (6-12 years) out of which 4.5 million were enrolled in primary schools giving a NER of 86 percent. The NER for secondary education was 23 percent, with wider differences between males and females. Out of all persons aged 6 years and above who were out of school, 42 percent of the females and 26 percent of the males did not have any formal education at all. The majority of persons with no educaton were females. The Literacy Rate for the 2002 census was 70 percent. However; the female and male literacy rates were 62 percent and 77 percent respectively. The literacy rate among the urban population was at 88 percent compared to 67 percent for the rural population. 65

84 66 The 2002 Population and Housing Census

85 Analytical Report CHAPTER 7: ECONOMIC ACTIVITY One of the objectives of the PEAP is the promotion of employment creation through labour-friendly technology and the development of a new economic order. The labour force provides an indication of the size of the supply of labour available for the production of goods and services. Human capital is a prerequisite for development, hence raising its quality and productivity is recognized as a critical factor for increasing economic growth and reducing poverty levels. The 2002 Census asked three questions relating to economic activity of individuals namely activity status, occupation and industry. These were asked to all persons aged 5 years and above. The analysis is done for persons in the national working age bracket (14 to 64 years). In addition, the MSE module collected information on nonagricultural Micro and Small Enterprises operated by members of the household. 7.1 Economic Activity Framework The working age population is divided into two distinct groups; those in the labour force (economically active) and those not in the labour force (economically inactive). The economically active population (labour force) comprises of those persons who during the last 7-day period prior to the census night were either employed or unemployed (but actively looking for work). 67

86 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 7.1: Labour Force Framework Total Population of Uganda 23.8 M Working-age Population (14-64 years) 12.0 M Below or above Working Age Population 11.8 M The Labour Force Not in the Labour Force 6.7 M 5.3 M Employed Population Unemployed Population 6.4 M 0.3 M Adapted from ILO, Surveys of Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, An ILO Manual on Concepts and Methods

87 Analytical Report 7.2 The Working Age Population The official working age population in Uganda is years 6, which is slightly different from the internationally used definition of years. The census results showed that in Uganda, there were 12 million persons of working age (see Figure 7.1). Of these, 6.3 million persons were females (52 percent) while 5.7 million were males (48 percent). Only 5 percent of the working age population had attained post secondary education Socio-economic Characteristics of the Working Age Population Low levels of education have continued to be the main obstacle to higher labour productivity. Table 7.1 reveals that only 23 percent of the working age population had post primary education with 18 percent having secondary education and only five percent with post secondary education. This clearly indicates a low quality (unskilled) working age population. Table 7.1: Percentage Distribution of the Working Age Population by Selected socio-economic Characteristics Selected Characteristics Male Female Total Residence Urban Rural Educational Attainment None Primary Secondary Above secondary Age groups Total Report on National Workshop on Concepts and Definitions of Labour Statistics in Uganda, May

88 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Activity Status of the Working Age Population Figure 7.2 shows that more than half of the working age population were economically active while three percent were looking for work. The remaining 44 percent were outside the labour force. Figure 7.2 shows some minor variations in the distribution of the working age population by sex. Figure 7.2: Distribution of Working Age Population by Activity Status Working (non-subsistence) Working (Subsistence) Looking for Work Inactive Male Female 7.3 The Employed Population There are several measures used in the study of employment. These include, Labour Force Participation Rate, status in employment, sector of employment, Industry and Occupation The Economic Activity Rates The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is the proportion of the economy s working age population that is economically active. The participation rate provides an indication of the size of the labour supply available for the production of goods and services. It measures the level of labour market activity within the country, therefore the higher the better. The Labour Force Absorption Rate (LFAR) measures the ability of an economy to create jobs. The LFPR for Uganda was 56 percent. In both urban and rural areas, the LFPR for males was higher than that of their female counter parts. Notable also is the fact that persons with no education had a higher participation rate than those with primary 70

89 Analytical Report education and secondary education. It is also worthy noting that the participation levels of those above secondary were higher than other three educational categories ( table 7.2). 53 percent of the working age population were in employment Table 7.2 further shows a LFAR of 53 percent. This implies that slightly more than half of the economy s population in the working age bracket was working. It further shows that 6 in every 10 males of working age were involved in economic activities compared to 5 in every 10 females in the same age bracket. Eastern and Northern regions had a lower Absorption Rates. The LFAR 3 by district are given in Table A1.8. Table 7.2: Selected Labour Market Indicators by Sex and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Working Population (14 64 Years) Characteristics of the Labour Force Sex Labour Force (Millions) Labour Force Participation Rate Labour Force Absorption Rate Male Female Total Male na na 59.4 Female na na 47.7 Residence Urban Rural Region Central Central Excl Kampala City Eastern Northern Western Educational Attainment No Formal Education Primary Secondary Above Secondary Age Groups Total (15-64 yrs) Total (14-64 yrs) na means not applicable 71

90 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Status in Employment Employment status refers to whether one is self employed, an employer, an employee or an unpaid family worker. The employment status of the working population is to a large extent influenced by such factors as rural/urban divide, geographical location, educational levels, sex and age. Self-employment is in many instances a euphemism for underemployment, and is therefore likely to feature more where and for whom employment opportunities are scarce. One in every 6 working persons were employees On the overall, the majority of the working population were self employed (44 percent), followed by unpaid family workers (41 percent), with the remaining 15 percent being Paid employees. The low proportion of paid employee was because of the large proportion of the working population who were either subsistence farmers or unpaid family worker (Table 7.3). Among the working females, the majority (66 percent) were unpaid family workers while the self employed category dominated the male working population. Only 9 percent of the working females were in paid employment compared to 20 percent for their male counterparts. Paid employees were more likely to be found in the Central and Western regions compared to the Eastern and the Northern regions. This is reflective of the level of economic development taking place in those regions. 72

91 Analytical Report Table 7.3: Percentage Distribution of the Working Population by Status in Socio-Economic Characteristics Sex Employment and Socio-Economic Characteristics Self Employed Unpaid Family Worker Paid Employee Total Male Female Residence Urban Rural Region Central Central Exc. Kampala City Eastern Northern Western Education Attainment No Formal Education Primary Secondary Above Secondary Age Groups Uganda Industry Industry is defined as the type of activity carried out by the enterprise where a person is working. The type of industry one is employed in is in many cases an indication of the state of the art, sophistication and remuneration associated. Industry in the 2002 Census was categorized using the International Standard of Industrial Classifications (ISIC) Revision III. The agriculture sector employs 73 percent of the working population Agriculture employed 73 percent of the working population (81 percent of the females and 67 percent of the males). This is a reflection of Uganda s low level of overall economic performance. The women are concentrated in the least dynamic and lowest paying sectors. Manufacturing employs a paltry 2.3 per cent with the ratio of men twice as high as that for women. 73

92 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 7.4: Percentage Distribution of the Working Population (14 64 Years) by Industry and Sex Industry Male Female Both sexes Agriculture Wholesale and Retail Trade Education Manufacturing Transport, Storage and Communication Fishing Public Administration Construction Others Total Occupation Occupation refers to the actual work that a person whether in paid employment, unpaid family worker or self-employment does at his/her place of work. The occupations are classified according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) 1988 but were customised to the Uganda situation. 7 in every 10 employed persons were subsistence agricultural workers Table 7.5 shows the distribution of the workforce by occupation. It shows that the majority of the working population (71 percent) were subsistence agriculture and fisheries workers. The other significant categories are Service and Sales Workers, Craft Related Workers and the Associate Professionals. The remaining groups all contribute less than 5 percent of the total work force. In the urban areas the share of subsistence agriculture is less dominant (12 per cent) compared to 80 percent for the rural areas. A sizeable percentage of workers in the workforce in urban areas were in service and sales occupation (34 percent) or engaged in Elementary occupations (12 percent). The Gender bias against females is manifested in all occupations apart from Clerks, Agricultural and Fishery Workers as well as Service Workers, Shop Attendants and Market Sales Workers. It should be noted that these areas are all among the least paying and most menial which is characteristic of many developing economies. 74

93 Analytical Report Table 7.5: Percentage Distribution of the Working Population (14 64 Years) by Major Occupational Group and Sex Major Occupation Rural Urban Total Categories M F T M F T M F T Subsistence Agricultural Worker Service Workers, Shop and Market Sales Workers Associate Professionals Elementary Occupations Craft and Related Workers Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers Market Oriented Agricultural and Fishery Workers Professionals Clerks Managers/Senior Officials/Administrators Total M=Males, F= Female, T= Both sexes Agriculture is the dominant economic activity of the country. The sector provides employment for 72 percent of the labour force. However, most of the agriculture is of a subsistence nature. This is generally characterised by the engagement in crop production, stock rearing and associated activities mainly for own consumption. Subsistence farming is usually associated with, risk and uncertainty (especially when based on seasonal rains) and low productivity. Figure 7.2 shows that about 70 percent of the employed persons were engaged in subsistence agriculture. There were more subsistence agricultural workers among the female (78 percent) compared to the males (61 percent). About 79 percent of the subsistence farmers were in rural areas and Central region had the least percentage of subsistence farmers. The level of education is directly related to one being engaged in subsistence or non subsistence economic activity. Overall, 86 percent of working persons with no formal education were engaged in subsistence agriculture compared to 12 percent for those who had attained above secondary level of education. 75

94 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 7.3: Proportion of the Working Population (14 64 Years) who were engaged in Subsistence farming Percent Uganda Male Female Urban Rural Central Eastern Northern Western. No Educ Primary Secondary Tertiary Characteristics 7.4 Unemployment It is believed that since there are no unemployment benefits in Uganda, all able bodied persons attempt to do some work. Hence, unemployment is a state of total lack of work for those persons who were without work, willing to work but did not do anything i.e. zero hours in the last 7 days. The questions used in 2002 Census were not detailed enough to capture the levels of underemployment and therefore this information is not presented in this report. Open unemployment was 5 percent For Uganda as whole, unemployment was five percent (five percent for males and four percent for females). Among the regions, the Central region had the highest unemployment rate (7 percent) and the least rate was exhibited in the Northern and Western regions with 3.4 percent. The high rate for Central region is partially due to the high unemployment rate for Kampala City of 12 percent (Table A1.8). If Kampala is excluded, the rate for Central region reduces to 5.6 percent. Persons with primary education and no education had the lowest Unemployment Rate The level of education has a direct relationship with the unemployment rate. The lowest unemployment rate is seen among those with no schooling or with primary education (about 4 percent) while those with post secondary education had the highest unemployment rate (7 percent). This could be attributed to the fact that persons with no formal education may be willing to take on any form of employment. Amongst the population with post primary education, the unemployment rate was higher for women than men. 76

95 Analytical Report Table 7.6: Unemployment Rate by Socio-economic Characteristics and Sex Socio economic Unemployment Rate Characteristics Male Female Total Residence Urban Rural Region Central Central without Kampala Eastern Northern Western Selected Age Groups Educational Attainment None Primary Secondary Above secondary Total (14 64 yrs) Economically Inactive Population The 2002 Census showed that a total of 5.3 million persons (44 percent) of working age were economically inactive (Figure 7.1). Out of these, 60 percent were females and 40 percent were males. The economically inactive persons were classified into several categories including household workers, fulltime students, those who were too old to work, pensioners, etc. Figure 7.4 shows the distribution of the economically inactive population (14 64 years) by reason for being inactive. Nearly half (48 percent) of the economically inactive population were household workers followed by students at 39 percent. These categories together constituted 87 percent of the inactive population. The proportion of inactive women engaged in household work (61 percent) was more than twice as high as that for men (29 percent). This could be attributed to the cultural tendencies in society, where housework is mainly the domain of females. The results further reveal that there were more than half a million persons who are idle or discouraged i.e. not working and not looking for work. 77

96 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 7.4: Distribution of Economically Inactive Population (14 64 Years) by Category and Sex 100 Proportion of Inactive Population (%) Household work Full time student Others Male Female Both sexes Table 7.7 shows that about 44 percent of the working age population were inactive, with no significant differences by place of residence. However, the women had a high proportion (51 percent) compared to their male counterparts (37 percent). Inactivity rates also vary by level of socio-economic characteristics. Table 7.7 shows that 56 percent of all working age women with no education were inactive compared to 28 percent of men. Among those with qualifications of above secondary education, the inactivity rate dropped to 24 percent for men and 36 percent for women. The gap between men and women, in terms of their inactivity rates, reduces with rising levels of education. It is believed that inactivity rates are generally higher for women, mainly due domestic chores. However, the variations are less significant among women with post secondary education. 78

97 Analytical Report Table 7.7: Proportion of Inactive Working Age Population by Socio- Economic Characteristics and Sex Socio-economic Male Female Total Characteristics Residence Urban Rural Regions Central Central (exc Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Education No Formal Education Primary Secondary Above secondary Total ( years) Micro and Small Enterprise (MSEs) Over 1 million of the Households Micro and Small Enterprises A business enterprise is an economic activity that is operated with the view of making profit. The 2002 Census included a module on Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs). The module solicited information on the type of business, ownership, employment and premises of the MSE operated by a household member. This excluded enterprises engaging in primary agricultural production. The information collected was linked to household members, and are therefore associated with errors of omission (for persons not enumerated in households) or duplication (where one MSE is operated by more than one person, and hence recorded many times). Because of lack of prior knowledge about MSEs, the potential magnitude of these errors is unknown. A working definition for grouping enterprises as Micro or Small was based on the number of persons employed. The grouping was as follows; (i) Micro Enterprises: 1-4 persons (ii) Small Enterprises: 5-9 persons 79

98 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Volume and Spatial Distribution of MSEs In the 2002 Census, a total of 1.1 million household based micro and small business enterprises were recorded. Of these over one million (97 percent) were Micro and 36,000 were small. Table 7.8 shows that Central region had the highest share of MSEs (35 percent), followed by Eastern Region with 25 percent. The Western region had 23 percent while Northern Region had the least share (17 percent). Most of the MSEs were found in urban areas (99.7 Percent). Table 7.8: Spatial Distribution of MSEs by Region and Residence Size of Enterprises Residence Micro Small All MSEs / Region Enterprises Enterprises Total Percent Residence Rural 3, , Urban 1,012,837 35,580 1,048, Region Central 355,269 16, , Central (Excl Kampala) 256,959 11, , Eastern 260,261 7, , Northern 170,387 4, , Western 230,420 7, , Total 1,016,337 35,731 1,052, Table A1.8 shows that about 10 percent of MSEs were found in Kampala district. At the regional level, Mbarara district had the highest percentage in the Western region while Arua district had the highest percentage in Northern region. In Eastern region, Mbale district had proportionately more business enterprises compared to other districts. More than half of the MSEs were engaged in Trade Activities of the MSEs Table 7.9 gives the distribution of enterprises by type of industry they were engaged in. The data shows that nearly two thirds (63 percent) of the MSEs were engaged in Trade, followed by the Manufacturing sector with 20 percent. Six percent of the enterprises were engaged in the Transport, Storage and Communication and the other sectors contributed less than 12 percent. 80

99 Analytical Report Table 7.9: Distribution of MSE employment Enterprise Type by Industry Number of Per Percent Distribution Type of Industry Enterprises Micro Small Total Wholesale & Retail Trade, Motor Vehicle Repairs Manufacturing Transport, Storage and Communication Community & Social services Hotels and Restaurants Construction Education Others Total 1, Trade includes wholesale, retail, motor vehicle repairs Majority of the MSEs employ one person Employment by MSEs The employment by MSEs includes employees and working proprietors. Table 7.10 shows that the MSEs were employing a total of 1.7 million persons countrywide, giving an average of 1.6 employees per enterprise. The distribution of the MSE employees is not even across the regions. Close to two in every 5 persons employed in an MSE were females. Nearly half (48 percent) of persons engaged in enterprises in Northern region were women implying that women had almost equal chances to those of men of being engaged in enterprises in Northern region. In other regions, the percentage of women engaged in enterprises was very close at 38 percent, 36 percent and 39 percent for Western, Eastern and Central region respectively. Table 7.10: Employment of MSEs by Residence and Region No of Share of Location Employees National Total % Female Residence Rural 6, Urban 1,694, Region Central 637, Central (Excl Kampala) 456, Eastern 421, Northern 265, Western 376, Total 1,700,

