Excellent Tool for Standardized Test Preparation! Digraphs Diphthongs Syllabication Acronyms Figures of speech Dictionary skills Answer key

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1 Excllnt Tool for Standardizd Tst Prparation! Digraphs Diphthongs Syllabication Acronyms Figurs of spch Dictionary skills Answr ky

2 Word Study and Phonics Publishd by Frank Schaffr Publications

3 Frank Schaffr Publications Spctrum is an imprint of Frank Schaffr Publications. Printd in th Unitd Stats of Amrica. All rights rsrvd. Excpt as prmittd undr th Unitd Stats Copyright Act, no part of this publication may b rproducd or distributd in any form or by any mans, or stord in a databas or rtrival systm, without prior writtn prmission from th publishr, unlss othrwis indicatd. Frank Schaffr Publications is an imprint of School Spcialty Publishing. Copyright 2007 School Spcialty Publishing. Snd all inquiris to: Frank Schaffr Publications 8720 Orion Plac Columbus, Ohio Spctrum Word Study and Phonics grad 6 ISBN POH

4 Lsson Tabl of 1.2 Contnts Chaptr 1 Phonics Lsson 1.1 Hard and Soft c and g Lsson 1.2 Th Sounds of s Rviw: Hard and Soft c and g and th Sounds of s Lsson 1.3 Consonant Digraphs Lsson 1.4 Silnt Consonants Lsson 1.5 Mor Silnt Consonants Lsson 1.6 Ti and Ci Rviw: Digraphs, Silnt Consonants, ti and ci Lsson 1.7 Vowl Sounds (ai, ay, i, y) Lsson 1.8 Vowl Sounds (, a, i, y) Lsson 1.9 Vowl Sounds (ind, ild, igh) Lsson 1.10 Vowl Sounds (oa, ow, old, oll, ost) Rviw: Vowl Sounds Lsson 1.11 Vowl Sounds (oo, w, ou, ui, u) Lsson 1.12 Vowl Sounds (au, aw, al, alk, all) Lsson 1.13 Vowl Diphthongs Rviw: Vowl Sounds and Diphthongs Lsson 1.14 Th Schwa Sound Lsson 1.15 Th Sounds of y Lsson 1.16 R-Controlld Vowls (ar, r, ir, or, ur) Lsson 1.17 Mor r-controlld Vowls (air, ar, ar, r) Rviw: Schwa, th Sounds of y, and r-controlld Vowls Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Tabl of Contnts 3

5 Tabl of Contnts, continud Chaptr 2 Word Structur Lsson 2.1 Bas Words and Endings Lsson 2.2 Comparativ Endings Rviw: Bas Words and Endings Lsson 2.3 Plurals Lsson 2.4 Irrgular Plurals Lsson 2.5 Possssivs Rviw: Plurals, Irrgular Plurals, and Possssivs Lsson 2.6 Compound Words Lsson 2.7 Contractions Rviw: Compound Words and Contractions Lsson 2.8 Prfixs Lsson 2.9 Suffixs Rviw: Prfixs and Suffixs Lsson 2.10 Syllabication Rviw: Syllabication Chaptr 3 Vocabulary Lsson 3.1 Synonyms and Antonyms Lsson 3.2 Shads of Maning Lsson 3.3 Lvls of Spcificity Rviw: Synonyms, Antonyms, Shads of Maning, and Lvls of Spcificity Lsson 3.4 Homophons Lsson 3.5 Multipl-Maning Words Rviw: Homophons and Multipl-Maning Words Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 4 Tabl of Contnts

6 Tabl of Contnts, continud Lsson 3.6 Clippd Words and Acronyms Lsson 3.7 Word Play Rviw: Clippd Words, Acronyms, and Word Play Lsson 3.8 Figurs of Spch Lsson 3.9 Idioms Lsson 3.10 Analogis Rviw: Figurs of Spch, Idioms, and Analogis Chaptr 4 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins Lsson 4.1 Guid Words and Entry Words Lsson 4.2 Word Familis Rviw: Guid Words, Entry Words, and Word Familis Lsson 4.3 Frquntly Usd Forign Words Lsson 4.4 Word Historis Rviw: Frquntly Usd Forign Words and Word Historis Lsson 4.5 Grk Roots Lsson 4.6 Latin Roots Rviw: Grk and Latin Roots Lsson 4.7 Pronunciation Ky and Rspllings Lsson 4.8 Accnt Marks Rviw: Rspllings and Accnt Marks Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Tabl of Contnts 5

7 Lsson 1.1 Hard and Soft c and g Th lttrs c and g can mak a hard sound, as in candl and ground. Whn followd by, i, or y, thy can mak a soft sound, as in grbil and fancy. Rad ach bold word. Dcid whthr it has a hard or soft sound and undrlin th word bsid it that has th sam sound. 1. gatway gypsy bgan fragil 2. colisum rcipt cidr bcaus 3. tragic forgottn lgnd gophr 4. gardnia gstur sgmnt vgtabl 5. collaborat lctric sincrly cindr On th lin nxt to ach bold word blow, writ HC (hard c), HG (hard g), SC (soft c), or SG (soft g) to show which sound th word contains. 1. A comt is a body in th solar systm that is mad of ic, dust, and gass. 2. Th word comt has its origins in Latin and Grk. It mans hairy on or hairy star. 3. Bfor scintists had dtrmind what comts wr, many popl considrd thm to b bad omns. 4. A comt that travls clos to th sun is visibl from Earth as an objct that glows with a long, straming tail. 5. Th forcs of th sun, including prssur and solar wind, caus a comt s tail to form from gas and dust. 6. For this rason, th tail gnrally points away from th sun. 7. Hally s comt, which appars approximatly onc vry 76 yars, was last sn in Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 1 Phonics 6

8 Lsson 1.1 Hard and Soft c and g Rad th paragraphs blow. Writ th words that contain th hard and soft c and g sounds in th corrct columns. You do not nd to list th sam word mor than onc unlss it can b listd in mor than on catgory. Anyon who has vr sn a gysr is sur to agr that gysrs ar on of th wondrs of th natural world. A gysr is a typ of hot spring that shoots strams of watr and stam dirctly into th air. Gysrs xist in only a fw rgions on Earth, including Japan, Icland, and Nw Zaland. Th largst gysr fild in th world, howvr, is locatd hr in th Unitd Stats at Yllowston National Park. Approximatly 400 gysrs stam, bubbl, and gurgl at Yllowston! Gysrs occur whn watr sps undrground and is hatd by magma, or moltn rock. Th stam and boiling watr ar trappd by coolr watr in tub-lik passags undrground. Prssur continus to build, and vntually watr and stam shoot out of th gysr in a giant burst. Th rmaining watr in th gysr cools down so that it is no longr boiling, and th ruption nds. As th watr sps back into th arth, th whol cycl bgins again. Th ruptions of som gysrs ar prdictabl. Yllowston s Old Faithful rupts about vry 80 minuts and shoots as much as 8,500 gallons of boiling watr narly 200 ft in th air. It s quit a spctacl to s, and tourists ar oftn on hand to witnss th amazing vnt at a saf distanc. Hard g: Soft g: Hard c: Soft c: Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 1 Phonics 7

9 Lsson 1.2 Th Sounds of s Th lttr s can mak svral diffrnt sounds. It can mak th /s/ sound, as in salut. It can mak th /z/ sound, as in positiv. It can mak th /sh/ sound, as in insuranc. It can mak th /zh/ sound, as in usually. Rad ach st of words blow. On th lin, writ th lttrs of th two words in which s maks th sam sound. 1. a. fusion b. sandbox c. musum d. casual 2. a. rasoning b. sanctuary c. includs d. tissu 3. a. scurry b. composd c. intrmission d. surly 4. a. chs b. trustworthy c. trmndous d. masur 5. a. vision b. xplanations c. scuba d. Asia 6. a. suprior b. hadquartrs c. sugary d. plasing 7. a. obsrvation b. plasurabl c. trasur d. tnsion 8. a. harnss b. rosion c. sophomor d. ours Rad th words in th box. Writ ach word undr th corrct hading blow. xpansion basktball rfusal sugar prsrvativ frustrat composition postpon prcision tissu division visionary prmission nwspapr casually rstlss /s/ sound /z/ sound /zh/ sound /sh/ sound Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 2 Phonics 8

10 Lsson 1.2 Th Sounds of s On th lin, writ th s sound you har in ach bold word. Choos from /s/ (as in soup), /z/ (as in ths), /zh/ (as in invasion), and /sh/ (as in mission). Pam Muñoz Ryan has writtn many diffrnt typs of books. Writing about a divrs group of topics kps things frsh and intrsting for hr. Sh gts hr idas from momnts in history, storis sh hars on th nws, and somtims vn from hr family. For xampl, Ryan s pictur book Amlia and Elanor Go for a Rid is basd on a flight that Amlia Earhart and Elanor Roosvlt took ovr Washington D.C. In th novl Espranza Rising, Ryan tlls a fictionalizd vrsion of hr grandmothr s journy from Mxico to th Unitd Stats. Ryan also kps an ida fil. Sh jots down nots on scraps of papr, napkins, and th backs of rcipts. Whn sh is rady to bgin a nw projct, sh can flip through hr fil and look for story idas that ar unusual or ons that sh fls spcially passionat about. Whn Ryan spaks to childrn at libraris or schools, sh tris to giv thm a ralistic pictur of what it s lik to b a writr. Sh dosn t want thm to gt th imprssion that a writr s lif is strictly glamorous. Sh rminds hr audinc that working from hom isn t usually th lisurly pastim that som imagin it to b. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 2 Phonics 9

11 Rviw Hard and Soft c and g and th Sounds of s Complt ach riddl blow with a word from th box. Th word you choos should mak sns in th riddl and contain th corrct sound shown in parnthss. cntipd rfrigrator Antarctica Cindrlla frogs bcaus Q: Why is a rivr rich? REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS 1 2 A: it has two banks (hard c) Q: Why did th boy clos th door quickly? (soft g) A: Bcaus h saw th salad drssing Q: Whr do frozn ants com from? A: (hard c) Q: What do you gt if you cross a and a parrot? (soft c) A: A walki-talki Q: What yar do lik bst? (hard g) A: Lap yar Q: Why was thrown off th basball tam? (soft c) A: Bcaus sh ran away from th ball Rad th word pairs blow. Undrlin th c or g sound you har in both words. 1. gingrbrad gomtric hard g soft g 2. juggling guardian hard g soft g 3. villag gnrally hard g soft g 4. climat countrclockwis hard c soft c 5. circulation rcption hard c soft c 6. convy occasional hard c soft c Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 2 Phonics 10

12 Rviw Hard and Soft c and g and th Sounds of s Unscrambl th bold lttrs and writ th word that matchs ach clu. Th hint in parnthss will tll you which sound of s th word contains. 1. uniqu; not common uusalun (/zh/) 2. garmnts; covring for th body ocslth (/z/) 3. protction against loss from fir or dath isurncna (/sh/) 4. an antonym for ngativ tipsiov (/z/) 5. a small spoon onastpo (/s/) Circl th 4 words blow that contain th /sh/ sound of s and undrlin th 14 words that contain th /z/ sound of s. Do not mark th sam word twic. Dar Diary, My grandparnts gav m a sason pass to th art musum for a birthday prsnt this yar. It s only four subway stops away from our nw apartmnt, so I can visit REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS 1 2 as frquntly as I lik. I v bn thr svral tims on fild trips, but it is so larg, that I think it would tak a whol liftim to know vry pic of art. Th nw xpansion will b complt this spring, and I can t wait to s what has changd. Whn Isabl and I go this wknd, I d lik to spnd som tim looking at th work of th Imprssionists. In Mr. Yang s class, w rcntly larnd about th issu that a group of artists had in Franc during th lat 1800s. Th Frnch Acadmy was powrful, and thy prssurd artists to crat crtain typs of work. Th group that would latr bcom known as th Imprssionists had thir own vision of what art could b. Mayb somday I ll hav th plasur of sing my own artwork hanging proudly on thos sam walls. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 2 Phonics 11

13 Lsson 1.3 Consonant Digraphs A digraph is a blnd of two consonants that form a nw sound. Th digraph sh maks th /sh/ sound in ggshll. Th digraph ch can mak th /ch/, /sh/, or /k/ sound, as in charcoal, chauffur, and chmistry. Rad th sntncs blow. On ach lin, writ th sound (/sh/, /ch/, or /k/) th digraph maks in th bold word. 1. In March, Alna s cousin Chris cam to visit. 2. Alna s family had just adoptd Charlott, a bloodhound. 3. Sh s a bit shy, Alna advisd hr cousin as sh unlatchd th lash. 4. Sh s bautiful, commntd Chris. Did you rsarch dog brds bfor you chos hr? 5. Alna noddd. Th chf at my stpdad s rstaurant told us about a shltr in Chicago that rscus bloodhounds. 6. Th skin around th ys and ars capturs scnts. Bloodhounds hav a sharp sns of smll and ar xcllnt tracking dogs. 7. What kind of charactr do thy hav? askd Chris. 8. Thy tnd to b chrful and asygoing, rplid Alna. 9. Sh dosn t lik chipmunks or mn with mustachs, continud Alna with a grin, but othr than that, sh s bn in a chronic good mood sinc w got hr. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 3 Phonics 12

14 Lsson 1.3 Consonant Digraphs Th digraph th can mak th unvoicd sound (/th/), as in thumb, and th voicd sound (/th/), as in bothr. Th digraph wh can mak th /hw/ sound, as in whitwash, and th /h/ sound, as in wholsal. Th digraph ph maks th /f/ sound, as in photocopy. Rad th clus blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that matchs th clu and has th sound listd in parnthss. Thn, find ach word in th word sarch puzzl. Words may b writtn forward, backward, or diagonally. thatr Philippins northrn whimpr sympathy wholsom pharmacy 1. a plac whr popl go to watch a movi (/th/) 2. an antonym for southrn (/th/) 3. a country in southast Asia that has thousands of islands (/f/) 4. halthful; nutritious (/h/) 5. a fling of pity or sorrow for anothr prson (/th/) 6. a wak, whining sort of cry (/hw/) 7. a plac whr popl go to buy prscription mdicin (/f/) y h a n o r t h r n v t p h i l i p p i n s n m o h n t c a s x w b t n n o g a y r b w h u a p m s f r r y o a x i w n b y m f g d l l o m b h z j l h a f w s y m p a t h y o o c l h y r q v c d s h k y t u n c w r b q a k w Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 3 Phonics 13

15 Lsson 1.3 Consonant Digraphs Th digraphs ck, ng, and gh can com in th middl or at th nd of a word. Th digraph ck maks th /k/ sound, as in spckld. Th digraph ng maks th /ng/ sound, as in amazing. Th digraph gh can mak th /f/ sound, as in coughd. Complt ach sntnc blow with a word from th box. Circl th digraphs ck, ng, and gh in th words you us. scoring block rough ntring surprising hocky puck playing nough incrasing opposing waring stick 1. is a tam sport playd on ic by playrs skats. 2. It is not rally that hocky is most popular in rgions of th world that stay rlativly cold, such as Canada, Finland, and Russia. 3. Bcaus a rubbr disc calld a can fly at spds of mor than 100 mils pr hour, hocky can b a and dangrous gam. 4. Evn plnty of protctiv quipmnt isn t always to kp a playr saf. 5. A goaltndr s job is to kp th puck from th nt and thus kp th tam from a point. 6. Th goali may a shot with his or hr body, which is wll paddd with protctiv gar, or h or sh may us a hocky as th rst of th playrs do. 7. Most ic hocky tams ar comprisd of mn, but womn hav playd th gam sinc at last th 1800s. Today, th numbr of womn th sport is rapidly. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 3 Phonics 14

16 Lsson 1.3 Consonant Digraphs Rad th paragraphs blow. On ach lin, writ th digraph (sh, ch, th, or ng) that corrctly complts th bold word. Fw popl would argu that lif in Amrica today isn t fast-pacd, noisy, and somtims aotic. Things ar diffrnt, ough, for a group of Amricans calld th Ami. If you liv in a Midwstrn stat, lik Ohio, Indiana, or Kansas, you might b familiar with th Amish. Thy cam to Amrica in th arly 1700s ski rligious frdom, and thir way of lif has rmaind rlativly un angd sinc thn. Th mor traditional Amish ar mmbrs of th Old Ordr. Thy un, or rjct, many convnincs of modrn-day lif. For xampl, many Old Ordr Amish oos not to us lctricity in thir homs. y travl by hors and buggy instad of usi automobils. Thy farm and ar abl to produc mu of thir food mslvs. Th Amish ar known for thir stro sns of community. Thir barn-raisi s ar a famous xampl of what can b accompli d with coopration. Hundrds of mn work tog r to rais a barn for on family. For th Old Ordr Amish, this mans working wi out powr tools. Th womn hav a similar sns of coopration and community whn thy ga r to mak pat work quilts at quilti bs. Th Amish ar rsistant to ang and rmain sparat from mainstram socity in many ways. Living simply without outsid influncs is important to thir way of lif. Family, ildrn, work, community, and spirituality ar cornrstons of Amish lif. Can you s any similaritis btwn your lif and th Amish way of lif? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 3 Phonics 15

17 Lsson 1.4 Silnt Consonants In som consonant pairs, on lttr is silnt. Th lttr k is silnt whn it coms bfor n, as in knl. Th lttr w is silnt whn it coms bfor r, as in wrath. Th lttr c can b silnt whn it follows s, as in scissors. Th lttr b can b silnt whn it follows m, as in tomb. Fill in th blank in ach sntnc blow with a word from th box. Circl th silnt lttr in th word. knight bradcrumbs knapsack wrappr scnic thumb 1. Th scrt to Aunt Lulu s matloaf is using mad from hommad sourdough brad. 2. Th hikr filld hr with food, watr, and a map. 3. Primats ar similar to humans in thir us of th opposabl. 4. Th Hahns dcidd to tak th rout through th mountains, vn though it addd a coupl of hours to thir trip. 5. Although any fr man could bcom a during th Middl Ags, it was gnrally mn from walthy familis who rcivd this honor. 6. Th plastic covring th CD was difficult to rmov. Rad ach bold word. Circl th word bsid it that has th sam sound as th undrlind lttrs. 1. thumb timbr clumsy thimbl 2. knickrs kayak kalidoscop nightmar 3. lamb comb mmbr mumbl 4. wrath wholsal roundtrip woodwind 5. scinc sabotag collision insuranc Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 4 Phonics 16

18 Lsson 1.4 Silnt Consonants NAME Th intrviw blow contains 18 words that hav th silnt consonant pairs kn, wr, sc, and mb. Circl th words and draw a lin through ach silnt lttr. Vijay Mhta: Whn did you first know that you wantd to b a singr and songwritr? Carson Bll: That s an intrsting qustion. I cam from a tightly-knit family, and as a child, my brothrs and I spnt a grat dal of tim listning to music. W imitatd what w hard, and w vntually startd crating our own music. VM: So you always knw you wantd to writ music or somhow b involvd in th music industry? CB: No, it was actually a much longr road for m. I was taking th scnic way hom from work on night, whn I did somthing dumb. I had a papr cut on my thumb, and I trid to look for a bandag in th glov compartmnt whil I was driving. VM: CB: What happnd? Wll, I wrckd my car, but luckily I didn t do too much damag to myslf. Whn I climbd out of th car, my lft wrist hurt prtty badly and I had brokn my kncap, but I was okay. VM: CB: Did th accidnt hav an impact on your lif? It absolutly did. I njoyd my job and working in th fild of scinc, but I didn t fl th sam passion for it as I had for music. I wrstld with th dcision of what I rally wantd to do with my lif. Th scns from my childhood kpt rplaying thmslvs ovr and ovr in my mind. VM: CB: Is that whn you wnt out on a limb and changd your carr path? Ys, and I v nvr rgrttd my dcision or flt that I had mad th wrong choic. I think that knowldg of yourslf and th things that ar a priority to you ar ssntial to fling happy and fulfilld. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 4 Phonics 17

19 Lsson 1.5 Mor Silnt Consonants Whn two or thr consonants appar togthr, on lttr is somtims silnt. Th lttr g can b silnt whn it coms bfor n, as in gnom. Th lttr d is silnt whn it coms bfor g, as in fudg. Th lttr h is silnt whn it follows r, as in rhombus. Th lttr t is silnt whn it coms bfor ch, as in hatch. Th lttrs gh can b silnt, as in sight. Rad ach clu blow. Th word that matchs th clu is writtn in bold bsid it, but th lttrs ar scrambld. Unscrambl th lttrs, and writ th word on th lin. Hint: Each word will contain a silnt consonant pair. 1. prfum ogcoln 2. th sound a prson maks whn xhaling hsig 3. a rgular, rpatd musical bat mrythh 4. to trad or xchang ciwtsh 5. an animal that has a singl horn on its had osrinohcr 6. grat plasur or joy lidgth 7. to promis or swar lpgd 8. from anothr country igforn 9. a typ of small ax thacth Rad ach word blow. Find a rhyming word in th box and writ it on th lin. Thn, cross out th silnt lttr or lttrs. thighs pitchr hutch assign straight hdg rhym gnaw 1. cris 5. touch 2. claw 6. pldg 3. richr 7. wait 4. inclin 8. climb Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 5 Phonics 18

20 Lsson 1.5 Mor Silnt Consonants Rad th sntncs blow. Complt ach bold word with on of ths silnt lttr combinations: gn, dg, rh, tch, or gh. 1. H hogs ar insctivors, or animals whos dits consist mostly of inscts. 2. Bfor Hath s soccr tam bgan thir aftrnoon practic, th coach ld thm through a sris of warm-up str s. 3. Sasha hlpd dsi and paint th colorful sts for th class play. 4. Cody hlpd his dad roll out th dou to mak his favorit dssrt strawbrry- ubarb pi. 5. In Novmbr, Clay had to rsi from his position as class prsidnt bcaus his family was moving to Missouri. 6. Evry summr, Dsi and Gabby visit thir grandmothr in od Island. 7. Last yar, Grandma Nll and th girls workd togthr to mak a pa work quilt for th nw baby. 8. Whn Uncl Ross joind th Pac Corps, h had no ida which fori country h d b living in for th nxt two yars. Rad ach word in bold blow and circl th silnt lttr combination. On th lin, writ th lttr of th word bsid it that contains th sam combination. 1. wdgd a. passag b. trudging c. villag 2. rhapsody a. rsmblanc b. radioactiv c. rhythmic 3. uptight a. nigh b. coughd c. thimbls 4. assignmnt a. sagging b. signoff c. assistanc 5. sktching a. hopscotch b. blachr c. spinach 6. judging a. courag b. collg c. knowldgabl 7. limlight a. nough b. high c. August 8. crutchs a. chimpanz b. chrishd c. stitching Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 5 Phonics 19

21 Lsson 1.6 Ti and Ci Th lttrs ti and ci can stand for th /sh/ sound, as in cautious and magician. Rad th paragraphs blow. Circl th 14 words that contain th /sh/ sound splld ti. Undrlin th thr words that contain th /sh/ sound splld ci. You do not nd to mark th sam word twic. Th Mayan civilization was at its strongst btwn A.D. 250 and A.D It xistd in what is today Guatmala, Bliz, Mxico, Honduras, and El Salvador. For many yars, th Mayan popl wr somwhat of a mystry to th historians and archaologists who studid thm. What could hav mad such a powrful and advancd nation dclin so drastically? thy wondrd. Th Maya wr proficint in agricultur and practicd th cultivation of maiz (a typ of corn), bans, squash, ppprs, avocados, and pinappls. Thy had an advancd systm of irrigation and also usd othr farming tchniqus, lik rotating crops and building trracs. Thr wr mor than 40 Mayan citis, and at on tim, th population may hav rachd two million. Th Maya usd a systm of hiroglyphic writing, similar to Egyptian hiroglyphics. Th Mayan hiroglyphs, as wll as inscriptions carvd in rock, ar important sourcs of information for modrn-day rsarchrs. Th Maya ar considrd to hav bn th most advancd ancint civilization in th Wstrn Hmisphr. What causd thir dclin? It may hav bn vicious wars, natural disastrs, or a disas that wipd out larg portions of th population. About 800,000 popl today spak Mayan languags. Many modrn Maya still liv an agricultural lifstyl lik thir ancstors did. Thir prsrvation of th Mayan cultur and traditions in modrn socity giv it th potntial to b passd along for gnrations to com. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 6 Phonics 20

22 Lsson 1.6 Ti and Ci Rad th sntncs blow. Fill in ach blank with th lttrs ti or ci. 1. By th day of th audi on, Madlin had bittn off all hr fingrnails and had movd on to nrvously twirling a pic of hair around hr fingr. 2. Hr favorit tachr, Patri a Moony, had mad th suggs on that Madlin apply to th Raddatz School for th Prforming Arts. 3. You hav too much potn al to ignor, Ms. Moony told Madlin. 4. Th Raddatz School is th finst institu on in this ara, sh addd. 5. You hav such a sp al voic, and th training you would rciv could b vry bnfi al to you if you dcidd to pursu a singing carr. 6. Madlin knw th compti on would b firc, so sh trid not to hav xpcta ons that wr too high. 7. Th day of th audition, Madlin took lots of dp braths and pa ntly waitd hr turn. 8. Whn sh had finishd singing, sh trid to rad th fa al xprssions of th admissions panl. 9. Thy gra ously thankd hr and told hr that thy appr atd hr nrgy and nthusiasm. 10. Two wks latr, whn Madlin was starting to hav a strong suspi on that sh hadn t bn accptd, sh rcivd hr offi al lttr. 11. Aftr all that spcula on and worrying about rjc on, it s nic to finally hav an answr, Madlin admittd to Ms. Moony. 12. Hr tachr laughd. This calls for a clbra on! sh xclaimd. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 6 Phonics 21