100 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Summary The Ugandan labour force consists of persons aged 14 to 64 who were either employed (in paid employment, self-employed and unpaid family workers) or unemployed (without work and available for work). It is estimated that there were 12 million Ugandans in working age group, of which 6.4 million were in the labour force. Though more females (52 per cent) were either working or looking for work as compared to males but they were less likely to be employed. Most of the labour force is rural based. Participation levels by gender show higher participation rates amongst women in rural than in urban areas. The largest portion of the labour force is found in the Central region. The census results further indicated that there were more persons with secondary education and above who were less likely to find jobs compared to those with out formal education or primary education. About 70 per cent of the employed persons were subsistence farmers of which 78 percent were females and 61 percent were males. The census findings showed that about 9 in every 10 persons without formal education were in subsistence agriculture with the percentage of subsistence farmers reducing as education levels increase. The Unemployment Rate in Uganda was 4.6 percent. The Urban Unemployment Rate was at 10 percent. Results indicate a complex relationship between education and unemployment. The unemployment rate was lowest amongst those without education and primary education (4 percent). The graduates unemployment rate was 7.2 per cent in 2005 prompting the adoption of policies geared towards orienting graduates from being job seekers to job makers. The census also collected information on the Micro and Small Enterprises in the country, which showed that there were 1.1 million enterprises employing about 1.7 million people. Central region had the highest percentage of MSEs (35 percent) with Kampala alone having 10 percent. The majority of the MSEs were in trade, the Northern region had the highest share of women employed in MSEs. 82

101 Analytical Report CHAPTER 8: HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS Housing is one of the basic human needs that have a profound impact on the health, welfare, social attitudes and economic productivity of the individual. It is also one of the best indications of a person's standard of living and of his or her place in society. The 2002 Census collected data on various aspects of households including the housing units they stay in and access to selected social services such as health centres or primary schools. This information is used to derive the welfare of the households. Such information was not collected for persons not enumerated in households e.g. those enumerated in hotels or in institutions and therefore they are not included in this analysis. This chapter provides information on the housing conditions of the population, household sanitation, assets and amenities available to the household and general household welfare. The results on household welfare have been analyzed to reflect the characteristics of the households according to regional and district distribution, rural and urban residence and sex of heads of households, 8.1 Housing Conditions Permanent dwelling units are those built with construction materials (for roof, floor and wall) that can maintain their stability for more than fifteen years. The temporary dwelling units are those that are built with materials that cannot maintain their stability for more than 3 years and the semi permanent are those that are built with a combination of permanent and temporary materials. 18 percent of the households were staying in permanent dwellings The majority of the households lived in temporary or semi-permanent housing units. Only 18 percent of the households lived in dwelling units built with permanent materials Table 8.1: Distribution of Households by Status of the Dwelling Unit Sex of head Residence Status of Dwelling Unit Male Female Urban Rural Total Temporary Semi-permanent Permanent Total

102 The 2002 Population and Housing Census One in every 4 households in urban areas were living in the temporary dwelling units compared to 4 out of every 5 households in rural areas. There were significant regional differentials with Central region registering comparatively better conditions than the other regions. Table A1.9 shows that the percentage of households living in permanent dwelling units ranged from only four percent in the Northern region to 38 percent in the Central region Characteristics of Dwelling Units The public sector contribution to housing supply for accommodation is mainly limited to institutional quarters for specific institutions such as the Army, the Police, schools and hospitals among others. Detached households account for the majority of the housing units that are constructed. Nearly two thirds (65 percent) of the households were staying in detached housing units, while 15 percent were in semi-detached units and 13 percent were in tenements (Mizigo). A small proportion comprised of flats, huts and other types of housing units. The distribution varied with place of residence. In the urban areas, tenements accounted for 47 percent of the dwelling units as opposed to only 8 percent in the rural areas. Most of the households stayed in conventional dwelling units. About 70 percent were staying in a Main House while 27 percent were staying in the Room/Rooms type of the dwelling unit. The room type dwelling units was more common in urban areas (62 percent) as opposed to the rural areas (21 percent). Between 1991 and 2002 there was a decline in the proportion of households staying in a main house dwelling units from 80 percent to 70 percent respectively, while those staying in a room increased from 18 percent to 27 percent during the same period. 84

103 Analytical Report Table 8.2: Distribution of Households by Characteristics of the Dwelling Unit Sex of head Residence Characteristics of Dwelling Unit Male Female Urban Rural Total Type of Housing Unit Detached house Semi-detached house/flat Tenement (muzigo) Other Total Type of Dwelling unit Main Houses Room or rooms Servants quarters Unconventional * Total * Unconventional Dwelling Units include Basements, Garages, Godowns and any other units not meant for human habitation The majority of households (78 percent) lived in owner occupied dwellings with the proportion being higher in the rural areas (86 percent) compared to the urban areas (30 percent). On the other hand, rented housing is dominant in the urban areas accounting for 57 percent of the households. A similar pattern was observed in The variant by district is given in Table A1.9. Table 8.3: Distribution of Households by Occupancy Tenure of the Dwelling Unit Occupancy Tenure of Sex of Head Residence Dwelling Unit Male Female Urban Rural Total Owner occupied Rented Other Total

104 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Overcrowding The UN recommends a maximum of 2 Persons per Room of 12 feet by 12 feet 7. The 2002 Census collected information on the number of rooms used for sleeping. However, no information was collected on the area of the rooms. The average Room Occupancy density was 2.7 Persons per Room. Table 8.4 gives the Room Occupancy Density as 2.6 persons per room in urban areas compared to 2.8 in rural areas. The high level of room occupancy implies that housing is inadequate. While physical construction of a house is a major determinant of the living environment, the manner of use of the dwelling also influences health. The highest Room Occupancy Density (3.8 Persons per Room) was reported in single roomed dwellings. The density declines as the number of rooms per dwelling increases. One half of the dwelling units had only one room used for sleeping. Table 8.4: Average Room Occupancy and Distribution of Households by Number of Rooms Distribution of Households Number of Rooms (%) Room Occupancy Density ( person per Room) No. of Rooms used for Sleeping Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total One Two Three Four Five Six or More Total Table 8.5 shows that 56 percent of the households were staying in overcrowded dwelling units i.e. with more than 2 persons per room. These households accounted for 74 percent of the population. The proportion of over crowded households was slightly higher in rural areas (57 percent) than urban areas (49 percent). 7 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT),: Slums of the World; The Face of Urban Poverty in the New Millennium,

105 Analytical Report Table 8.5: Selected Housing Overcrowding Indicators by Residence Housing Indicator Urban Rural Uganda Average Household Size Average Dwelling Unit Size (Rooms) Average Room Occupancy Density Sharing Ratio Housing Backlog (%) Overcrowded Dwelling (%) Overcrowded Population (%) The housing conditions were generally substandard. There were wider variations by place of residence than by sex of household head. 8.2 Household Health and Sanitation Access to safe water and good sanitation are very crucial to the health of a population. Use of unsafe water sources coupled with poor sanitation poses one of the greatest threats to health. Hence universal access to safe water and sanitation is a key priority of government. Nearly two thirds of the households had access to safe water sources The 2002 Census showed that 61 percent of the households had access to safe water sources compared to 26 percent in 1991, representing a 35 percentage points increase. Table 8.6 shows that access to safe water sources was higher in urban areas (93 percent) compared to rural areas (56 percent). Despite the improvement, the current levels are still below the PEAP targets of 100 percent and 90 percent for urban and rural areas respectively by 2007/08 and the MDG target of 80 percent for all areas by the year One of the barriers to use of safe water is the long distances to the sources. UPPAP II findings showed that the responsibility of fetching water mainly lies with women and the children and reduces the time they have available to productively engage in other activities. Table 8.6 further reveals that 78 percent of the households were within one kilometre from the nearest water source. The percentage in urban areas was 96 percent compared to 76 percent for the rural areas. It should be noted that the target distance in the rural areas (within two kilometres) could not be computed because of the pre-coding of data at the questionnaire design stage. 87

106 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 8.6: Distribution of Households by Source of Drinking Water and Residence to Nearest Water Source* Selected Water Indicators Residence Urban Rural Total Source of Drinking Water Safe Sources Tap/piped water Borehole Protected well/spring Gravity flow scheme Unsafe Sources Distance to Nearest Water Source On premises Less than 1 km to less than 5 kms kms * Category by column may not add to 100 due to rounding. Close to a third of the households did not have a safe toilet facility Safe disposal of human waste reduces disease transmission. The 2002 Census findings indicate that toilet coverage was not universal in Uganda. Nearly one third of the households did not have a toilet facility (14 percent were using an uncovered pit latrine and 17 percent without a facility at all). This was in agreement with the UPPAP II findings that other forms of human waste disposal are used in places without toilets. One out of every 40 households in urban areas (2.4 percent) reported lack of toilets. Table 8.7: Percentage Distribution of Households with Toilet Facilities by Residence Toilet Facility Characteristics Urban Rural Total Type of Facility Covered Pit Latrine VIP Latrine Flush Toilet Uncovered Pit Latrine No Toilet Facility Major Toilet Facilities With a Safe Toilet Without a Safe Toilet Total Another aspect of sanitation is solid waste disposal. Table 8.8 shows that most of the households (40 percent) disposed of solid waste by simply throwing in the gardens. However, in so doing, there was no mechanism of isolating harmful solid waste from the rest of the solid waste. The widespread use of polythene bags and the haphazard 88

107 Analytical Report disposal mechanism by households spells danger to the soils in the gardens and the environment in general. The other common methods of disposal are dumping on a heap (24 percent) and throwing in a pit (23 percent). Use of skip bins was very low especially in the rural areas. Table 8.8: Percentage distribution of Households by Method of Solid Waste Disposal Method of Solid Waste disposal Urban Rural Uganda Garden Heap Pit Burning Skip bin Other Total The distance to a health facility has a strong impact on accessing health care. Figure 8.1 shows that 70 percent of the rural households and 96 percent of the urban households are within 5 kilometres from a health facility, which is the recommended distance by Ministry of Health. Table A1.9 shows that the proportion was lowest in Northern region (66 percent) and highest in Central region (78 percent). 89

108 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 8.1: Proportion of Households within 5 Kms from the Nearest Health Facility by Residence Proportion of Households Urban Rural Uganda 1 Km 5 Km 8.3 Household Amenities Use of clean power through provision of alternative energy sources would yield two benefits; first it would reduce the heavy reliance on wood fuel as the main source of fuel for cooking hence protecting the environment and second, it would also improve the health of especially women through reduced exposure to smoke from wood fuels. The 2002 Census results indicate that the use of clean energy sources as a source of light or fuel for cooking was limited to a small percentage of households. Table 8.9 shows that paraffin was the main source of fuel for lighting. It was used both in the paraffin candles commonly known as tadooba 8* (76 percent) and lantern (11 percent). Use of electricity as the main source for lighting was reported by only eight (8) percent of all households. The table further shows that 39 percent of the urban households used electricity for lighting compared to only 3 percent in the rural areas. The current levels are well below the PEAP target of increasing access to electricity among rural households to 10 percent through the implementation of the Rural Electrification Strategy. * A Tadooba is a local open paraffin lamp with a wick 90

109 Analytical Report Wood fuel remains the most dominant source of fuel for cooking. Overall, 97 percent of the households reported using either firewood or charcoal. However, there was a marked difference by residence. Urban households were more likely to use charcoal (67 percent) while rural households tend to use firewood (91 percent) Table 8.9: Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Fuel and Residence Type of Fuel Urban Rural Uganda Fuel for Lighting Paraffin (Tadooba) Paraffin (Lantern) Electricity Gas Candle wax Firewood Other Fuel for Cooking Electricity/Gas/ Paraffin Charcoal Firewood Other Total The 2002 Census also collected information on other household amenities including a bathroom and kitchen. The results in Table 8.10 show that the majority of the households were using a built kitchen (51 percent separate from the main house and 6 percent had kitchens inside their houses). Households lacking built kitchen facilities were more common in the urban areas (58 percent) than in rural areas (41 percent). About one third of the households were either using built bathrooms (35 percent), makeshift bathrooms (35 percent) or did not have any bathing facility (31 percent). The proportion of households without a bathing facility in rural areas was 71 percent compared to 33 percent in the urban areas. Overall, the proportion of households with no bath facility at all decreased from 47 percent in 1991 to 31 percent in 2002.The equivalent figures for kitchen facilities are 36 percent and 26 percent respectively. 91

110 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 8.10: Percentage Distribution of Households by Household Facility and Residence Type of Household Facility Urban Rural Uganda Type of Kitchen Inside Outside, built Outside, makeshift None Type of Bathroom Inside Outside, built Outside, makeshift None Total Figure 8.9 shows that only 22 percent of the households had all the basic household facilities (a covered pit latrine, built kitchen, and built bathroom) and hence fit for human habitation. The percentage is higher in urban areas than rural areas. About one in every six households (16 percent) did not have any of the facilities. Rural households were sometimes more likely to lack all the three facilities compared to urban. 92

111 Analytical Report Figure 8.2: Proportion of Households with all or none of the Basic Household Facilities (Built Kitchen, Built Bathroom and Covered Toilet) Percent of Households Urban Rural Total Has All Has None 8.4 Household Welfare Household welfare is a measure of the quality of life of the household members. In this section, household welfare is studied with respect to the source of household livelihood, ownership of selected household assets and utilities available to the households and poverty levels. 68 percent of the households depended on subsistence farming Source of Household Livelihood The majority of the households (68 percent) depended on subsistence farming for a livelihood. About 22 percent of the households were dependent on employment income. While subsistence farming was more predominant in the rural areas (77 percent), more than two thirds (70 percent) of the households in the urban areas depended on employment income. Table A1.10 shows that the Northern region had the highest proportion of households living on subsistence farming while Central region had the lowest. 93

112 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 8.11: Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of Livelihood Major Source of Sex of Head Residence All Categories Household Livelihood Male Female Urban Rural 2002 Subsistence Farming Employment Income * Property Income Other Total * - Employment income includes wages / salaries, business enterprises and or cottage industry Consumption of Basic Necessities Ability to consume basic food and non-food items is an indicator of the well-being of a household. The 2002 Census collected information on selected basic necessities including consumption of sugar, use of soap, and ownership of clothing, shoes and blankets. The items included are those that showed a strong relationship with the poverty status of a household as shown by the Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS) 1999/2000. Nearly half of the households had all members access sugar at least once a day Table 8.12 reveals the percentage distribution of consumption of basic necessities. Sugar consumption and use of soap for bathing was not universal. Only within 48 percent of the households had all members having access to sugar at least once a day. Similarly, less than half of households had every household member having a pair of shoes. Access to at least two sets of clothing per person and use of soap for bathing were more common. Only one quarter of the households had all the five basic necessities. Apart from use of soap for bathing, there is a very big gap between the rural and urban households with regards to access to the basic necessities. Given the strong correlation between poverty status of households and access to these basic necessities, these results imply that many households have low levels of welfare. For all households which had children, only 35 percent had all the children having a blanket each. The proportion was higher in urban areas (50 percent) than rural areas (32 percent). 94

113 Analytical Report Table 8.12: Percentage Distribution of Households by Consumption of Basic Necessities Residence Consumption of Basic Household Necessities Urban Rural Total Proportion of households that consumed processed sugar at least once a day Proportion of households that used soap for bathing Proportion of households where every Household member had a pair of shoes Proportion of households where every household member had at least two sets of clothing Proportion of households where every child had a blanket* Proportion of households that had all the above* * Based on households with at least one child Ownership of Selected Assets Household welfare can be measured with respect to ownership to assets which are believed to have a strong association with the poverty levels of a country. Ownership of a house, other means of transport and radio were considered. Table 8.3 shows that most households owned the dwelling they were residing in. Nearly half of the households owned a radio and more than one third owned a bicycle. There are wide variations in asset ownership by place of residence and the femaleheaded households had generally fewer physical assets. Except for bicycles, rural households owned fewer assets compared to their urban counterparts. Table 8.13: Proportion of Households owning Selected Assets Sex of Head Residence Type of Asset Male Female Urban Rural All Categories House / Dwelling unit Bicycles Any other means of Transport Radio Household Poverty Estimates The 2002 Census collected information on various characteristics of households. Comparable information was collected in the UNHS 2002/03. The UNHS 2002/03 used the consumption approach to estimate the poverty. Poverty estimates were also made at the regional level. Regression models were applied to the information on household characteristics from the 2002 Census to estimate poverty levels at district and lower geographical levels. These estimates are consistent with those from the UNHS 2002/03 at the national and regional levels. 95

114 The 2002 Population and Housing Census According to the UNHS 2002/03, 39 percent of the households in Uganda were classified as poor, the incidence being highest in Northern region (63 percent) and lowest in Central region (22 percent). Figure 8.2 gives poverty estimates at the district level. From the figure it is evident that poverty levels were highest in the North east and lowest in the Central and South west. Figure 8.3: Poverty Incidence (Proportion of population below poverty line) by District YUMBE MOYO KITGUM ADJUMANI KOTIDO N ARUA GULU PADER NEBBI MOROTO LIRA APAC L. Albert MASINDI KABERAMAIDO KATAKWI NAKAPIRIPIRIT BUNDIBUGYO HOIMA KIBAALE KIBOGA L. Kyoga SOROTI NAKASONGOLA KAMULI KAYUNGA LUWERO IGANGA KUMI PALLISA MBALE TORORO KAPCHORWA SIRONKO KABAROLE KYENJOJO MUBENDE JINJA BUGIRI WAKISO MUKONO KAMPALA MAYUGE BUSIA KAMWENGE KASESE L. George SSEMBABULE MPIGI L. Edward BUSHENYI MBARARA MASAKA L. Victoria KALANGALA RUKUNGIRI RAKAI KANUNGU NTUNGAMO KABALE KISORO Kilometers KEY > <20 Kotido (No data) Water bodies Regional boundary 96