23 Rviw Digraphs, Silnt Consonants, ti and ci On th lin, writ th lttr of th word that has th sam sound as th digraph of th word in bold. 1. chocolat a. Chryl b. chmistry c. sandwich 2. othrwis a. gathr b. ruthlss c. tollbooth 3. whittl a. whlchair b. whomvr c. wholly REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS physician a. prsum b. forground c. path 5. chromosom a. parchmnt b. mushroom c. kimono 6. dwlling a. dwarf b. anguish c. hallway Fill in th blank in ach sntnc blow with a word from th box. Undrlin th silnt lttr or lttrs in th word. lambs wrinkld budg dsignd knw hatchd nighd 1. Th shp and th spring trottd across th pastur as th Bordr colli hrdd thm toward th barn. 2. It was tim to milk th goats, but a stubborn fmal namd Christabl rfusd to for Eli. 3. Whn thy hard th clanging of th slop buckts, th pigs immdiatly it was tim for brakfast. 4. As h walkd across th barnyard, Eli his nos and stoppd to s if h had stppd in som cow manur. 5. Thr chicks had arly that morning, and th mothr hn cluckd proudly as sh fussd ovr hr nw brood. 6. Th horss and whinnid in thir stalls, anxious for thir morning fd and a bit of attntion. 7. Eli chckd th vgtabl gardn and was satisfid to s that th fnc h had and built with his fathr was succssful at kping th animals away. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 3 6 Phonics 22

24 Rviw Digraphs, Silnt Consonants, ti and ci Rad th paragraphs blow and complt th itms that follow. Chopsticks ar ating utnsils usd in China, Japan, Kora, and Vitnam. Thy ar thought to hav bn invntd in China btwn thr and fiv thousand yars ago and ar usd as tongs or pincrs. Thy may b mad of wood, bamboo, mtal, bon, ivory, or vn plastic. In Japan, th word otmoto, Japans for chopstick, is oftn writtn on th wrappr in Japans charactrs. Th propr way to hold chopsticks is btwn th thumb and fingrs. Th bottom stick stays stationary, whil th top stick movs up and down to grasp th food. If th chf has cut th food into small pics and th ric is sticky nough, ating with chopsticks is simpl. 1. On th lins, writ two words that contain th /th/ sound and two that contain th /th/ sound. REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS On th lins, list thr words in which /ch/ maks diffrnt sounds. 3. Undrlin th four words in th paragraphs that contain silnt consonant pairs. 4. Circl all th digraphs in th first paragraph. Undrlin th pair of lttrs that corrctly complts ach bold word blow. 1. Visit Cut n Curl Salon in Lindn Shopping Cntr our profssionally traind bauti ans (ti, ci) will hlp you look your bst! 2. Attn on (ti, ci) pt ownrs! For on wknd only, bring your dog or cat to Ptshop Plus and rciv a goodi bag FREE with any purchas. 3. Mn on (ti, ci) this ad, and you ll rciv $2.00 off th pric of admission whn you visit th San Francisco Musum of History s Egyp an (ti, ci) xhibit. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 3 6 Phonics 23

25 Lsson 1.7 Vowl Sounds (ai, ay, i, y) Th vowl pairs ai, ay, i, and y can mak th long a sound, as in rmain, hooray, rign, and pry. Rad th paragraphs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that has th sam long a sound as th bold word. If you lik stamps, a collction is fairly asy to stablish. Although snail-mail (wigh, forhad) isn t as popular as it onc was, collcting stamps rmains (habitat, halfway) on of th most popular hobbis today (cloak, convy). Buying nw stamps and obtaining (unlatchd, vryday) stamps from othr collctors is probably th bst way to start. Th first thing to do is dcid what focus your collction will hav. Will you collct stamps only from faraway (vil, transplant) placs? Do you hav any othr intrsts, lik trains (mishap, wkday), cats, art, soccr, or railroad (disoby, sawd) souvnirs? Your intrsts can b a good starting point whn choosing a thm for your collction. Som popl collct first-day (maintain, caravan) covrs, which ar nvlops that hav stamps attachd to thm that wr cancld on th first day th stamp was issud. Souvnir shts ar also popular. Thy (rstraind, halthy) ar shts that hav a pictur, such as a jungl or an undrwatr scn, printd on thm. It may (upbat, mrmaid) b difficult for a bginnr to know how much a stamp is worth. Th Intrnt can b a good sourc of information. Plnty of sits xplain (unlatch, swaying) th charactristics that mak stamps valuabl. If you r afraid (rindr, instad) that you v ovrpaid (approach, hy) for a stamp, it could still b worth rsarching. Som countrfit stamps ar actually rarr, and so mor valuabl, than th ral stamp thy wr mant to imitat! Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 7 Phonics 24

26 Lsson 1.7 Vowl Sounds (ai, ay, i, y) Rad th -mail blow. Circl th 16 words that contain th long a sound splld ai, ay, i, and y. You do not nd to mark th sam word twic. From: [email protected] Dat: May 23, 2008 To: [email protected] Subjct: What s up? Dar Rily, Ar you fling any bttr today? It s probably a good thing that you stayd hom. Eight othr popl wr absnt with th sam cold, and Mr. Tanaka mad th rst of th class promis w d do our bst to rmain halthy. Ms. Capshaw handd back our ssays ystrday. Sh said I managd to convy th important points of th argumnt and convinc my audinc of my prspctiv. Hooray! It s nic to gt such prais for a papr that I put so much tim and ffort into. Did I tll you that I vn intrviwd my nighbor about his xprincs during World War II? I think h ll b quit plasd to s that th dtails h contributd hlpd m obtain th rsults I d hopd for. Lt m know if you think you ll hav rcovrd nough to mt m at th subway station in th A.M. Talk to you latr! Alvaro p.s. Did you fill out th PTA s survy yt? If thy rciv ninty prcnt of th survys by Friday aftrnoon, thy ll pay for a pizza party aftr th Spring Danc! Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 7 Phonics 25

27 Lsson 1.8 Vowl Sounds (, a, i, y) Th lttrs, a, i, and y can mak th long sound you har in thirtn, wrath, rlif, and chimny. Rad ach clu. Fill in th lttrs to complt th word that matchs th clu. 1. to promis or mak crtain guarant 2. blow undrn th 3. on part at a tim p cmal 4. a mixtur or assortmnt mdl 5. a typ of alga found in th sa s w d 6. to rad somthing and mark rrors proofr d 7. a prson who maks a living swing s mstrss Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th words that contain th long sound splld, a, i, and y. You do not nd to mark th sam word twic. 1. Chimpanzs and othr monkys ar frquntly th stars of slapstick comdis. 2. Fild of Drams, starring Kvin Costnr, is a popular movi with basball fans of all ags. 3. Th Ransom of Rd Chif stars Acadmy Award nomin Haly Jol Osmnt. 4. Eddi Murphy providd th voic of th donky in th animatd movi Shrk. 5. Th canin lad in Bcaus of Winn-Dixi is namd for th suprmarkt whr h was found. 6. Chapr by th Dozn tlls th hilarious story of Mr. and Mrs. Bakr raising thir normous brood whil trying to fulfill thir own drams, too. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 8 Phonics 26

28 Lsson 1.8 Vowl Sounds (, a, i, y) Rad ach sntnc and th st of words blow it. Undrlin th word that has th sam long sound as th bold word. 1. On a rainy aftrnoon, Audry and hr cousin, Kyl, dcidd to s if thy could find anything intrsting in thir grandparnts attic. lying ordal halthful 2. Kyl shook out an old blankt that covrd a trunk and snzd as a cloud of fin dust surroundd him. widsprad implmnt attorny 3. Aftr a fw minuts, h succdd in opning th rusty latch on th trunk. hartbat suspnd big 4. Undrnath a pil of yllowd, brittl napkins, Audry found som photos. supprss dradful antifrz 5. In th first on, a dappr gntlman waring a stripd cap and old-fashiond cloths stood with on hand on a trolly. gymnastics bittrswt stowaway 6. Audry laughd in disblif. I had no ida Gramps drov a trolly car! Tnnss nonsns thir 7. Look at this antiqu timpic, said Kyl, pulling a pockt watch from a clothlind box. rprsnt kidny fright 8. It s th sam on Gramps is waring in th photo, Audry said, raching for th pictur. drdg stalth parsly 9. I bt thr ar storis for vry photo in that bundl, said Kyl. clav inpt forhad Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 8 Phonics 27

29 Lsson 1.9 Vowl Sounds (ind, ild, igh) Th vowl i can mak a long sound whn followd by nd, ld, or gh, as in bhind, mild, and daylight. Rad th clus blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu, and writ it in th numbrd spac in th crossword puzzl. rind mild mastrmind hindsight copyright wild slight colorblind frightnd Across 1. lgal protction for a crativ work, lik a book or play 3. small in siz or amount 4. modrat; not xtrm 6. an antonym for tam 7. scard; having far 8. a prson who dircts a projct Down 1. unabl to s crtain colors 2. a clar viw or undrstanding of a situation aftr it has occurrd 5. th tough outr covring of a fruit Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 9 Phonics 28

30 Lsson 1.9 Vowl Sounds (ind, ild, igh) Rad th words blow. Circl th lttr of th word or words in ach st that hav a long i sound. 1. a. transmit b. blight c. yild d. mildst 2. a. childish b. birthright c. humankind d. handkrchif 3. a. bhind b. hardship c. obtain d. ovrnight 4. a. collis b. bullfight c. imprint d. flinching 5. a. childhood b. squid c. outright d. battlship Writ th words that contain th long i sound splld igh, ind, and ild bsid th corrct hadings. You do not nd to list th sam word mor than onc. A mural is a painting don on a wall or a ciling. Murals can hav many purposs. In a hom, a mural may b purly dcorativ. For xampl, on th wall of a child s room an artist might crat a nighttim scn, complt with nocturnal craturs, constllations, and silvry moonlight. Murals in public placs oftn carry mssags. Thy may srv as rmindrs of important issus, lik th plight of th poor or racial inquality. Sinc th 1970s, mor than 2,000 murals hav bn mad in th public spacs of Northrn Irland. Most giv insight into th political blifs of th rsidnts. Murals frquntly dcorat walls or th sids of buildings in urban aras. Somtims thy ar cratd by a group of studnts with th hlp of a local artist. Th colors ar wild, and th paintings giv lif and nrgy to th city. It s a dlightful surpris, whn pausing at a strt cornr or a stoplight, to find a story unfolding across th sid of a nighborhood school or bookstor. igh: ind: ild: Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 9 Phonics 29

31 Lsson 1.10 Vowl Sounds (oa, ow, old, oll, ost) Th lttrs oa and ow can mak th long o sound as in toad and known. Th vowl o can mak a long sound whn followd by ld, ll, and st, as in fold, rolling, and most. Rad ach clu blow. Th word that matchs th clu is writtn in bold bsid it, but th lttrs ar scrambld. Unscrambl th lttrs and writ th word on th lin. Each word will contain a long vowl combination from abov. 1. a fungus that forms on rottn food odml 2. to bcom too big for somthing, lik cloths oouwgrt 3. a f chargd for using a road or bridg ltol 4. an antonym for last omts 5. black briqutts usd to start a fir in a grill arcchola 6. matrial usd to covr a prson s ys and prvnt him or hr from sing inbllddfo 7. a figur intndd to frightn birds away from a farmr s crops crsarcow 8. to criticiz or spak angrily to solcd 9. a prson who rcivs gusts thso 10. to talk about onslf with a lot of prid bosta 11. to mov up and down a computr scrn roscll 12. a bright warm light without a flam wgol 13. a plac whr two roads intrsct oscrsrdsoa 14. to tak a lisurly walk rolstl 15. anothr word for wallt llfobild 16. th sound a frog maks ackro 17. a synonym for narly osaltm Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 10 Phonics 30

32 Lsson 1.10 Vowl Sounds (oa, ow, old, oll, ost) Rad th paragraphs blow. Complt ach word with th corrct lttr combination (oa, ow, oll, old, or ost). My trip bgan whn I was orphand at th ag of 12. It quickly bcam clar that I would hav to mak my n way in th world. Thr was work to b had at th docks, and for svral days I toild, unl ding goods from cargo ships that arrivd from xotic ports around th world. On my third day at th docks, I was appr chd by an imposing man waring a charcoal-gray cl k and a fin silkn scarf wrappd around his thr t. If only I had kn n what tragdis I would bh in my travls with Captain Cobb. My first fw days wr unvntful. Thn, things suddnly changd. Th wathr turnd c, and I wrappd my thin c t mor tightly around my body. As I str d toward th warm, gl ing mbrs in th wood stov, I hard th sounds of arguing drifting up from bl dck. I trid to h my brath as I crpt closr to th voics. Parts of th convrsation disappard in th bl ing winds, but I clarly hard words lik trasur, gold, blindf, takovr, and prisonr. It was obvious to m now that I had unkn ingly cast my lot with a band of pirats. Thn and thr, I b ly dcidd to plan my scap. I took not of whr th r boat was stord and carfully bgan st ing away food from vry mal. Th day of my scap dawnd gray and stormy. I sl ly and quitly l rd my rickty boat. As it touchd th watr, I hard a sinistr chuckl and knw I would not b laving that day. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 10 Phonics 31

33 Rviw Vowl Sounds Rad th rcip blow. Undrlin th lttr combination from th pair in parnthss to corrctly complt ach bold word. Southwstrn Salad 1 ach, sw t (a, ) rd pppr and gr n (, i) pppr 2 tomatos REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS ounc can ach black b ns (a, ) and corn 1 pound ground turk (y, ay) 4 ouncs l t (igh, ild) sour cram 1 packag taco s soning (i, a), spicy or m (ild, ind) 3 tablspoons of choppd parsl (ai, y) 2 cups cookd pasta, such as macaroni or farfall 1 cup l -fat (ow, oa) shrddd chddar ch s (, a) With th hlp of an adult, cook th ground turky in a saucpan c td (ow, oa) with cooking spr (ay, y). Whil you ar waiting for th m t (, a) to cook, dic th ppprs and tomatos, and plac thm in a larg mixing b l (ow, oa). Rins and dr n (ay, ai) th bans and corn, and add thm to th bowl. Whn th turky is don, rmov it from th h t (a, ). M nwhil (i, a), add th taco sasoning, and parsly to th sour cr m (i, a) and stir thoroughly. Add th sour cram mixtur, turky, and pasta to th bowl with th vgtabls. Stir until blndd. Chill th salad in th rfrigrator until it is c (old, ost). L d (oa, ow) ch (, a) srving with two tablspoons of chs. Srv with dinnr r s (oll, oa), tortillas, or nacho chips. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 7 10 Phonics 32

34 Rviw Vowl Sounds Rad th sts of words blow. Circl th two words in ach st that hav th sam long vowl sound. 1. sustain sunbam 4. ovrslp big afloat convy attorny lttrhad 2. uptight unwinding 5. progrss nrolld slingshot swimming suspns sugarcoat 3. roaming couch 6. bradd dcay withhold trough rins gazll Rad ach sntnc blow. On th lin, writ th long vowl sound you har in ach bold word. If a word contains mor than on long vowl sound, sparat th two sounds with a slash. (Ex.: long i/long a) 1. Although th rd-bllid woodpckr has a small patch of color on its blly, th bird s bright rd had is much hardr to miss. 2. Th snow goos is mostly whit, but a REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS 7 10 lss common grayish- blu varity also xists. 3. Unlik othr hrons, th grn hron has a vry short, stocky nck. 4. Th common yllowthroat, which livs in filds and marshs, has a vry distinctiv song: witchity-witchitywitchity-witchity. 5. Th brown-hadd cowbird is a parasitic bird, which mans that it lays its ggs in a host bird s nst and lavs th babis for th othr bird to rais. 6. Th chimny swift, on of th fastst flying birds, spnds almost all its tim in th air and is rarly sn prching or on th ground. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 7 10 Phonics 33

35 Lsson 1.11 Vowl Sounds (oo, w, ou, ui, u) Th lttrs oo, w, ou, ui, and u can mak th /ü/ sound, as in uproot, withdrw, rgroup, cruis, and tru. Th lttrs oo can also mak th /u / sound you har in shook. Rad th dfinitions blow. For ach word in column 2, undrlin th lttrs that mak th /ü/ sound and circl th lttrs that mak th /u / sound. On th lin, writ th lttr of th word that matchs ach dfinition. 1. th act of chasing somthing in ordr to catch it a. nuisanc 2. occurring latr than plannd or schduld b. pursuit 3. not waring shos c. livlihood 4. an annoyanc d. nook 5. th mans by which a prson arns a living. ovrdu 6. a small, cozy, or hiddn ara f. barfoot Rad ach sntnc blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that has th sam /ü/ or / u/ vowl sound as th word in bold. 1. On Saturday night, a larg group (sour, papoos) of frinds and rlativs will mt at Clausn Bach for thir annual clambak. 2. Mr. Krauss rcruits (booth, chckbook) as many popl as h can to hlp shuck th corn and rins th clams in saltwatr. 3. Th youngst kids agrly scour th bach for pics of driftwood (platoon, could) that ar suitabl (handbook, curlicu) for th bonfir. 4. As th sun disappars blow th horizon, th moonlight (fathrhood, rvnu) fills th bach with a silvry glow. 5. Although vryon is a bit mor subdud (cruising, cluckd) than whn th vning bgan, th mntion of dssrt infuss th group with nrgy. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 11 Phonics 34

36 Lsson 1.11 Vowl Sounds (oo, w, ou, ui, u) Rad th rviw blow. Complt ach word with th corrct lttr combination (oo, w, ou, ui, or u). B k Rviw of By th Light of th M n by Camron Rickman Aftr rading Camron Rickman s 2006 novl, By th Light of th Moon, thr is no doubt in my mind why it was on of th nomins for th N bry Award. Having rad two of Rickman s othr books for youth, I kn that this book was likly to hav strong charactrs and an unusual, intrsting plot. I was not disappointd. Th story opns in an airport on a gl my aftrn n in May. Th radr quickly larns that Anna, th protagonist, was adoptd in arly childh d. Th author dos an xcllnt job of crating suspns at th bginning of th novl. A mystry surrounds Anna s past, so sh dcids to purs th tr story of hr biological family. Anna and hr adoptiv fathr ar n r t to Thailand, whr Anna was born. But why is Mr. Haviland so strongly against Anna s purs t of hr past? As thy sit in th airport surroundd by s tcass, th air btwn thm is filld with tnsion. Rickman continus to build tnsion thr ghout th book. H drops cl s for th radr, but thy ar fw and far btwn. H rlis on th radr s intllignc and clos attntion to kp up with th advnturs. I bliv this book is s tabl for radrs ovr tn yars old. It dals with som difficult issus, lik parnth d, adoption, truth, and trust. Th charactrs hav many layrs, just lik ral popl do. I would giv this book four stars my highst rating. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 11 Phonics 35

37 Lsson 1.12 Vowl Sounds (au, aw, al, alk, all) Th vowl pairs au and aw can mak th sam sound, as in taught and ssaw. Whn th vowl a is followd by l, lk, or ll, as in malt, stalk, or install, it maks th sam sound as au and aw do. Rad th sntncs blow. Circl th 14 words that contain th /ô/ sound splld au, aw, al, all, or alk. You do not nd to mark th sam word twic. 1. Although many popl think of fairy tals as rading matrial for childrn, thy wr first intndd for an audinc of all ags. 2. Som tals had a known author, lik th Brothrs Grimm, whil othr anonymous storis wr passd down gnration aftr gnration. 3. Fairy tals of long ago oftn had sad ndings in which awful things happnd to th charactrs. 4. This was bcaus som tals wr mant to caution popl against bhaviors that could b dangrous or unwis. 5. Modrn vrsions of fairy tals ar drawn with mor chrful picturs and happir ndings. 6. Cindrlla, Hansl and Grtl, Slping Bauty, Littl Rd Riding Hood, and Jack and th Banstalk ar among th most wll-known fairy tals. 7. Thr ar fw popl who ar unfamiliar with th littl rd-hoodd granddaughtr who travls through th woods to visit hr grandma and narrowly avoids bing caught by th wolf. 8. Part of th appal of fairy tals is that th smallr, wakr undrdog is oftn abl to outsmart somon oldr, wisr, or brawnir. 9. Throughout th cnturis, fairy tals hav taught countlss lssons and ntrtaind popl with thir timlss, imaginativ charactrs. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 12 Phonics 36

38 Lsson 1.12 Vowl Sounds (au, aw, al, alk, all) Rad th following sntncs. Th bold word in ach sntnc is scrambld. Rarrang th lttrs to form a word that contains au, aw, al, alk, or all, and writ it on th lin. 1. Six months ago, Mr. Trasco stood at th bradlackoh writing down our idas. 2. If w don t rais som xtra mony, programs lik labbastlk and choir will hav to b cancld, h announcd. 3. At th nd of class, w votd on th bst ida among th ons drawscl across th board. 4. Th day of th carnival finally arrivd, and booths filld with diffrnt activitis lind th dgs of th school s shaltap parking lot. 5. Th crowds wr so hug that polic officrs wr hird to stop traffic whnvr popl ndd to us th scrowskal in front of th school. 6. A dunking booth was dtinsall nar th ntranc, and our principal, Mrs. Young, voluntrd to b th first victim. Rad ach clu. Fill in th lttrs to complt th word that matchs th clu. 1. imprfct fl d 2. captivatd; unabl to look away nthr d 3. xtrmly upst distr ght 4. a stm of a plant st 5. a short, plasurabl trip j nt 6. sprading out in a disordrly way spr ling Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 12 Phonics 37

39 Lsson 1.13 Vowl Diphthongs NAME Whn two vowl sounds com togthr and crat a nw sound, th combination thy form is calld a diphthong (dip thông). Th diphthongs oi, as in moist, and oy, as in oystr, mak th sam sound. Rad ach dscription blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs th clu. Writ it on th lin, and circl th diphthong. joyfulnss mployr annoy viwpoint loyalty Ds Moins hoist 1. I am a company or prson for whom othrs work. Som might call m th boss. 2. I am a vrb that mans to lift or pull up. You could us m in this sntnc: Th girls hlpd thir dad th sails. 3. Th word faithfulnss is a synonym for m. I dscrib a quality that good frinds or family mmbrs show for on anothr. 4. Foundd in 1843, I am Iowa s capital city. 5. I am a fling of grat happinss or plasur. 6. I am anothr word for bothr or irritat. 7. I am a prson s prspctiv or th way h or sh ss things. Rad th hadlins blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that has th sam vowl sound as th bold word or words. 1. Advnturr Bgins Voyag Around th World by Balloon! (Moscow, toil) 2. Fans Disappointd Whn Singr Jtt Mullin Cancls World Tour (rbound, convoy) 3. Hurrican Chlo Dstroys 42 Homs Along Florida Coast (prowl, moistur) 4. Britain s Royal Family to Visit th Stats and Mt with Prsidnt (spoild, moan) Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 13 Phonics 38

40 Lsson 1.13 Vowl Diphthongs NAME Th diphthongs ou, as in tryout, and ow, as in town, mak th sam sound. Rad th paragraphs blow. Undrlin th ight words that contain th /ou/ sound splld ou. Circl th svn words that contain th /ou/ sound splld ow. You do not nd to mark th sam word mor than onc. What kinds of things do you rad on th computr? Hav you vr trid rading an -book, or lctronic book? What about a nwspapr articl or your favorit magazin? For many popl, it s difficult to spnd long amounts of tim in front of a computr scrn. Thy would rathr find a mor comfortabl plac in th hous to rad, lik a cozy chair or th couch. A laptop computr is portabl, but it is still bulkir than a magazin or small book. It s also hard for somon rading in a car or outdoors to s th scrn in bright light. Svral rnownd companis on th cutting dg of tchnology ar now working on som idas that would forvr chang th way popl rad. How dos th ida of lctronic papr sound to you? It s difficult to xplain xactly how this concpt works. Th basic ida, though, is that th battry-powrd papr is filld with tiny capsuls. Each capsul contains black and whit particls that carry an lctric charg. Using th lctricity in ach capsul, a computr program dtrmins whthr th black or whit particls ar allowd to com to th surfac of th papr. Th black particls form pattrns that crat lttrs, symbols, and words. Whn you turn th pag, diffrnt particls ris to th surfac and form th words and picturs on th nxt pag of th book or magazin. Although it sms lik somthing that might b found in a scinc fiction novl, it s possibl that in th futur a singl pic of lctronic papr could somhow hold th contnts of an ntir book. Th countdown to th books of th futur has bgun. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 13 Phonics 39

41 Rviw Vowl Sounds and Diphthongs Rad th clus blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that matchs th clu and has th sound listd in parnthss. Thn, find ach word in th word sarch puzzl. Words may b writtn forward, backward, or diagonally. squall oystr compound tru scowl shook awkward whirlpool suitabl rjoic 1. a word that is mad of two shortr words (/ou/) REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS to clbrat with grat happinss (/oi/) 3. a currnt of watr that rotats vry quickly (/ü/) 4. appropriat (/ü/) 5. clumsy; not gracful (/ô/) 6. th past tns of th vrb shak (/u /) 7. to glar or frown (/ou/) 8. a short, violnt storm with wind and rain or snow (/ô/) 9. an dibl shllfish that somtims contains parls (/oi/) 10. not fals (/ü/) f a h m s d g i o b c a a j w j r t q l l a u q s b n w k h v c r w u l l v u f r n w x i c o t y h s i s u r a b d r h c a i m k t f z r k r q l s o o v d a h r j d h j b s p i k c z b p o m m r w h n o g i l l d t i d n u o p m o c f n s c h j m a o c t u l s w b y n m p l k r t r u q o Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons Phonics 40

42 Rviw Vowl Sounds and Diphthongs Rad th paragraphs blow. Undrlin th lttr combination in parnthss that shars a vowl sound found in th bold word. Whn popl think of basball (au, oa), th lgndary hittr Bab Ruth is oftn th first playr to com to mind. By most accounts (oi, ow), h is th gratst athlt in th history of th gam. Ruth was on of th first fiv playrs lctd to th Basball Hall (aw, ou) of Fam. Today, his autograph (all, ou) can b worth thousands (ow, ui) of dollars. His fam hlpd basball zoom (u, oy) to nw (ow, oo) hights of popularity during th 1920s and 30s. Th fans that turnd out (ow, au) to watch th Bambino play wr rarly disappointd (ou, oy) by th prformanc thy saw (au, ou). Bab Ruth, born Gorg Hrman Ruth in 1895, was known for bing mischivous as a boy (w, oi). Bcaus his parnts wr concrnd about (ow, oo) his bhavior, thy snt him to a strict school (aw, u). It was thr that young Gorg was taught (all, ou) th ins and outs of basball and dvlopd a grat njoymnt (oi, ow) for playing th gam. REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS In 1914, Ruth was rcruitd (w, oi) to join (ou, oy) th minor lagu Baltimor Oriols. During th nxt fw yars, h playd for th Boston Rd Sox whr h xclld as a pitchr. By 1917, h bgan pitching lss and spnding mor tim in th outfild (ow, ui). H soon (oy, w) surprisd many popl whn h provd h was also (all, ou) talntd as a hittr and outfildr. Aftr svral yars, Ruth was tradd to th Nw York Yanks. During his first yar in Nw York, Ruth hit 54 hom runs, braking his rcord of 29 hom runs in a sason. Throughout his carr with th Yanks, Ruth continud to st rcords and astound (ow, aw) popl with his talnt. Popl around (u, ow) th world mournd Ruth s loss whn h did in 1948, but thy wr gratful for all (au, ou) that h had givn to Amrica s favorit sport. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons Phonics 41

43 Lsson 1.14 Th Schwa Sound NAME Th schwa sound, rprsntd by th symbol, is th /uh/ sound you har at th bginning of th word allow. Th vowls a,, i, o, and u can all mak th schwa sound, as in around, barrl, pncil, major, and cactus. Somtims, vowl pairs can also mak th schwa sound, as in rlation and cautious. Rad ach group of words blow. Circl th word in ach group that contains th schwa sound. Us a dictionary if you nd hlp with pronunciation. 1. limbr rcd catch 2. paus displ cardinal 3. graphic scallop whzing 4. passion passag bypass 5. dairy diary radar On th lin, rwrit ach bold word blow using th symbol for a schwa () in plac of th lttr or lttrs that mak th schwa sound. 1. My frind took scond plac in th rgional splling b. 2. Th frsh aroma of bakd brad driftd from th kitchn. 3. With ach tug of th rop and swing of th ax, th mountainr inchd hr way slowly toward th summit. 4. A floral bouqut was placd at th cntr of ach tabl at th rcption. 5. Malia s ancstors cam to Hawaii hundrds of yars ago. 6. Th koala slowly at ucalyptus lavs. 7. No on knows for sur how many popl it took to build th Egyptian pyramids. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 14 Phonics 42

44 Lsson 1.14 Th Schwa Sound NAME Rad th following paragraphs. For ach word in bold, circl th vowl or vowls that mak th schwa sound. Throughout history, our nation and its citizns hav had to ndur a numbr of difficult and trying momnts. Fw vnts wr as sad as th assassinations of prsidnts Abraham Lincoln and John F. Knndy. Although thy ar not discussd as oftn, th daths of Jams Garfild and William McKinly wr qually shocking to th Amricans of thir tim. Prsidnt Jams Garfild took offic on March 4, Only four months latr, on July 2, Garfild was walking through a Washington, D.C., railroad station whn Charls J. Guitau shot him. Garfild livd for anothr 80 days, but mdical knowldg during that tim was limitd. On Sptmbr 19, Prsidnt Garfild passd away. H had bn prsidnt for only six and a half months. Prsidnt William McKinly bgan his scond trm in March Du to Amrica s victory in th Spanish-Amrican War, McKinly had asily dfatd William Jnnings Bryan in th prvious fall s lction. In Sptmbr 1901, McKinly travld to Buffalo, Nw York, to giv a spch at th Pan-Amrican Exposition. It was at this World s Fair that tragdy would strik. On Sptmbr 6, McKinly stood at th front of a lin of popl waiting to shak th prsidnt s hand. Slowly, Lon Czolgosz mad his way through th lin. Czolgosz was an anarchist somon who blivs that all forms of govrnmnt ar bad and should b abolishd. Although many anarchists wr pacful, othrs prformd violnt acts. Whn Czolgosz rachd th front of th lin, h shot McKinly and was immdiatly takn into custody. McKinly was rushd to th hospital in an ambulanc, making him th first prsidnt to rid in an automobil. Sadly, McKinly did of his wounds ight days latr. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 14 Phonics 43

45 Lsson 1.14 Th Schwa Sound NAME Many words that nd in a consonant plus l, al, or l contain th schwa sound. rumbl (rumbl) vocal (vocl) labl (labl) Rad th sntncs blow. In som of th words, th schwa symbol () has rplacd vowls that mak th schwa sound. On th lin, rwrit ths words with thir corrct spllings. 1. Th tropicl Amazonian rain forst strtchs across mor than a billion acrs of land. 2. Mor than two million spcis of inscts and two thousand typs of birds and mammls liv in th rgion. 3. Environmntl groups around th world ar working to protct th Amazon rain forst, a fifth of which has alrady bn lost. 4. Locl spcis of plants and animls that do not xist anywhr ls in th world ar in dangr of bcoming xtinct. 5. Th Amazon is shard by nin South Amrican countris that bnfit from th matrils th forst producs, as wll as from th tourists who travl to s this plac of grat bauty. 6. Som consrvation programs allow popl to buy an acr of jungl land in ordr to kp it saf from harm. 7. Six-foot-wid watr lilis with thin, dlicat ptls can b found floating along th laks and rivrs of th Amazon. 8. Th tapir, which looks lik som sort of prhistoric animal, has a nos that rsmbls an lphant s trunk. 9. Although th anaconda is not poisonous, its larg siz and strong muscls allow it to tackl and fd on craturs as larg as cows. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 14 Phonics 44

46 Lsson 1.14 Th Schwa Sound NAME Th schwa sound occurs in unstrssd syllabls. For xampl, in th word ba sin th first syllabl is strssd. Th scond syllabl contains th schwa sound. In th following words, th vowl that maks th // sound is st in bold. Notic how it appars only in unstrssd syllabls. n my cas stt nui sanc sr mon pa go da Rad ach dfinition and th pronunciation bsid it. On th lin, writ th word. 1. a tradition or habit cus tm 2. matrials mad of bakd clay c ram ics 3. rlating to mail srvic or post offics po stl 4. a prson who travls in outr spac as tr not 5. a marrid mal hus bnd Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th strssd syllabl or syllabls in ach bold word, and circl th vowl or vowls that mak th schwa sound. 1. In 1910, Robrt Badn-Powll foundd th Girl Guids of Grat Britain as a coun tr part to th group for boys h bgan in In 1912, Julitt Low startd th Girl Scouts, a sim i lar organization in th Unitd Stats. 3. Th Girl Scouts and Girl Guids both fo cus on ladrship, char ac tr, community, outdoor activitis, and srvic. 4. In A mr i ca, th fiv ag groups ar calld th Daisis, Brownis, Juniors, Ca dtts, and Sniors. 5. Today, thr ar narly 10 mil lion mmbrs in 144 countris. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 14 Phonics 45

47 Lsson 1.15 Th Sounds of y Th lttr y can mak th /y/ sound you har in youngr. It can mak th long i sound, as in hyna and sly. Th lttr y can mak th long sound, as in tricky. In th middl of a word, y can mak th short i sound, as in myth. Rad ach sntnc. Circl th word blow th sntnc that has th sam sound of y as th bold word. 1. Th yak is a mmbr of th bovin family, as ar bison and cattl. yacht policy python mystrious 2. Yaks ar found in Tibt and mountainous aras of cntral Asia. Egypt occupy gomtry yondr 3. Typical uss for yaks includ milk, mat, chs, and fibr. ptrifying ystrday rhythm yowld 4. Th yak s soft, shaggy fur can b turnd into yarn. pastry nylon Plymouth barnyard 5. Th yak s fur coat can kp it warm and dry, vn at tmpraturs as low as 40 dgrs blow zro. yankd pygmy firfly dictionary 6. Yaks ar oftn usd as pack animals and can transport havy loads through th mountains. cycl gymnasium yodl nmy 7. Trs ar scarc in parts of Tibt, so drid yak dung is a usful typ of ful. yolk crypt angrily myslf 8. Yaks hav mor rd blood clls than cattl do, which hlps thm bttr absorb oxygn from th thin mountain air. yast mythical horrify xtrmly Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 15 Phonics 46

48 Lsson 1.15 Th Sounds of y Rad th sntncs blow. On th lin bsid ach bold word, writ th sound y maks in th word (long i, short i, y, or long ). Hint: Som words may contain mor than on sound of y. 1. Sanjana has bn told rpatdly that sh is musically inclind, so sh is applying to th famous Juilliard School in Nw York City. 2. Thirtn-yar-old Ramon, who is going to bcom a stunt doubl somday, has alrady bn skydiving, parasailing, and bung jumping. 3. Whn Jnna graduats from th Intrnational Culinary Institut, sh plans to opn a bakry in Yorkshir, England. 4. Kyl rads approximatly two mystry novls a wk and has narly compltd writing th first mystry book of his carr. 5. Dana has a small chmistry lab st up in on cornr of hr bdroom, but sh longs for th day whn sh ll hav accss to a ral laboratory. Rad th sts of words blow. Circl th two words in ach st in which y maks th sam sound. 1. anchovy nymph 5. gyppd backyard amplifying icy dfy yild 2. hyphn ystrday 6. shyst vrything physician Olympian financially yours 3. spying hiroglyphics 7. particularly yllow-jackt youth magnify hyna dying 4. rhyming yars 8. yondr ladybug stingy yucca canyon mystrious Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 15 Phonics 47

49 Lsson 1.16 R-Controlld Vowls (ar, r, ir, or, ur) Whn th lttr r follows a vowl, it changs th vowl s sound. Th lttrs ar mak th sound you har in rgard. Th lttrs or mak th sound you har in thorn. Th lttrs r, ir, and ur mak th sam sound, as in nrv, twirl, and urg. Rad th titls and author nams in th list blow. Circl ach word that contains an r-controlld vowl. Ms. Alvarz s 6th Grad Rading List Rd Scarf Girl by Ji-Li Jiang Monstr by Waltr Dan Myrs North to Frdom by Ann Holm Th Watsons Go to Birmingham 1963 by Christophr Paul Curtis Th Tru Confssions of Charlott Doyl by Avi Summr of My Grman Soldir by Btt Grn Morning Girl by Michal Dorris Th Icbrg Hrmit by Arthur Roth M. C. Higgins th Grat by Virginia Hamilton Hous of Sports by M. Russo Ninjas, Piranhas, and Galilo by Grg Litich Smith Th Borning Room by Paul Flischman Th Scrt Gardn by Francs Hodgson Burntt Island (Survival, Book Two) by Gordon Korman On th lins blow, writ a book titl and author for ach r-controlld vowl sound. You can find th nams and titls at a library or in an onlin catalog. ar: r: ur: Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 16 Phonics 48

50 Lsson 1.16 R-Controlld Vowls (ar, r, ir, or, ur) Rad th diary ntry blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that has th sam r-controlld vowl sound as th bold word. Dar Diary, Th last coupl of wks hav bn among th most intrsting (smirk, coastguard) of my lif. I can t bliv how much I v larnd in such a short (convrg, sashor) tim. My family arrivd at Camp Frontir unsur (lotard, swrv) of what to xpct. W knw that w would b taught som natur (mirth, uniform) and survival (midtrm, hornt) skills. I was also agr to larn how past gnrations (guitar, sunburn) livd off th land. Last wk, w harvstd (bizarr, nrvous) vgtabls and brris from th gardn (blurt, lifguard). Cassi and I spnt all day in th hot kitchn canning and prsrving (lurking, junkyard) vrything so that w would hav nough provisions for th coming wintr (distort, mrg). It was stamy, tdious work, but in th nd, w had jar (bookmark, concrnd) aftr jar of blackbrry jam, pachs, bans, tomatos, and ppprs (transform, purs). I v also milkd th cows and goats in th barn vry morning (purg, carnivor) just aftr sunris. I v churnd (advrb, bombard) buttr by hand from th cows swt cram, I can start a fir with a pic of flint and som twigs, and I can idntify at last 15 birds (suburb, nwborn) just by haring thir calls. Not too bad for a city girl (splurg, charming), huh? I v mt popl from all ovr th country vrywhr from Orgon (tradmark, affordabl) to Arkansas (squirtd, postmark) to Vrmont (passport, quirky). W v all larnd so much from obsrving (thirst, Dnmark) ach othr. I fl lik a strong community has bn formd (nurs, discord) hr. It will fl strang to rturn (provrb, lard) to modrn (scorch, whirl) lif, but I know that w ll tak with us all th skills w v larnd. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 16 Phonics 49

51 Lsson 1.17 Mor r-controlld Vowls (air, ar, ar, r) Th lttrs air and ar can mak th sam sound, as in rpair and prpar. Th lttrs ar and r can mak th sam sound, as in appar and str. Th lttrs ar can also mak th sound you har in swar. Rad th dfinitions blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that matchs ach dfinition, and circl th r-controlld vowl lttr combination. smar solitair gar bwar qustionnair rar str voluntr 1. a prson who offrs to do somthing, oftn for fr 2. a list of qustions usd for gathring information 3. to guid a vhicl using a whl 4. not common; somthing that dosn t occur oftn 5. to sprad a sticky or grasy matrial 6. a gam of cards on plays alon 7. quipmnt 8. to b cautious of somthing Rad ach sntnc blow. On th lin, writ th lttr combination (air, ar, r, or ar) that corrctly complts ach bold word. 1. Bill Gats is th ownr of th largst softw company in th world. 2. Not only is h a billion, but h is also th richst prson in th world. 3. Evn at a young ag, Gats had a fl for math and scinc. 4. Throughout his car, Gats has had many challngs. 5. Bill Gats and his wif, Mlinda, ar aw of how fortunat thy ar, so ach y thy sh thir walth by donating millions of dollars to charity. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 17 Phonics 50

52 Lsson 1.17 Mor r-controlld Vowls (air, ar, ar, r) Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that has th sam r-controlld vowl sound as th bold word bsid it. 1. It is unclar (swar, disappar) xactly how Ask a Stupid Qustion Day startd, but it was probably bgun by tachrs who wantd studnts to fl comfortabl asking anything. 2. Evolotrra, clbratd on July 20, marks th day whn human bings first dard (millionair, spard) to land on th moon. 3. April 1, also known as April Fools Day, is a day to bwar (rindr, solitair) of any trickstrs you might know. 4. Hav you vr hard of National Catfish Day? It has bn clbratd on Jun 25 vry yar (carr, pars) sinc Octobr 15, Whit Can Safty Day, clbrats th achivmnts of popl who ar visually impaird (shar, warabl). 6. Wright Brothrs Day commmorats th farlss (outrwar, auctionr) first flight of Wilbur and Orvill Wright on Dcmbr 17, Boxing Day, clbratd in Britain on Dcmbr 26, is oftn markd by voluntrs (smard, whlchair) who donat gifts or mony to charitis. 8. Earth Day, clbratd on April 22, hlps bring awarnss (bar, Shakspar) to important nvironmntal issus. Rad ach st of words blow. Undrlin th word that has a diffrnt r-controlld vowl sound than th rst of th words in th st. 1. fairly claring musktr apparanc 2. qustionnair undrwar narly dspair 3. warfar pr affair waring 4. thradbar sparhad nginring str 5. snar millionair nightmar darst Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 17 Phonics 51

53 Rviw Schwa, th Sounds of y, and r-controlld Vowls For ach bold word, undrlin th strssd syllabl, and circl th vowl or vowls that mak th schwa sound. Too many an i mals in th world don t hav a plac to call hom or po pl to protct thm. Thou sands of ths animals gt a sc ond chanc at a spc ial plac calld Bst Frinds Animal Sanctuary, locatd in Kanab, Utah. Th motto of Bst Frinds REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS is No mor homlss pts. Today, mor than 1,500 animals liv at th sanctuary. Thr ar plnty of com mon hous pts, lik cats and dogs, but Bst Frinds is also hom to horss, pigs, goats, owls, rabbits, and doz ns of othr va ri tis of crittrs. Som ar sick, and many wr a ban dond or a busd. Bst Frinds wl coms all animals, rgardlss of thir history. Onc an animal ntrs th sanctuary, it will b tratd with kindnss and rspct. Hundrds of animals find good homs through th f forts of Bst Frinds. Th animals that don t find nw familis ar still guarantd a saf and happy plac to liv forvr. Bst Frinds works with groups all a round th country to mak th livs of animals bttr. Thy ducat popl about th importanc of spaying and nutring pts. Thy also hav th bst intrsts of animals in mind whn a crisis oc curs. Thr s no doubt that th furry and fathrd cra turs of th world ar lucky to hav th folks at Bst Frinds looking out for thm. On th lin, writ th sound y maks in ach bold word (long i, short i, y, or long ). Circl th word bsid it that contains th sam sound. 1. typical graciously rhythm nylon 2. dny policy gypsy magnify 3. canyon colony yowl mystry 4. trribly stingy Egypt gymnast 5. crypt occupy yodl physics Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons Phonics 52

54 Rviw Schwa, th Sounds of y, and r-controlld Vowls Rad th paragraphs blow. Writ ach bold word bsid th hading that contains th sam r-controlld vowl sound. Potry can tak many forms. It can b srious or humorous. Somtims it rhyms, and somtims thr is a particular rhythm or bat. Bcaus most poms ar rlativly short, words must b chosn carfully. Maning is important bcaus a pom oftn convys a fling or an xprinc. But th sound of th languag is qually important. Words in a pom should fit togthr lik puzzl pics. Popl who hav mad a carr of writing potry oftn giv similar sorts of advic to young pots. Thy say that brainstorming is a good plac to start. Instad of activly thinking of topics for a pom, first lt your mind wandr. Allow th thoughts to swirl around in your had. What movs you or maks you laugh? Whr do you find bauty? What maks you fl concrnd or lonly? Whn do you fl so happy your hart could burst? Rading th work of othr pots and bcoming familiar with th languag of potry can hlp you bcom mor comfortabl using it and sharing it. Rmmbr, thr ar as many diffrnt styls of potry as thr ar pots. Chck out th potry of authors lik William Shakspar, Naomi Shihab Ny, Robrt Frost, Shl Silvrstin, and Karla Kuskin. Each of ths pots has a uniqu voic, just as you do. What kind of potry spaks to you? carpt: REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS turning: orchid: fairly: clar: Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons Phonics 53

55 Lsson 2.1 Bas Words and Endings A bas word is a word without ndings addd to it. Doubl th consonant bfor adding d or ing to a bas word that has a short vowl sound and nds in a consonant.(snap, snappd, snapping) If a bas word nds with, drop th bfor adding d or ing. (xcit, xcitd, xciting) If a bas word nds with y, chang th y to i bfor adding d. Do not chang th y bfor adding ing. (occupy, occupid, occupying) Fill in th blanks in th chart blow. Bas Word struggl scribbl nforc Add d formattd idntifid untid Add ing chrishing On th lin, writ th bas word for ach word in bold. 1. Th chf s hands wr covrd in food aftr sh finishd dmonstrating to th class how to proprly mix th ingrdints. 2. Max accompanid Basir to his audition on Monday. 3. A road crw is crating a hug, muddy mss on our block whil thy rpair th strt. Phonics Connction Circl th words in th chart in which y maks th long i sound. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 1 Word Structur 54

56 Lsson 2.1 Bas Words and Endings Adding th ndings -s or -s to bas words forms nw words. Adding s to th nd of som vrbs changs thir form. Olivr and Lindsay chr. Lindsay chrs. If a vrb nds with y, chang th y to i and add s. Th mic scurry. Th mous scurris. If a vrb nds with s, sh, ch, x, or z, add s. Th studnts rush. Th studnt rushs. Circl th words in parnthss that corrctly complt th sntncs blow. CFL (man, mans, mans) compact fluorscnt lamp. Ths spcial bulbs (fit, fits, fits) into th normal sockts of lamps and light fixturs. A CFL bulb (produc, producs) th sam light as a rgular bulb, but it (us, uss) a lot lss nrgy. In fact, if you (switch, switchs, switchs) to using CFL bulbs, you ll (sav, savs) four tims as much nrgy. CFL bulbs also (burn, burns, burns) tn tims as long, so you (purchas, purchass) thm lss oftn. Kn Luna (tach, tachs, tachs) scinc to ighth gradrs in North Babylon, Nw York. H (wish, wishs, wishs) vryon would trad in thir old-fashiond bulbs for CFLs. Mr. Luna (ncourag, ncourags) all of his studnts to us at last on CFL at hom. To show thm how ddicatd h is to this plan, Mr. Luna (pass, passs) out a fr bulb to ach mmbr of his class. In his homtown of North Babylon, Mr. Luna s plan grw so popular that a hardwar stor donatd 5,500 bulbs, on for ach studnt in th city. This simpl chang (man, mans, mans) that North Babylon rsidnts will (sav, savs) half a million dollars in nrgy costs ach yar! If vry houshold in th U.S. would (xchang, xchangs) just fiv rgular light bulbs for CFL bulbs, th rduction in nrgy us and pollution would b lik rmoving ight million cars from th nation s roads for on yar! Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 1 Word Structur 55

57 Lsson 2.2 Comparativ Endings Th comparativ ndings -r and -st chang th manings of bas words. Add r to man mor whn comparing two things. Add st to man most whn comparing thr or mor things. dpr = mor dp dpst = most dp For words that nd in, drop th and add r or st. For words that nd in a consonant plus y, chang th y to i bfor adding r or st. clos, closr, closst arly, arlir, arlist For words that hav a short vowl sound and nd in a consonant, doubl th consonant bfor adding r or st. thin, thinnr, thinnst Fill in th blanks blow with th corrct form of th comparativ word. Bas Word Add r Add st shiny angry fr slim strang rarr shallowr slpir rddst lightst lovlist roughst Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 2 Word Structur 56

58 Lsson 2.2 Comparativ Endings Som comparisons ar mad by adding th word mor or most in front of th adjctiv instad of adding an nding. plasant, mor plasant valuabl, most valuabl Rad th paragraphs blow. On th lin, writ th corrct comparativ form of th word in parnthss. As th Fourth of July approachs ach summr, Dant bcoms th (xcitd) prson in his family. Indpndnc Day is th day Dant was born, and h lovs th combind clbration. Th Carross always pack thir wagon with an old quilt and a picnic to tak to th park. Th whls of th old rd wagon grow (squaky) vry yar, but no on sms to car. Th yar Dant turnd nin was th (frustrating) birthday of his lif. On of th whls snappd off th wagon, pasta salad scattrd all ovr th sidwalk, and Dant s littl sistr spilld juic on th quilt. Luckily, th rst of Dant s birthday clbrations hav gon a bit (smoothly). Evry yar, th Carros family gts into a good-naturd argumnt as thy pull th wagon ight blocks to Frdom Park. Mr. Carros and Dant argu that th (intrsting) viw of th firworks is from Dobbin Hill. Mrs. Carros tris to convinc th family to lav (arly) than usual so that thy can find sats for th show in th gazbo. That s whr th (popular) sats ar, but Grandma Louis thinks it s (saf) to watch firworks from a distanc. Aftr all th dbat, th Carross nd up sprading thir quilt on th grassy slop of a hill, just lik thy do vry yar. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 2 Word Structur 57

59 Rviw Bas Words and Endings Rad th paragraphs blow. Add d or ing to ach word in parnthss, and writ th nw word on th lin. Th form of th word you choos should mak sns in th sntnc. Whn you har th words star-spangld bannr, th song by Francis Scott Ky probably bgins (play) in your mind. Howvr, most popl know littl about th flag that (inspir) th famous song. REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 1 2 In 1813, Major Gorg Armistad took ovr command of Fort McHnry in Baltimor, Maryland. H (hir) a woman (nam) Mary Pickrsgill to sw two flags. Th largr of th flags (masur) 30 by 42 ft whn it was (complt). Although Mary had som hlp from hr daughtr, nics, and a srvant, (sw) th flag was litrally an normous job. (Th opn flag would covr about half of a tnnis court!) Evn so, th talntd samstrss (finish) th job in about two months. Th Star Spangld Bannr had 15 stars and 15 strips and cost $ Th smallr storm flag had bn (fly) on th vning of Sptmbr 13, 1814, as th British (try) to tak Fort McHnry. Th Amrican soldirs fought hard, bravly (dfnd) th city of Baltimor, and th British troops finally withdrw. In th morning, th larg Star Spangld Bannr rplacd th storm flag and could b sn for mils. It (wav) proudly and (announc) th Amrican victory. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 2 Word Structur 58

60 Rviw Bas Words and Endings Rad ach 6th-grad candidat s campaign slogans. Undrlin th word or words from th st in parnthss that corrctly complt th sntncs. Danny Calbrt for Prsidnt 2008! Your choic couldn t b (asir, asist). Vot for Calbrt for class prsidnt, and you ll b sur you did th right thing. Want a class prsidnt who knows how to mak you laugh? Vot for Danny Calbrt: h s th (funnyst, funnist) candidat in 08! Danny promiss to bring th (latr, latst) tchnology to our classrooms as prsidnt. Don t gt lft bhind vot for Danny! Austin Young: Your Voic in Studnt Politics Ar you looking for a (kindst, kindr), (gntlr, gntlr) studnt govrnmnt? Austin is th (most compassionat, compassionatst) candidat for prsidnt, but h s also th (toughr, toughst). REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 1 2 Austin Young: Straight A s two yars in a row. Don t you want th (smartst, most smart) candidat working for you? Austin has th (originalst, most original) idas for A vot for Austin is a vot for a (brightst, brightr) futur. Cristina Wang Ladrship and Exprinc Cristina may b (youngst, youngr) than th comptition, but no on ls has hr xprinc and know-how in studnt govrnmnt. Vot Cristina, your (most trustworthy, trustworthist) choic for prsidnt, and lt your voic b hard. Want (halthist, halthir) choics in th caftria, (mor intrsting, intrstingr) fild trips, and a (bigr, biggr) gym? Elct Cristina Wang! Nxt to ach word blow, writ its bas word. dripping rlaxs polishs occupying draggd mptis Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 2 Word Structur 59