115 Analytical Report Summary The housing sector recorded a general improvement compared to the situation in Units with permanent roofs were 56 percent while those with permanent walls were 28 percent and those with permanent floors were 22 percent. Generally, household ownership of basic items and consumption of basic necessities was low particularly in the areas where income poverty is pervasive i.e. the north and east. In less than half of households each child had an individual blanket and each household member had at least a pair of shoes. Twenty percent of households had at least set of clothing for each member; while three quarters of the households used paraffin (tadooba) for lighting. Use of wood fuel for cooking was almost universal as only three percent were using other types of fuel. This is a threat to the environment as the country faces massive deforestation. Access to safe drinking water is not universal. Use of safe toilet facilities was also not universal as 31 percent lacked safe facilities. The rural households fared worse than their urban counterparts. Female headed households, despite the low asset base showed a relatively higher level of welfare for their members. This re-affirms the view that women spend most of their incomes on improving the welfare of their household members. 97

116 98 The 2002 Population and Housing Census

117 Analytical Report CHAPTER 9: SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS There are various sub-groups of the population that are of special interest to the development processes. Special interest groups may be due to their demographic characteristics such as children and the older persons or their socio-economic characteristics such as orphaned children. This chapter presents a study of some special interest population groups, namely; children, youth, older persons and persons with disabilities. Table 9.1 gives the distribution of special interest groups by sex, Residence and Region. Table 9.1: Distribution of Special Interest Populations ( 000s) by Selected Characteristics and Sex Characteristic of Population Sex Male Female Children (0-17 years) Young People (10-30 years) Older Persons (60+ years) Persons with Disabilities 6, , , , Residence Rural Urban 11, , , , , Region Central 3, , Central (Excl. Kampala ) 3, , Eastern 3, , Northern 2, , Western 3, , Uganda 13, , , Status of Children The laws of Uganda define a child as any person aged below 18 years. According to the children s statute 1996, the children have certain rights that must be respected and observed. These include the; right to life, right to live with their parents, right to education, right to be protected from violence, ill-treatment and any form of discrimination, a right to be protected from bad social and cultural practices and any type/ kind of work likely to affect the child s health and life. It is the right of every child to grow to adulthood in dignity, security, and fulfillment 9. 9 UNICEF, The State of the World Children in 2001,

118 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Size, Composition and Distribution of Children The census showed that there were 13.4 million children (population below 18 years) in 2002, and these constituted 56 percent of the total population. The population distribution shows equal distributions between boys and girls (Table 9.2). Children constituted more than half of the total population. Comparison with 1991 census data shows that the proportion of children increased from 8.96 million in 1991 to 13.4 million in This shows a proportion of children in Uganda increased from 54 percent in 1991 to 56 percent in Table 9.1 further reveals that the regional distribution of children is proportional to the regional share of the total population with the Central region having the largest share (27 percent) and Northern region having the least (20 percent). Differentials by residence show that 11 percent of children live in urban areas, whereas the remaining percentage lives in rural areas. Sex ratios by residence show that for every 9 male children residing in urban areas, 10 of them were females. Table 9.2: Percentage Distribution of Children by Selected Characteristics and Sex Characteristic of Children Male Female Total Sex Ratio Region Central Central (Excl. Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Age group Residence Rural Urban Total ( 0-17 years) out of every 5 children lived with at least one parent In an ideal situation, a child is supposed to grow up with his/her parents. Information on children s living arrangements was obtained from the data on the child s relationship to the household head, as the census did not directly ask respondents to state whether the biological parents lived in the same household as the child. 100

119 Analytical Report Table 9.3 shows that the majority of children (82 percent) in the households were sons or daughters of the household head or spouse. Those living with other relatives constitute 16 percent of the child population. Some children take up adult responsibilities and become household heads in the place of their parents and take care of their siblings, especially as a consequence of the AIDS pandemic. Approximately 40,000 children were household heads and about twice the number were spouses to the head, (together constituting one percent of the population of children). Table 9.3: Percentage Distribution of Children by Living Arrangements Living Arrangement Male Female Both Sexes Household Head Spouse to head Living with a parent(s) Living with another Relative Living with a non relative Total million households had at least one child each Characteristics of Households with Children It was established from the Census data that out of the 5 million households enumerated in 2002, 3.9 million (78 percent) had at least one child (person below 18 years of age), with a fairly even distribution across the regions as shown in Table 9.4 The highest percentage of households with at least one child was recorded in the Northern region (83 percent) while the Central region (72 percent) had the lowest proportion. The average size of households with children was 5.5 persons, which was higher than the national average of 4.7 persons. Variations by region show that the Northern and Eastern regions had the highest average household size for households with children. 101

120 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 9.4: Selected Characteristics of Households with Children, 2002 Central Characteristics of Households Central (Excl. Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Uganda All households (Million) Households with at Least one child (Millions) % of households with at least one child Mean number of children per household Average household size of households with children Children Vulnerability Vulnerability can be assessed at personal and household level. At personal level, vulnerability is a state of being in which a person is likely to be in a risky situation, suffering significant physical, emotional, or mental harm that may result in his/her human rights not being fulfilled 10. Social and physical vulnerability reflect a decreased capacity for a person to cope, especially if the state is sustained or if any additional threats to social well-being and/or physical health are added 11. Vulnerable children are those children who bear a substantive risk of suffering physical, social, psychological/mental and emotional harm in comparison with other children in the same environment 12. Selected sub-groups of the population are vulnerable because of their socio-economic characteristics. The national OVC policy lists the vulnerable groups, to include among others; orphans, abandoned children, children living in poor households, children with disabilities, child labourers, children in need of legal protection, street children and children living in child headed households. The 2002 Census had questions used to directly or indirectly establish the status of children in relation to specific types of vulnerability namely orphanhood status, disability, school non-attendance, child labour, children living in child headed households, institutionalized children (in prison, orphanages), homeless children, child mothers and children who are married. Children who fell within any of the above categories were considered vulnerable. 3.3 million children were vulnerable Table 9.5 presents the distribution of vulnerable children by type of vulnerability. It shows that out of the 13.4 million children, 3.3 million (24 percent of the children) were vulnerable, with minor variations by sex and residence. The variations by District 10 MoGLSD, Orphans & Other Vulnerable Children Policy, Barton and Wamai, Asitutation Analysis of Children and Women Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, Orphans and other Vulnerable Children Policy,,

121 Analytical Report reveal that Moroto (60 percent) exhibited the highest proportion of vulnerable children in Uganda followed by Nakapiripirit (58 percent). Kapchorwa had the lowest proportion with 15 percent of the children aged 0-17 years being vulnerable (Table A11). Table 9.5: Number of Vulnerable Children by Type, Residence and by Sex ( 000 s) Sex Residence Total Type of Vulnerability Male Female Urban Rural Orphans (0-17) , Children out of school (6-17 yrs) , Institutionalized Children (Barracks, Prisons, refugee camps, orphanage) Homeless Children Children (5-17 yrs) with Disability Homeless Children Child Labourers (5-17 yrs) Children Heading Households (10-17 yrs) Children Aged (10-17 yrs) who are mothers na Children who are Married (12-17 yrs) Children who are idle (6-17 yrs ) All vulnerable children (10-17 yrs ) 1,598 1, ,883 3,255 Total Children (0-17 yrs) 6,699 6,672 1,449 11,922 13,371 Percent of children who are vulnerable Orphanhood increased from 11 percent in 1991 to 13.1 percent in a) Orphanhood An orphan is any child below 18 years of age who has lost one or both parents. The 1991 census estimated the number of orphans to be 1.04 million, which was 11.6 percent of the total children s population. This has increased to 1.8 million in 2002 which was 13.1 per cent of the total children in Uganda. Of all the orphaned children, 103

122 The 2002 Population and Housing Census about 345 thousands (20 percent) had lost both parents. The percentage of orphaned children was highest in the Central region as compared to the other regions (Table 9.6). Table 9.6: Parental Survival and Orphanhood by Region Region Survival Status of Parents ( 000) Only Father dead Only Mother Dead Both Parents Dead Total Orphans Percent Orphaned Percent of orphaned who are double orphans Central Central (Excl. Kampala) Eastern , Northern Western Uganda 1, , b) School Attendance The Census collected data on access to education by establishing the school attendance status of the population. Figure 9.1 shows that 17 percent of all children aged 6-17 years were out of school. The proportion varied between 13 percent in Eastern region and 22 Northern regions. The proportions in Central and Western regions were very close to the national average. 104

123 Analytical Report Figure 9.1: Proportion of Children (6-17 years) by Region who were out of school Percentage Literate Central Central (Exc Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Uganda Regions c) Child Labour The Census defined the working population to include all persons aged 5 years and above whose activity status was paid employee, self employed or unpaid family worker. Those persons who were engaged in economic activities and at the same time were full time students, were excluded. 7 percent of all children aged 5-17 were working Table 9.7 shows that overall, there were slightly over 600,000 children who were working, constituting 7 percent of all children aged 5 17 years. This figure is much lower than that of 1.5 million were reported working by the UNHS 2002/ The difference is brought about by different concepts used in defining a person who was economically active. Students who were engaged in economic activities were included as part of the economically active persons in the UNHS 2002/2003. The total number of working children was higher for males than for females. Among the regions, the Northern and Western regions had the highest percentages of (over 8 percent) of working children. Differentials by sex show that the proportions of working children were higher for males than for females except in Eastern region. 13 Uganda Bureau of Statistics, The Uganda National Household Survey 2002/2003, Report on the Labour Force Survey,

124 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 9.7: Percentage of Economically Active Children (5-17 years) by Region Total Children (Millions) Total Working Children ( 000) Percent Working Children Region Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Central Central (Exc Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Total According to the ILO 14, not all work performed by children is equivalent to child labour. The concept is therefore based on the minimum age of entry into the labour force, type of work hazardous and non-hazardous forms of child labour. The ILO convention on minimum age exempts children from 12 to 13 years old only if they are engaged in light work. Thus all children 5 to 11 years working in economic activities are considered to be in child labour. Hazardous work which leads to adverse effects on the child s safety, health or moral development is also classified as child labour. Such work includes mining and construction, children aged 5-17 working for more than 42 hours per week, occupations related to work with heavy machinery or exposure to pesticides and working underground, underwater, at dangerous heights, or in confined spaces, etc. The 2002 Census collected information on some aspects of child labour. These include Children aged 5-11 years who did any work (including household work) or Children aged 5-17 years who were engaged in mining and construction. 5 percent of all children aged 5-17 years were child labourers Table 9.8 shows that 460 thousand among children aged 5-17 years, (5 percent) of all children were engaged in child labour. Regional variations show that the Northern exhibited the highest percentage (7 percent) while Central region had the lowest percentage (4 percent). There were no sex differentials at national level. However the Northern region showed higher proportions of working female children compared to other regions. 14 ILO, Every Child Counts, New Global Estimates of Child Labour,

125 Analytical Report Table 9.8: Proportion of Children aged 5-17 years by sex who were Child Labourers Male Children Female Children Total Children Region No ( 000s) % No ( 000s) % No ( 000s) % Central Central (Excl. Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Total percent of all children aged 0-17 years had a disability d) Children with Disabilities The 2002 Census defined Disability as any condition that prevents a person from living a normal social and working life. The Census revealed that 205 thousand children aged 0-17 years, two percent had a disability. One third of the children with disabilities were aged years The distribution of children with disabilities by age is shown in Table 9.9. The results show that the age group had the highest proportion of children with disabilities compared to which had the lowest proportion. The data further reveals that there were no major sex differentials among the different age groups. Table 9.9: Percentage Distribution of Children with a Disability by Age and Sex Sex of Child Age group Male Female Total 0-4 years years years years Total (0-17) The rest of analysis of children with disabilities in this section is based on children aged 5-17 years. This is because several studies have shown that it is difficult to ascertain disability status in a household survey/census for persons below the age of 5 years. The distribution of disabled children by type of disability and region is shown in Table Mobility problems (31 percent) were the most common disabilities among children, followed by hearing problems (26 percent) and sight difficulty (15 percent). 107

126 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 9.10: Percent Distribution of Children (aged 5-17 years) with Disabilities by type of Disability and Region No of Children with Disabilities ( 000s) Type of disability Central Central (excluding Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Total Percent Mobility problems Hearing difficulty Sight problems Mental difficulties Speech difficulty Others Total percent of children with disabilities were attending school An analysis of children with disabilities by schooling status is displayed in Figure 9.2. The results show that there are wider variations in the schooling status between children with and without disabilities. Overall, 83 percent of the children without disabilities were attending school compared to 72 percent for those children with disabilities. Sex differentials reveal that 16 percent of the male children with disabilities were not at school compared to 18 percent of the female children with disabilities. 108

127 Analytical Report Figure 9.2: Proportion of Children (6-17 years) with Disabilities by Schooling Status Percent Not Attending Male Female Both Sexes Without Disabilities With Disabilities e) Child Mothers The information on child mothers is analyzed from the data on children ever born to girls aged 12 to 17 years who had ever given birth irrespective of the survival status of the child. The information excludes girls who were carrying their first pregnancy. 7 percent of children aged years had ever given birth At the time of the census 153,000 girls aged 12 to 17 years had ever given birth. Regional variations show that the Eastern region exhibited the highest proportion of child mothers (8 percent) while the Western region had the lowest percentage (5 percent). The proportion of children who had ever given birth increases with age. The results are shown in Table 9.11 below. 109

128 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 9.11: Percentage of Girls aged years who had ever given Birth, by Region and Age of Child. Age of Child Central Central (excluding Kampala) Eastern Northern Western Uganda Total (12-17) Number of children ( 000s) Child Abuse Child abuse can be defined as intentionally causing or permitting any harmful or offensive contact on a child s body; and, any communication or transaction of any kind that humiliates shames or frightens the child 15. Major types of child abuse include physical, emotional, sexual and neglect. The effects of child abuse can lead to short and long-term vulnerability. During the 2002 Census a community questionnaire was administered to over 40 thousand Local Council 1 (LC1) to investigate various socio-economic issues. This included the opinion leaders perception of the extent of prevalence of child abuse in the last 12 months before the census. Table 9.12: Distribution of Communities reporting existence of Child Abandonment and Mistreatment Regions Very common Exists but not common Does not exist Total Central Eastern Northern Western Uganda (MoLGSD, 2004) 110

129 Analytical Report Half of the communities acknowledged existence of child abuse The 2002 census established whether child abandonment and mistreatment was very common, not common or did not exist at all. Table 9.12 reveals that 51% of communities (in the country) acknowledged existence of some level of child abandonment and mistreatment. The results show that very common incidences of abandonment and mistreatment were highest in communities in the Northern region (12 percent) and lowest in Central region (5.9 percent). 9.2 The Young People Young people are defined as those who are in the stage of transition from childhood to adulthood. There are several operational sub-categories of young persons with special government programs in Uganda. These include adolescents (10 24 Years/15-24 years), teenagers (13 19 Years), and youths (18 30 Years) Size and Sex Composition of the Young People The young population (10-30 years) grew from 3.7 million in 1969 to 10.3 million in 2002, an increase of nearly 7 million over the 33 year period, representing an annual growth rate of 3.2 percent. Female youths outnumber their male counterparts. Table 9.13 gives the indicators of the different sub-groups from 1969 to The number of young females in all age categorizations out number their male counterparts. Table 9.13: Distribution of the Young Population by Sub groups, Population (Millions) 2002 Indicators Percent of Growth Age Group Population Sex Ratio Rate* Total Population * For the Period

130 The 2002 Population and Housing Census School Attendance of the Young People The proportion of youths attending school is presented in Table The results show that almost one-half of the young population (47 percent) were attending school at the time of the census. The percentage was much higher among the teenagers (70 percent) and lowest among the youths (15 percent). Wide variations by sex can be noticed especially among the older ages of the young persons. It should be noted that young persons who do not repeat classes complete their secondary education at the age of 18 years and their university education at years. Table 9.14: Proportion of the Young Population Attending School by Age Broad Age Group Male Female Both Sexes Young People (10-30) Adolescents (10-24) Teenagers (13-19) Adolescents (15-24) Youths (18-30) Economic Activity of the Young Population Chapter 6 shows that 47 percent of the young population were economically active with males having higher percentages than the females. Figure 9.3 gives the distribution of the economically active young population by type of economic activity. The results indicate that two thirds of females (70 percent) are unpaid family workers compared to 27 percent of the males in the same category. Among males, the self employed is the dominant category with 45 percent of the active population. Unemployment stands at 7 percent for males and 5 percent for females. 112