61 Lsson 2.3 Plurals Most plural words ar formd by adding s to th nd of a word. workbook, workbooks lvator, lvators If a noun nds in sh, ch, s, or x, add s. If a noun nds with a consonant and y, drop th y and add is. Form th plural of most words that nd in f by just adding s. For som words that nd in f or f, chang th f or f to v and add s. drss, drsss family, familis cliff, cliffs knif, knivs On th lins blow, writ th corrct plural of ach word in parnthss. If you liv in th Southast, you may hav noticd an intrsting plant covring (tr) and (bush), (hous), and tlphon (pol). In (story) passd down through th gnrations, kudzu is known as th mil-a-minut vin, th foot-a-night vin, and th vin that at th South. Originally, it grw only in th southrn parts of Asian (country), lik China and Japan. In 1876, it was brought to Amrica as an ornamntal plant. Popl likd th dark grn (laf) and fragrant (bloom). During th Dprssion, (mass) of kudzu (vin) wr plantd to hlp prvnt soil rosion. Th problm was that th (condition) wr too prfct in th South. Th vins covrd th (branch) of trs, (bridg), buildings, (roof) anything that didn t mov. Whn th plants wr brought to th U.S., non of thir natural (nmy) cam along. During th summr, kudzu can grow as much as a foot a day! It cuts short th (lif) of whatvr plants or trs it covrs. It s no surpris that in 1953, th Dpartmnt of Agricultur stoppd rcommnding its us. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 3 Word Structur 60

62 Lsson 2.3 Plurals Form th plural of a word that nds with a vowl plus o by adding s. vido, vidos zoo, zoos Form th plural of a word that nds with a consonant and o by adding s. cargo, cargos halo, halos Som words, such as photo, piano, and rhino, do not follow this pattrn. Just add s to mak thir plurals. Us a dictionary to chck plural spllings. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu blow and writ it on th lin. Thn, find th plural form of th word in th word sarch puzzl. pistachio solo flamingo tomato burrito publo kangaroo 1. a juicy rd fruit that is usually usd as a vgtabl 2. an Australian animal that carris its young in a pouch 3. a light grn dibl nut 4. a tortilla stuffd with mat, ric, bans, and chs 5. a bright pink tropical bird that has long, skinny lgs 6. to do somthing alon 7. a Nativ Amrican villag or community of th Southwst p r m a a h u r u p n f s g n i b d p l b u r r i t o s g s s o g n i m a l f w q l s p t v f u i m a x z p s o o r a g n a k c x p u r b l t y w c c d a j h i r o k j c b h t w b g k n l s l y f o d i t l u b a o d j r n w p v o z h y t o m a t o s g s j m u q Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 3 Word Structur 61

63 Lsson 2.4 Irrgular Plurals Som words hav irrgular plural forms. child, childrn foot, ft di, dic goos, gs ox, oxn woman, womn man, mn mous, mic tooth, tth parnthsis, parnthss oasis, oass Th singular and plural forms of th following words ar th sam: dr, fish, moos, shp, trout, salmon, what, sris, traffic, and spcis. Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that corrctly complts ach sntnc. 1. Svn (childrn, child) in Mohammd s class liv in his nighborhood. 2. How many (trouts, trout) did you catch last wknd? 3. Th tallst playr for th Vally Ridg Pistons is narly six (ft, foots) tall, and sh is only 13 yars old. 4. Th xhaustd travlr thought h saw an (oasis, oass) in th dsrt, but it turnd out to b only an illusion. 5. Do you know how many (spcis, spciss) of frogs th rsarchrs discovrd in th rain forst? 6. Aftr waring bracs for thr yars, Kiara s (tths, tth) ar narly prfct. 7. A small gray (mic, mous) with vlvty fur and pink ars scurrid across th kitchn floor. 8. Th thr (dr, drs) stood motionlss in th woods, waiting for th intrudr to pass. 9. Th naturalist knw how to st th (gs s, goos s) brokn wing so that it would hal proprly. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 4 Word Structur 62

64 Lsson 2.4 Irrgular Plurals Ms. Mihocik s class is having a comptition to s who can writ th most crativ or intriguing first lin to a story. Rad th studnts ntris blow. Thn, writ a nw first lin using th plural form of ach bold word. 1. By th tim th snow rachd th windows of Anna s cabin, sh knw sh had no choic sh d hav to rmov th infctd tooth hrslf. 2. As Mr. Wals drov hom from work, h noticd that his car was th only car hadd ast, and that th rst of th traffic spd quickly away from th city. 3. Th young woman stard at th mirror in disblif, unabl to rcogniz a singl fatur of hr fac. 4. Eduardo yankd as hard as h could on th thin, taut lin and bgan rling in what h assumd was just a vry larg fish. 5. Th anxious fans who filld th stadium waitd in silnc to s if th star forward would b abl to play on hr injurd foot. 6. Kat could s clouds of stam rising from th moos s nostrils as sh carfully backd away from th animal s glinting ys and bony antlrs. Phonics Connction 1. On th lins, writ th bold words from abov that contain a digraph. 2. Which two bold words contain th /ü/ sound? Which word contains th /u / sound? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 4 Word Structur 63

65 Lsson 2.5 Possssivs Form a possssiv, or word that shows ownrship, by adding an apostroph ( ) and an s to th nd of a word. Words that nd in s ar tratd th sam way. Jacob s bdroom Jss s tam To form a plural possssiv, add an apostroph to th nd of a plural word. th cars hadlights th babis pacifirs If a plural word dos not nd in s, add an apostroph plus s. th shp s wool th womn s goal Rad th paragraphs blow. If th bold word is plural, writ PL on th lin. If it is singular possssiv, writ SP. If it is plural possssiv, writ PP. Most popl ar familiar with th Olympic Gams, but fw know much about th Paralympic Gams. Thy ar intndd for popl with physical disabilitis, and th comptitors dtrmination and skills ar amazing to witnss. Th first comptitions wr London s Stok Mandvill Gams, hld in 1948 for vtrans of World War II. As a doctor, Ludwig Guttmann s purpos in founding th vnt was to giv popl with spinal cord injuris a chanc to dvlop physically and incras thir slf-confidnc. Othr countris joind th comptition during th nxt fw yars, and in 1960, th first Paralympics wr hld in Rom. Today, a host city s bid for th Olympic Gams includs th Paralympics, which us th sam facilitis and tak plac thr wks aftr th clos of th Olympics. Th sports includ swimming, sailing, basktball, fncing, whlchair rugby, vollyball, whlchair tnnis, judo, alpin skiing, and sldg hocky, among many othrs. Th sports ruls may b slightly modifid to fit a particular disability, but gnrally, thr ar not a grat numbr of diffrncs. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 5 Word Structur 64

66 Lsson 2.5 Possssivs Rad th sntncs blow. On th lin, writ th possssiv form of ach word in parnthss. 1. March is National (Womn) History Month. 2. Th (vnt) goal is to bring awarnss to womn s issus and clbrat th achivmnts of womn in many diffrnt filds. 3. Maya (Anglou) famous book I Know Why th Cagd Bird Sings was publishd in Rachl Carson, a biologist and natur writr, wrot a book that brought th (world) attntion to th dangrs of a chmical calld DDT. 5. Maya Lin, a sculptor and architct, may b bst known for submitting th winning dsign for th Vitnam (Vtrans) Mmorial in Washington, D.C. 6. Wilma Mankillr, th Chrok (Nation) Chif from 1985 to 1995, was th first woman to lad a larg Nativ Amrican trib. 7. Of all th spac (shuttls) commandrs, only on has bn a woman: Eiln Collins. Rwrit ach phras blow as a possssiv. 1. th bat of th drums 2. th lyrics of th song 3. th solo of th guitarist 4. th nrgy of th musicians 5. th mlody of th kyboard Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 5 Word Structur 65

67 Rviw Plurals, Irrgular Plurals, and Possssivs REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 3 5 Fill in th blanks to complt th chart blow. Singular colony coach city waltz banjo portfolio physician mous mosquito Plural physicians mic Singular Possssiv waltz s banjo s mosquito s Plural Possssiv portfolios Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that corrctly complts ach sntnc. 1. Andy njoys rading nonfiction and usually chooss (biographis, biographys) or tru-advntur (storys, storis). 2. Tannr prfrs (mystrys, mystris) and crim (novls, novls). 3. Dwarvs, (lfs, lvs), and (ogrs, ogrs ) ar not uncommon charactrs in th (folktals, folktalss) and (lgnds, lgnds) that Shlby rads. 4. Natali has a larg collction of Japans (comics, comics) that sh ordrs from onlin spcialty stors. colonis waltzs coachs banjos citis portfolios mosquitos 5. All thr sixth-grad (class s, classs) at Washington Hights Middl School ar rading J. R. R. Tolkin s book Th Hobbit. 6. Sydny and Evan lov looking through thir mom s (cookbooks, cookbooks) and making intrsting (rcipis, rcips), lik Chsy Chickn (Burritos, Burritos) or Upsid-Down Cak with (Mangos, Mango s). colony s coach s city s portfolio s physician s mous s colonis waltzs coachs banjos citis physicians mic s mosquitos Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 3 5 Word Structur 66

68 Rviw Plurals, Irrgular Plurals, and Possssivs Th possssivs hav bn writtn incorrctly in th announcmnts blow. On ach lin, rwrit th corrct form of th possssiv and its objct. 1. Join Harris Books Litrat Ladys Rading Club! 2. Larn drawing, painting, or cramics at th Watman Rcration Cntr. Call for all th class s schduls. 3. On 3/23/07, my mothrs purs was lft bhind at Billy s BBQ Palac. Plas call with any information: Rward offrd! 4. For sal: 30 assortd childs toys $15 or bst offr. 5. Voluntrs ndd! Hlp clan Johnson Park this Sunday. Each prsons participation will b rwardd with a picnic lunch! 6. A bnfit auction will b hld for Jak Mastrs. Hlp rais funds to hlp pay for REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 3 5 Jaks intrnship in th Brazilian rain forst. 7. Nw, advancd fishing-lur tchnology! Trouts mouths just can t wait to bit onto this bait! Call for mor dtails! Phonics Connction 1. On th lins, writ th two words in th xrcis abov in which th digraph ch is pronouncd /k/. 2. On th lins, writ th two words that contain a vowl pair that maks th sound you har in raw. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 3 5 Word Structur 67

69 Lsson 2.6 Compound Words NAME A compound word is a combination of two shortr words. hand + shak = handshak candl + stick = candlstick Som words ar calld opn compounds. In opn compounds, thr is a spac btwn th two words, but thy rfr to a singl thing. hom run high school Us th picturs to hlp you fill in th blanks in th problms blow = 2. + = 3. bar + = 4. + = 5. + = 6. jlly + = Form a common compound word by drawing a lin to match ach word in column 1 to a word in column 2. Writ th compound word on th lin. watrmlon loudspakr whirlpool fir ngin sawd 1. watr pool 2. loud ngin 3. whirl wd 4. fir mlon 5. sa spakr Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 6 Word Structur 68

70 Lsson 2.6 Compound Words NAME Rad th lttr blow. Circl th 12 compound words, and draw a slash (/) btwn th two parts of ach compound.you do not nd to mark th sam word mor than onc. Dar Frinds and Nighbors, W, th kids of Fulton-Kings nighborhood, ar writing to you with a vry important mssag. If you hav rad th local nwspapr rcntly, you ar probably awar of th discussion surrounding th mpty lot at th cornr of Bnson Avnu and 8th Strt. Th city intnds to turn th lot into a dump for non-hazardous matrials. As you know, many Fulton-Kings rsidnts liv in apartmnts or homs with small backyards. Wouldn t you rathr your childrn spnt thir aftrnoons and wknds outdoors instad of bing coopd up insid? This is why w would lik to propos that a park b built in plac of th dump. Svral parnts hav voluntrd to hlp build a playground. Stbbins Nursry is willing to donat plants for landscaping, as wll as a small grnhous for th community gardn. W d also lik to hav a basktball court, a larg sandbox, and a pond. W ar asking all th rsidnts of Fulton-Kings to tak th tim to sign our ptition. You can also -mail th mayor s offic ([email protected]) or th city commissionr ([email protected]) and lt your opinions about this projct b hard. Without your hlp, th nwst addition to our nighborhood will b a dump. Isn t it worthwhil to hlp us mak a positiv chang? Sincrly, Darius, Alx,Branna, Macknzi, Nasira, Kayla, Robrt, Tasha, Dinh, Vanssa, Sammy Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 6 Word Structur 69

71 Lsson 2.7 Contractions A contraction is an abbrviatd way of writing two words. An apostroph ( ) taks th plac of th missing lttrs in a contraction. I v = I hav dosn t = dos not you ll = you will Th words will and not form th contraction won t. Undrlin th corrct contraction in ach st of parnthss blow. (Thr r, Th r) probably a numbr of foods you (ar nt, arn t) too crazy about ating. (I d, I ld) guss that crtain vgtabls ar at th top of your list, but you probably (hav nt, havn t) vr ndd to politly rfus a plat full of inscts. Popl around th world at all kinds of things (I am, I m) gussing (you d, you ld) nvr imagin making a mal from. For instanc, in Colombia, (do nt, don t) b surprisd if you s popl ating frid ants. (Th r, Thy r) srvd in papr cons and atn as a snack similar to popcorn. A Colombian (won t, wo nt) hsitat to at a guina pig, ithr. (It s, Its ) a common sourc of mat in South Amrica. In Nw Zaland, (thy v, th av) bn ating grubs for cnturis. Hu Hu grubs (arn t, ar nt) just for th nativ Maori popl, though. Many Nw Zalandrs of Europan dscnt, and plnty of tourists, lik thm, too. (Thy ill, Thy ll) tll you that th grubs tast lik panut buttr. Now, (lt s, lts s) had north to Japan and Kora, whr som rstaurants srv sa slugs as a dlicacy. You (might v, might av) thought that sa slugs could b tasty if th cook has drizzld a flavorful sauc ovr thm, but (hrs, hr s) th problm: sa slugs ar atn aliv! On of Franc s most famous dishs is scargot cookd in a garlicky buttr sauc. Mayb (your, you r) thinking that sounds tasty, but you (shouldn t, should nt) dcid until I translat th dish s nam into English. Escargot is th Frnch word for snails. (What r, What r) you thinking now? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 7 Word Structur 70

72 Lsson 2.7 Contractions Each of th following sntncs contains on incorrct contraction. Circl th contraction and rwrit it corrctly on th lin. 1. I v bn waiting for yars to try somthing I hav nt don bfor: parachuting. 2. Nxt wk, Im going skydiving with somon who s jumpd mor than a hundrd tims. 3. My instructors shown m vrything I should and shouldn t do whil falling through th air. 4. W v vn jumpd off a tall platform so that th impact whn I land wo nt b a surpris. 5. I m confidnt about th landing; thats not what s bothring m. 6. I kp draming that thrs a strong wind that carris m far away from whr I should v landd. 7. For th last two nights, I hav nt slpt wll. 8. I mustn t stay up too lat th night bfor bcaus wr taking off arly in th morning. 9. My instructor assurd m today that w ll do just fin, and if th winds too strong, w wouldn t b jumping anyway. Phonics Connction 1. Find four words from th xrcis abov that contain th sam long a vowl pair and writ thm on th lins. 2. Find two words in which th /sh/ sound is not splld sh and writ thm on th lins. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 7 Word Structur 71

73 Rviw Compound Words and Contractions Rad th words in both boxs blow. On th lins that follow, combin th words to mak as many compound words as possibl. Box A (first half of compound) Box B (scond half of compound) REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 6 7 fir any hom undr body plac ground fly grown on room town sick wood thing fightr whr watr war bag mor mad covr works Unscrambl th bold lttrs and writ th compound word that matchs ach clu blow. Draw a slash (/) to sparat th two words in ach compound. 1. brad mad with ground corn adcrbrno 2. a skat usd for moving around on ic ic ksta 3. a cup usd for drinking ta ctapu 4. a print mad by a foot fnopirott 5. to rid on th back of a hors sbahocrk 6. light from a candl lictdlghan 7. a hiv in which bs liv vhib 8. a bar that livs in polar rgions olapr bra 9. a hol in which a button fits hobtlonut Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 6 7 Word Structur 72

74 Rviw Compound Words and Contractions Circl th contractions in th sntncs blow. Writ th two words that mak up ach contraction on th lins that follow th sntnc. 1. If you r intrstd in music, you should visit th Rock and Roll Hall of Fam in Clvland, Ohio. 2. Howvr, if you ar xpcting to s rlativly nw artists, you ll probably b disappointd. 3. A musician can t b inductd until 25 yars aftr his or hr first rcord is rlasd. 4. It s probably th bst plac in th country to larn about th history of rock music and th prformrs who mad it famous. REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS Clvland wasn t th only city that wantd th Hall of Fam, but 600,000 rsidnts signd ptitions and won th honor for thir homtown. 6. All th inducts arn t Amrican and British, but som popl fl that rockrs from othr countris havn t bn givn nough attntion. 7. You shouldn t plan to visit th musum if you don t hav plnty of tim to spnd looking at th imprssiv collctions. 8. Thr r thousands of rar artifacts from artists lik th Batls, Elvis Prsly, th Rolling Stons, U2, and Michal Jackson. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 6 7 Word Structur 73

75 Lsson 2.8 Prfixs Adding a prfix to th bginning of a bas word can chang its maning. Th prfixs in-, im-, ir-, and il- all man not. impur = not pur inconvnint = not convnint illgal = not lgal irrsponsibl = not rsponsibl Rad th paragraphs blow. Circl th 13 words that contain th prfixs in-, im-, ir-, or il-. Normally, my brothr, Will, and I ar insparabl. W hav a lot of fun togthr and our disagrmnts ar infrqunt. Last wknd, though, w had a fight our parnts dscribd as immatur and irrational. Aftr brakfast that morning, Will askd if I would hlp him with a projct. Working with my oldr brothr is always an irrsistibl trat, so I quickly agrd. Will xplaind that w wr going to mov a pil of stons from th front of th hous to th gardn in th backyard. By th tim I got th whlbarrow, my brothr stood impatintly waiting to gt startd. W quickly loadd th cart with small stons, which w took turns whling to th gardn. I thought it was infficint, bcaus on of us just stood thr half th tim. Th stons bcam biggr as w rachd th bottom of th pil. Th last ston was practically immovabl. My brothr insistd that w lift it into th whlbarrow, but I thought that was illogical. I suggstd that th ston would b asir to roll around th hous. Will didn t sm to lik th fact that his littl brothr had com up with a bttr ida. H claimd that my inxprinc in landscap work mad m incapabl of knowing how to handl th rock. Our commnts bcam incrasingly impolit and incrasingly loud. That was whn our parnts cam outsid to s what was happning. To Will s crdit, h did apologiz a fw days latr and admittd that h was incorrct about th bst way to mov th ston. Yt anothr rason I admir my brothr! Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 8 Word Structur 74

76 Lsson 2.8 Prfixs Th prfixs n- and m- man in, into, mak, or caus to. nlarg = mak larg Rad ach pair of sntncs blow. Complt thm with a pair of words from th box. Th words you choos should fit th contxt of th sntncs. nvisiond, nsurd nrolld, mployd nlistd, nrichd ngulf, ncouragd 1. Th fir chif waitd for th flams to th building bfor allowing th firfightrs-in-training to put it out. 2. Th vtran firfightrs stood at th sidlins and th mn and womn who facd th blaz. 3. On August 23, Mr. Hoppl his thr-yar-old triplts at Sunnysid Prschool. 4. Mr. Hoppl had bn by th school as a tachr for six yars, but rcntly h dcidd to tach at th lmntary school. 5. Margart Frnandz in th army whn sh graduatd from collg. 6. Looking back on hr yars in th military, Margart flt that th xprinc had hr lif. 7. Mils spnt thr wknds in a row trying to crat th projct h had as his ntry for th scinc fair. 8. Onc h that vrything workd xactly as plannd, Mils hlpd his dad load th bulky machin into th minivan. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 8 Word Structur 75

77 Lsson 2.8 Prfixs Th prfix co- mans togthr. Th prfix mid- mans middl. Th prfix r- mans again. cocaptain = to b captains togthr midday = middl of th day runit = unit again Rad ach clu blow. Undrlin th word in parnthss that matchs th clu. On th lin, writ th bas word. 1. to host somthing togthr (cohost, rhost) 2. th middl of a stram (costram, midstram) 3. to produc again (rproduc, coproduc) 4. to writ again (cowrit, rwrit) Circl th word with a prfix in ach sntnc blow. On th lin, writ th dfinition of th word. 1. Anna s parnts cofoundd th Bckwith Littl Thatr 12 yars ago. 2. Thy had both lovd prforming as childrn and wr xcitd to rdiscovr thir hobby with Anna and hr brothr. 3. In Jun, thy bgan auditions for th lad in th midsummr production. 4. It was cowrittn by two tachrs from Anna s school. 5. Thy rtold a famous Shakspar play but st it in modrn tims. 6. Aftr watching th rharsal, th Bckwiths flt rassurd that th play would b a grat succss. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 8 Word Structur 76

78 Lsson 2.8 Prfixs Th prfix intr- mans btwn or among. Th prfix smi- mans partly or half. Th prfix non- mans not. intrstat = btwn stats smiswt = partly swt nonproductiv = not productiv Rad th words and th clus blow. Circl th prfixs in th words in th scond column. On th lin, writ th lttr of th word that matchs ach clu. h l a j b k d f c i g 1. partly conscious a. smisolid 2. connct among on anothr b. nonacadmic 3. not factual c. smicircl 4. half solid d. nonfiction 5. btwn nations. intrconnct 6. not acadmic f. intrcoastal 7. partly dry g. intrcollgiat 8. not fiction h. smiconscious 9. btwn coasts i. nonspcific 10. half a circl j. intrnational 11. not spcific k. smidry 12. btwn collgs l. nonfactual Phonics Connction Us th words in column 2 to answr th qustions that follow. 1. On th lins, writ th words that contain th soft c and soft g sounds. 2. Which two words contain both th soft and hard sounds of c? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 8 Word Structur 77

79 Lsson 2.8 Prfixs Th prfix uni- mans on. Th prfix bi- mans two. Th prfix tri- mans thr. Th prfix multi- mans many. unicolor = on color bimonthly = happning vry two months triangl = having thr angls multilvl = having many lvls Rad th qustions and th choics that follow. Undrlin th word that matchs ach dscription. 1. What is a comptition in which athlts compt in thr sports? triathlon multilvl biathlon 2. What ar yglasss that contain two diffrnt typs of lnss calld? trifocals bifocals multifocals 3. What is th nam for a prson who spaks many languags? trilingual bilingual multilingual 4. What is somthing that is a singl color calld? multicolor tricolor unicolor 5. What is th nam for a clbration that marks 200 yars? bicntnnial tricntnnial multicntnnial 6. What is th nam for a mythical cratur that has a singl horn on its had? bipd unicorn tripod 7. What is an vnt that dals with popl from many culturs calld? multicultural unicultural bicultural 8. What is th nam for a sris of thr books? biology multipack trilogy 9. What is somthing that can b usd for many diffrnt purposs calld? multipurpos bipurpos tripurpos Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 8 Word Structur 78

80 Lsson 2.8 Prfixs Th prfix dis- mans not or opposit of. Th prfix mis- mans wrongly or badly. dishonst = not honst misrad = rad wrongly Rplac ach st of bold words blow with a word using mis or dis. Last wk, my frind Thomas and I had a bit of a bad undrstanding with our tachr, Mrs. Youngr. Our class had gon to a park to gathr lavs and twigs to mak a natur collag. Mrs. Youngr had askd that vryon not badly trat th privilg of a spcial day away from class by not obying hr ruls. Thomas and I dcidd to chck out a path that ran into th woods. Thomas assurd m h knw th prfct plac to find cool lavs. Th problm was that Thomas badly judgd how wll h knw th park. H wrongly ld us onto a path h didn t rcogniz, and w wr lost. For an hour w hikd up and down a bunch of diffrnt paths. W trid not to gt not ncouragd, but w knw Mrs.Youngr was going to b mad bcaus w had not appard into th woods. Finally, w found a way out. Mrs. Youngr was not plasd with us, to say th last. Sh was frustratd by our bad bhavior, but mostly sh was worrid that somthing had happnd. W promisd to us bttr judgmnt nxt tim, and Mrs. Youngr said sh had no doubt w would. What a day! Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 8 Word Structur 79

81 Lsson 2.9 Suffixs Adding a suffix to th nd of a bas word can chang its maning. Somtims th splling of a bas word must chang bfor an nding is addd. For xampl, you may nd to drop a final, doubl a final consonant, or chang a y to i bfor adding a suffix. Th suffixs -sion and -tion man th act of, stat of, or quality of. confusion = stat of bing confusd opration = th act of oprating Rad th paragraphs blow. Circl th 15 words that contain th suffixs -sion and -tion. Do not mark th sam word mor than onc. Animation is th illusion cratd by making unmoving objcts in diffrnt positions appar to mov. It is a sort of dcption of th human y. Th imags pass so quickly that your brain conncts ach fram in on continuous movmnt. Animators usually crat 24 frams pr ach scond of film. If you do som calculations, you ll s how much tim, nrgy, and attntion go into th production of a singl tlvision cartoon or fatur film. In th past, animation was don compltly by hand. In addition to bing abl to crat intrsting illustrations, an animator ndd to work with prcision, concntration, and grat patinc. Cl animation was usd for th first tim in th arly 1900s, and it spd things up a bit. Using transparnt ovrlays savd th animators tim bcaus thy did not nd to r-crat th ntir background for vry fram. Nothing changd th world of animation mor, howvr, than th invntion of th computr. Not all modrn animation is cratd digitally, but th obvious attraction of using a computr is how much tim can b savd. Computr animation can also b incrdibly ralistic. Most computr animatd figurs ar thr-dimnsional, a quality that brings th charactrs to lif in a way that almost nothing ls can. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 9 Word Structur 80