131 Analytical Report Figure 9.3: Sex Distribution of the Young Population (14 30 years) by Economic Activity Status 90 Economically Active Population Paid Employee Self Employed Unpaid Family Worker Unemployed Male Female Economic Activity Status About one in every three working youth were employed in the services sector Occupation Characteristics of the Young Population All persons who were recorded as employed, self employed or unpaid family workers stated their main occupation. The results are displayed in Table 9.16 and they reveal that about a third of young people were engaged in services. Young persons working as professionals constituted 16 percent, while the proportion of those engaged in elementary occupation was 19 percent. Variations by age group show that the higher proportions (44 percent) of the young population aged years were agricultural workers. This proportion decreases drastically to 10 percent for the age group years. 113

132 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 9.15: Percentage Distribution of the Young by Occupation Category and Age Group Occupation (10-30) Service Workers, Shop and Market Sales Elementary Occupations Professionals/ Associate Professionals Subsistence Agricultural Workers Craft Workers Machine Operators Clerks Managers and Administrators Total Youth who are Idle (18 30 years) Ideally, every young person (at least below 24 years) is expected to be in school. However, the census data revealed that some young persons were neither in school nor working and hence referred to as idle. Table 9.16 shows that 20 percent of the young adults were idle i.e. not at school and not working. The analysis of idle youth by background characteristics is based on the age group percent of the female youths and 13 percent of the male youth were Idle The results revealed that the percentage of idle youths is much higher among the females (27 percent) compared to males (13 Percent). The results further reveal that youth residing in urban areas are more likely to be idle than their rural counterparts. Table 9.16 shows that the older youths, youths who are currently married, and those who have never been to school are more likely to be idle. The level of idleness was highest in Northern Region (5 percent) and lowest in western Region (3 percent). The results revealed that the youth aged years contribute to 59 percent of the total idle population aged years, implying that for every 10 idle persons aged years, 6 of them are aged between (14-30 years). Rural urban residence reveals that for all idle persons in the urban areas, nearly 70 percent of them are the youth. The proportion is less for rural areas to 57 percent. At the district level, the level of idleness ranges between 11 percent in Yumbe and 69 percent in Nakapiripirit. In general, idleness is more common among youths in the North Eastern Uganda. 114

133 Analytical Report Table 9.16: Proportion of the Youths (aged years) who were Idle by Residence / Region Sex Characteristics Male Female Total Residence Urban Rural Region Central Central (Kampala exc) Eastern Northern Western Total (18 30 ) Number of Idle Youths ( 000s) Total Number of Youths ( 000s) 3, , , Young Mothers The census findings of young mothers by selected background characteristics are shown in Table The results in this table exclude the young mothers who were carrying their first pregnancy, since it was not covered in the census. 115

134 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 9.17: Percentage of Women (12-19 years) who were Mothers by Age group and Socio-economic Characteristics Age Group Characteristic Total (12-19) Region Central Central (Excl. Kampala.) Eastern Northern Western Education Attainment None Primary Secondary Schooling Status Never Attended Currently Attending Left School in Left School before Residence Urban Rural Marital Status Never Married Currently Married Widowed/Separated/ Divorced Percentage of Young mothers percent of the females (aged 12-19) were mothers The findings from Table 9.17 show that 18 percent of females aged years in Uganda had a child. For those aged years, 30 percent had had at least one child. Eastern region had the highest proportion of young mothers Young motherhood fertility varies between rural and urban residence. It is higher in rural areas (18 per cent) than in urban areas (15 per cent). Women aged years who had never been to school exhibited the highest percentage of motherhood (37 percent) compared to 21 percent who had attained secondary education. Regional variations show that the Western had the lowest proportion (14 percent) of young mothers while the Eastern (21 percent) had the highest proportion. 116

135 Analytical Report 9.3 The Older Persons Older persons are those aged 60 years and above, irrespective of their other demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Traditionally, older Persons were protected from abuse and neglect by traditional family structures, networks and norms. But several factors like urbanisation, unemployment, wars, poverty, disease especially AIDS, influence of foreign cultures, and lack of an alternative social security system have interfered with the traditional network leaving older persons vulnerable. Existing social security schemes in Uganda only cover older persons in the formal and public sector. Those in the informal sector are without any provision. Uganda is party to all UN Conventions/Treaties regarding equal treatment of people including recognising the value of older persons. The 1995 Constitution of Uganda in its objective VII under Protection and Promotion of Fundamental and other Human Rights and Freedoms states that the state shall make reasonable provision for the welfare and maintenance of the aged. However, Uganda has no explicit and comprehensive national policy for the Older persons. There are several national legal instruments for Older persons including the 1995 Constitution, Vision 2025 and Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), the Social Development Sector Strategic Investment Plan (SDIP), Pensions and Provident Funds System. The International Instruments on Older persons include; United Nations key agreements and policies such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), United Nations Principles for Older Persons (1991), Millennium Declaration (2000), and Madrid International Plan of Action on ageing (2002) Size and Distribution of the Older Persons The number of older persons doubled in between 1969 and 2002 At the time of 2002 Census there were a total of 1.1 million Older Persons in Uganda, having increased from 560 thousand in Table 9.19 shows that the share of older persons in the total population increased marginally from 4.1 percent in 1991 to 4.5 percent in 2002 over time. The table further shows that women outnumber men with the sex ratio as 93.9 men per 100 women Table 9.18: Selected Demographic Characteristics of Older Persons Census Year Total Population (Millions) Older Persons ( 000s) ,094.4 Sex Ratio of Older Persons Share of Older Persons in the Population

136 The 2002 Population and Housing Census One third of older persons were literate Characteristics of the Older Persons Table 9.19 gives the characteristics of older persons. From the table, it can be seen that the majority had never had formal education. Only 13 percent of the men and 3 percent of the women had attained post primary education. Literacy levels reveal that only 33 percent of the older persons could read and write with understanding in any language (literate). 18 percent of the older persons had a disability One of the concerns of the older persons is the quality of life they lead. About one in every five older persons (18 percent) had a disability. Older persons are among the poorest in Uganda and often do not have access to a regular income. The Table 9.19 shows that 51 percent of the older persons were economically active. Among the working older persons in Uganda, 87 percent were engaged in Subsistence Agriculture, 76 percent of the Older Persons lived in households that depended on subsistence agriculture as the main source of livelihood. Table 9.19: Selected Characteristics of the Older Persons Selected Characteristics of Older Persons Male Female Total Percent in Urban Areas Percent with NO Education Percent with Post Primary Education Percent Disabled Percent Literate Percent Economically Active Percent of Working older persons in Sub Agric Percent Heading Households Percent who are Spouses to the HH Head Percent living on households with Sub Farming Percent Living in Single person households Persons with Disabilities The definition of disability is based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by WHO. This Classification emphasizes the interplay between impairment at body organ level and the environment in which the person with the impairment lives. Because of the complexity of measuring disability in the context of the ICF, the 2002 Census defined disability as any difficulty in moving, seeing, hearing, speaking and any, mental or learning difficulty, which has lasted or is expected to last 6 months or more. Although this does not show the resulting sociolimitations experienced by the affected individual, it does provide a national profile on common difficulties arising from impairments. 118

137 Analytical Report The 2002 Census definition includes epilepsy and chronic arthritis (which was referred to as rheumatism) which are internationally classified as chronic illnesses. This is because of their high occurrence and association with social stigma which may lead to isolation and limited social participation. Traditionally, Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) in Uganda lived with their relatives in a family setup. With colonisation, institutionalisation was introduced. There have been dramatic changes in approaches to disability over the past 30 years. In Africa, in the 1980s there was a global initiative by disabled people, Nothing for us without us. Uganda Government reflected the changes at global level and embraced the Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) approach, but recognised that institutions are still important for the holistic rehabilitation of some PWDs The Northern Region had the highest disability rate Prevalence of Disability Table 9.20 shows that there were 838,000 persons with a disability in There were more Persons with Disabilities in the Northern and Eastern regions compared to other regions. The Northern Region had the highest prevalence of disability (4.8 percent) while the Western region has the lowest (2.9 percent). Eastern and Central regions had rates of 3.6 percent and 3.1 percent respectively. Of all the PWDs, 108 thousand had multiple disabilities. The national disability prevalence rate was 3.5 percent The table shows that 3.5 percent of the population had disabilities compared to 3.3 percent using the International definition. The rate in 2002 was higher than 1.1 percent obtained from the 1991 census. This apparent increase in the prevalence of disability may be partly due to improvements in the method of data collection used in the 2002 census. The prevalence of disability varied across the country. Table 9.20: Distribution of Persons with Disabilities by Region Persons with Disability Persons with Multiple Disability Region Population ( 000s) Number ( 000 ) Percent Number ( 000 ) Percent of All PWDS Central 6, Central (excl 5, Kampala) Eastern 6, Northern 4, Western 6, Total 23, The Disability rates show that the prevalence of disability increases with age (Figure 9.5). It ranges from 3 percent for the age group 5-9 and raises steadily to 5 percent for the age group 35 to

138 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 9.5: Prevalence of Disability by Age 25.0 Percentage Male Female Total Five Year Age Gropus Distribution of Persons with Disabilities The distribution of PWD s by broad age groups shows a higher concentration of PWD s in the older age groups than in the younger groups. Children (aged 0-17) constituted nearly 30 percent of the PWD s compared to 70 percent for adults (aged 18 and above). The reproductive age group (15-49) constituted 42 percent while the adults aged constituted 47 percent of the persons with disabilities. The data further shows 17 percent of the PWD s were youth (aged 18-30). Table 9.21: Distribution of PWDs by Selected Age Group Selected Age Groups Male Female Both Sexes Number ( 000s) Percent Number ( 000s) Percent Numbe r ( 000s) Percent Total(All ages) The selected Age Groups are not mutually exclusive and there after the columns do not add to the indicated total 120

139 Analytical Report Type of Disability The 2002 Census provided for two types of disabilities per person. For each disability recorded, information was also collected on the type, cause and rehabilitation sought. The classification of cases by disability type is diplayed in Figure 9.6. The most common disability was difficulty with legs (29 percent), followed by sight problem (25 percent) and hearing problem (17 percent). Figure 9.6: Percentage Distribution of Cases of Disability by Type* Rheumatism Epileptic Type of Disability Speech Problem Others Mental Problem Serious problem with back spine Difficulty with Arms Hearing Problem 16.6 Sight Problem 25.4 Difficulty with legs * Takes all cases of a disability and therefore adds to more than 100 % Internationally, Rheumatism and epilepsy are not regarded as disabilities. However, the Uganda definition included them. Figure 9.6 shows that nearly 3 percent of the PWDs were epileptic and an almost equal share were suffering from Rheumatism. Diseases/illnes ses remain the leading causes of disability for all age groups Causes of Disability The information on causes of disability was collected from the census. The results in Table 9.22 show that there are variations in cause of disability by age. Overall, diseases/illnesses remain the leading cause of disability with more than half of the PWD s reporting this category. A similar pattern is observed for all age groups. The natural ageing process accounted for one- in- every three older persons (aged 60+) who had a disability. Accidents (transport, occupational injury) accounted for 14 percent of disabilities. 121

140 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 9.22: Causes of Disability by Broad Age Group* Age Group Cause of Disability Total Disease/illness Congenital (born with a disability) Accidents Natural ageing process War Other causes Total * For primary disability only Rehabilitation of PWD s The rehabilitation of persons with disabilities is a process that aims at enabling the person to attain a certain mental, physical or social functional level, thus providing the tools and skills needed to change his or her life. These may include special education or skills training, medical rehabilitation, vocational rehabilitation, etc. Government, through the PEAP is committed towards the expansion of Community Based Rehabilitation services, as an issue for priority attention in addition to other mainstreaming interventions for PWD s. 45 percent of PWD s did not receive any rehabilitation measure Information was collected on persons with disabilities whether they had received any measures to improve their performance of activities during the 12 months prior to the census. Nearly 45 percent of PWD s reported that they had not received any form of rehabilitation. The percentage for PWD s without any rehabilitation varied by type of disability. Those with speech difficulties had higher percentages (65 percent) compared to 42 percent for PWD s with mobility problems. 122

141 Analytical Report Figure 9.7: Percentage Distribution of Disabled Persons who did not Receive any Rehabilitation by Disability Type 80 Percentage of persons who received no Rehabilitation Speech Sight Mental Hearing Others All Categories Disability Type The results in Table 9.23 show that among those who received rehabilitation, close to 80 percent reported having received medication while 8 percent declared that they had received a surgical operation. Table 9.23: Rehabilitation of PWD s by Disability Type Disability Type Rehabilitation Mobility Hearing Sight Speech Mental Others Total Medication Surgical operation Assistive devices Counseling Others Total No rehabilitation received

142 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Summary The total number of children increased from 9 million in 1991 to 13.7 million in 2002; the proportion of children in Uganda increased from 54 percent in 1991 to 56 percent in A total of 3.2 million children were vulnerable at the time of the census. Thirteen percent of the children were orphans, having increased from 11.6 percent in About 7 percent of the children aged 5 17 years were child labourers. Among children in the same age range, 2 percent had a disability 43 percent of the CWD s had not received any rehabilitation for the disability at the time of the census. Most children were living in households with at least one child and 42,000 children were heading households. The proportion of young people aged comprised of 43 percent in 2002 with the female youth outnumbering their male counterparts. More than 50 percent of the males were attending school compared to 42 percent of the females. Seventy percent of the working female youth (aged 14-30) were unpaid family workers compared to 27 percent of the males in the same age bracket. Twenty percent of the youth (aged 14-30) were idle with females being idler than their male counterparts. Young mothers stood at 18 percent with higher proportions among those who had never been to school. The total population of older persons doubled between 1991 and About 1 in every 5 of the older persons had a disability while more than 13 percent of older persons lived alone. The national disability prevalence rate was 4 percent with the Northern region having the highest percentage. The prevalence increased with age. 13 percent of the PWD s had multiple disabilities. 45 percent did not receive any rehabilitation measures. In general households with a PWD had lower welfare indicators compared to those households without a PWD. 124

143 Analytical Report CHAPTER 10: GENDER ISSUES Gender is widely used to refer to the socially constructed differences and distinctions between men and women. It is the culturally specific set of characteristics that identifies the social position of women and men and the relationship between them. Gender analysis is a key component of development policy in Uganda. It arose from the recognition of gender inequalities between females and males. Specifically, women were identified as being marginalised by several imbalances, of a social, historical and economic origin. This was blamed for women s poverty, due to their limited participation in economic development. Several initiatives put in place included affirmative action, prioritizing girls education, gender activism, and an emphasis on gender mainstreaming in all government plans and projects Gender and Education Universal access to education for children of either sex is a goal of both the PEAP and MDGs. The MDG (3) aims at eliminating gender disparity at all levels of education by 2015 and to empower women. Chapter six shows that 21 percent of the population aged six years and above in 2002 had never been to school. The percentage is higher among females (26 percent compared to males (15 percent). Figure 10.1 shows that overall, 65 percent of the persons who had never been to school were females. Among children of primary school age (6 12 years), the population that had never been to school were equally distributed among sexes. However, the share of females who had never been to school increases with age reaching a maximum of 70 percent among persons aged years. 125

144 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 10.1: Sex Distribution of Population that had Never been to School by Age % of Population in age-group All Ages Male Female School enrollment for the school age population (aged 6-24 years) was low. Out of the 11.2 million persons of the school going age, only two thirds were enrolled in school, compared to The PEAP target for primary NER of 100 percent for either sex by the year The percentage enrolled was higher for males at 70 percent compared to females at 62 percent. The net primary school enrollment rate was 86 percent with no differences between sexes. However, the NER for secondary school age is lower at 23 percent with slight variations by sex (24 percent for males and 23 percent for females). The rates were much lower for the post secondary ages and with wider variations by sex (28 percent for males and 13 for females). The gender parity indices were 0.94 for primary school and 0.78 for secondary school enrollment. Section 6.4 showed that among the population aged 15 years and above, only 18 percent had received any post primary education with lower percentages for females (14 percent) compared to males (25 percent). Figure 10.2 shows significant differences in the sex distribution of the population aged 15 years and above who had left school by the educational attainment. The women outnumber men among those with no education and lower primary, the men greatly outnumber women in terms of higher education attainment. 126

145 Analytical Report Figure 10.2: Sex Distribution of Population (15 years and above) currently out of school by the Highest Level of Education Attained Percent of Population No education P1-P4 P5-P7 S1-S4 S5-S6 Certificate Diploma Degree/Post Grad Male Female The level of education attained has a bearing on the level of literacy of the population. Section 6.5 showed that the literacy rate for males was higher than that for females, 77 compared to 62 percent respectively. Figure 10.3 gives the sex distribution of the population aged 10 years and above by literacy status. It is evident that the illiterate females outnumber their male counterparts. 127

146 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 10.3: Sex Distribution of Population Aged 10 years and above by Literacy Status % Urban Literate Rural Literate All Areas - Literate Urban Illiterate Rural Illiterate All Areas - Illiterate Male Female 10.2 Gender and Economic Activity Participation in economic activities generates an earning for the individuals and hence empowers them to take decisions concerning themselves and their dependants. However, much of the women s work in developing countries is overlooked, undervalued or undercounted. For instance, women s participation in unpaid domestic duties in not recognised under the System of National Accounts (SNA). Chapter 7 showed that there were 6.7 million persons in the labour force, of which 47 percent were females. Women constituted the majority (60 percent) of the population that was not working. The chapter further showed that there were big gender differentials in the activity status and occupation Economic Activity Status Category Figure 10.4 shows that the majority (66 percent) of the working women (aged ears) were unpaid family workers. This has far reaching implications on the empowerment of women since they are economically active but do not earn an income. Only 10 percent of the working women were in paid employment. 128

147 Analytical Report Figure 10.4: Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons by Status in Employment and Sex 100 Percentage of working Population Self Employed Unpaid Family workers Paid Employees Male Female Occupation Category Table 10.1 shows that the women slightly outnumber the men among the clerical workers and subsistence farmers. However, the men dominate in all the other major occupations and were engaged in the generally better paying professions as shown by UNHS 2002/03. Efforts should be made to increase the skills of women so that they can effectively compete in the job market. This will also increase their productivity and their contribution to national development. 129

148 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 10.1: Sex Distribution of Working Population (14 64 Years) by Major Occupation Categories Major Occupation Categories Male Female Total Managers Senior Officials, Administrators Professionals Associate Professionals Clerks Service Workers, Shop And Market Sales Workers Subsistence Agricultural And Fishery Workers Market Oriented Agricultural And Fishery Workers Craft and Related Workers Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers Elementary Occupations All Occupations Population outside the Labour Force The women outnumbered the men among the population of working age (14 64 years) that was outside the labour force i.e. not working. The women were more noticeable among the persons who reported to be doing household work (76 percent) as well as among those who were reported as too old to work (66 percent). Men were dominant among the fulltime students. Figure 10.5: Sex Distribution of Economically Inactive Population by Type 100 Percent of Inactive Population Household work Full time student Too Old Others Male Female 130

149 Analytical Report 10.3 Gender issues in the Households Policy analysts have regarded the household as a decision making unit that pools incomes and allocates resources for consumption. The decision making process is mainly influenced by the household head. The sex of the head tends to influence characteristics and decisions of the household. It is thus prudent to study gender differentials at the household level. Section 3.1 revealed that most households were headed by adult men. No major differentials were noted in household composition except the fact that there were more men heading the households and more women as spouses. However, gender differentials can often be realized in other aspects relating to household characteristics Household Headship Often, households compositions are assumed to be the same, comprising of a male head, his female spouse, their children and relatives. It is also assumed that decisionmaking in the household is often amicably arrived at, to the benefit of all. However, how decisions are arrived at differs, and sometimes not all members interests may be served. The 2002 Census identified the usual head of the household, whether he/she was present or not. Therefore, the information obtained can not be related to that from previous censuses that considered the household head chosen from those who were present during the census night. Figure 10.6 shows that 23 percent of the households were headed by females. The households headed by females were slightly more common in urban areas (27 percent) than in rural areas. In general, female headed households tended to have fewer people than the male headed households as shown in figure

150 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 10.6: Sex Distribution of Household Heads by Residence Percent of Households Rural Urban Uganda Male Head Female Head Household Welfare Section 8.4 analysed household welfare with respect to the quality of the dwelling, source of household livelihood and consumption of basic household necessities. Table 10.2 shows the place of residence having a stronger influence on the quality of dwelling unit the household lives more than the sex of the household head. 132

151 Analytical Report Table 10.2: Proportion of Households by Selected Characteristics of the Dwelling and Sex of Head Sex of Head Residence Household Welfare Characteristics Male Female Urban Rural Percent of Households Living in a Permanent Dwelling Units Percentage of Households that own the Dwelling units they live in Mean Number of Rooms per dwelling Unit Percent of Households without Safe Water Persons per room Percent of Households without a Toilet Facility Percent of toilet, bathroom and kitchen Percent of Households using Tadooba for Lighting Source of Household Livelihood The strategies that individuals and households undertake to earn a living are central to their survival. Section 8.4 showed that more than two thirds of the households were dependent on subsistence farming for their livelihood. The proportion of the maleheaded households that derive their livelihood from earned income is slightly higher than that for females while the proportion of female-headed households that depend on other support was higher than for male-headed households. 133

152 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Figure 10.7: Distribution of Households by Sex of Head and Source of Livelihood Percent of Inactive Population Subsistence Agriculture Earned Income Support Male Head Female Head Ownership of Household Assets Ownership of household assets is a key indicator for a household s welfare. In particular, the types of assets owned are a proxy measure for their socio-economic welfare. The assets considered in the 2002 Census included means of transport and communication. Table 10.3 shows that the proportion of female-headed households that owned any means of transport was very low compared to their male counterparts. Table 10.3: Proportion of Households Owning Selected Assets and Welfare Indicators Sex of Head Welfare Characteristic of Household Male Female Percent of Households Living in a Conventional Dwelling Unit Households owning a bicycle Households owning any means of transport Households owning a radio

153 Analytical Report 10.4 Gender Violence Gender-based violence involves men and women, whereby the female is usually the victim and this arises from unequal power relationships between men and women. It encompasses a wide range of human rights violations, including sexual abuse of children, rape, child abuse including discrimination against girls, child labour, political violence from a gender perspective, intimate partner abuse, defilement, domestic violence, sexual assault and harassment, trafficking of women and girls, pornography, infanticide, forced control over the reproductive functions of a person, and several harmful traditional practices against women and children. It is a persuasive health and human rights problem existing throughout the country but the patterns and prevalence may vary from place to place. The 2002 Census asked questions related to Gender Based Violence (GBV) using a community questionnaire. This was administered to a team of opinion leaders at Local council level (LC1) 16. The information generated is an opinion of the community leaders about the existence of practices such as widow inheritance, rape and defilement in the communities Widow inheritance Widow inheritance, one of the forms of gender-based violence, is a custom where a male relative of a deceased husband inherits the widow as his wife without contracting any of the recognised marriages under the Ugandan Law. Seven percent (one in every 14) of the communities in Uganda reported that widow inheritance was very common in their community (See Table 10.4). In the rest of the communities, widow inheritance did not exist at all (45 percent) or it existed but was not common (47 percent). The prevalence of widow inheritance varied by region. The Northern region had the highest percentage of communities reported to be practicing widow inheritance, while the central region had the lowest proportion of communities reporting widow inheritance. 16 It should be noted that the data on Gender Violence was collected for the LC 1 as a whole, irrespective of its size geographically and in population 135

154 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Table 10.4: Distribution of Communities by Region and Prevalence of Widow Inheritance Exists BUT Very Not Does not Region Common Common Exist Total No of LC1 s Central ,316 Eastern ,463 Northern ,264 Western ,120 Uganda , Rape and Defilement Rape is another form of gender-based violence, which is defined as having sexual intercourse with a woman who is above the age of 18 years, without her consent while defilement is having sexual intercourse with a girl who is below the age of 18 years with or without her consent. At national level, 62 percent of the communities reported that Rape and Defilement Does not Exist in their LC1, while in about one third of the communities, it Existed but was not Common. Only four percent of the communities said that Rape and Defilement was very common in their communities. The Northern and Eastern regions recorded the highest proportion of communities that reported rape and defilement as very common at 4 percent (See Table 10.5). Table 10.5: Distribution of Communities by Region and Prevalence of Rape/Defilement Very Exists but Does not Region Common not Common Exist Total Number Central ,314 Eastern ,463 Northern ,264 Western ,120 Uganda ,

155 Analytical Report Summary Incidents of Widow inheritance, Rape and Defilement were generally noted to have existed in all regions and all districts. Widow inheritance is however known by local council leaders to be slightly more practiced in Eastern and Northern Regions of Uganda. For Rape and defilement in particular, there seems to be under reporting in all regions and in both urban and rural areas. Overall, 65 percent of the persons aged 6 years and above who had never been to school were females. The Net Enrolment Rates were much lower for the post secondary ages and with wider variations by sex (28 percent for males and 13 for females). Among the population aged 15 years and above, only 18 percent had received any post primary education with lower percentages for females (14 percent) compared to males (25 percent). Literacy rate for females (62 percent) was lower than that for males (77 percent) and the illiterate females outnumbered their male counterparts. The majority (66 percent) of the working women (aged ears) were unpaid family workers. Only 10 percent of the working women were in paid employment. This has far reaching implications on the empowerment of women since they are economically active but do not earn an income. The women outnumbered the men among the population of working age (14 64 years) that was outside the labour force i.e. not working and were more noticeable among the persons who reported to be doing household work (76 percent) The female-headed households were 23 percent. The proportion of households headed by females was slightly higher in the urban areas (27 percent) than in the rural areas. Female-headed households tended to have fewer people than the male-headed households. Incidents of Widow inheritance, Rape and Defilement were generally noted to have existed in all regions and all districts. Widow inheritance is however known by local council leaders to be slightly more practiced in Eastern and Northern Regions of Uganda. For Rape and defilement in particular, there seems to be under reporting in all regions and in both urban and rural areas. 137

156 138 Analytical Report

157 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report Chapter 11: POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON THE CENSUS FINDINGS This chapter summarises the policy implications based on the preceding analysis and related studies, and derives messages that are useful in the monitoring of the PEAP and MDGs Rationale for controlling and monitoring population size, growth and migration to sustain economic growth The population growth rate of 3.2 percent registered during the intercensal period 1991 to 2002 is the second highest ever recorded in Uganda and currently one of the highest in the world. Such a high population growth rate has major implications on the demand for social services and places a huge burden on the already limited budget of the sector. It is recommended that government should step up policies and programs to manage the population growth. International migration is an important factor that affects both the population size and the country s social economic development. Unlike births and deaths (the other two factors that affect the population size of a country) international migration, especially emigration is not easy to monitor. This is also true if migrants use non-gazetted entry and exit border points. It becomes difficult to accurately estimate the country s population growth if the full picture of migration is not ascertained. It is therefore recommended that: The legal requirement that all immigrants should register on arrival, should be enforced and monitored. Wherever possible, immigrants should also register with the lower local government levels of administration where the immigrants eventually wish to settle. Government should strengthen the birth and death registration exercise and incorporate it into the routine functions of local governments. Government should allocate adequate resources and facilitation to the departments in charge of registering immigrants Improving the quality and quantity of human settlement The housing stock in Uganda consists mostly of temporary structures. Permanent housing units provide better protection against natural and man made disasters. Provision of adequate housing for all households should be the ultimate goal of both government and the population in general. A review of the Housing policy to ensure that the public sector plays a more active role in guiding, regulating and supporting housing development is required. This will enhance the accessibility of all to decent housing and ensure sustainable human settlement development. 139

158 Analytical Report 11.3 Embracing religious and ethnic diversity Uganda comprises numerous ethnic tribes and a number of religious groupings. The diversity of the languages spoken is important in preserving culture and heritage. As a strategy, Uganda should adopt measures to protect, maintain and promote linguistic and cultural diversity. Institutional networks aiming to promote and develop the cultural heritage and indigenous people should be supported and developed. Further more, government should ensure that all initiatives supported by donors and intergovernmental organisations demonstrate that they will not adversely affect cultural and linguistic diversity. In addition, there is need for continuous dialogue to improve Uganda's social cohesion through political commitment to minority groups, promotion and protection of minorities right Promoting proper management of environmental resources Improved access to safe water supply and sanitation is one of the priority areas in the PEAP. Although government has put in place policies to address them, more needs to be done and in some cases a re-think of the implementation strategies is required. The current policy emphasizes community management of water resources. This implies that the community takes care of the basic maintenance of the water source. This however, has cost implications and communities may have to charge a fee to effectively manage the water resources. However, the policy is unclear on how the very poor can access the safe water sources that are managed by the community. This should be addressed so as to discourage the use of unsafe water sources. A policy on sanitation is in existence and its implementation is shared among the Ministries of Water and Environment, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sports. Although the responsibilities of each institution are well known, the overall ministry responsible for coordinating and monitoring of the sanitation programme remains unclear. Poor sanitation at household level poses a health risk but not much has been done to enforce toilet construction. In addition, the sanitation policy does not fully address the disposal of hazardous waste such as polythene bags. These issues need to be addressed. The use of wood fuel for cooking by households is widespread in both rural and urban areas. The protection of the environment and further prevention of de-forestation would only be possible if the demand for wood fuel declined. Increasing access to clean energy has great health and human development benefits by reducing indoor pollution. The current policy on alternative energy sources and rural electrification, however, needs to examine the cost of using alternative forms of energy Increasing the ability of the population to learn skills The Universal Primary Education (UPE) program has improved primary enrolment visibly since its introduction in It is recommended that monitoring and evaluation of the UPE implementation be strengthened and that some of the policies be reviewed to achieve 100 percent literacy amongst all school going children above primary four. Further, measures to increase school retention should be devised to ensure that drop outs are minimized. 140

159 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report The Universal Secondary Education (USE) strategy should be implemented to increase enrolment and eliminate the gender gap at this level. Further, vocational training should be part of secondary education. Related to primary and secondary school enrolment is Functional Adult Literacy (FAL). More emphasis and publicity should be done for the programme in the rural areas in order to realize increased enrolment and hence achieve higher adult literacy rates. This will reduce the literacy gap between the rural and urban areas Improving Household Welfare Gender inequalities are partly responsible for the persistent poverty due to the imbalances in the ownership and access to resources that are poverty-reducing. The development of the National Gender Policy was aimed at addressing some of these imbalances but little progress has been made to date. Studies have shown that people living in rural areas and subsistence farmers in particular are the poorest in Uganda. There is need to redirect efforts to those interventions that will directly boost the incomes of these households. These may include but are not limited to: Provision of affordable micro-finance facilities Provision of appropriate and affordable inputs (seeds, fertilizers, irrigation technologies, farming implements) Encouragement of group marketing e.g. through farmer cooperatives, Diversification into other livelihoods. Poverty mostly affects households headed by the vulnerable groups (elderly, children, and disabled). These should be given special attention through the Social Investment Development Plan (SIDP). This plan is yet to be effected but it is clear that the elderly as a vulnerable group need prioritizing especially because many are looking after orphans. Female-headed households are generally poorer than the male headed households. Studies should be done to understand how these households cope especially in relation to the health and wellbeing of the children in these households and explore ways on a how the situation can be improved Mitigating the effects of rape and defilement Rape and defilement is one of the gender based forms of violence existing in Uganda. There is need for increased awareness creation and training about the problems associated with rape and defilement so that communities are aware of the negative impacts of such actions and take action against it. It is also important to sensitise the population to reduce the stigma that affects the victims, their families and communities. This would encourage the communities to report cases of rape and defilement. 141

160 Analytical Report The appropriate legislation needs to be enacted so that the punishment for cases of rape, defilement and indecent assault are appropriately punished. Child marriages should also be out lawed. Services should be introduced to cater for children born out of rape or defilement. The safety, emotional and mental health care needs of victims should be planned for and communities trained in counseling victims Creation and sustainability of an enabling working environment Being able to work is the main asset and potential income source for both the poor and non poor. Improving the labour conditions at work places and increasing the opportunities for more jobs will reduce poverty. As such, there is an urgent need to put in place an explicit Employment Policy to set guidelines for employers and employees in order to improve the work environment. Rapid expansion of non-farm activities, particularly in the rural areas is required in order accelerate labour absorption. Relatively large and wage-labour based enterprises are needed where the wage income is higher than the return from both farm and self-employment activities. The access to nonfarm income is particularly important to raise both household income of the poor. It is critical to create better employment opportunities in rural areas, not only to reduce rural poverty, but also to slow down on rural-urban migration. This will require an increase in off-farm activities, the need for appropriate skills and a rise in productivity from farm activities. Important measures needed to enhance opportunities in the Informal sector include developing lending mechanisms, which can meet the credit needs for operators which are often without collateral; improving accessibility to product and input markets; providing entrepreneurs with basic business skills, and streamlining the institutional environment. Commercialisation of agriculture necessitates conducive land tenure systems and optimal size farms both requiring movement of surplus and underemployed working population into other sectors. This requires deliberate land reform policies as well as incentives for expansion of the non-agricultural sectors. Affirmative action for women needs strengthening beyond the political structures to the grassroot level so that women and girls should have equal access to education and are also supported to own and inherit assets and are able to ascend to managerial and professional positions in the workforce. It is recommended that government should step up the industrialization drive to be able to absorb the increasing population through job creation and other related employment opportunities that accompany such shifts. 142