82 Lsson 2.9 Suffixs Th suffixs -r and -or can man a prson who. gardnr = a prson who gardns dirctor = a prson who dircts Th suffix -ist mans on who maks or practics. pianist = somon who plays th piano Rad ach phras blow. On th lin that follows, writ a sntnc using a word that rplacs th phras and contains th suffix -r,-or, or -ist. Ex.: a prson who spaks Th Spakr of th Hous is a powrful position in th U.S. Hous of Rprsntativs. 1. a prson who paints 2. a prson who invnts 3. on who crats novls 4. a prson who govrns 5. on who studis biology 6. a prson who collcts 7. a prson who boxs 8. a prson who conducts Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 9 Word Structur 81

83 Lsson 2.9 Suffixs Th suffixs -nss and -ship man stat of bing or condition of. roughnss = stat of bing rough partnrship = stat of bing a partnr Th suffixs -anc and -nc man stat of bing or th act of. guidanc = th act of guiding xistnc = th stat of xisting Add a suffix to ach bas word blow. Writ th nw word on th first lin. On th scond lin, writ th dfinition of th word. Thn, circl ach word in th word sarch puzzl. Words may b writtn forward, backward, or diagonally. 1. fair + nss = 2. occur + nc = 3. assist + anc = 4. companion + ship = 5. round + nss = 6. fragrant + anc = 7. innocnt + nc = 8. citizn + ship = o p i h s n o i n a p m o c c i t i z n s h i p l s s c n c o n n i d f o s s y b u n s s w p h a j x m t f r a g r a n c c n n o r m a r q j c b i u f d r r y i b v d g w q i z n i l l p b n n s h r v a u a s s i s t a n c m r o f p t b d u a q r n x o r Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 9 Word Structur 82

84 Lsson 2.9 Suffixs Th suffix -ly mans in a way. quitly = in a quit way Th suffix -y mans bing or having. lucky = having luck Th suffixs -al and -ial man lik or having th charactristic of. coastal = having th charactristics of th coast industrial = having th charactristics of industry Circl th 23 words blow that nd with th suffix -ly,-y,-al, or -ial. On a stamy day in August, Julia O Brin boardd a plan for Irland. Sh had wantd for yars to s hr family s ancstral hom. Whn sh finally stood bfor th modst cottag, Julia flt hrslf bcoming tary. It sat alon on a small, grassy hill, th windows winking brightly in th aftrnoon sun. It was just a traditional Irish cottag, but to Julia, thr was somthing almost magical about sing th hous whr gnrations of hr ancstors had bn born. Th hous s mossy walls and frindly fac immdiatly mad Julia fl lik sh had com hom. It might smll a bit stuffy or musty whn you first go insid, said a kindly voic bhind Julia, but I v trid to air it out at last onc a wk. It s ssntial whn w hav long splls of rainy wathr. Julia turnd around abruptly to s a small woman with a halo of whit hair, inky black ys, and a chrful grin. I m Maggi Flanagan, th woman addd hlpfully. I v livd nxt door to th O Brins my whol lif. Julia smild, glad to s a chry fac. I was worrid that my family s history would b lost if I didn t com along to claim it, sh said thoughtfully. Mrs. Flanagan noddd and gntly took Julia s arm. You d hav your grandma s approval if sh wr hr. Sh was th family mmory-kpr, just lik you. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 9 Word Structur 83

85 Lsson 2.9 Suffixs Th suffixs -ous and -ious man having th quality of. disastrous = having th quality of a disastr suprstitious = having th quality of suprstition Rad ach bas word blow. Add th suffix -ous or -ious and writ th nw word on th first lin. On th scond lin, writ a sntnc using th word you formd. Rmmbr, you may nd to altr th splling of th bas word. 1. advntur 2. infct 3. miracl 4. caution 5. ambition 6. fury Phonics Connction Us th words you formd in xrcis 1 to answr th qustions blow. 1. In which words dos ti mak th /sh/ sound? 2. On th lins, writ th thr words that contain r-controlld vowls. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 9 Word Structur 84

86 Lsson 2.9 Suffixs Som words hav mor than on suffix. thirstinss (-y, -nss) motivational (-tion, -al) ralistically (-ic, -al, -ly) hopfully (-ful, -ly) Circl th word or words that contain mor than on suffix in ach sntnc blow. Mak a slash (/) btwn th two suffixs. 1. Evn though our fild trip to th Wilson Zoological Gardns was for ducational purposs, vryon still had a lot of fun. 2. A long lin of popl waitd xpctantly to gt into th zoo that day, but our class ntrd ffortlssly through a sid door. 3. Th zookpr ld us past a wid pond whr dozns of birds gracfully glidd through th watr or waddld across th grn carpt cratd by th ground s mossinss. 4. In th rptil hous, th zookpr unlatchd a fastnr that hld th top on an aquarium, thn cautiously pulld out a six-foot python. 5. Whil th zookpr fd lunch to th snak disgustingly mad up of liv mic our tachr dscribd th ralistic way th snak would hav caught its food in th wild. 6. In th bat hous, bats flittd jrkily around th cag and stratgically manuvrd through th air to rach dangling pics of fruit. 7. As th zookpr spok in a convrsational ton to two giant brown bars, sh casually tossd chunks of mat into thir xcptionally clan cag. 8. Th spotlssnss of th bars cag surprisd m, until I larnd that ach cag is rgularly hosd out twic a day. 9. Evryon in our group smild and laughd at th companionship of th bars, as thy playfully wrstld aftr ating lunch. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 9 Word Structur 85

87 Rviw Prfixs and Suffixs Us th tabl to hlp you rmmbr th manings of th prfixs you larnd. in-, im-, ir-, il-, non-, dis- = not n-, m- = in, into, or mak mid- = middl smi- = half, partly intr- = btwn, among co- = togthr REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 8 9 r- = again mis- = wrongly or badly uni- = on bi- = two tri- = thr multi- = many Rad th clus blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu. Writ th answrs in th numbrd spacs in th crossword puzzl. rarrang inxpnsiv dishonst nonspcific nlarg misjudg intrstat coxist smiprivat tricratops immatur 3. to xist togthr 7. btwn stats 8. a hornd dinosaur Across 9. not xpnsiv 10. to mak largr 11. to wrongly judg 1. not spcific 2. not matur 4. partly privat Down 5. arrang again 6. not honst n i cox i s t m n r d m s m i n t r s t a t p t r i c r a t ops t p r h u c r r o r i n x p n s i v i a n l a r g f v n i a g m i s j u d g c t t Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 8 9 Word Structur 86

88 Rviw Prfixs and Suffixs Us th tabl to hlp you rmmbr th manings of th suffixs you larnd. -sion,-tion = act, stat, or quality of -r,-or = a prson who -ist = on who maks or practics -nss,-ship = stat of bing -ly = in a way -y = bing, having -al,-ial = having th charactristic of -ous,-ious = having th quality of -anc,-nc = stat of bing, th act of Rad th sntncs blow. Rplac ach st of bold words with a word that contains on of th suffixs from abov and writ it on th lin. 1. On Octobr 29, 1929, Black Tusday, th stock markt crashd and snt th Unitd Stats into th Grat stat of bing dprssd. 2. Evryon from popl who farm to popl who mak art REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 8 9 to popl who tach suffrd svr stat of bing hard during this priod in history. 3. As much as 25 prcnt of workrs wr unmployd, and th act of compting for xisting jobs was firc. 4. Popl wr dsprat for strong stat of bing a ladr, and in 1932, Franklin D. Roosvlt was lctd prsidnt. 5. Th Nw Dal was th nam of Roosvlt s program to combat th conomic, social, and having th charactristics of financs ffcts of th Dprssion. 6. Thr is not on singl act of xplaining of why th Grat Dprssion took plac. 7. Although things wr in a slow way starting to improv in th lat 1930s, it was prparation for World War II that finally changd th conomic situation. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 8 9 Word Structur 87

89 Lsson 2.10 Syllabication Words can b dividd into parts calld syllabls. Each syllabl has on vowl sound, so th numbr of a word s vowl sounds quals th numbr of syllabls. laugh ing = 2 vowl sounds = 2 syllabls car ou sl = 3 vowl sounds = 3 syllabls o pr a tion = 4 vowl sounds = 4 syllabls Rad th paragraphs blow. Nxt to ach bold word writ th numbr of vowl sounds you har whn you say th word out loud. Would you vr considr ating food grown in manur insid a cav or a dark cllar? How do you fl about consuming fungus? You might lik mushrooms on a pizza, but most popl giv littl thought to th origins of th mushrooms thy at. Although thr ar many varitis of mushrooms, only a limitd numbr ar dibl. Popl who forag for mushrooms in th wild must b xcdingly carful. About 200 spcis of fungi ar poisonous. It s not always asy to tll which mushrooms ar dangrous. Thr s no nd to worry about th mushrooms you buy at th stor, howvr. Thy ar raisd for th purpos of slling in markts, or thy ar gathrd by xprincd huntrs. Truffls ar th most valuabl fungi. Thy grow undrground and ar difficult to find. Spcially-traind pigs and dogs ar oftn usd to locat thm in th wild. It s worth all th troubl, though : a pound of truffls can sll for as much as 700 dollars! Phonics Connction Find thr bold words that contain th // sound. Writ thm on th lins and circl th lttr or lttrs that mak th sound. Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: considr fungus dangrous Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 10 Word Structur 88

90 Lsson 2.10 Syllabication A two-syllabl compound word can b dividd som thing sail boat into syllabls btwn th parts of th compound. A word that has a prfix or suffix is dividd r plac bright nss btwn th prfix or suffix and th bas word. A word that has two consonants btwn two mag nt f fort vowls (VCCV) is dividd btwn consonants. If a word has th VCV pattrn, listn to th first vowl sound. If it is long, th word is usually o pn fi nal dividd aftr th first vowl. If it is short, th word is usually dividd mt al sal ad aftr th consonant. On th lin, writ th word from th box that nams ach pictur blow. Draw a slash (/) to divid th word into syllabls. hamburgr lmon plants acorn grasshoppr cupcak icicls jllyfish chimny Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 10 Word Structur 89

91 Rviw Syllabication Rad th ntris in th tim lin blow. Nxt to ach bold word, writ th numbr of vowl sounds. Thn, draw slashs to divid th word into syllabls. Th History of 3500 B.C. th first whld carts ar invntd 1620 Cornlius Drbbl crats th first submarin REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSON Blais Pascal s hors-drawn bus, th first public bus, runs along th strts of Paris 1769 th slf-proplld motor vhicl is invntd by Nicholas-Josph Cugnot 1783 th first hot air balloon, mannd by th Montgolfir brothrs, taks to th skis 1786 th first working stamboat in th Unitd Stats chugs down th Dlawar Rivr 1791 modrn bicycls ar invntd in Scotland 1804 th stam-powrd locomotiv is invntd 1873 th first cabl strtcar is introducd in San Francisco 1885 Karl Bnz patnts th gas-ngin automobil in Grmany two Grman invntors crat th first motorcycl 1903 th Wright Brothrs invnt and fly th first airplan 1926 Robrt Goddard launchs th first liquid-fuld rockt 1936 th first working hlicoptr is producd in Grmany 1947 Charls Yagr pilots th first suprsonic plan and braks th sound barrir at 662 mils pr hour 1969 th first mannd mission to th moon is compltd 1970 th Boing 747, th first jumbo jt, is cratd 1981 Columbia, th first spac shuttl, is launchd Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lsson 10 Word Structur 90

92 Rviw Syllabication Rad th rcip blow. Undrlin on-syllabl bold words onc and two-syllabl bold words twic. Circl thr-syllabl bold words. Jambalaya 2 taspoons oil 2 taspoons paprika pound chickn brast taspoon ground rd pppr 7 ouncs slicd turky kilbasa taspoon salt 1 cup dicd onion 1 taspoon ach drid basil and organo 1 dicd grn bll pppr 2 tablspoons tomato past cup choppd clry 1 can dicd tomatos with grn chils 1 cups whit ric pound cland, raw shrimp 3 cups chickn broth cup choppd grn onions 1. Cut th chickn into littl pics. (B sur to wash your hands thoroughly ach tim you touch raw mat or safood.) Hat th oil in a larg saucpan. Cook th REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 10 chickn for about fiv minuts, and thn transfr it to anothr dish. 2. Add th onion, pppr, and clry to th pan. Cook, stirring occasionally, for about 8 minuts. Add th kilbasa, and cook for an additional 5 minuts. 3. Add th ric, broth, and sasonings to th vgtabl mixtur. Bring it to a boil, thn covr it and rduc th hat to low. Simmr for about 15 minuts. 4. Add th chickn, tomato past, and dicd tomatos, and cook for 10 minuts. 5. Add th shrimp and grn onions, and cook just until th shrimp turn pink. 6. Garnish with grn onions, and srv with hot sauc. Rcip yilds 6 srvings. * Rmmbr, you should always ask an adult for hlp in th kitchn whn using knivs or th stov. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lsson 10 Word Structur 91

93 Lsson 3.1 Synonyms and Antonyms A synonym is a word that has th sam or almost th sam maning as anothr word. supply, provid dcras, lssn astonish, surpris An antonym is a word that mans th opposit of anothr word. complx, simpl allow, forbid tmporary, prmannt Rad th sntncs blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that is a synonym for ach bold word. probabl happn origin brifly rcall quick 1. Evn popl who don t usually rmmbr thir drams onc thy awakn still dram vry night. 2. Th majority of drams occur during a typ of slp that is known as REM, or rapid y movmnt, slp. 3. During REM slp, th ys mov quickly back and forth, brathing bcoms fastr, and th body is tmporarily paralyzd. 4. Scintists don t agr about th sourc of drams or thir manings. 5. Studis don on animals show that mammals and birds hav slp cycls that ar similar to humans, so it is likly that thy also dram. Rad th sts of words blow. Circl th pair of antonyms in ach st. 1. complimnt corrct insult solution 2. qustion answr ignor prpar 3. worn sparat stiff flxibl 4. diffrnt ancint modrn ordinary 5. uslss public incras privat Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 1 Vocabulary 92

94 Lsson 3.1 Synonyms and Antonyms Rad th paragraphs blow. If th bold word is followd by an A, find an antonym from th box and writ it on th lin. If it is followd by an S, find a synonym and writ it on th lin. finishing always altrd fortunatly viwpoint group prvious motivatd locatd cowardly vanishd failurs insignificant Amlia Earhart was a couragous (A) woman who forvr changd (S) th world s prspctiv (S) about womn in aviation. Earhart was nationally rcognizd in 1928 whn sh bcam th first woman to fly across th Atlantic. Howvr, sh was only a passngr on th plan. Th trip inspird (S) Earhart to plan a solo (A) transatlantic flight. Four yars latr, on May 20, 1932, Earhart flw across th ocan and st a rcord by complting (S) th journy in 14 hours and 56 minuts. Th nxt (A) important flight Earhart plannd was th crossing of th Pacific Ocan, from Hawaii to California. Although this might not sm lik a monumntal (A) trip today, no othr aviators at that tim had succssfully accomplishd th goal. In 1935, Earhart mad th trip and addd anothr rcord to hr list of achivmnts (A). Amlia Earhart s nxt mission was to fly all th way around th world. Unfortunatly (A), it was a goal that sh didn t mt. On July 2, 1937, Earhart s plan disappard (S) somwhr ovr th Pacific Ocan, nar Howland Island. For yars, popl talkd about what might hav happnd to th bold young aviator. To this day, no on is crtain what bcam of Earhart and hr navigator, Frd Noonan. Th plan s wrckag was nvr (A) found (S), and it likly still rsts somwhr on th ocan floor. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 1 Vocabulary 93

95 Lsson 3.1 Synonyms and Antonyms Rad ach clu blow. Unscrambl th bold lttrs bsid it to find th word that matchs th clu and writ it on th lin. 1. an antonym for succss ilurfa 2. a synonym for fbl kaw 3. a synonym for thin ndslr 4. an antonym for cautious acrlss 5. a synonym for vacant typm 6. an antonym for awkward cfgraul 7. a synonym for brav cuoraguso 8. an antonym for shrink xnpad 9. an antonym for gnrous ytisng 10. a synonym for frqunt otnf 11. a synonym for injur unwod 12. an antonym for amatur ofssalprion Rad ach pair of words blow. If th words ar synonyms, writ S on th lin. If thy ar antonyms, writ A on th lin. 1. vn, odd 7. prmit, rfus 2. vrify, confirm 8. stiff, flxibl 3. amus, bor 9. pardon, forgiv 4. fact, fiction 10. wild, tam 5. undrstand, 11. pak, summit comprhnd 6. gratful, 12. ignorant, apprciativ knowldgabl Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 1 Vocabulary 94

96 Lsson 3.1 Synonyms and Antonyms Rad th paragraphs blow and complt th activity that follows. Hav you vr had th opportunity to viw a total solar clips? Som popl think that this natural vnt is so amazing that thy ar willing to travl grat distancs to s it. A solar clips occurs whn th moon passs dirctly in front of th sun. For a brif priod of tim, th sun s light is blockd by th moon. A total clips can usually b viwd only from a rlativly small ara on Earth, whras a partial clips can oftn b sn from a largr ara. Whn th moon is at its closst to Earth, it obscurs th sun compltly. Whn it is farthr away, it covrs only th cntral part of th sun, laving a bright ring around th dgs. This is calld an annular clips. Looking dirctly at th sun during an clips can caus grat damag to th rtina of th y, vn prmannt blindnss. On way to safly viw a solar clips is to bring a glass full of dark liquid, lik coff or pop, outsid with you. Position it so that you can s th clips rflctd on its surfac. Th harmful light is absorbd by th bvrag, but you can still s a clar imag of th vnt. 1. In paragraph 1, find a synonym for chanc. 2. In paragraph 1, find an antonym for artificial. 3. In paragraph 1, find a synonym for incrdibl. 4. In paragraph 1, find a synonym for totally. 5. In paragraph 1, find a synonym for bordrs. 6. In paragraph 2, find an antonym for tmporary. 7. In paragraph 2, find a synonym for mirrord. 8. In paragraph 2, find a synonym for damaging. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 1 Vocabulary 95

97 Lsson 3.2 Shads of Maning NAME Evn words that ar synonyms may hav diffrnt shads of maning. It is important to us contxt to dtrmin which word bst complts a sntnc. Bcaus th words mlt and thaw hav diffrnt shads of maning, on word (thaw) bttr fits th following sntnc. Mr. Fridman almost forgot to mlt th hamburgrs for dinnr. Mr. Fridman almost forgot to thaw th hamburgrs for dinnr. Rad ach pair of sntncs blow. Find th pair of words in th box that will complt th sntncs. Writ thm on th lins, making sur that ach word fits th maning of th sntnc. sparat, divid knottd, tangld strngth, powr cratd, invntd clar, mpty 1. th mss from th tabl bfor you start your homwork. If you your book bag, I can add it to this load of laundry. 2. Drk bcam in th curtain as h trid to walk offstag. Mariah th string tightly and handd th packag to th mail carrir. 3. Th artist 20 nw pics of work for hr first gallry show. Louis Braill th Braill systm of writing for popl who cannot s. 4. th studnts into groups of thr. th gg whits from th yolks, and bat thm with a mixr. 5. My dad s nw lawnmowr has a lot mor than th old on. In gym, w liftd wights to tst our. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 2 Vocabulary 96

98 Lsson 3.2 Shads of Maning NAME Rad th paragraphs blow. Th words in parnthss hav diffrnt shads of maning. Undrlin th word that bst complts ach sntnc. Th summr I turnd 12, my lif (changd, altrd) forvr. It wasn t in any of th ways you r (probably, likly) imagining. I didn t (misplac, los) my bst frind, my parnts didn t win th lottry, and I didn t hav to (transport, mov) all th way across th country and start a nw lif somwhr ls. My oldr brothr and I livd with our parnts in a brick apartmnt building in downtown Chicago. I mad (companions, frinds) with an Indian family from two doors down whn I was svn. Whnvr I visitd thm, thy told m (storis, fabls) about lif in India. Mrs. Mhta was always laving covrd plats filld with piping hot naan a typ of Indian flatbrad or spicy samosas at our door. I knw that th Mhtas wr (travling, voyaging) to India for a month at th (compltion, nd) of th summr, but I had no (thought, ida) I d b invitd to join thm. My parnts wr both working long hours that summr, and my brothr had unxpctdly gottn (a job, an occupation) at th collg whr h would attnd classs in th fall. If I hadn t travld halfway around th world with th Mhtas, would I still hav (dtctd, discovrd) my passion for photography? I quickly found that I lovd th way I could (captur, trap) a momnt on film. Th colors, movmnt, and activity in India astoundd m. I didn t want to miss anything bcaus I knw I could nvr dscrib in words th world I was sing. Evry fw yars, I join th Mhtas on thir journy (hom, hous). I bring my camra with m, of cours, bcaus I havn t gon anywhr without it in yars. I walk th strts of Bangalor, and I rmmbr how thy inspird m to discovr my talnt for photography th summr I turnd 12. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 2 Vocabulary 97

99 Lsson 3.3 Lvls of Spcificity NAME Som words giv th radr mor dtaild information than othrs. In th following st of words par, fruit, food th word food is th most gnral. Fruit is a mor spcific typ of food. Th word par is mor spcific than ithr food or fruit. Rad th sts of words blow. On th lin, rwrit ach st in ordr from gnral to spcific. 1. colli mammal dog 2. city Las Vgas plac 3. illnss disas diabts 4. subjct languag Frnch 5. clbration vnt birthday 6. panic fling worry 7. tr willow plant 8. vhicl car sdan 9. structur stadium building 10. coin dim currncy Phonics Connction Us th words abov to answr th qustions that follow. 1. Find on word that contains a hard and a soft c and on word that contains a hard and a soft g, and writ thm on th lins. 2. On th lins, list th fiv words that contain a consonant digraph. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 3 Vocabulary 98

100 Lsson 3.3 Lvls of Spcificity NAME Rad th sntncs blow. For ach word in bold, thr is a mor spcific word in th box. Find th word and writ it on th lin. srgant novlist pdiatrician tapots fork ballt Orion 1. Lydia has bn taking danc classs for thr yars. 2. Samus s uncl is a soldir in th Marin Corps. 3. Onc you know th pattrn to look for, it is asy to spot th constllation on a clar night. 4. Plas put a napkin and a utnsil nxt to ach gust s plat. 5. Grandma Caro has bn collcting dcorativ containrs for narly half a cntury. 6. Xavir hops to b a writr somday, whil his sistr, Asia, plans to b a doctor. Look at th picturs, and rad th sntncs blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that matchs th pictur and corrctly complts th sntnc. flip-flop bookcas painting duck doghous 1. A is a typ of fowl, which is a typ of bird. 2. Th word shltr is mor gnral than. 3. Th word sho is mor gnral than but mor spcific than footwar. 4. Th word furnitur is mor gnral than. 5. A still lif is a typ of, which is a typ of art. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 3 Vocabulary 99

101 Rviw NAME Synonyms, Antonyms, Shads of Maning, and Lvls of Spcificity Rad th paragraphs blow. On th lin bsid ach bold word, writ a synonym. On th lin bsid ach undrlind word, writ an antonym. Tak a momnt, and try to think of diffrnt ways mssags and information hav bn snt throughout history. Lttrs, -mails, th Pony Exprss, and tlgraphs might com to mind. Chancs ar, howvr, that you nvr vn REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS 1 3 considrd a pigon with a tiny tub attachd to its lg. Homing pigons hav bn usd for this purpos in Egypt sinc at last 3000 B.C. Pigons hav also bn usd to carry mrgncy mssags in many othr placs around th world. During tims of war, pigons wr a fairly rliabl way of snding information. On pigon, mployd by th U.S. Army Signal Corps, travld th amazing distanc of approximatly 2,300 mils. Othr pigons routinly travld distancs of about 1,000 mils, flying at spds of 30 to 60 mils pr hour. Pigons cannot b usd to snd mssags btwn two random locations. Thy can t follow dirctions in ordr to arriv at a crtain dstination. Instad, ths intllignt birds ar traind to rcogniz a spcific plac as hom. Th young birds ar takn farthr away in ach bout of training, and thy vntually larn to find thir way hom from grat distancs. No on is sur xactly how pigons ar abl to find thir way hom from unfamiliar placs. Much rsarch has bn don on this intrsting phnomnon. Som scintists bliv that pigons may us Earth s magntic fild as a sort of natural compass. Othrs bliv that thy us landmarks, much th way popl do. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 3 Vocabulary 100

102 Rviw NAME Synonyms, Antonyms, Shads of Maning, and Lvls of Spcificity Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that bst complts th sntnc. On th lin, writ a nw sntnc corrctly using th word you did not undrlin. 1. Th wrckrs ar coming to (dmolish, ruin) th old building on Tusday. 2. Plas load th (dirty, filthy) dishs into th dishwashr bfor you lav. 3. Amricans (at, consum) mor gas ach yar than popl living in most othr countris do. 4. (Dlt, Rmov) th cak from th ovn in half an hour. REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS Can I (us, oprat) your cll phon to call my sistr? 6. If you (turn, rvolv) around quickly, you might still s th grat blu hron standing on a log in th pond. Draw a lin to match ach word in th column on th lft with a mor spcific word from th list bsid it. 1. xrcis shampoo 7. mtal tarantula 2. shllfish gallon 8. spidr molar 3. pppr Japans 9. politician bicps 4. clansr arobics 10. tooth dill 5. Asian jalapño 11. hrb govrnor 6. masurmnt shrimp 12. muscls aluminum Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 3 Vocabulary 101

103 Lsson 3.4 Homophons Words that sound th sam but hav diffrnt spllings and manings ar calld homophons. This wknd, Dad will rpair th crack in th ciling. Saling th jars proprly is an important stp whn canning fruit. Rad th pairs of clus blow. On th lin, writ ach homophon from th box nxt to its dfinition. sor, soar sllr, cllar bouldr, boldr fla, fl isl, aisl pddl, pdal rung, wrung build, billd hoars, hors 1. mor bold a larg ston 2. painful to fly high in th air 3. a husky or a farmyard animal throaty voic 4. a prson who a basmnt slls things 5. squzd tightly th past tns of ring 6. th past tns to construct of bill 7. an insct that to run away fds on animals 8. a pathway an island 9. to sll to rid a bik Phonics Connction Which pair of words in th box contains two diffrnt spllings of th long sound? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 4 Vocabulary 102