161 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report 11.9 Improving data collection It has not been possible to consistently monitor the urban population over time as the definition on urban centres has changed either including or excluding non-gazetted urban areas. In order to monitor the rate of urban growth, a standard definition for urban centres should be adopted and used by all stakeholders. Continuous and concrete Birth and Death Rate (BDR) is the best source of fertility and mortality data which are inputs into population projections. In addition BDR registration would give the latest information for small areas. Government should therefore support the Birth and Death Registration exercise to enable the country have up to date indicators on the population. It is recommended that regular intercensal surveys be undertaken to keep updating the literacy rates for purposes of monitoring policy implementation. The Government has established an OVC policy and National Strategic Plan for OVCs. There is need to have a detailed and comprehensive stand alone survey on OVC to facilitate Government s efforts in operationalising the Strategy document. 143

162 Analytical Report List of References Barton and Wamai, A Situational Analysis of Children and Women, 1994 US Bureau of Census, Global Population Profile, 2002 ILO, Every Child Counts, New Global Estimates of Child Labour, 2002 ILO, Surveys of Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, Al ILO Manual on Concepts and Methods 1991 MFPED, Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) 2004/ /08, 2004 MoGLSD, Ophans and Other Vulnerable Children Policy, 2004 Republic of Uganda, The 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Uganda Shryock and Siegel, The Methods and Materials of Demography, Condensed Edition Statistics Department (MFEP), The 1991 Population and Housing census, Analytical Report, 1995 UBOS, Report on National Workshop on Concepts and Definitions of Labour Statistics in Uganda, May 2005 UBOS, The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey , 2001 UBOS, The Uganda National Household Survey 2002/2003, Report on the Labour Force Survey, UBOS, The Uganda National Household Survey 2002/2003, Report on the Socio-economic Survey, UNICEF, The State of the World Children 2001 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Slums of the World; The Face of Urban Poverty in the New Millennium United Nations, Manual X Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation, 1983 United Nations, The Millenium Development Goals Report, 2005 WHO, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF),

163 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report ANNEXES Annex 1: Annex 2: Annex 3: Appendix Tables Glossary of Census Terms Questionnaires 145

164 Analytical Report Annex 1: Appendix Tables A1.1: Selected Population Indicators by District Region Population ( 000s) Growth Rate Population Urbanisation District Density Level Central Kalangala Kampala Kayunga Kiboga Luwero Masaka Mpigi Mubende Mukono Nakasongola Rakai Sembabule Wakiso Region 4, , Eastern Bugiri Busia Iganga Jinja Kaberamaido Kamuli Kapchorwa Katakwi Kumi Mayuge Mbale Pallisa Sironko Soroti Tororo Region 4, ,

165 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.1: Selected Population Indicators by District Cont d Region Population ( 000s) Growth Rate Population Urbanisation District Density Level Northern Adjumani Apac Arua Gulu Kitgum Kotido Lira Moroto Moyo Nakapiripirit Nebbi Pader Yumbe Region 3, , Western Bundibugyo Bushenyi Hoima Kabale Kabarole Kamwenge Kanungu Kasese Kibaale Kisoro Kyenjojo Masindi Mbarara Ntungamo Rukungiri Region 4, , UGANDA 16, , * Data for Kotido District were excluded from the analysis 147

166 Analytical Report A1.2: Distribution of Recent Internal Migrants by District Recent Migration Recent out of Migration Net Migration Rate District Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Central Kalangala 10,944 6,761 2,367 2, Kampala 113, ,095 52,439 55, Kayunga 6,399 8,269 9,632 11, Kiboga 17,290 15,714 7,040 8, Luwero 13,204 13,469 19,380 23, Masaka 14,330 15,440 37,223 45, Mpigi 8,374 8,585 25,607 32, Mubende 31,197 29,975 17,480 21, Mukono 37,180 37,181 23,900 31, Nakasongola 6,703 6,065 3,487 3, Rakai 12,480 14,345 10,962 12, Sembabule 8,428 9,201 4,027 4, Wakiso 87,631 97,749 12,111 14, Total 367, , , , Eastern Bugiri 10,691 14,919 5,973 7, Busia 3,736 5,280 8,290 9, Iganga 7,614 12,066 22,117 27, Jinja 23,459 25,016 16,955 20, Kaberamaido 959 1,201 2,056 2, Kamuli 5,984 8,810 14,969 18, Kapchorwa ,698 1, Katakwi 2,288 2,670 5,798 4, Kumi 2,532 3,447 7,490 7, Mayuge 11,441 15,143 5,626 6, Mbale 7,161 7,719 17,652 20, Pallisa 1,789 3,017 9,009 9, Sironko ,629 4, Soroti 7,123 7,788 7,857 8, Tororo 6,340 7,709 14,546 15, Total 92, , , ,

167 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.2: Distribution of Recent Internal Migrants by District-Ctd District Recent in Migration Recent out Migration Net Migration Rates Region Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Northern Adjumani 2,779 2,569 4,885 4, Apac 4,796 5,144 7,881 8, Arua 4,620 4,414 15,300 12, Gulu 9,172 5,187 12,982 11, Kitgum 5,060 1,073 6,651 6, Kotido * * * * * * * Lira 9,370 9,608 10,246 9, Moroto 1, ,074 2, Moyo 5,241 5,238 2,803 2, Nakapiripirit 1,633 1,192 4,792 4, Nebbi 2,637 2,745 11,986 11, Pader 2,531 1,860 1, Yumbe 5,406 5,144 6,932 5, Total 54,507 45,131 87,840 79, Western Bundibugyo 1, ,796 4, Bushenyi 5,431 5,721 27,326 24, Hoima 12,578 11,630 5,812 6, Kabale 2,858 2,119 30,678 26, Kabarole 8,619 5,824 14,735 16, Kamwenge 9,766 11,376 7,333 6, Kanungu 1,750 1,269 3,654 2, Kasese 6,817 6,568 8,594 6, Kibaale 16,648 16,835 7,519 7, Kisoro ,677 10, Kyenjojo 15,127 14,694 6,113 6, Masindi 22,602 21,313 7,872 7, Mbarara 30,823 27,404 32,122 32, Ntungamo 5,113 5,237 12,669 11, Rukungiri 1,941 2,369 14,100 12, Total 142, , , , Uganda 657, , , , * Data for Kotido District were excluded from the analysis - Not Applicable 149

168 Analytical Report A1.3: Selected Indicators on Population Composition by District Distribution of Region Household Average Female Child Non Household District Households Population Household Size Headed Headed Population Central Kalangala 12,750 33, Kampala 306,178 1,161, Kayunga 62, , Kiboga 51, , Luwero 106, , Masaka 176, , Mpigi 88, , Mubende 156, , Mukono 187, , Nakasongola 25, , Rakai 106, , Sembabule 39, , Wakiso 218, , Region 1,538,243 6,495, Eastern Bugiri 82, , Busia 47, , Iganga 140, , Jinja 84, , Kaberamaido 25, , Kamuli 136, , Kapchorwa 39, , Katakwi 64, , Kumi 78, , Mayuge 64, , Mbale 162, , Pallisa 100, , Sironko 67, , Soroti 70, , Tororo 112, , Region 1,276,667 6,170,

169 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.3: Selected Indicators on Population Composition by District-Cont d Selected Indicators Region Household Average Female Child Non HH Household District Households Population Size Headed Headed Population Northern Adjumani 31, , Apac 143, , Arua 151, , Gulu 97, , Kitgum 55, , Kotido * * * * * - Lira 154, , Moroto 34, , Moyo 38, , Nakapiripirit 27, , Nebbi 90, , Pader 65, , Yumbe 42, , Region 1,016,801 5,269, Western Bundibugyo 45, , Bushenyi 142, , Hoima 70, , Kabale 95, , Kabarole 76, , Kamwenge 57, , Kanungu 43, , Kasese 98, , Kibaale 85, , Kisoro 48, , Kyenjojo 80, , Masindi 91, , Mbarara 224,820 1,076, Ntungamo 76, , Rukungiri 56, , Region 1,292,998 6,236, UGANDA 5,043,256 23,599, * Data for Kotido District were excluded from the analysis 151

170 Analytical Report A1.4: Selected Age Sex Composition Indicators by District Region District Central Sex Ratio Myres Index Share of Total Population Median 60 Years Age Under 18 Years & above Age Dependency Ratio Kalangala Kampala Kayunga Kiboga Luwero Masaka Mpigi Mubende Mukono Nakasongola Rakai Sembabule Wakiso Region Eastern Bugiri Busia Iganga Jinja Kaberamaido Kamuli Kapchorwa Katakwi Kumi Mayuge Mbale Pallisa Sironko Soroti Tororo Region

171 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.4: Selected Age Sex Composition Indicators by District Cont d Region District Northern Sex Ratio Myres Index Median Age Share of Total Population Under 18 Yrs 60 yrs & above Age Dependency Ratio Adjumani Apac Arua Gulu Kitgum Kotido 97 * * * * * Lira Moroto Moyo Nakapiripirit Nebbi Pader Yumbe Region Western Bundibugyo Bushenyi Hoima Kabale Kabarole Kamwenge Kanungu Kasese Kibaale Kisoro Kyenjojo Masindi Mbarara Ntungamo Rukungiri Region Uganda * Data for Kotido District were excluded from the analysis 153

172 Analytical Report A1.5: Selected Marriage and Fertility Indicators by District Region SMAM** Percent Currently Fertility Indicators Married** District Female Male Male Female TFR Risky Births Infertility Rate Central Kalangala Kampala Kayunga Kiboga Luwero Masaka Mpigi Mubende Mukono Nakasongola Rakai Ssembabule Wakiso Region Eastern Bugiri Busia Iganga Jinja Kaberamaido Kamuli Kapchorwa Katakwi Kumi Mayuge Mbale Pallisa Sironko Soroti Tororo Region ** Based on 15 years and above 154

173 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.5: Selected Marriage and Fertility Indicators by District Region SMAM** Percent Currently Fertility Indicators Married** District Female Male Male Female TFR Risky Infertility Births Northern Adjumani Apac Arua Gulu Kitgum Kotido * * * * * * Lira Moroto Moyo Nakapiripirit Nebbi Pader Yumbe Region Western Bundibugyo Bushenyi Hoima Kabale Kabarole Kamwenge Kanungu Kasese Kibaale Kisoro Kyenjojo Masindi Mbarara Ntungamo Rukungiri Region UGANDA * Data for Kotido District were excluded from the analysis ** Based on person aged 15 years and above SMAM Singulate Mean Age at Marriage 155

174 Analytical Report A1.7: Literacy and Primary School Enrolment Rates by District District Literacy Rate Primary Gross Enrolment Rate Primary Net Enrolment Rate Region Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Central Kalangala Kampala Kayunga Kiboga Luwero Masaka Mpigi Mubende Mukono Nakasongola Rakai Sembabule Wakiso Region Eastern Bugiri Busia Iganga Jinja Kaberamaido Kamuli Kapchorwa Katakwi Kumi Mayuge Mbale Pallisa Sironko Soroti Tororo Region

175 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.7: Literacy and Primary School Enrolment Rates by District-Ctd Region Literacy rate Gross Enrolment rate Net Enrolment Rate District Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Northern Adjumani Apac Arua Gulu Kitgum Kotido * * * * * * * * * Lira Moroto Moyo Nakapiripirit Nebbi Pader Yumbe Region Western Bundibugyo Bushenyi Hoima Kabale Kabarole Kamwenge Kanungu Kasese Kibaale Kisoro Kyenjojo Masindi Mbarara Ntungamo Rukungiri Region Uganda * Data for Kotido District were excluded from the analysis 157

176 Analytical Report A1.8: Selected Economic Activity Indicators by District Region/District Central Labour Force Absorption Rate Working Population by Industry Manufacturing Sector Services Sector % Working Population in Subsistence Farmers Unemployment Rate Micro Small Enterprises Number Employment Kalangala ,046 11,720 Kampala , ,502 Kiboga ,708 15,190 Luwero ,895 17,364 Masaka ,528 43,369 Mpigi ,413 64,827 Mubende ,439 29,477 Mukono ,877 42,095 Nakasongola ,239 77,713 Rakai ,664 11,859 Ssembabule ,663 46,907 Kayunga ,897 9,041 Wakiso ,608 87,166 Region , ,230 Eastern Bugiri ,748 21,992 Busia ,064 21,803 Iganga ,529 51,259 Jinja ,986 32,987 Kamuli ,720 8,040 Kapchorwa ,048 37,491 Katakwi ,547 11,836 Kumi ,439 11,143 Mbale ,045 42,695 Pallisa ,644 17,579 Soroti ,114 57,552 Tororo ,598 24,874 Kaberamaido ,402 20,772 Mayuge ,360 25,916 Sironko ,482 36,047 Region , ,

177 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.8: Economic Activity Tables Region Working Population by Industry Occupation Micro and Small Enterprises District Northern Labour Force Absorption rate Manufacturing Sector Services Sector % Working Population in Subsistence Farmers Unemploym ent Rate Number Employment Adjumani ,509 17,894 Apac ,501 39,945 Arua ,129 61,107 Gulu ,215 21,697 Kitgum ,230 9,663 Kotido * * * * * * * Lira ,807 41,145 Moroto ,922 15,339 Moyo ,477 11,678 Nebbi ,164 2,392 Nakapiripirit ,920 30,733 Pader ,952 6,369 Yumbe ,868 7,320 Region , ,282 Western Bundibugyo ,435 11,332 Bushenyi ,824 46,635 Hoima ,427 26,576 Kabale ,192 28,441 Kabarole ,931 22,922 Kasese ,336 13,573 Kibaale ,672 10,938 Kisoro ,207 33,486 Masindi ,373 25,445 Mbarara ,186 8,162 Ntungamo ,698 21,335 Rukungiri ,352 34,458 Kamwenge ,131 63,992 Kanungu ,513 16,376 Kyenjojo ,481 12,459 Region , ,130 Uganda ,052,068 1,700,628 * Data for Kotido District were excluded from the analysis 159

178 Analytical Report A1.9: Percentage of Household by Selected Dwelling Unit Characteristics and District. Region District Permanent Dwelling Owner Occupied With Access to Safe Drinking Water With a Toilet Proportion within All basic 5 Kms from Facilties Health Facility Central Kalangala Kampala Kiboga Luwero Masaka Mpigi Mubende Mukono Nakasongola Rakai Sembabule Kayunga Wakiso Central Eastern Bugiri Busia Iganga Jinja Kamuli Kapchorwa Katakwi Kumi Mbale Pallisa Soroti Tororo Kaberamaido Mayuge Sironko Region

179 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.9: Percentage of Households by Selected Dwelling Unit Characteristics and District - Ctd Region District Permanent Dwelling With Access to Owner Safe Drinking Occupied Water With a Toilet All Basic Facilities** Proportion within 5 Kms from Health Facility Northern Adjumani Apac Arua Gulu Kitgum Kotido * * * * * * Lira Moroto Moyo Nebbi Nakapiripirit Pader Yumbe Region Western Bundibugyo Bushenyi Hoima Kabale Kabarole Kasese Kibaale Kisoro Masindi Mbarara Ntungamo Rukungiri Kamwenge Kanungu Kyenjojo Region Uganda * Data for Kotido District were excluded from the analysis ** Basic Facilities include Toilet, Bathroom and Kitchen 161

180 Analytical Report A1.10: Percentage of Households by Selected Household Welfare Indicators sregion District Central Main Source of Livelihood Subsistence Farming Earned Income Other Sources ** Percentage of households all basic Necessities** Households owning Selected Assets Own Means of Transport Own Radio Kalangala Kampala Kayunga Kiboga Luwero Masaka Mpigi Mubende Mukono Nakasongola Rakai Ssembabule Wakiso Region Eastern Bugiri Busia Iganga Jinja Kaberamaido Kamuli Kapchorwa Katakwi Kumi Mayuge Mbale Pallisa Sironko Soroti Tororo Region

181 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.10: Percentage of Households by Selected Household Welfare Indicators -Ctd Region District Subsistence Farming Main Source of Livelihood Earned * Income Other Percentage with all basic Necessities Households owning selected Assets Own Means of Own Radio Transport Northern Adjumani Apac Arua Gulu Kitgum Kotido * * * * * * Lira Moroto Moyo Nebbi Nakapiripirit Pader Yumbe Region Western Bundibugyo Bushenyi Hoima Kabale Kabarole Kamwenge Kanungu Kasese Kibaale Kisoro Kyenjojo Masindi Mbarara Ntungamo Rukungiri Region UGANDA * Data for Kotido District was excluded from the analysis ** Includes wages / salaries, business enterprise and cottage industry *** Includes soap, sugar, two sets of shoes and blanket for children 163