104 Lsson 3.4 Homophons Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that corrctly complts ach sntnc. 1. It took a crw of narly 20,000 popl to (billd, build) th Taj Mahal during th 1600s. 2. Th Eiffl Towr, which was compltd in 1889, has bn a popular (symbol, cymbal) of Franc for mor than a cntury. 3. San Francisco s Coit Towr, which contains murals paintd by 26 diffrnt artists, can b rachd by only on (road, rod). 4. Th tallst (mttl, mtal) staircas in th world can b found insid Toronto s famous CN Towr. 5. Australia s Sydny Opra Hous is a uniqu pic of architctur that looks lik a sris of billowing (sails, sals) on boats in th harbor. 6. Th Unitd Stats (Capital, Capitol), locatd at th ast nd of th National Mall in Washington, D.C., houss Congrss. 7. Italy s Laning Towr of Pisa is currntly about thr ft tallr on on (sighd, sid) than th othr. 8. Th Grat Wall of China, which strtchs narly 4,000 mils, can b (sn, scn) from outr spac. Rad th pairs of homophons blow. Us ach word in a sntnc. You may us a dictionary if you nd to chck th maning of a word. 1. (chili, chilly) 2. (thron, thrown) 3. (stationary, stationry) Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 4 Vocabulary 103

105 Lsson 3.5 Multipl-Maning Words A multipl-maning word, or homograph, is a word that has mor than on maning. Contxt can hlp you dtrmin which maning th author intnds. Mary Klly is th nwst mmbr of th law firm. Th tomato fls firm, so it is probably not rip yt. Rad ach sntnc and th dfinitions that follow. Circl th lttr of th dfinition that matchs th bold word. 1. In Octobr of 2003, an amazing nw watr bridg opnd in Grmany. a. a card gam b. a structur that conncts two aras 2. Although th projct was bgun in th 1930s, World War II and th Cold War stoppd its progrss until th 1990s. a. a task or plan b. to caus an imag to appar on a surfac 3. On th day th bridg opnd, hundrds of popl lind th banks of th Elb Rivr to watch th first ships pass ovrhad. a. th land bsid a body of watr b. placs whr popl kp thir mony 4. Th bridg is 3,011 ft long and cost th quivalnt of mor than 600 million dollars to build. a. th bottoms of lgs b. masurmnts qual to 12 inchs 5. Imagin how stabl and strong th bridg must b to withstand th wight of all that watr! a. a building whr horss ar kpt b. sturdy; not asily movd 6. Thousands of pounds of stl and concrt wr usd in its construction. a. units of wight b. hits somthing ovr and ovr Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 5 Vocabulary 104

106 Lsson 3.5 Multipl-Maning Words Rad ach sntnc blow. On th lin, writ a sntnc using anothr maning of th bold word. If you nd hlp, you may us a dictionary. 1. Th mmbrs of th quiz tam wr prparing for a match against thir toughst comptitor. 2. Thir rcords wr tid, and ach tam badly wantd to win. 3. In ordr to b fair, th qustions wr chosn randomly. 4. Thr wr six pupils on ach tam, as wll as two substituts. 5. At th nd of ach round, th coachs took a fw minuts to giv th contstants a pp talk. 6. Although it was kind of difficult to concntrat in front of a crowd, most of th contstants had larnd to focus thir attntion on th comptition. 7. Winning th final match would man th chanc to compt in th rgional championships. 8. Th judgs would prsnt th winning tam with a trophy. Phonics Connction 1. Which bold word abov contains th long i sound? 2. Which bold word abov contains a vowl diphthong? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 5 Vocabulary 105

107 Rviw Homophons and Multipl-Maning Words Rad th paragraphs blow. On ach lin, writ a homophon for th bold word. Som words hav mor than on corrct answr. Nithr Kat nor Emily had vr bn to a fla markt bfor, but thy knw thir grandma wnt frquntly. Sh collctd antiqu prfum bottls, old quilts, and postcards from REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS 4 5 around th world. It rally dosn t mattr whthr or not w find anything today, Grandma told th girls. I think you ll njoy browsing th booths and popl watching. Although it was not yt 10, th outdoor fla markt was alrady humming with activity. Kat, Emily, and Grandma mad thir way through th crowd and bgan looking at th goods st on tabls and pild in bins. Th sllrs agrly answrd qustions from potntial buyrs. Kat lovd sifting through th old-fashiond cloths and imagining who thir ownrs might hav bn. Sh hld up a chry rd drss with a flowr pking out of th pockt. Sh couldn t wait to try it on. Did you find anything? Emily askd, as Grandma ntrd th booth. Hr grandma sighd. I found a bautiful quilt, sh said. I could tll that ach pic of fabric had a story to tll. I was rady to buy it whn I noticd a hol in th lining. I couldn t hlp myslf, though. I bought it anyway, but it looks lik I v got som work ahad of m. Kat smild. You can t fool us, sh said. W know that your favorit finds ar things that nd a littl lov and attntion. You girls know m too wll! Grandma xclaimd. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 4 5 Vocabulary 106

108 Rviw Homophons and Multipl-Maning Words Rad th paragraphs and answr th qustions that follow. No on knows for sur whn or whr playing cards wr invntd. On thory says that thy wr dvlopd in India as a variation on chss. Othrs think that cards wr first usd as gam markrs in China or Egypt. Whrvr thy cam from originally, thy rachd th Middl East about a thousand yars ago and arrivd in Europ during th 1200s. Card dcks in thos days had to b hand drawn or paintd. This procss mad ach dck vry xpnsiv. Only walthy popl, spcially royalty, playd card gams. Around 1400, though, wood blocks wr first usd to print cards, so th dcks bcam mor affordabl. Today, almost thr-quartrs of th world s population play som sort of card gams. Th dck that is most commonly usd has four suits harts, spads, diamonds, and clubs. Each suit is mad of 13 cards king, qun, jack, ac, and cards numbrd two through tn. Cards hav givn artists and dsignrs a uniqu outlt for thir work. Som dcks contain a story in picturs that runs from on card to th nxt. Othr dcks display photographs or drawings of a particular group of popl or objcts. For instanc, on dck may show 52 vintag cars and anothr might show 52 British manor houss. 1. In Paragraph 2, which word mans obstructs and cubs? REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS In Paragraph 3, which word mans hits and organizations? 3. In Paragraph 3, which word mans knock down and platform? 4. In Paragraph 4, which word mans tal and floor or lvl? 5. In Paragraph 4, which word mans things and disapprovs? 6. In Paragraph 4, which word mans xit and plug? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 4 5 Vocabulary 107

109 Lsson 3.6 Clippd Words and Acronyms Clippd words ar words that ar commonly usd in thir shortnd forms for convninc. vt = vtrinarian flu = influnza xam = xamination Jffrson Middl School is hosting an auction as a school fundraisr. Find th word in ach itm that can b clippd, undrlin it, and writ th shortnd form of th word on th lin. 1. a on-yar mmbrship to th Wyndham Zoological Gardns 2. th chanc to play a gam and gt som tips from intrnational tnnis champion Austin Mills 3. two airplan tickts to Maui, Hawaii 4. on school yar s worth of mathmatics tutoring from th qualifid tutors at th Larning Cntr 5. a full family mmbrship to Mallys Gymnasium (any of our four locations) 6. two courtsid tickts to th profssional basktball gam of your choic at Wyndham Arna 7. crtificats rdmabl for 25 fr hamburgrs at Whity s Driv-Thru 8. two vnings of unlimitd limousin srvic 9. a on-yar pass to Mo s Miniatur Golf World Phonics Connction Us your answrs from th xrcis abov to complt th following itms. 1. Which two words contain digraphs? 2. Which word contains two r-controlld vowls? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 6 Vocabulary 108

110 Lsson 3.6 Clippd Words and Acronyms Acronyms and initializations ar abbrviations using th first lttr of ach word in a nam or titl. In an acronym, th lttrs ar pronouncd as a word (NATO). In an initialization, th individual lttrs ar pronouncd (UN). NATO = North Atlantic Traty Organization UN = Unitd Nations In som abbrviations, small words, lik articls or prpositions, ar lft out. ESL = English as a scond languag On th lin, writ an acronym or initialization for ach st of words. 1. unidntifid flying objct 2. slf-containd undrwatr brathing apparatus 3. Parnt-Tachr Association 4. grad point avrag 5. sports utility vhicl 6. Univrsity of North Carolina 7. Cntral Intllignc Agncy Rad th sntncs blow. On th lin, writ th initialization from th box that matchs ach bold phras. LOL HAND ASAP OTOH IMO BTW 1. In my opinion, th gam lastd way too long. 2. m as soon as possibl. 3. Mr. Haas had th whol class laughing out loud. 4. By th way, I borrowd your blu swatr. 5. I d lik to go to th movis tonight. On th othr hand, my favorit show is on TV. 6. Hav a nic day and don t forgt your lunch! Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 6 Vocabulary 109

111 Lsson 3.7 Word Play A palindrom is a word or sntnc that rads th sam forward and backward. madam noon Stp on no pts. Top spot. Circl th lttr of th palindrom in ach pair blow. 1. a. Rac fast, saf car. 5. a. Was it a car or som cat I saw? b. Roy, am I th mayor? b. Nurss run. 2. a. Stlla won no wallts. 6. a. Gary knits m stinky rag. b. Nd, I am not a maidn. b. Did Hannah say as Hannah did? 3. a. Nvr odd nor vn. 7. a. Too bad I v hiddn a boot. b. Dr. Awkward b. Som mn intrprt nin mmos. 4. a. Fl to m, my rmot lf. 8. a. A man, a plan, a canal, Panama! b. Wontons? Not now. b. Don t vr nod. An anagram is formd by rarranging th lttrs of anothr word. night thing limpd dimpl won now Rad th sntncs blow. Circl th word in ach sntnc that is an anagram for th bold word. 1. Maria packd thr pairs of shos for hr trip to Paris. 2. Casy grabbd a stack of papr, a staplr, two pns, and a fw tacks. 3. W ll nd mor tim if w ar going to visit all of th landmarks in Rom. 4. Dad omits most of th oil from th rcip, but his chocolat cak is still always moist and dlicious. 5. Did you buy nough mat to fd vryon on th tam? 6. Evry March, my grandma givs m a nw charm for my braclt. 7. Non of th passngrs noticd th small non sign. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 7 Vocabulary 110

112 Lsson 3.7 Word Play A portmantau (pôrt man tō ) word is a combination of two othr words. Unlik a compound word, it contains only parts of th words. bash = bang + smash mopd = motor + pdal Rad th sntncs blow. Rplac ach st of bold words with a portmantau word from th box. Intrnt flurry splattrd dumbfound scrawl gustimatd smog brunch splurgd 1. Aftr brakfast + lunch, Rashid sat down at th computr. 2. H brought up th intrnational ntwork so that h could rsarch idas for a scinc fair projct. 3. Rashid wantd to find somthing spctacular, somthing that would dumb + confound his ntir class. 4. For th prvious yar s fair, h had splashd + surgd on a kit h had found onlin. 5. It was supposd to dmonstrat how smok + fog in larg citis was contributing to global warming, but it hadn t bn much of a succss. 6. Th matrials wrn t vry good quality, and watr had splashd + spattrd all ovr Rashid s tabl at th fair. 7. Aftr scanning svral sits, Rashid suddnly found th prfct ida and bgan to scribbl + sprawl th instructions on a pic of scrap papr. 8. H gussd + stimatd how much h would nd of crtain matrials and hadd to th stor in a fluttr + hurry of xcitmnt. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 7 Vocabulary 111

113 Rviw Clippd Words, Acronyms, and Word Play Rad ach clippd word blow. Its unabbrviatd form is writtn bsid it, but th lttrs ar scrambld. Unscrambl thm and writ th word on th lin. 1. ti cktin 2. prof ofporrss 3. xam amionxanit REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS vt ianvrinart 5. sub stituubst 6. mini mniiaurt 7. rf rfr Rplac ach st of bold words with an acronym or an initialization. 1. Sonia mad hrslf a bacon, lttuc, and tomato sandwich for lunch. 2. Mr. Jimnz fild his tax rturn onlin at th Wb sit for th Intrnal Rvnu Srvic. 3. Bryan s uncl was a prisonr of war during th Gulf War. 4. Tll your sistr to hurry bcaus w hav to lav as soon as possibl. 5. Our vido casstt rcordr is brokn, but w usually watch DVDs anyway. 6. Aftr graduating from high school, William will attnd th Massachustts Institut of Tchnology. 7. Whn you s th Frnch phras Rspondz s il vous plait on an invitation, you should lt th host know whthr you ll b attnding th vnt. 8. Th North Atlantic Traty Organization has its hadquartrs in Brussls, Blgium, and was stablishd in Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 6 7 Vocabulary 112

114 Rviw Clippd Words, Acronyms, and Word Play Rad th sntncs and phrass blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that corrctly complts ach palindrom. You may want to us a pic of scrap papr to hlp you figur out which word is missing. rac tll sav frost drawn 1. W ll lt Dad Lw. 2. A tip: Eva s pita. 3. Ar w not onward to nw ra? 4. Ann, I vot mor cars Rom to Vinna. 5. No mists or, Simon. On th lin, writ th lttr of th word in column 2 that is an anagram for ach word in column ocan a. dusty REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS saint b. Madison 3. study c. cano 4. wst d. stain 5. domains. dns 6. nds f. stw Us th words in th box to solv th problms blow. Mdicar fourtn glam twirl 1. mdicin + car = 2. + nights = fortnight 3. twist + whirl = 4. + shimmr = glimmr Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 6 7 Vocabulary 113

115 Lsson 3.8 Figurs of Spch A simil is a comparison of two unlik things using th words lik or as. Th row of trs stood along th drivway, lik soldirs at attntion. Th surfac of th tabl was as slick and shiny as a nwly frozn pond. Rad th paragraphs blow and undrlin th svn simils. Th day of th Sixth Annual Dlridg Kit Fstival was crisp and clar with a light stady brz. Th sky was as prfctly blu as th insid of a swimming pool, and th Jiangs gulpd dp braths of frsh ocan air. For th first hour, thy wandrd th fstival, absorbing th sights and sounds lik spongs. Thy stoppd to watch an oldr man waring a bright rd basball cap as h prpard his normous octopus kit for flight. His fac, brownd from th sun, was as crasd as a walnut, and h pausd to smil at th family bfor h continud his prparations. Th man was mor than happy to discuss his hobby with th Jiangs, and thy stayd to watch th octopus catch th brz and inflat lik a balloon. Th kit s handlr joggd along bnath th wild sa cratur, dftly moving th strings lik a pupptr working a mariontt. Thr was a kit-making booth for childrn at on nd of th park, so Max and Victoria spnt about an hour crafting thir own kits from havywight papr, dowl rods, and twin. Around noon, th Jiangs rtrivd thir coolr from th van. Thy found an mpty picnic tabl and at with thir hads tiltd backward as th kit ballt bgan. A group of narly a hundrd kits filld th sky lik bits of brightly-colord conftti. As ach kit caught th wind, it soard ffortlssly, lik a hawk riding a currnt with outstrtchd wings. Slowly th kits movd into formation and bgan a gracful danc. Th Jiangs xchangd looks of amazmnt and thn rturnd thir gaz to th prformanc in th sky. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 8 Vocabulary 114

116 Lsson 3.8 Figurs of Spch A mtaphor is a comparison of two unlik things without using lik or as. Th buttrcups wr a colorful blankt sprad across th yard. On th lins, tll which two things in ach mtaphor ar bing compard. 1. Th lavs of th sdlings wr tiny hands raching toward th sun. 2. Th thr golf balls Prston found wr prfctly round ggs nstld in th high grasss bsid th pond. 3. Onc th Nlsons lost powr, thir hous quickly bcam an icbox. 4. Th littl whit dog s tail was a flag waving proudly in spit of th rain. 5. For th kids, th sashlls wr tiny trasurs strwn along th bach. 6. Whn Davis put on his hocky uniform, h bcam a warrior hading into battl. 7. Th lights of th city wr a constllation spckling th night sky. Phonics Connction On th lins, writ four words from th xrcis abov that contain th diphthongs ou or ow. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 8 Vocabulary 115

117 Lsson 3.8 Figurs of Spch Prsonification, which is a typ of figurativ languag, mans to giv human charactristics to animals or objcts. Th sun winkd slyly at th moon just bfor it sank blow th horizon. Th train wrappd itslf lazily around th curvy mountain tracks. In both xampls abov, objcts (th sun and th train) ar givn human qualitis (winking slyly and wrapping lazily). Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word or words that indicat th sntnc is an xampl of prsonification. 1. Th stoopd sunflowrs danc with on anothr in th cool morning brz. 2. Th rays of th morning sun skip joyfully into Sirra s bdroom. 3. Th mol lookd anxiously at his watch bfor scurrying across th lawn and shimmying into a hol h had dug arly that morning. 4. Th bright rd mapl laf sighd sorrowfully as it driftd to th ground. 5. Th night wind whistld through th trs, calling for a frind to wak up and play. 6. Th last pic of chocolat cak bckond invitingly to Rachl. 7. Th mopd coughd and sputtrd, gasping for brath as its ngin did. 8. Th camra agrly capturd ach momnt, tucking it away for anothr day. 9. Th wind angrily rattld th windows, but thy rfusd to opn. 10. Th chickads prchd in th branchs of th old willow tr bickrd loudly with on anothr. On th lins blow, writ your own xampls of prsonification. Rmmbr, you can prsonify anything that is not human Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 8 Vocabulary 116

118 Lsson 3.8 Figurs of Spch NAME Rad th following paragraphs. Undrlin th ight simils and circl th two mtaphors. As Juan and his fathr nard th lak, th pavd road disappard and two strips of gravl bcam thir guid. Th crunch of th truck s tirs across th rocks was lik somon digging into a bag of potato chips. Suddnly, Juan was hungry for lunch, vn though it was only tn in th morning. Th four-hour driv from hom to th lak had flown by lik school rcss, mostly bcaus Juan was having so much fun. H and his dad jammd th radio, talkd about sports, and carrid on lik a coupl of old fishing buddis. This trip was only thir scond tim out to th lak, but in som ways it flt lik thy d bn doing it forvr. Soon, th boat driftd quitly through th fog lik a laf bobbing along atop th wavs. Juan s dad didn t say much. H was now a sa captain hunting for th bst spot to drop anchor. Evry fw minuts, Juan askd if thy could cast thir lins yt. His dad told him that h soundd lik a brokn rcord. Finally, Juan s dad strd th boat into a small ara surroundd by foliag. All along th banks, tr branchs hung down into th watr. Thy lookd lik divrs frozn at th momnt thy hit th surfac. Juan took a pol from his dad and smild in anticipation. Thn, h cast his lin into th watr as if h had bn askd to throw th first pitch at a basball gam th honor was mor important than actually hitting th plat. Bfor h knw it, though, Juan had a bit. Th lin bcam a lasr bam cutting straight through th watr s surfac. Juan s dad told him to slowly rl th lin in, a fw turns at a tim. Lik pulling a buckt from a wll, h liftd th fish out of th watr and into th boat. Juan knw his lunch would b mor than a bag of potato chips now. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 8 Vocabulary 117

119 Lsson 3.9 Idioms A group of words that man somthing othr than what thy appar to man is calld an idiom. In th sntnc that follows, th idiom gt th ball rolling mans that things ar gtting startd. Although th dadlin was still two months away, Vicnt and Erica dcidd to gt th ball rolling arly. Rad ach idiom and dfinition blow. On th lin that follows, writ a sntnc using th idiom. 1. got up on th wrong sid of th bd = to b in a bad mood or to hav startd th day out badly 2. pull your own wight = to do your shar 3. cost an arm and a lg = to b vry xpnsiv 4. go th xtra mil = to go out of on s way to b hlpful or to do a good job 5. giv somon a hand = to b hlpful 6. undr th wathr = fling ill 7. kp your chin up = to try to stay chrful, vn in a difficult situation 8. stal th spotlight = rciv all th attntion Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 9 Vocabulary 118

120 Lsson 3.9 Idioms Undrlin th idiom in ach sntnc blow. 1. Danil mad a blin from his school to th library. 2. If h was quick nough, gtting a computr would b a pic of cak. 3. Onc othr studnts arrivd, h wouldn t hav a fighting chanc of gtting onlin until aftr four o clock. 4. H knw h couldn t just sail through th rst of th smstr without working. 5. Danil was all thumbs as h fumbld with his bik lock. 6. Danil couldn t bliv his ys whn h saw th sign that said th computrs wr down. 7. At first, h flt compltly down in th dumps. 8. Thn, h rmmbrd that a librarian namd Mr. Hrnandz had bnt ovr backwards hlping him in th past. 9. In th blink of an y, Danil found himslf working on a computr in th adult sction, thanks to Mr. Hrnandz. Now, writ ach idiom nxt to its dfinition on th lins providd. rasonabl possibility of succss dprssd or sad straight or dirct rout trid vry hard clumsy asy vry quickly s somthing unblivabl gt through somthing asily Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 9 Vocabulary 119

121 Lsson 3.10 Analogis An analogy shows a rlationship btwn two pairs of words. To undrstand an analogy, it is important to figur out how th words rlat to on anothr. Bord is to xcitd as wid is to narrow. Bord is an antonym for xcitd as wid is an antonym for narrow. Whl is to car as pag is to book. A whl is part of a car, just as a pag is part of a book. Bird is to nst as hors is to stabl. A nst is th hom of a bird, just as a stabl is th hom of a hors. To rad an analogy writtn in th following format puppy : dog :: lamb : shp you would say, Puppy is to dog as lamb is to shp. Th analogis blow ar incomplt. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that bst complts ach analogy. 1. (Incras, Rduc) is to dcras as qustion is to answr. 2. Sprinkl is to sprinkling as (copid, copy) is to copying. 3. Mittn is to hand as sock is to (fingr, foot). 4. Nickl is to dollar as (scond, hour) is to minut. 5. (Nvr, Oftn) is to frquntly as vanish is to disappar. 6. (Sptmbr, March) is to April as brakfast is to lunch. 7. Athlt is to tam as (studnt, principal) is to class. 8. Eight is to at as carats is to (carrots, vgtabls). 9. Rfrigrator is to (food, stov) as clost is to clothing. 10. Vacuum is to (spong, claning) as trowl is to gardning. 11. Forty-two is to (twnty-four, twnty-two) as sixty-on is to sixtn. 12. Ballt is to danc as piano is to (trombon, instrumnt). 13. Lmon is to sour as chocolat is to (swt, cak). Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 10 Vocabulary 120

122 Lsson 3.10 Analogis Rplac ach pictur blow with a word that corrctly complts th analogy. 1. Moo is to as hiss is to snak. 2. Adult is to as buttrfly is to catrpillar. 3. Frz is to as ancint is to modrn. 4. is to tmpratur as scal is to wight. 5. Wisconsin is to as star is to constllation. 6. is to hat as windmill is to nrgy. Rad ach analogy blow. Unscrambl th bold word and writ it on th lin to complt th analogy. 1. ngr is to go as rd is to stop. 2. Nutmg is to sicp as shrimp is to shllfish. 3. trctimn is to mtr as inch is to foot. 4. Propht is to tpofir as oar is to or. 5. Quill is to porcupin as lnd is to pincushion. 6. Two is to dbolu as thr is to tripl. 7. Prsidnt is to country as mayor is to tyic. 8. Armor is to knight as lshl is to turtl. 9. Flight attndant is to anarpli as chf is to kitchn. 10. Bud is to bloom as gg is to icchkn. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 10 Vocabulary 121

123 Lsson 3.10 Analogis Complt ach analogy blow with a word from th box. Rmmbr to figur out how th words ar rlatd bfor you look for th missing word. wb sdling sport princss lad patints Dtroit braclt 1. Nw Mxico : stat :: : city 2. cards : gam :: basktball : 3. : mislad :: zro : subzro 4. king : qun :: princ : 5. spidr : :: architct : hous 6. : plant :: fall : wintr 7. arring : ar :: : wrist 8. : patinc :: sunda : Sunday Rad ach analogy blow. Dcid which catgory in th box it matchs and writ th lttr of th catgory on th lin. a. Part Whol Rlationship d. Grammatical Rlationship b. Objct Us Rlationship. Objct Plac Rlationship c. Numrical Rlationship f. Synonym or Antonym Rlationship 1. Cactus is to dsrt as skir is to mountain. 2. Slic is to pizza as button is to shirt. 3. Attract is to rpl as gnrous is to stingy. 4. Book is to library as judg is to courthous. 5. Gs is to goos as marshmallows is to marshmallow. 6. Svnty-thr is to svnty-fiv as svnty-nin is to ighty-on. 7. Scissors is to cut as mirror is to rflct. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 10 Vocabulary 122

124 Lsson 3.10 Analogis Rad ach analogy blow. On th lin, xplain how th words ar rlatd. Ex.: Stallion is to hors as gandr is to goos. A stallion is a mal hors, just as a gandr is a mal goos. 1. Sandpapr is to rough as silk is to smooth. 2. Thin is to slndr as rror is to mistak. 3. Pdal is to bicycl as hand is to clock. 4. Cupboard is to dishs as toolbox is to wrnch. 5. Eightn is to nin as twnty-six is to thirtn. 6. Stair is to star as towd is to toad. Writ thr analogis of your own using th instructions that follow. 1. Writ an analogy in which th words ar antonyms. 2. Writ an analogy that shows a numrical rlationship. 3. Writ an analogy that shows a grammatical rlationship (such as plurals, affixs, ndings, tc.). Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 10 Vocabulary 123

125 Rviw Figurs of Spch, Idioms, and Analogis Rad ach sntnc blow. If it contains a mtaphor, circl M. If it contains a simil, circl S. 1. M S Th gs flw in prfct formation, as though thy wr bound by an invisibl string. 2. M S Th clock was an impatint obsrvr, tapping its tos as it waitd for Jak to mak his mov. REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS M S Sadi hard a sound lik bacon sizzling in a frying pan, and thn th phon lin wnt dad. 4. M S Th lavs wr tiny parachuts that floatd gntly to th ground. 5. M S Far was a mountain that towrd ovr Will. 6. M S Minh closd hr ys whil a cool brz washd ovr hr lik a wav in th ocan. 7. M S Aidan s unspokn wish hung in th air lik a balloon. 8. M S Camron ignord th chrs of th crowd and listnd only to th stady thump of th basktball, ringing in his ars lik an ancint drumbat. 9. M S Mr. Rapinski trid to start th car, but it was a grumpy child who rfusd to budg from th drivway. 10. M S Th rustl of paprs, lik crisp lavs on a windy autumn day, was th only sound in th classroom. On th lins blow, writ comparisons basd on th givn instructions. 1. Writ a simil that includs somthing from natur. 2. Writ a mtaphor that includs somthing in your classroom. 3. Mak a comparison using prsonification. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 8 10 Vocabulary 124

126 Rviw Figurs of Spch, Idioms, and Analogis Draw a lin to match ach idiom in column 1 to its dfinition in column hit th nail on th had do your shar 2. turn on s stomach to study 3. tak somthing lying down to rlax and unwind 4. hit th books to fl disgustd by somthing 5. lt off stam tak shortcuts 6. pull your wight to accpt somthing without a fight 7. cut cornrs to pinpoint somthing xactly Th following analogis ar out of ordr. Us th hints in lin 2 of ach analogy to hlp you plac th words in th corrct ordr. 1. Nphw is to nic as aunt is to uncl. is to nic as is to nphw. 2. Court is to fild as tnnis is to basball. REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS 8 10 is to tnnis as fild is to. 3. Whl is to rctangl as circl is to tlvision. is to circl as tlvision is to. 4. Matt is to Jnnifr as Jnny is to Matthw. Matt is to as is to Jnnifr. 5. Attract is to illustration as attraction is to illustrat. Attract is to as is to illustration. 6. Circus is to thatr as actrss is to clown. Clown is to as actrss is to. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 8 10 Vocabulary 125

127 Lsson 4.1 Guid Words and Entry Words Guid words tll you th first and last word on a dictionary pag. If th word you ar sarching for coms btwn th guid words in alphabtical ordr, it will appar on that pag of th dictionary. For xampl, objctiv might appar on a pag with th guid words oby and obsrvatory. Knpad would b found with th guid words kinship and knight. Rad th following sntncs. Circl th lttr bsid th pair of guid words that would b found on th sam dictionary pag as th bold word. 1. Th La Bra Tar Pits ar locatd in Los Angls, California, in an ara known as th Miracl Mil. a. architctur armadillo b. aristocrat around 2. Th pits ooz asphalt, a sticky substanc that has trappd a varity of organisms throughout history. a. opaqu oppos b. onion opra 3. Th tar pits ar famous for th xtraordinary spcimns of fossilizd plants, animals, and inscts that hav bn found thr. a. xtnd xtrm b. xplod xtinct 4. Bison, mammoths, sabr-toothd cats, dir wolvs, and mastodons ar among th mammals that hav bn found in th pits. a. matchbook matur b. massiv matin 5. Scintists hav datd th oldst spcimn at about 40,000 yars of ag. a. spar spcis b. spcimn splling 6. Th oozing asphalt continus to occasionally trap plants and animals today. a. ash aspn b. asparagus assist 7. Th Gorg C. Pag Musum contains mor than thr million itms. a. mildw millionair b. millipd minral Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 1 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 126

128 Lsson 4.1 Guid Words and Entry Words Whn you look up a word in a dictionary, you ar looking up an ntry word. Entry words, which ar usually printd in bold, ar oftn bas words. For xampl, you would look for prtty, not prttir, and silly, not sillinss. ntry pronunciation part of word & syllabls spch maning laboratory (lab r tȯr ē) noun a room in which scintific rsarch and xprimnts ar don Writ th ntry word bsid ach bold word blow. 1. crickts 5. dividd 2. contains 6. mosquitos 3. rubbing 7. found 4. dragonflis 8. soaring Us th dictionary ntris blow to answr th qustions that follow. sincr (sin sêr ) adj. honst; gnuin, noun sincrity squash (skwosh) 1. noun a fruit that is rlatd to pumpkins and gourds 2. vrb to crush or prss flat rfrigrator (ri frij rā tr) noun a machin or applianc that kps food cold 1. On th lin blow, writ a sntnc using th word squash as a vrb. 2. Which is an ntry word sincr or sincrity? 3. Which guid words would you find on th sam pag as rfrigrator? rf rfrsh rflction rgal rfug rhars 4. How many syllabls ar thr in rfrigrator? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 1 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 127

129 Lsson 4.2 Word Familis A word family is a group of words that hav th sam bas word. Prfixs, suffixs, and ndings can b addd to a bas word to crat word familis. bas word: appoint appointd, appointmnt, disappoint, disappointmnt bas word: imagin imagination, imagining, unimaginabl, imaginary Rad th clus blow. Each clu is followd by thr words from th sam word family. Circl th lttr of th word that matchs th clu. 1. without doubt a. doubtlss b. doubtful c. doubting 2. on who studis biology a. biological b. biologist c. biologically 3. mor chry a. christ b. chrir c. chrfully 4. not halthy a. halthful b. halthir c. unhalthy Crat four word familis by writing ach word from th box undr th corrct hading. actor disblif inadmissibl cration blivabl admitting rcration action crativity racting unbliving admission act crat bliv admit Phonics Connction Which two words in th scond xrcis contain diffrnt spllings of th /sh/ sound? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 2 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 128

130 Lsson 4.2 Word Familis Rad th intrviw blow. Think of a word in th sam word family as ach bold word and writ it on th lin. Try not to us bas words, whn possibl. Ryan Blak: First, I d lik to know how you cam up with th ida of bginning your own charitabl organization. Aliyah Howard: I was watching th nws on night and saw a story about a local food pantry. Th dirctor was rqusting donations. I wantd to hlp, but it took a fw days for my ida to tak shap. RB: AH: Who assistd you in th arly stags of planning? I wouldn t hav mad much progrss at all without th hlp of my frinds Jss and Anthony, my brothr Jarrod, and my dad. RB: I know that much of th food you donat coms from your dad s rstaurant. How dos that work? AH: So much food is wastd vry day, and I wantd to find a way to put it to good us. RB: AH: How did othr rstaurants bcom involvd? Jss suggstd that w call othr rstaurants and bakris in th nighborhood to s if thy d b willing to donat. RB: AH: What lssons do you fl you v larnd? Evryon has th ability to mak a chang. You just nd to b hopful and bliv in what you r tying to accomplish. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 2 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 129

131 Rviw Guid Words, Entry Words, and Word Familis Rad th paragraphs blow. On th lin bsid ach bold word, writ th ntry word you would look for in a dictionary. You may not know who Noah Wbstr was, but you ar probably familiar with his lif s work th first truly Amrican dictionary. Wbstr, who always had a passion for larning, attndd collg at Yal Univrsity. REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS 1 2 H had hopd to continu his ducation at law school, but his family was not abl to afford it. Instad, Wbstr bcam a schooltachr. H wrot his own txtbook, which was usd in Amrican classrooms for mor than a cntury. Wbstr bgan noticing that Amricans pronouncd and splld words in many diffrnt ways. H thought that thr should b mor uniformity to Amrican English and that it shouldn t b xactly th sam as British English. Wbstr s solution was to writ his own dictionary a dictionary that would b uniquly Amrican. Wbstr did not tak this task lightly. H spnt many yars and lots of mony rsarching th origins of words. H gaind a working knowldg of approximatly 20 languags. H also changd th spllings and pronunciations of crtain words so that th Amrican form would diffr from th British. For xampl, h changd th splling of colour to color, musick to music, and plough to plow. In addition, h addd thousands of words that had nvr appard in an Amrican dictionary. It took Noah Wbstr 27 yars to complt An Amrican Dictionary of th English Languag. It containd about 70,000 ntris and is on of th bst-slling books of all tim. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 2 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 130

132 Rviw Guid Words, Entry Words, and Word Familis Look up ach of th bold words in a dictionary. On th lins, writ th guid words from th pag on which you found th word. 1. rtirmnt 2. bnficial 3. aqua 4. haunch 5. vaccin On mmbr of ach word family listd blow is not a ral word. Circl th word in ach group that dos not blong. Thn, writ th bas word for ach family on th lin. If you nd hlp, you may us a dictionary. 1. unxprincd xprincing xprintial 2. misalign alignmnt ralignibl REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS rgularity irrgularnss rgulation 4. dgrasd grasy ungrasist 5. unshippd misshipprs shipmnts 6. rshapmnt misshapn unshapd 7. misundrstatmnt rstating undrstatd 8. subdividd divisionalnss indivisibility 9. smicouragd ncouraging couragousnss 10. unmploymnt mployingst undrmployd 11. naturalistic suprnaturally naturing 12. unndd rnding ndist 13. rapproving disapproval unapprovd 14. misquoting unquotd prquotation Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 2 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 131

133 Lsson 4.3 Frquntly Usd Forign Words Many words in th English languag hav bn adoptd from forign languags. For xampl, banana is an African word, frankfurtr is a Grman word, and bronco is a Spanish word. Rad ach clu blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs th clu and writ it on th lin. Thn, find th words in th word sarch puzzl. Words may b writtn forward, backward, or diagonally. ballt cosmonaut origami cllo pajamas adios bagl pumprnickl 1. an Italian word for an instrumnt rlatd to th violin 2. a Grman word for a havy dark brad 3. a Russian word for astronaut 4. a Spanish word for good-by or farwll 5. a Japans word that dscribs th art of papr folding 6. an East Indian word for cloths worn for slping 7. a Yiddish word for a doughnut-shapd typ of brad 8. a Frnch word for a classical form of danc h j l k c i n r p m u p r m f b b g k o l a l p v o r y a b n a s j c x o o r l r y g l b z a a s y i m i v l p d l q x m z u m g a q f l i g b a r y j a y d r m n a l t s p w w k m h u i x b m i r q m a n i t j a o l l c b d s u s d g c o s m o n a u t y Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 3 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 132

134 Lsson 4.3 Frquntly Usd Forign Words Look up ach bold word in a dictionary. On th lin bsid th word, writ th forign languag of origin. Rad th dfinition and thn writ a sntnc corrctly using th word. 1. dlicatssn 2. ranch 3. pastrami 4. bouqut 5. judo 6. carnival 7. boomrang 8. yogurt Phonics Connction 1. Which two bold words contain digraphs? 2. In which two words is th /ü/ sound splld diffrntly? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 3 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 133

135 Lsson 4.4 Word Historis Whn you look up a word in th dictionary, you can oftn find th tymology, or word history listd aftr th dfinition. Word historis trac th dvlopmnt of words ovr tim. In most dictionaris, th languag or country of origin listd first is th most rcnt. ignor (ig nȯr ) vrb to pay no attntion to somthing [from Frnch ignorr, from Latin ignōrār] Rad th dictionary dfinitions and tymologis blow, and thn answr th qustions that follow. pom (pō m) noun a pic of writing in which th words ar chosn for thir sounds and thir manings; oftn rhyming [from Frnch poèm, from Latin poēma, from Grk poiēma, from poiin, crat] tornado (tȯr nā dō) noun a svr storm with vry high winds and a funnl-shapd cloud [from Spanish tronada, thundrstorm, from tronar, to thundr, from Latin tonār] umbrlla (m brl ) noun a dvic that protcts its usr from rain or sun; usually mad of cloth that covrs a collapsibl fram [from Italian ombrlla, from Latin umbrlla, influncd by umbra, shad] 1. Which word is Italian in origin? 2. What dos th Spanish word tronada man? 3. On th lin, writ th languags from which th word pom originats in ordr from oldst to most rcnt. 4. What dos th Grk word poiin man? How do you think this maning rlats to th word pom? 5. What Latin word is part of th word umbrlla? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 4 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 134

136 Lsson 4.4 Word Historis Rad ach tymology blow. On th lin, writ th lttr of th word that matchs th tymology. 1. from Middl English rostn, from Old Frnch rostir a. toilt 2. from Latin prsuādēr, to urg b. xclaim 3. from Middl English mmori, from Anglo-Frnch, c. mystry from Latin mmoria 4. from Frnch toiltt, from Old Frnch tlltt d. automobil 5. from Middl English mistri, from Latin mystērium,. klutz from Grk mustērion 6. from Nativ Amrican (Massachustt) skunk f. roast 7. from Frnch xclamr, from Latin xclāmār g. balcony 8. from Yiddish klots, from Grman kloz, block or lump h. apprciat 9. from Grk auto and Frnch mobil (from Latin i. mmory mobilis, to mov) 10. from Italian balcon, of Grmanic dscnt j. prsuad 11. from Latin apprtiar, to apprais k. skunk Look up ach word in a dictionary. On th lin, writ th word s tymology. 1. ducat 2. oxygn 3. srpnt 4. plastic 5. curious 6. zro 7. continnt 8. Fahrnhit Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 4 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 135

137 Rviw NAME Frquntly Usd Forign Words and Word Historis Rad th following sntncs. On word in ach sntnc has bn rplacd by th nam of th country or rgion from which it originatd. Choos th corrct forign word from th box and writ it on th lin. sld carnival potatos kangaroo jungl dbris magazin typhoon shrbt pickl REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS Th cool, rfrshing [Turky] slid down th back of my throat, tasting much tartr than th ic cram I had atn ystrday. 2. Bounding across th grassy plain, a [Australia] glancd about to b sur no dingos lingrd narby. 3. As Dawn waitd impatintly for hr mothr to arriv, sh flippd quickly through a [Arabia]. 4. Th hro had to slash hr way through th thick lavs and branchs of th [India] to find th hiddn ston ruins. 5. Mikla lovd ating bakd [Spain] with sour cram. 6. Th dli always includd a [Holland] and a bag of potato chips with vry sandwich. 7. Whnvr nough snow has falln, th Rynolds twins tak turns riding a [Dutch] down th hill in thir backyard. 8. Th palm trs appard to pull right out of th ground as th [China] swpt across th island. 9. Aftr th storm, [Franc] littrd th nighborhood qually from on block to th nxt. 10. Th school [Italy] had rids, gams, food, and, bst of all, a booth whr w could throw whippd-cram pis at our tachrs. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 3 4 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 136

138 Rviw NAME Frquntly Usd Forign Words and Word Historis Rad th dictionary ntris blow, and answr th qustions that follow. grumbl (grum' bl) vrb to complain, fuss, or muttr [probably from Dutch grommln, to muttr] mlody (ml' dē) noun an arrangmnt of sounds; a plasant tun [from Middl English mlodi, from Old Frnch, from Latin mlōdia, from Grk mlidi, singing] 1. What dos grommln man in Dutch? 2. On th lin, writ th languags from which th word mlody originats in ordr from oldst to most rcnt. 3. What is th Grk word for singing? How do you think it rlats to th word mlody? Rplac ach tymology blow with th word from th box it matchs. REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS 3 4 cooki lvat acrobat prfum 1. Bryson bought Mom som [Frnch parfum, from Old Italian parfumo, from parfumar, fill with smok] for hr birthday. 2. Krry packd a sandwich, an orang, and a [Dutch kokj, maning littl cak, from Middl Dutch kok] for lunch. 3. Whn Lucy spraind hr ankl, th doctor told hr to put ic on it and [Middl English lvatn, from Latin ēlvār] it. 4. Julio s littl brothr lovs to climb on things, so his dad joks that h will grow up to b an [Frnch acrobat, from Grk akrobats, maning high walkr]. Phonics Connction Which words from th box contain th schwa sound? Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 3 4 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 137

139 Lsson 4.5 Grk Roots Many words in th English languag hav Grk roots. Larning th manings of ths roots can hlp you dtrmin th manings of som unfamiliar words. chron = tim (chronic) man = hand (manuscript) bio = lif (biology) cycl = circl, ring (cyclon) phon = sound (tlphon) thrm = hat (thrmal) Rad th clus blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu, and writ it on th lin. biography thrmos homophons manual tricycl chronological Cyclops 1. arrangd by ordr of tim 2. words that sound th sam but ar splld diffrntly 3. th story of a prson s lif 4. a vhicl that has thr circular whls 5. to do somthing by hand 6. a bottl that kps liquids hot 7. a cratur from Grk mythology that has on round y Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that corrctly complts ach sntnc. 1. Bachwood Middl School won an award for (cycling, rcycling) mor matrials than any othr school in th county. 2. Maddy trasurs hr grandfathr s diary bcaus it (chronicls, chronic) his journy to Amrica and his first yars in this country. 3. My parnts always turn down th (thrmostat, thrmomtr) at night. 4. Ms. Chaudhry s class is going to th (phonograph, symphony) on Thursday, and thy will gt to mt th conductor aftr th prformanc. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 5 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 138

140 Lsson 4.5 Grk Roots mtr = masur (millimtr) micro = small (microchip) graph = writ (photograph) ast = star (astronomy) scop = s (stthoscop) ology = th study of (gology) Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th Grk root from th pair in parnthss that will corrctly complt th bold word. 1. Th distanc to Toronto was writtn in kilo s on th highway sign, so it took us a minut to convrt it into mils. (scop, mtr) 2. Whn w finally arrivd at th hotl, w wr hungry, so w mad som popcorn in th wav ovn in our room. (ast, micro) 3. I was xcitd to find out that Rily Shaw, who plays a crimin xprt on TV, was staying in our hotl. (ology, graph) 4. H auto d a photo for m, and my mom snappd a fw picturs of us togthr. (graph, mtr) 5. Dad always wantd to b an ronomr, so tomorrow w r going to visit th Ontario Scinc Cntr. (micro, ast) 6. Evryon wantd to visit th CN Towr, Toronto s famous landmark, and my littl brothr bought a kalido in th gift shop. (mtr, scop) Complt ach sntnc blow. If you nd hlp, you may us a dictionary. 1. Musicology is. 2. Psychology is. 3. Volcanology is. 4. Zoology is. 5. Mythology is. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 5 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 139

141 Lsson 4.6 Latin Roots Lik Grk roots, Latin roots can hlp you dtrmin th manings of unfamiliar words. aud = har (audibl) ann, nn = yar (annivrsary) vid, vis = s (vido) libr = fr (librat) mar = sa (submarin) aqua = watr (aquatic) pd = foot (pdstal) Circl th word that matchs ach dfinition blow. 1. occurring onc a yar binnial annual aquatic 2. a larg room whr popl go to har or s a prformanc 3. frdom auditorium audinc rvision libral librty impd 4. an insct that has many pairs of lgs pdstrian aquduct millipd 5. a color of bluish-grn that looks lik watr aquamarin marin marinr 6. nautical; of or rlating to th sa submarin librat maritim 7. th part of a bicycl that is opratd by th foot pdstal pdal pddlr Phonics Connction Find thr words in th activity abov in which y maks diffrnt sounds, and writ thm on th lins. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 6 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 140

142 Lsson 4.6 Latin Roots port = carry (transport) struct = build (structur) rupt = brak (abrupt) tract = pull or drag (attract) scrib, script = writ (inscrib) claim, clam = shout; cry out (proclaim) Complt ach sntnc with a word from th box and circl th Latin roots. subtract intrrupting subscribs transportation xclaimd 1. Th Gtty family to four magazins and two nwspaprs. 2. My soccr tam mad it to th championship! Tylr. 3. It s hard for Lah to talk on th phon bcaus hr twin brothrs ar always. 4. Rmmbr to your xpnss from your profits whn you calculat th figurs from th yard sal. 5. For his rport on th history of, Luis rsarchd cars, trains, airplans, and boats. Rad ach word blow. On th first lin, dfin th word. On th scond lin, writ a sntnc using it. You may us a dictionary if you nd hlp. 1. structur 2. rupt 3. prscrib 4. portabl Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 6 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 141

143 Rviw Grk and Latin Roots Us th tabl to hlp you rmmbr th manings of th roots you larnd. Latin Grk aud = har aqua = watr chron = tim mtr = masur vid, vis = s port = carry bio = lif graph = writ mar = sa rupt = brak cycl = circl, ring scop = s REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS 5 6 pd = foot scrib, script = writ micro = small man = hand libr = fr struct = build phon = sound ast = star tract = pull ann, nn = yar ology = th study of thrm = hat claim, clam = shout; cry out Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that corrctly complts ach sntnc. If th word you chos contains a Grk root, writ G on th lin. If it contains a Latin root, writ L. 1. Aftr thy wnt ic skating at Billings Pond, Jordan and Eliza drank th hot chocolat from a (thrmos, thrmal). 2. How ar you planning to (subscrib, construct) a working volcano for th scinc fair? 3. Th (sociologist, portr) carrid th Hrrras luggag from thir car to thir room in th hotl. 4. Macknzi just finishd rading a (biography, autograph) of golfr Michll Wi, and now sh wants to tak golf lssons. 5. Th rsults of th (chronicl, audition) will b postd on th bulltin board aftr school on Tusday. 6. Ms. Whitman said that w should organiz th vnts in (manual, chronological) ordr. 7. Th words assistanc and assistants ar (homophons, autographs). Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 5 6 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 142

144 Rviw Grk and Latin Roots Rad th clus blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu and writ th answr in th numbrd spac in th crossword puzzl. transport aquduct xclaim chronicl pdstrian cyclon disrupt astronaut microchip attract annivrsary Across 1. a pip that transports watr 3. to intrrupt or stop th progrss of 4. a storm in which th wind blows in rings 6. to say loudly or forcfully 8. a prson travling by foot 9. th day ach yar marking a spcial vnt 10. to carry or mov Down 1. to pull or draw togthr 2. a vry small pic of lctronic quipmnt 5. an account of vnts in th ordr in which thy happnd 7. a prson who travls into spac 3. REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 5 6 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 143

145 Lsson 4.7 Pronunciation Ky and Rspllings Rspllings, or phontic spllings, ar found bsid ntry words in a dictionary and show how th words should b pronouncd. A pronunciation ky is a guid to using th lttrs and symbols found in rspllings. A pronunciation ky is usually locatd on vry othr pag in a dictionary. Us th pronunciation ky blow to answr th qustions in this lsson. On th lin, writ th lttr of th word that contains th sound shown. Us th pronunciation ky abov as a guid to th sounds. 1. /ō/ a. nighborhood b. mistlto c. random 2. /ä/ a. hartlss b. mustach c. fragrant 3. /ē/ a. invntory b. yarning c. consrvation 4. /zh/ a. unconscious b. suspnsion c. conclusion 5. /u/ a. nthusiastic b. shov c. profound 6. // a. rosbush b. shp c. accomplish 7. /ô/ a. fraud b. clothing c. mispronounc Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 7 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 144

146 Lsson 4.7 Pronunciation Ky and Rspllings Rad th following musical dfinitions. Som of th words hav bn splld phontically. On th lin, rwrit ach bold word in its common form. Th world is filld with di' frnt musical stīlz. Most likly you v hûrd of rock and roll, country, hip-hop, and jazz, but what about ths othr gnrs? AFROBEAT This Wst African styl of music km bīnz' th instrumnts and ml' dēz of local fōk music with Amrican soul and R&B. FLAMENCO Th tr dish' nl music of th Roma popl of Spain. It has rith' mic clapping and foot stomping that kum' p nēz highly motional singing and gi tär' playing. RAGA Th droning mlody hard in Indian klas' i kl music and ū' zhü lē playd on th sitar an in' str mnt similar to th guitar that can hav as many as 20 strings. SAMBA An up' bēt' styl of Brazilian music that grw out of ri lij' s songs and dancs brôt to th rē' jn by African slavs. SON Cuban music that blnds Spanish-styl guitar, South African pr cush' n instrumnts, and rousing horns into a dancabl mixtur. QAWWALI An Islamic musical styl that is hundrds of yêrz old. Ths songs, which last about half an hour, usually bgin kwī' it lē bfor building to a fast, hypnotic rhythm. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 7 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 145

147 Lsson 4.7 Pronunciation Ky and Rspllings Rad th rcip blow. Undrlin th words that th rspllings in th box stand for. You do not nd to undrlin th sam word twic. /sī dr/ /k uk ē/ /stȯrd/ /jüs/ /i vap rāts / /so fnd/ /ap l sôs / /sin mn/ /rd ē/ /jin jr/ /lth r/ /uv n/ /in krēs / /pē sz/ /prô ss r/ /früt/ Fruit Lathr Ingrdints: 5 appls, cup appl cidr or appl juic, taspoon cinnamon, taspoon nutmg, taspoon ground gingr You ll also nd: a knif, a blndr or food procssor, a pot with a lid, a slottd spoon, a woodn spoon, a cooki sht, and wax papr Pl and cor th appls, and thn slic thm into pics. Plac thm in th pot with th cidr or juic, covr, and simmr ovr mdium hat until th appls hav softnd. If all th moistur vaporats, add a bit mor juic. Allow th mixtur to cool for a fw minuts. Us th slottd spoon to carfully rmov th chunks of fruit. Blnd th appls until thy form a sauc about th sam thicknss as applsauc. Add th spics and stir until blndd. Lin th cooki sht with wax papr. Spoon th applsauc onto th sht, and sprad it around at a thicknss of about inch. Hat th ovn to 140. Plac th cooki sht in th ovn, and lav th door crackd a fw inchs. In four to six hours, your fruit lathr will b don. You can b sur it s rady whn it fls barly sticky to th touch and it pls back asily from th wax papr. Cut th fruit lathr into strips, and wrap it in plastic wrap, or simply roll it up with th wax papr. Whn stord at room tmpratur, it lasts about a month. You can also rfrigrat or frz it to incras its lif span. * Rmmbr, you should always ask an adult for hlp in th kitchn whn using knivs or th stov. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 7 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 146