182 Analytical Report A1.11: Distribution of Vulnerable Children by Type of Vulnerability and District Orphans Children out Institutio- Children Homeless Child (0-17) Of school nalised (in (5-17 yrs) Children Labourers District/ Region (6-17 yrs) Children) With Disability ( 5-17 yrs) Central Kalangala 2,330 1, Kampala 90,024 59,826 3,115 4, ,379 Kiboga 18,004 14, , ,194 Luwero 44,703 20, , ,123 Masaka 85,905 44, , ,575 Mpigi 40,829 20, , ,750 Mubende 57,141 42, , ,266 Mukono 65,709 42, , ,789 Nakasongola 9,472 5, , ,850 Rakai 49,808 28, , ,827 Ssembabule 15,540 12, ,594-3,367 Kayunga 22,105 14, , ,868 Wakiso 81,467 45, , ,083 Region 583, ,540 5,114 47, ,260 Eastern Bugiri 21,393 19, , ,446 Busia 16,880 9, , ,692 Iganga 33,378 28, ,205-12,202 Jinja 23,407 16,274 1,358 2, ,470 Kamuli 33,373 34, ,195-13,275 Kapchorwa 8,245 5, ,125-2,145 Katakwi 25,282 16, , ,313 Kumi 28,929 15, , ,836 Mbale 34,744 27, , ,324 Pallisa 21,703 26, ,034-10,781 Soroti 27,901 17, ,013-8,616 Tororo 32,198 25, ,166-10,325 Kaberamaido 9,232 5, ,421-1,375 Mayuge 15,018 17, , ,529 Sironko 13,608 9,324-1, ,756 Region 345, ,501 2,728 53, ,

183 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.11 Ctd: Distribution of Vulnerable Children by Type of Vulnerability and District Children Girls Children Idle Total Percent District/ Region Heading (12-17 yrs) Who Children OVCs OVCs Households Who were Married (6-17) (10-17 ) Mothers yrs) Central Kalangala , Kampala 3,834 6,088 8,517 37, , Kiboga 615 1,155 2,030 7,815 33, Luwero 1,158 2,443 3,217 12,845 65, Masaka 1,956 2,132 4,516 27, , Mpigi 1,010 2,425 2,777 11,363 60, Mubende 1,789 3,340 5,517 24,528 99, Mukono 2,107 4,803 5,779 29, , Nakasongola ,042 15, Rakai 1,054 1,546 3,412 18,711 74, Ssembabule ,489 6,735 27, Kayunga 703 1,375 2,736 10,054 38, Wakiso 2,781 10,286 7,092 28, , Region 17,792 37,169 48, , , Eastern Bugiri 796 2,706 4,802 13,470 44, Busia 245 1,652 2,580 7,097 26, Iganga 1,330 3,584 6,218 18,908 71, Jinja 988 2,606 3,360 11,568 43, Kamuli 856 3,195 5,732 24,446 75, Kapchorwa ,291 3,993 16, Katakwi 354 1,338 2,230 13,421 41, Kumi 374 1,114 2,765 12,492 46, Mbale 1,625 3,305 7,619 18,317 68, Pallisa 317 3,986 5,230 19,895 56, Soroti 433 1,860 2,909 12,920 47, Tororo 523 3,184 6,780 18,111 63, Kaberamaido ,327 4,996 15, Mayuge 483 3,213 4,339 10,963 35, Sironko 462 1,767 2,541 6,149 27, Region 8,998 34,985 59, , ,

184 Analytical Report A1.11 Ctd: Distribution of Vulnerable Children by Type of Vulnerability and District Orphans Children out Institutio- Children Homeless Child (0-17) Of school nalised (in (5-17 yrs) Children Labourers District/ Region (6-17 yrs) Children) With Disability ( 5-17 yrs) Region Adjumani 23,584 12,176 20,913 1, ,713 Apac 45,895 51, ,726-15,613 Arua 48,454 49, , ,186 Gulu 44,216 31, , ,587 Kitgum 28,953 16, ,290-5,546 Kotido Lira 53,973 54, , ,846 Moroto 11,318 51, ,136 Moyo 18,606 8, , ,568 Nebbi 26,361 35, , ,504 Nakapiripirit 8,144 45, ,689 Pader 29,525 23, ,015-10,018 Yumbe 20,906 14, , ,928 Region 359, ,206 22,686 57, ,334 Western Bundibugyo 12,821 13, , ,463 Bushenyi 60,981 35, , ,958 Hoima 20,310 23,837 8,881 3, ,698 Kabale 37,975 25, , ,455 Kabarole 38,005 26, , ,314 Kasese 25,472 28, , ,419 Kibaale 26,092 28, ,479-9,834 Kisoro 16,095 20, , ,975 Masindi 29,428 31, , ,974 Mbarara 81,233 65, , ,479 Ntungamo 30,486 17, , ,562 Rukungiri 27,258 12, ,704-3,931 Kamwenge 19,816 21, , ,074 Kanungu 17,763 11, ,393-3,859 Kyenjojo 31,388 33, , ,957 Regional 475, ,623 10,265 47, ,952 UGANDA 1,763,386 1,420,870 40, , ,

185 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report A1.11 Ctd: Distribution of Vulnerable Children by Type of Vulnerability and District Children Girls Children Idle Heading (12-17 yrs) Who Children District/ Households Who were Married (6-17 Region (10-17 Mothers yrs Region Total OVCs Percent OVCs Adjumani ,054 9,992 51, Apac 694 4,349 8,767 32, , Arua 849 2,671 6,683 39, , Gulu 728 1,865 5,041 24,191 75, Kitgum 329 1,379 2,963 11,917 47, Kotido Lira 690 4,380 8,751 41, , Moroto 279 1,740 2,313 28,892 58, Moyo ,340 27, Nebbi 486 2,818 5,111 23,530 64, Nakapiripirit 194 1,058 1,445 35,508 50, Pader 235 2,752 2,918 14,038 54, Yumbe ,432 8,635 35, Region 5,091 24,632 48, , , Western Bundibugyo 568 1,656 2,392 7,220 28, Bushenyi 676 1,156 3,628 23,478 96, Hoima 750 2,009 3,874 13,965 52, Kabale ,936 16,910 62, Kabarole 994 2,086 3,455 15,114 62, Kasese 645 3,365 3,897 18,182 58, Kibaale 777 1,081 2,598 21,530 55, Kisoro ,343 10,732 36, Masindi 849 4,514 6,510 21,260 63, Mbarara 1,468 3,566 7,020 42, , Ntungamo ,172 12,078 48, Rukungiri ,195 7,546 39, Kamwenge 410 1,353 2,292 11,574 41, Kanungu ,114 7,908 29, Kyenjojo 847 1,682 3,674 21,747 63, Regional 9,941 24,937 47, , , UGANDA 41, , , ,875 3,255,

186 Analytical Report Annex 2: Glossary of Census Terms Geography Definitions Enumeration Area (EA) An area demarcated meant to be covered by one enumerator for purposes of census enumeration. It consists of a complete LC I, part of an LC I or more than one LC I in the same parish. Residence Classification of EAs between rural, peri-urban and urban areas Urban Areas All gazatted cities, municipalities and town councils District A district in Uganda where a person was enumerated. At the time of census enumeration, there were 56 districts in Uganda Household Definitions Household A group of persons who normally live and eat together. Head of Household A person who is acknowledged as the head by other members either by virtue of age or social standing in the household. The head has primary authority and responsibility for household affairs. Household Size Number of persons who are members of a given household. Household Population Persons who were enumerated in households. Institutional Population Persons enumerated in institutions such as boarding schools, hospitals, prisons, etc. Hotel Population Persons who were hotel guests on the census night and were enumerated from there. 168

187 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report Age Category Definitions Children Persons of either sex who are below 18 years of age. Adolescents Persons of either sex who are aged 10 to 24 years. Older Persons Persons of either sex who are aged 60 years or more. Reproductive Age Women aged 15 to 49 years, irrespective of their marital status, whether in school or not, or whether they have children or not. Youths Persons of either sex who are aged 18 to 30 years. Personal Characteristics Disability A long-term physical condition or health problem, that has lasted or is expected to last six months or more, which limits the kinds or amount of activities that a person can do. Marital Status Refers to the current marriage relationship between man and woman. This is as reported by the respondent without verification of its legal status. Ethnicity The 56 tribal groupings as listed in the 1995 Constitution of Uganda. Ugandan Population - People who belong to any of the Ugandan tribes or persons from a non-ugandan Ethnic Group who are citizens of Uganda. Orphan A child (aged less than 18 years) who has lost either or both biological parents. Education Definitions Literacy Ability to write and read with understanding, in any language School Any institution of learning that offers formal education between Primary 1 and Senior 6. It is usually full time and excludes pre-primary/nursery education. 169

188 Analytical Report Educational Attainment The highest level of formal education/training completed irrespective of the examination results obtained. Vocational/Tertiary Education Post secondary education excluding University Education. Economic Activity Definitions Economic Activity - Work which involves the production of goods and/or services for sale or exchange and production of certain products for own consumption. This excludes household duties like caring for the sick, cooking food, collecting children from school, fetching water, etc. Working Population All persons aged 5 years and above whose Activity Status was paid employee, self employed or unpaid family worker. Looking for Work Persons aged 5 years and above who were without work and had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self employment. Economically Active Population All persons aged 5 years and above who were either working or actively looking for work. Unpaid Family Workers Members of the household who work in an enterprise operated by the household without pay or profit. Household Worker A person aged five (5) years or more of either sex involved in housework and who is not paid for the chores he/she performs. Economically Inactive Population - Refers to all persons aged 5 years and above who were not engaged in economic activities during the reference period (seven days prior to the census date) and did not look for work. These include household domestic workers, the sick, those who are too old or too young to work, pensioners or rentiers, those not working and are not interested in work. Industry The type of economic activity carried out by an enterprise where a person is working, irrespective of what work the person actually does there Occupation The actual work that an individual does at the place of work. This is irrespective of the main activity that the organization he/she is involved in. Subsistence Farming includes traditional agriculture (crop growing), livestock rearing or herding, fishing, hunting and gathering. Subsistence farmers produce primarily for own consumption but may sell some of the produce. 170

189 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report Housing Definitions Building - An independent, enclosed and permanent structure covered by a roof and enclosed with external walls. Housing Unit That building intended for habitation by a single household. This is irrespective of how many households actually live in it. Dwelling - A structure or portion thereof used exclusively for human habitation. Dwelling Unit That building that is actually occupied by a single household. This is irrespective of the size of the household, building size or intended use. Detached Housing Unit - A stand alone independent residential unit intended for the habitation of a single household. Flat - An independent residential unit, within a multi-storeyed structure, joined by a common wall and floor/roof and sharing certain facilities such as staircase with other similar units within the structural block. Permanent Dwelling Units Dwelling units built with durable materials (wall, floor and roof) that can maintain their stability for at least 15 years Semi Permanent Dwelling Units Dwelling units built with a combination of durable materials, and require regular maintenance. Semi-detached house - One of a pair of single-family houses joined by a common wall and forming a structural unit. Overcrowding - Occupancy of dwelling units by more persons than they were designed to accommodate to a degree that endangers health, safety and welfare of the occupants. An average size habitable room is regarded as overcrowded if occupied by more than 2 persons. Sharing Ratio Is a measure of the occupancy density (in terms of households per housing unit) or level of overcrowding of the existing housing units. Tenement - A low-rent dwelling unit, located in a slum of informal settlement, often ageing and in substandard condition, poorly maintained and overcrowded; it is commonly referred to as Muzigo. Tenant - An occupant of a dwelling unit with the owner s assent, who pays rent to the owner of the unit in return for the right to occupy the dwelling unit. Temporary Dwelling Units Dwelling units built with non-durable wall floor and roof materials that can maintain stability for more than 3 years. They require regular replacement. All housing units thatched with untreated natural fibres are classified as temporary irrespective of wall and floor materials. 171

190 Analytical Report Household Facilities Safe Water Source Includes Tap/piped water, Borehole and Protected Well/Spring. All the other sources are classified as unsafe. Kitchen - A room or space in a dwelling set apart for storage of food and various operations involved in preparation and serving of meals and cleansing of dishes and cooking utensils. Toilet - A room containing a facility through which human waste is disposed of. Such a facility may be a sanitary fixture with a seat and bowl containing water to flush away human waste after use, OR a covered pit with a hole through which one gets rid of waste liquid or waste matter from one s body. Safe Toilet covers VIP, flush and covered pit excludes uncovered pit latrine. 172

191 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report Annex 3: Questionnaires 173

192 The 2002 Population and Housing Census 2002 UGANDA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS (WITH AN AGRICULTURAL MODULE) SECTION 1: PARTICULARS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Household number: If Institution - write name: Population type: P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 FOR ALL PERSONS NAME RELATIONSHIP SEX DATE OF BIRTH AGE RELIGION ETHNIC GROUP OR What is (NAME'S) relationship to the head of household? (Write appropriate code) Is (NAME) male or female? (Write appropriate code) (Male =1, Female =2) What is (NAME'S) exact date of birth? (Write the Day, Month and Year) What is (NAME'S) religion? (Write appropriate code) Is (NAME) a Ugandan? CITIZENSHIP (If Ugandan, write ethnicity code, otherwise, write the country code of Citizenship) MOTHER'S SURVIVAL FATHER'S SURVIVAL PLACE OF BIRTH Give me full names of the household head and those of all persons who slept here on Census Night of 12/13 Sept What is (NAME'S) age in completed years? (If less than one year, write 00, if more than 94 write 95) Is (NAME'S) biological mother still alive? (Write appropriate code) (Yes =1, No =2, Don't know =3 Is (NAME'S) biological father still alive? (Write appropriate code) (Yes =1, No =2, Don't know =3 Where was (NAME) born? a) If in Uganda, write the district code, otherwise write the country code SURNAME ==> FIRST/OTHER NAME ==> CODE: Person 01 Person 02 Person 03 Person 04 Person 05 Person 06 Person 07 Person 08 Person 09 Person 10 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 DURATION OF RESIDENCE IN DISTRICT Where was (NAME) living before moving to this District (If visitor write 97, if never moved out write 98 otherwise write appropriate code) How many years has(name) lived in this district continuously? If < 1 year, write 00 and if >= 95 write 95, otherwise, write the actual years. Does (NAME) have any difficulty in moving, seeing, hearing, speaking S/C NAME: or learning, which has lasted or is expected to last 6 months or more? (If No write 10 & skip to P16, If Yes write codes for at most 2 major difficulties) What caused this difficulty? (Write the code for cause, for each corresponding difficulty.) REHABILITATION /ASSISTANCE What measures are being taken by (NAME) to minimise the impact of the difficulty? OF DISABILITY (Write appropriate code) FOR ALL PERSONS AGED FIVE YEARS AND ABOVE ACTIVITY STATUS IN THE LAST SEVEN DAYS OCCUPATION Did (NAME) attend school in 2002,leave school before 2002, or never been to school? (If never been to school, write code 4 and skip to P18, otherwise write appropriate code) What highest grade did (NAME) complete? (Write appropriate code) [If not working for pay, (code 13-19), skip to P21, otherwise write appropriate code] What is the main economic activity of the place where (NAME) works? (Write appropriate code) What kind of work did (NAME) mainly do in the last 7 Days? (Describe in not less than 2 words ) FOR ALL PERSONS AGED TEN YEARS AND ABOVE Can (NAME) read and write a simple sentence in any language? (Write appropriate code) (Yes =1, No =2) What is (NAME's) marital status? (Write appropriate code) FOR WOMEN AGED TWELVE (12) TO FIFTY FOUR (54) YEARS P23 How many children has (NAME) borne? (Write number, If none, write "00") FOR ALL CHILDREN P24 How many are living in this Household? (Write number, If none, write "00") P25 EVER BORN How many are alive, but living elsewhere? (Write number, If none, write "00") P26 How many are dead? (Write number, If none, write "00") P27 PREVIOUS RESIDENCE DISABILITY CAUSE OF DISABILITY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT INDUSTRY LITERACY MARITAL STATUS b) If child aged between 0-10 years, write the subcounty name What was (NAME'S) main activity status in the last 7 days? When did (NAME) bear her last child? (Record month and year) P28 LAST BIRTH What is the sex of the last child? (Write code Male = 1, Female = 2) P29 Is the last child still alive? (Write code Yes = 1, No = 2) P30 If dead, write age at death in completed months (If age is more than 59 months, write 60) Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Month Year Month Year Month Year Month Year Month Year Month Year Month Year Month Year Month Year Month Year

193 The 2002 population and Housing Census SECTION 2: HOUSING CONDITIONS SECTION 4: AGRICULTURAL MODULE DWELLING UNIT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED (ASK IF RESPONSE TO DISTANCE HOLDING/FARM H1 IS '1') A1: Does any member of this Household engage in the following? Yes=1, No=2 What is the distance from home to the nearest Enter the appropriate codes OCCUPANCY TENURE TYPE OF USED NO. FOR OF ROOMS SLEEPING TYPE OF MATERIAL USED TYPE OF MATERIAL USED TYPE OF MATERIAL TYPE OF LAND Crop Livestock Poultry Fish OF DWELLING DWELLING USED FOR FOR CONSTRUCTION FOR CONSTRUCTION USED FOR HOUSING TENURE HEALTH PRIMARY SOURCE growing (1) rearing (2) keeping (3) farming (4) UNIT UNIT SLEEPING OF THE ROOF OF THE WALL THE FLOOR UNIT OF PLOT FACILITY? SCHOOL? OF WATER? H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 If No to ALL the 4, skip to D1 Owner Detached If Yes to any of the 4, go to question A2 1 Main 1 One 1 Iron sheets 1 Concrete 10 Concrete 1 1 Customary 1 < ½ km 1 < ½ km 1 On Premises 1 occupied house Free - public 2 Room or Semi-Detached A2: What is the size of the holding? Acres=1, Hectares=2, Stick (Mwigo)=3 2 Two 2 Tiles 2 Cement Blocks 11 Brick 2 2 Free Hold 2 ½ km - < 1 km 2 ½ km - < 1 km 2 < ½ km 2 rooms house Unit code Size Free - private 3 Store/Godown/ 3 Three 3 Asbestos 3 Stones 12 Stone 3 Flat 3 Mailo Land 3 1 km - 5 kms 3 1 km - 5 kms 3 ½ km - < 1 km 3 CROPS Basement A3: Did this Household grow crops during the last season (January-June 2002)? Subsidized 4 Garage 4 Four 4 Concrete 4 Burnt/Stabilised 13 Cement screed 4 Tenement 4 Leasehold 4 More than 5 kms 4 More than 5 kms 4 1 km - 5 kms 4 Yes=1, No=2 public bricks (Muzigo) If No, go to A4 if household is engaged in livestock rearing Subsidized Servants Unburnt bricks If Yes, enter the appropriate crop code with the number of plots under which it was grown 5 5 Five 5 Tins 5 14 Rammed earth 5 Other (specify) 5 Don't Know 5 More than 5 kms 5 private Quarters with Cement Crop code Number of Plots Rented- public 6 Other (specify) 6 Six or More 6 Thatch 6 Unburnt bricks 15 Wood 6 with mud (1) Pure Mixed Total (2) (3) (4) Rented - private 7 Other (specify) 7 Wood 16 Other (specify) 7 Other (specify) 8 Mud and Pole 17 Other (specify) 18 SECTION 3: HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS FUEL / POWER WATER TOILET What type of fuel does What type of fuel does What is the household's What type of toilet What is the MOST this household MAINLY this household MAINLY MAIN source of water facilities does this COMMON method of use for COOKING? use for LIGHTING? for DRINKING? household MAINLY use? solid waste disposal? H O U S E H O L D F A C I L I T I E S SOLID WASTE BATHROOM What type of Bathroom does this household MAINLY use? KITCHEN What type of Kitchen does this household MAINLY use? TRANSPORTATION Does this Household own any of the following? (Yes = 1, No = 2) COMMUNICATION Does this Household own any of the following? (Yes = 1, No = 2) INFORMATION What is the household's MAIN source of information? DOMESTIC ECONOMY What is the MAIN source of the household's livelihood? LIVESTOCK A4: If household is engaged in livestock rearing, enter the appropriate livestock code with the number of livestock as of the enumeration day. Livestock code (5) Number (6) H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 Covered Pit Latrine Subsistence Electricity 1 Electricity 1 Tap/Piped Water 1 private 11 Skip Bin 1 Inside 1 Inside 1 Motor Vehicle Television Radio 1 farming 1 Gas Paraffin Charcoal Firewood Cow Dung or Grass (reeds) Biogas Other (specify) Gas Paraffin (Lantern) Paraffin (Tadooba) Candle wax Firewood Borehole Protected Well/spring Rain Water Gravity Flow Scheme Covered Pit Latrine shared VIP latrine private VIP latrine shared Uncovered Pit Latrine Pit Heap Open Water Sources 6 Flush toilet private 16 Other (specify) Garden Burning Outside; built Outside; makeshift None Cow Dung or Water truck/ World Food 7 7 Flush toilet shared 17 Other (Specify) 7 Grass (reeds) water vendor Program support Outside; built Outside; makeshift None Motor Cycle Bicycle Canoe/Boat Radio Mobile Phone Fixed Phone Postal Address Television Print Media Post Mail Hand Mail 5 Employment Income Business enterprise Cottage industry Property Income 8 Other (specify ) 8 Other (Specify) 8 Bush 18 Other (Specify) 8 Donkey address Word of Mouth 6 Family support POULTRY A5: If household is engaged in poultry keeping, enter the appropriate poultry code with the average number of poultry reared per month in the last three months Poultry code Number (7) (8) Other (specify) 19 FISH FARMING A6: If this household is engaged in fish farming enter the number of fish ponds by type Number of ponds stocking: Number of ponds Tilapia Mirror Cap Clarias Mixed unstocked SECTION 5: D E A T H S I N T H E H O U S E H O L D SECTION 3: (continued) (9) (10) (11) (12) H23 - HOUSEHOLD ITEMS Yes=1, No=2 D1 D2 D3 D4 (13) a Does every member of the Household use soap to bathe? Did a death occur in this household b Did every member of the Household take sugar (at least once a day) during the last week? in the last 12 months? 1 Name of the Deceased Sex (1-Male, 2-Female) Age at death GO TO QUESTION D1 c Does every child in the Household (i.e. all those under 18 yrs) have a blanket? Yes = 1, No = 2, Don't Know = 3 2 d Does every member of the Household have at least one pair of shoes? 3 e Does every member of the Household have at least two sets of clothing? If yes, answer questions D2, D3 and D4 4 GO TO QUESTION A1 GO TO MSE QUESTIONNAIRE 5

194 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Population Type Ethnicity ( P7 ) Place of Birth/Previous Residence ( P10 and P11 ) 10 Household CENTRAL NORTHERN WESTERN COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP EASTERN WESTERN OUTSIDE UGANDA 11 Educational 17 BAGANDA 11 ACHOLI 13 BAAMBA FOR NON - UGANDANS 201 BUGIRI 401 BUNDIBUGYO 71 KENYA 12 Religious 33 BARULI 12 ALUR 15 BABWISI 202 BUSIA 402 BUSHENYI 72 TANZANIA 13 Medical 41 CHOPE 16 BAFUMBIRA 71 KENYA 203 IGANGA 403 HOIMA 73 RWANDA 14 Hotel 42 DODOTH 19 BAGUNGU 72 TANZANIA 204 JINJA 404 KABALE 74 BURUNDI 15 Hostel 43 ETHUR 23 BAHORORO 73 RWANDA 205 KAMULI 405 KABAROLE 75 SUDAN 16 Prison 44 IK (TEUSO) 25 BAKIGA 74 BURUNDI 206 KAPCHORWA 406 KASESE 76 DEM. REP. OF CONGO 17 Barracks EASTERN 47 JIE 26 BAKHONZO 75 SUDAN 207 KATAKWI 407 KIBAALE 77 OTHER AFRICA 18 Orphanage/Reformatory 14 BABUKUSU 48 JONAM 27 BANYABINDI 76 DEM. REP. OF CONGO 208 KUMI 408 KISORO 81 UNITED KINGDOM 19 Refugee Camp 18 BAGISU 49 KAKWA 28 BANYANKOLE 77 OTHER AFRICA 209 MBALE 409 MASINDI 82 OTHER EUROPE 20 Other Institution 20 BAGWE 50 KARIMOJONG 30 BANYARWANDA 81 UNITED KINGDOM 210 PALLISA 410 MBARARA 83 ASIA 21 Homeless 21 BAGWERE 51 KEBU (OKEBU) 32 BANYORO 82 OTHER EUROPE 211 SOROTI 411 NTUNGAMO 84 USA 22 Floating population 22 BAHEHE 52 KUKU 36 BASONGORA 83 ASIA 212 TORORO 412 RUKUNGIRI 85 CANADA 24 BAKENYI 54 LANGI 37 BATAGWENDA 84 USA 213 KABERAMAIDO 413 KAMWENGE 86 CENTRAL & LATIN AMERICA 29 BANYARA 55 LENDU 38 BATORO 85 CANADA 214 MAYUGE 414 KANUNGU 87 AUSTRALIA Relationship ( P2 ) 31 BANYOLE 56 LUGBARA 39 BATUKU 86 CENTRAL & LATIN AMERICA 215 SIRONKO 415 KYENJOJO 88 OCEANIA 10 Usual head of household - Absent 34 BASAMIA 57 MADI 40 BATWA 87 AUSTRALIA 89 NON-UGANDAN-NOT STATED 11 Usual head of household - Present 35 BASOGA 58 MENING 88 OCEANIA 12 Spouse 45 ITESO 59 MVUBA 89 NON-UGANDAN-NOT STATED CENTRAL NORTHERN 13 Child 46 JOPADHOLA 60 NAPORE 101 KALANGALA 301 ADJUMANI 14 Step child 53 KUMAM 61 NUBI 102 KAMPALA 302 APAC 15 Parent of head or spouse 64 SABINY 62 NYANGIA OTHER UGANDANS 103 KIBOGA 303 ARUA 16 Brother/Sister of head or spouse 63 POKOT 69 OTHER UGANDANS 104 LUWEERO 304 GULU 17 Other relative 65 SO (TEPETH) 105 MASAKA 305 KITGUM 18 Non relative 66 VONOMA 106 MPIGI 306 KOTIDO 107 MUBENDE 307 LIRA 108 MUKONO 308 MOROTO Religion ( P6 ) Cause of Disability ( P14 ) Grade Completed ( P17 ) Industry ( P19 ) 109 NAKASONGOLA 309 MOYO 10 Catholic 10 Congenital (born with a disability) 10 Did not complete Primary one (P1) 10 Crop Farming 110 RAKAI 310 NEBBI 11 Anglican/Protestant 11 Disease/illness 11 P1 11 Livestock 111 SEMBABULE 311 PADER 12 SDA 12 Transport accident 12 P2 12 Poultry 112 KAYUNGA 312 YUMBE 13 Orthodox 13 Occupational injury 13 P3 13 Fishing 113 WAKISO 313 NAKAPIRIPIRIT 14 Pentecostal 14 Other accident 14 P4 14 Other Agricultural Activities 15 Other Christian 15 War 15 P5 15 Mining and quarrying 16 Moslem 16 Natural ageing process 16 P6 16 Manufacturing of Food products and Beverages 17 Bahai 17 Other causes (specify) 17 P7 17 Manufacturing of Wood and of products, paintings, Straw, Furnitures Crops (A3) Livestock(A4) Poultry (A5) 18 Other non-christian 21 J1 18 Manufacturing of paper and paper products 10 Banana 1 Exotic/Cross cattle 1 Exotic/Cross 19 Traditional 22 J2 19 Other Manufacturing 11 Cassava 2 Indigenous cattle 2 Local chicken 20 None Rehabilitation/Assistance 23 J3 20 Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 12 Sweet potatoes 3 Goats 3 Ducks of Disability ( P15 ) 31 S1 21 Construction 13 Maize 4 Sheep 4 Turkeys Duration of Residence ( P12 ) 10 None 32 S2 22 Sale, Maintenance and Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motor Cycles, Bicycle and parts 14 Millet 5 Pigs 5 Guinea fowls 00 Less than 1 Year 11 Surgical operation 33 S3 23 Sale of foodstuffs, household and personal goods 15 Beans 6 Donkeys 6 Geese years or more 12 Medication 34 S4 24 Sale of Machinery Equipment and supplies 16 Ground nuts 7 Rabbits 97 Visitor/Non usual member 13 Assistive devices 35 S5 25 Hotels, and lodging, Bars, Restaurants, Eating Places and Canteens 17 Coffee 98 Since Birth 14 Special Education (mentally retarded) 36 S6 26 Transport 18 Cotton 15 Braille training 41 Incomplete Certificate Training 27 Post and Telecommunication 19 Rice 16 Skills training (vocational) 42 Complete Certificate Training 28 Financial Intermediation, Real Estate, Renting, Legal, Accounting, architectural etc. 20 Simsim Type of Disability ( P13 ) 17 Sign language training 43 Incomplete Diploma Training 29 Public Service 21 Cow peas 10 None 18 Counselling 44 Complete Diploma Training 30 Education 22 Sorghum 11 Limited use of legs 19 Others (specify) 51 Incomplete Degree 31 Health 23 Pigeon peas 12 Loss of leg(s) 52 Complete Degree 32 Social work activities 24 Onions 13 Limited use of arms 53 Incomplete Post Graduate Training 33 Defence and related activities 25 Irish potatoes 14 Loss of arm(s) School Attendance ( P16 ) 54 Completed Post Graduate Training 34 Political, Trade unions, Religious activities 26 Field peas 15 Serious problem with back spine 1 Attended in Private household with employed persons 16 Hearing difficulty 2 Left school in Hair Dressing and Beauty Clinics 17 Unable to hear (Deafness) 3 Left school before 2002 Activity Status ( P18 ) 37 Other 18 Sight difficulty 4 Never been to school 10 Paid employee 19 Blindness 11 Self employed 20 Speech impairment 12 Unpaid family worker Marital Status ( P22 ) 21 Unable to speak (mute) 13 Looking for work 1 Never married 22 Mental retardation 14 Not working & not looking for work 2 Currently married/cohabiting (Monogamous) 23 Mental illness (strange behaviour) 15 Household work 3 Currently married/cohabiting (Polygamous) 24 Epileptic 16 Full time student 4 Widowed 25 Rheumatism 17 Retired/Pensioner 5 Divorced/Separated 26 Others (specify) 18 Too old/too young 19 Other (Specify) 2002 UGANDA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS (WITH AN AGRICULTURAL MODULE) CODE LIST

195 The 2002 Population and Housing Census C1 C2 CATTLE RUSTLING REBEL ACTIVITY COMMUNITY (LC1) QUESTIONNAIRE During the past 12 months, did this LC1 experience any incidence of cattle rustling? If Yes, write down the number of times, otherwise, write 98. During the past 12 months, did this LC1 experience any incidence of rebel activity? If Yes, write down the number of times, otherwise, write 98. C3 INTERNALLY During the past 12 months, did this LC1 receive any internally displaced persons? DISPLACED PERSONS If Yes, write the code for reason of displacement, otherwise write 98. C4 DROUGHT During the past 12 months, did this LC1 experience any drought? YES = 1, NO = 2 C5 FAMINE During the past 12 months, did this LC1 experience any famine? YES = 1, NO = 2 C6 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY What is the major economic activity in the LC1? Write the appropriate code. C7 PRODUCE MARKET a) Is there a market place for crops located within this LC1? YES = 1, NO = 2 b) Is there a market place for animals/poultry located within this LC1? YES = 1, NO = 2 C8 C9 C10 CROP DISEASE ANIMAL DISEASES HUMAN EPIDEMIC During the past 12 months, did this LC1 experience any major Disease 1 -> disease(s) affecting crops? If yes, write the codes for two main diseases Disease 2 -> During the past 12 months, did this LC1 experience any major Disease 1 -> disease(s) affecting animals? If yes, write the codes for two main diseases Disease 2 -> During the past 12 months, did this LC1 experience any Epidemic1 -> human epidemic? If yes, write codes for two main epidemics Epidemic2 -> C11 MICROFINANCE a) Do you have any formal microfinance institution in this LC1? b) Do people in this LC1 have access to microfinance services? YES = 1, NO = 2 YES = 1, NO = 2 a) Do you have crop extension services in the subcounty? YES=1, NO = 2, N/A=3 C12 EXTENSION SERVICES b) Do you have animal husbandry extension services in the subcounty? YES = 1, NO = 2, N/A=3 c) Do you have fisheries extension services in the subcounty? YES = 1, NO = 2, N/A=3 C13 ROAD ACCESS Do you have a motorable road running through/bordering this LC 1? If Yes, is it all weather or seasonal?, Write the appropriate code C14 C15 GENDER VIOLENCE CHILD ABUSE a) During the past 12 months, was widow inheritance practiced in this LC1? Write the appropriate code. b) During the past 12 months, did you have cases of rape and defilement in this LC 1? Write the appropriate code. During the last 12 months, did you have cases of child mistreatment or child abondonment in this LC 1? Write the appropriate code

196 The 2002 Population and Housing Census Household Booklet Serial No. MSE Booklet Serial No. Pg Household No. From Population Census question-naire. Person No. From Population Census question-naire. Activity Description Report only non-agricultural business enterprises. An enterprise is operated for a profit, not a salary or wage. An owner/operator is the person who owns, leases, or rents the enterprise, and makes the business decisions. Do NOT mistake employed persons for owner/operators. Describe the activity in detail. For example, NOT "Trade" but "Retail trade of foodstuffs" NOT "Manufacturing" but "Manufacture of baskets" NOT "Transportation" but "Boda-boda transport" NOT "Bicycle" but "Bicycle repair" or "Retail bicycle sales" Activity Code Office use only. Number of Owners or Partners Number of Persons Engaged Include working owners or partners, paid and unpaid workers, apprentices, and family helpers. Male Female Male Female Premises Inside structure 1. Structure with walls and roof 2. Inside household 3. Permanent daily market No structure 4. Roadside/street 5. Traditional/periodic market 6. Hawker 7. Other (Describe)