148 Lsson 4.7 Pronunciation Ky and Rspllings Rad th sntncs blow. Rwrit ach bold word using th lttrs and symbols in th pronunciation ky. You do not nd to plac th accnts, or strss marks. If you nd hlp, you may us a dictionary, but rmmbr that not all pronunciation kys ar xactly th sam. 1. Alvin Aily, born in Rogrs, Txas, in 1931, always had an intrst in and a talnt for th arts. 2. Aily bgan his danc training with two vry wll-known profssionals Kathrin Dunham and Lstr Horton. 3. Mr. Horton foundd th first racially intgratd danc company in th Unitd Stats, and whn h did in 1953, Aily bcam th nw dirctor. 4. Th Civil Rights Movmnt was bginning to mak its way through th country, and Aily supportd it by clbrating African-Amrican cultur through danc. 5. In 1958, Aily opnd his own danc company in Nw York, calld th Alvin Aily Amrican Danc Thatr. 6. For Aily, danc was a way to xprss himslf and communicat with th world about rac, powr, bauty, art, and lif. 7. Today, Aily s nam and work rmain among th most rcognizabl in th world of danc. Phonics Connction On th lins, writ two bold words from abov in which th /sh/ sound is not splld sh. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 7 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 147

149 Lsson 4.8 Accnt Marks An accnt mark ( ) tlls which syllabl of a word is strssd, or said with mor forc. Try saying / kad mē/ with th strss on diffrnt syllabls. Can you har th diffrnc whn th corrct syllabl is strssd? Som words hav two accnts. Th primary accnt is usually bold. Th syllabl with th scondary accnt is said with lss forc. /ûrth kwāk / /pôl ē wôg / /k sr sīz / Rmmbr, th schwa dos not appar in strssd syllabls. Rad ach bold word out loud. Circl th lttr of th rsplling in which th primary accnt mark is placd corrctly. 1. multiplid a. mul t plīd' b. mul t plīd 2. jury a. jûr' ē b. jûr ē 3. songbird a. sông bûrd b. sông bûrd 4. window a. win dō b. win dō 5. carpntr a. kär pn tr b. kär pn tr Rad th sntncs blow. Add th primary accnt to ach bold rsplling. 1. On of th bst things you can do to hlp th /n vī rn mnt/ is to rduc, rus, and /rē sī kl/. 2. Mak your /pā pr/ last twic as long by printing on th back of ach pag. 3. /in std/ of buying /bôt ld/ watr in plastic bottls, bring your own /rē ūz bl/ watr jug with you /hwâr v r/ you go. 4. /dō nāt/ cloths you v outgrown to /châr i tēz/, or cut thm into rags that can b usd in plac of papr /tou lz/. 5. Rad /lā blz/, and us products mad from rcycld /m têr ē lz/. 6. If you /viz it/ somplac that dosn t rcycl, writ a lttr tlling th /kum p nē/ it s important to you and /ik splān ing/ how thy can gt startd. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 8 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 148

150 Lsson 4.8 Accnt Marks All th words listd blow contain both a primary and a scondary accnt. Circl th primary accnt in ach word. 1. / kôm dā shnz/ 5. /wôl nut / 2. /hl i kôp tr/ 6. /sum bôd ē/ 3. /rat l snāk / 7. /gâr n tē / 4. /lō k mō shn/ 8. /pär tis pāt / Som multipl-maning words ar splld th sam but pronouncd diffrntly. For xampl, projct can b pronouncd /pr jkt / or /prôj kt /. Th maning is diffrnt dpnding on which syllabl is strssd. Each bold word blow has two possibl pronunciations. Bsid ach phontic splling, writ th lttr of th matching dfinition. 1. contract kôn tract kn tract a. to shrink; to bcom infctd with b. a vrbal or writtn agrmnt 2. minut min it mī nüt a. a unit of tim b. small or tiny 3. objct ôb jikt ôb jkt a. a noun or pronoun b. to disagr or oppos 4. rfus ri fūz rf' ūz a. garbag or trash b. to dclin or b unwilling 5. comprss km prs kôm prs a. a soft bandag b. squash or prss togthr 6. upst up st up st a. to tip ovr or capsiz b. whn th favord tam loss 7. conduct kn dukt kôn dukt a. how a prson acts b. to lad, spcially an orchstra Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 8 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 149

151 Rviw Rspllings and Accnt Marks Look at ach pictur blow. On th lin, writ th rsplling of th word that nams th pictur. Includ th primary accnt mark in ach rsplling. REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS 7 8 Rad th nwspapr hadlins blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss in which th accnt or accnts ar corrctly placd. 1. Local Tn Wins (rē j nl, rē j nl) Splling Championship 2. (hv ē, hv ē) Wknd Storms Knock Out Powr to 150,000 Rsidnts 3. Clausn Withdraws from Rac Thr Wks Bfor (i lk shn, i lk shn ) 4. Plans for Nw East Sid Shopping Mall Why Ar (pē pl, pē pl) Protsting? 5. (mi stêr ē s, mi stêr ē s) Brifcas Found Containing $2, (lō kl, lō kl ) Funding Cuts Man Arts School May Hav to Shut Its Doors 7. ( non ms, non ms ) Donor Contributs $45,000 to Rnovation of Kaufmann Thatr 8. Hollywood Coms to Town for Filming of Nw (ak shn, ak shn) Flick Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 7 8 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 150

152 Rviw Rspllings and Accnt Marks Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th strssd syllabl in th bold word. On th lin, writ th word that matchs ach bold rsplling. 1. Chislhurst Cavs, locatd in a suburb of London, ar /ak chü lē/ formr chalk and flint mins. 2. No on is sur xactly how old th cavs ar, but th /ûr lē ist/ known /rf r ns/ to thm is A.D Th cavs /in klüd/ approximatly 22 mils of /tun lz/ and passagways. 4. Th dpth of th cavs /vär ēz/ from 40 ft blow th /sûr fs/ to about 150 ft undrground. 5. Th tmpratur of th cavs rmains /std ē/, summr or REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS 7 8 wintr, at 45 /di grēz/ Fahrnhit. 6. Th last tim th cavs wr usd as mins was in th 1830s, but thy hav had many /uth r/ uss sinc that tim. 7. Mushrooms grow wll in dark, damp /plā sz/, so for som tim th cavs wr usd as a sort of mushroom farm. 8. During World War II, th cavs wr turnd into an / māz ing/ undrground /sit ē/. 9. Thy wr a /kn vēn ynt/ air raid shltr for Londonrs. 10. Th cavs wr wird for /i lk tris i tē/ and containd a /hôs pi tl/, chapl, movi thatr, and gym. 11. During th war, th cavs wr filld with about 15,000 popl sking shltr /v rē/ night. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 7 8 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 151

153 Answr Ky Rviw NAME Hard and Soft c and g and th Sounds of s pag 6 1. bgan 2. bcaus 3. lgnd 4. sgmnt 5. lctric 1. HC, SC 2. SG, HG 3. SC, HC 4. HC, HG 5. SC, HC, HG 6. SG 7. SC pag 7 Hard g gysr agr gurgl undrground magma longr bgins again gallons Hard c dirctly including locatd occur rock coolr continus cools back cycl prdictabl spctacl 6. b, d 7. b, c 8. a, c /s/ sound basktball rstlss frustrat postpon /zh/ sound prcision casually visionary division /z/ sound prsrvativ rfusal composition nwspapr /sh/ sound prmission xpansion sugar tissu pag 9 /s/, /s/, /s/, /z/, /s/, /z/, /z/, /zh/, /z/, /s/, /z/, /zh/, /sh/, /z/, /s/, /sh/, /s/, /z/, /zh/, /zh/ pag 10 bcaus rfrigrator Antarctica cntipd frogs Cindrlla Unscrambl th bold lttrs and writ th word that matchs ach clu. Th hint in parnthss will tll you which sound of s th word contains. 1. uniqu; not common uusalun (/zh/) 2. garmnts; covring for th body ocslth (/z/) 3. protction against loss from fir or dath isurncna (/sh/) 4. an antonym for ngativ tipsiov (/z/) 5. a small spoon onastpo (/s/) Circl th 4 words blow that contain th /sh/ sound of s and undrlin th 14 words that contain th /z/ sound of s. Do not mark th sam word twic. Dar Diary, My grandparnts gav m a sason pass to th art musum for a birthday prsnt this yar. It s only four subway stops away from our nw apartmnt, so I can visit as frquntly as I lik. I v bn thr svral tims on fild trips, but it is so larg, that I think it would tak a whol liftim to know vry pic of art. Th nw xpansion will b complt this spring, and I can t wait to s what has changd. Whn Isabl and I go this wknd, I d lik to spnd som tim looking at th work of th Imprssionists. In Mr. Yang s class, w rcntly larnd about th issu that a group of artists had in Franc during th lat 1800s. Th Frnch Acadmy was powrful, and thy prssurd artists to crat crtain typs of work. Th group that would latr bcom known as th Imprssionists had thir own vision of what art could b. Mayb somday I ll hav th plasur of sing my own artwork hanging proudly on thos sam walls. pag /ch/, /k/ 2. /sh/ 3. /sh/, /ch/, /sh/ 4. /sh/, /ch/, /ch/ 5. /sh/, /sh/, /sh/ 6. /sh/ 7. /k/ 8. /ch/ 9. /ch/, /sh/, /k/ NAME Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 2 Phonics 11 Lsson 1.3 Consonant Digraphs pag 13 voicd sound (/th/), as in bothr. as in wholsal. 1. thatr 2. northrn 3. Philippins 4. wholsom 5. sympathy 6. whimpr 7. pharmacy Th digraph th can mak th unvoicd sound (/th/), as in thumb, and th Th digraph wh can mak th /hw/ sound, as in whitwash, and th /h/ sound, Th digraph ph maks th /f/ sound, as in photocopy. Rad th clus blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that matchs th clu and has th sound listd in parnthss. Thn, find ach word in th word sarch puzzl. Words may b writtn forward, backward, or diagonally. thatr Philippins northrn whimpr sympathy wholsom pharmacy 1. a plac whr popl go to watch a movi (/th/) 2. an antonym for southrn (/th/) 3. a country in southast Asia that has thousands of islands (/f/) 4. halthful; nutritious (/h/) 5. a fling of pity or sorrow for anothr prson (/th/) 6. a wak, whining sort of cry (/hw/) 7. a plac whr popl go to buy prscription mdicin (/f/) y h a n o r t h r n v t p h i l i p p i n s n m o h n t c a s x w b t n n o REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS 1 2 Soft g rgions largst passags giant Soft c Icland cycl distanc 1. soft g 2. hard g 3. soft g 4. hard c 5. soft c 6. hard c g a y r b w h u a p m s f r r y o a x i w n b y m f g d l l o m b h z j l h a f w s y m p a t h y o o c l h y r q v c d s h k y t u n c w r b q a k w Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 3 Phonics 13 pag 8 1. a, d 2. b, c 3. c, d 4. b, c 5. a, d pag unusual 2. cloths 3. insuranc 4. positiv 5. taspoon Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 152 Answr Ky

154 Lsson 1.3 Consonant Digraphs Answr Ky Th digraphs ck, ng, and gh can com in th middl or at th nd of a word. Th digraph ck maks th /k/ sound, as in spckld. Th digraph ng maks th /ng/ sound, as in amazing. Th digraph gh can mak th /f/ sound, as in coughd. NAME Lsson 1.5 Mor Silnt Consonants Lsson 1.6 Ti and Ci NAME Complt ach sntnc blow with a word from th box. Circl th digraphs ck, ng, and gh in th words you us. pag 14 scoring block rough ntring surprising hocky puck playing nough incrasing opposing waring stick Hocky 1. is a tam sport playd on ic by playrs skats. 2. It is not rally surprising that hocky is most popular in rgions of th world that stay rlativly cold, such as Canada, Finland, and Russia. 3. Bcaus a rubbr disc calld a puck can fly at spds of mor than 100 mils pr hour, hocky can b a rough and dangrous gam. 4. Evn plnty of protctiv quipmnt isn t always nough to kp a playr saf. 5. A goaltndr s job is to kp th puck from ntring th nt and thus kp th opposing tam from scoring a point. 6. Th goali may block a shot with his or hr body, which is wll paddd with protctiv gar, or h or sh may us a hocky stick as th rst of th playrs do. 7. Most ic hocky tams ar comprisd of mn, but womn hav playd th gam sinc at last th 1800s. Today, th numbr of womn playing th sport is rapidly. pag 15 NAME 14 Lsson ch, 1.4 th, Silnt sh, Consonants ng, ch, sh, ch, Th, ng, ch, th, ng, ng, sh, th, th, In som consonant pairs, on lttr is silnt. Th lttr k is silnt whn it coms bfor n, as in knl. th, Th ch, lttr w is silnt ng, whn it ch, coms bfor ch r, as in wrath. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 3 Phonics in th word. pag clumsy 2. nightmar 3. comb 4. roundtrip 5. sabotag pag 17 incrasing Th lttr c can b silnt whn it follows s, as in scissors. Th lttr b can b silnt whn it follows m, as in tomb. waring Fill in th blank in ach sntnc blow with a word from th box. Circl th silnt lttr knight bradcrumbs knapsack wrappr scnic thumb 1. Th scrt to Aunt Lulu s matloaf is using bradcrumbs mad from hommad sourdough brad. 2. Th hikr filld hr knapsack with food, watr, and a map. 3. Primats ar similar to humans in thir us of th opposabl. thumb 4. Th Hahns dcidd to tak th scnic rout through th mountains, vn though it addd a coupl of hours to thir trip. 5. Although any fr man could bcom a knight during th Middl Ags, it was gnrally mn from walthy familis who rcivd this honor. 6. Th plastic wrappr covring th CD was difficult to rmov. Rad ach bold word. Circl th word bsid it that has th sam sound as th undrlind lttrs. 1. thumb timbr clumsy thimbl 2. knickrs kayak kalidoscop nightmar 3. lamb comb mmbr mumbl 4. wrath wholsal roundtrip woodwind 5. scintillat sabotag collision insuranc Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 4 NAME Phonics 16 Lsson 1.4 Silnt Consonants Th intrviw blow contains 18 words that hav th silnt consonant pairs kn, wr, sc, and mb. Circl th words and draw a lin through ach silnt lttr. Vijay Mhta: Whn did you first know that you wantd to b a singr and songwritr? Carson Bll: That s an intrsting qustion. I cam from a tightly-knit family, and as a child, my brothrs and I spnt a grat dal of tim listning to music. W imitatd what w hard, and w vntually startd crating our own music. VM: So you always knw you wantd to writ music or somhow b involvd in th music industry? CB: No, it was actually a much longr road for m. I was taking th scnic way hom from work on night, whn I did somthing dumb. I had a papr cut on my thumb, and I trid to look for a bandag in th glov compartmnt whil I was driving. VM: What happnd? CB: Wll, I wrckd my car, but luckily I didn t do too much damag to myslf. Whn I climbd out of th car, my lft wrist hurt prtty badly and I had brokn my kncap, but I was okay. VM: Did th accidnt hav an impact on your lif? CB: It absolutly did. I njoyd my job and working in th fild of scinc, but I didn t fl th sam passion for it as I had for music. I wrstld with th dcision of what I rally wantd to do with my lif. Th scns from my childhood kpt rplaying thmslvs ovr and ovr in my mind. VM: Is that whn you wnt out on a limb and changd your carr path? CB: Ys, and I v nvr rgrttd my dcision or flt that I had mad th wrong choic. I think that knowldg of yourslf and th things that ar a priority to you ar ssntial to fling happy and fulfilld. Whn two or thr consonants appar togthr, on lttr is somtims silnt. Th lttr g can b silnt whn it coms bfor n, as in gnom. Th lttr d is silnt whn it coms bfor g, as in fudg. Th lttr h is silnt whn it follows r, as in rhombus. Th lttr t is silnt whn it coms bfor ch, as in hatch. Th lttrs gh can b silnt, as in sight. pag cologn 2. sigh 3. rhythm 4. switch 5. rhinocros 6. dlight 7. pldg 8. forign cross out th silnt lttr or lttrs. 9. hatcht Rad ach clu blow. Th word that matchs th clu is writtn in bold bsid it, but th lttrs ar scrambld. Unscrambl th lttrs, and writ th word on th lin. Hint: Each word will contain a silnt consonant pair. 1. prfum ogcoln 2. th sound a prson maks whn xhaling hsig 3. a rgular, rpatd musical bat mrythh 4. to trad or xchang ciwtsh 5. an animal that has a singl horn on its had osrinohcr 6. grat plasur or joy lidgth 7. to promis or swar lpgd 8. from anothr country igforn 9. a typ of small ax thacth Rad ach word blow. Find a rhyming word in th box and writ it on th lin. Thn, thighs pitchr hutch assign straight hdg rhym gnaw 1. cris 5. touch 2. claw gnaw 6. pldg hdg 3. richr pitchr 7. wait straight 4. inclin 8. climb Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 5 Phonics 18 pag dg 2. tch 3. gn 4. gh, rh 5. gn 6. Rh 7. tch 8. gn 1. b, dg 2. c, rh 3. a, gh 4. b, gn 5. a, tch 6. c, dg 7. b, gh 8. c, tch thighs assign hutch rhym Th lttrs ti and ci can stand for th /sh/ sound, as in cautious and magician. pag 20 Rad th paragraphs blow. Circl th 14 words that contain th /sh/ sound splld ti. Undrlin th thr words that contain th /sh/ sound splld ci. You do not nd to mark th sam word twic. Th Mayan civilization was at its strongst btwn A.D. 250 and A.D It xistd in what is today Guatmala, Bliz, Mxico, Honduras, and El Salvador. For many yars, th Mayan popl wr somwhat of a mystry to th historians and archaologists who studid thm. What could hav mad such a powrful and advancd nation dclin so drastically? thy wondrd. Th Maya wr proficint in agricultur and practicd th cultivation of maiz (a typ of corn), bans, squash, ppprs, avocados, and pinappls. Thy had an advancd systm of irrigation and also usd othr farming tchniqus, lik rotating crops and building trracs. Thr wr mor than 40 Mayan citis, and at on tim, th population may hav rachd two million. Th Maya usd a systm of hiroglyphic writing, similar to Egyptian hiroglyphics. Th Mayan hiroglyphs, as wll as inscriptions carvd in rock, ar important sourcs of information for modrn-day rsarchrs. Th Maya ar considrd to hav bn th most advancd ancint civilization in th Wstrn Hmisphr. What causd thir dclin? It may hav bn vicious wars, natural disastrs, or a disas that wipd out larg portions of th population. About 800,000 popl today spak Mayan languags. Many modrn Maya still liv an agricultural lifstyl lik thir ancstors did. Thir prsrvation of th Mayan cultur and traditions in modrn socity giv it th potntial to b passd along for gnrations to com. pag 21 Grad 1. 6ti ci, ti 3. ti 4. ti 5. ci, ci 6. ti, ti 7. ti 8. ci 9. ci, ci 10. ci, ti 11. ti, ti 12. ti Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 6 Phonics pag c 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. b 1. lambs 2. budg 3. knw 4. wrinkld 5. hatchd 6. nighd 7. dsignd Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 4 Phonics Spctrum Word Study and 17 Answr Ky 153

155 Answr Ky pag Possibl answrs: /th/: thy, th /th/: thought, thr, thousand, thumb, with 2. Possibl answrs: chopsticks, charactrs, NAME chf Rviw Digraphs, Silnt Consonants, ti and ci 3 4. Rad th paragraphs blow and complt th itms that follow. Chopsticks ar ating utnsils usd in China, Japan, Kora, and Vitnam. Thy ar thought to hav bn invntd in China btwn thr and fiv thousand yars ago and ar usd as tongs or pincrs. Thy may b mad of wood, bamboo, mtal, bon, ivory, or vn plastic. In Japan, th word otmoto, Japans for chopstick, is oftn writtn on th wrappr in Japans charactrs. Th propr way to hold chopsticks is btwn th thumb and fingrs. Th bottom stick stays stationary, whil th top stick movs up and down to grasp th food. If th chf has cut th food into small pics and th ric is sticky nough, ating with chopsticks is simpl. 1. On th lins, writ two words that contain th /th/ sound and two that contain th /th/ sound. 2. On th lins, list thr words in which /ch/ maks diffrnt sounds. 3. Undrlin th thr words that contain silnt consonant pairs. 4. Circl all th digraphs in paragraph ci 2. ti 3. ti, ti Undrlin th pair of lttrs that corrctly complts ach bold word blow. pag 24 wigh; bauti ans (ti, halfway; ci) will hlp you look your bst! convy; vryday; Ptshop Plus and rciv a goodi vil; bag FREE wkday; with any purchas. disoby; maintain; rstraind; mrmaid; swaying; rindr; hy 1. Visit Cut n Curl Salon in Lindn Shopping Cntr our profssionally traind 2. Attn on (ti, ci) pt ownrs! For on wknd only, bring your dog or cat to 3. Mn on (ti, ci) this ad, and you ll rciv $2.00 off th pric of admission whn you visit th San Francisco Musum of History s Egyp an (ti, ci) xhibit. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 3 6 Phonics 23 pag 25 May; today; stayd; Eight; rmain; ssays; convy; Hooray; prais; nighbor; dtails; obtain; subway; survy; Friday; pay pag a 3. i 4. y 5. a; 6. a 7. a 1. Chimpanzs; monkys; comdis Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 154 REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS Fild; Drams; movi 3. Chif; nomin; Haly 4. Eddi; donky 5. lad; Dixi 6. Chapr; drams pag ordal 2. attorny 3. hartbat 4. antifrz 5. bittrswt 6. mild, Tnnss and daylight. 7. kidny 8. parsly Across 9. clav 6. an antonym for tam 7. scard; having far pag 28 pag b, d 2. a, b, c 3. a, d 4. b 5. a, c igh might nighttim moonlight plight insight dlightful stoplight pag mold NAME Lsson 1.9 Vowl Sounds (ind, ild, igh) Th vowl i can mak a long sound whn followd by nd, ld, or gh, as in bhind, Rad th clus blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu, and writ it in th numbrd spac in th crossword puzzl. rind mild mastrmind hindsight copyright wild slight colorblind frightnd 1. lgal protction for a crativ work, lik a book or play 3. small in siz or amount 4. modrat; not xtrm 8. a prson who dircts a projct Down 1. unabl to s crtain colors 2. a clar viw or undrstanding of a situation aftr it has occurrd 5. th tough outr covring of a fruit c o p y r i g h t o i s l i g h t n o d r r s m i l d b i n w i l d f r i g h t n d i h n m a s t r m i n d d Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 9 Phonics ind rmindrs find ild wild child s 2. outgrow 3. toll 4. most 5. charcoal 6. blindfold 7. scarcrow 8. scold 9. host 10. boast 11. scroll 12. glow 13. crossroads 14. stroll 15. billfold 16. croak 17. almost pag 31 ow, oa, oa, oa, oa, ow, old, old, oa, oll, ow,ow,old,ow, old, ow, old, ow, ow, ow, ow pag 32 ; a y igh a; ild y ow; oa; ay a; ow; ai a a; a old; oa; a oll pag sustain, convy 2. uptight, unwinding 3. roaming, withhold 4. ovrslp, attorny 5. nrolld, sugarcoat Answr Ky

156 Rviw Vowl Sounds and Diphthongs Rad th clus blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that matchs th clu and has th sound listd in parnthss. Thn, find ach word in th word sarch puzzl. Words may b writtn forward, backward, or diagonally. Answr Ky 6. dcay, rins 1. long, long i 2. long o, long o, long a 3. long 4. long o/long o, long 5. long a, long o, long, NAME Lsson long 1.11 Vowl a Sounds (oo, w, ou, ui, u) 6. long, long o Th lttrs oo, w, ou, ui, and u can mak th /ü/ sound, as in uproot, withdrw, rgroup, cruis, and tru. Th lttrs oo can also mak th /u / sound you har in shook. pag 34 Rad th dfinitions blow. For ach word in column 2, undrlin th lttrs that mak th /ü/ sound and circl th lttrs that mak th /u / sound. On th lin, writ th lttr of th word that matchs ach dfinition. 1. b th act of chasing somthing in ordr to catch it a. nuisanc 2. occurring latr than plannd or schduld b. pursuit 3. f not waring shos c. livlihood 4. a an annoyanc d. nook 5. c th mans by which a prson arns a living. ovrdu 6. d a small, cozy, or hiddn ara f. barfoot Rad ach sntnc blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that has th sam /ü/ or / u/ vowl sound as th word in bold. 1. On Saturday night, a larg group (sour, papoos) of frinds and rlativs will mt 1. at papoos Clausn Bach for thir annual clambak. 2. th booth corn and rins th clams in saltwatr. 3. could; curlicu 4. th rvnu bach with a silvry glow. 5. cruising 2. Mr. Krauss rcruits (booth, chckbook) as many popl as h can to hlp shuck 3. Th youngst kids agrly scour th bach for pics of driftwood (platoon, could) that ar suitabl (handbook, curlicu) for th bonfir. 4. As th sun disappars blow th horizon, th moonlight (fathrhood, rvnu) fills 5. Although vryon is a bit mor subdud (cruising, cluckd) than whn th vning bgan, th mntion of dssrt infuss th group with nrgy. Spctrum pag Word Study and 35 Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 11 Phonics 34 oo, oo, w, w, oo, oo, oo, u, u, ou, ui, ui, ou, u, ui, oo pag Although; audinc; all 2. author 3. awful 4. bcaus; caution 5. drawn 6. Banstalk 7. granddaughtr; caught 8. smallr; brawnir 9. taught pag chalkboard 2. basktball 3. scrawld 4. asphalt 5. crosswalk Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 6. installd 1. aw 2. all 3. au 4. alk 5. au 6. aw Lsson 1.13 Vowl Diphthongs pag toil (Moscow, toil) 2. convoy (rbound, convoy) 3. moistur (prowl, moistur) 4. (spoild, spoild moan) 38 pag 39 pag compound 2. rjoic 3. whirlpool 4. suitabl 5. awkward 6. shook 7. scowl 8. squall NAME Whn two vowl sounds com togthr and crat a nw sound, th combination thy form is calld a diphthong (dip thông). Th diphthongs oi, as in moist, and oy, as in oystr, mak th sam sound. Rad ach dscription blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs th clu. Writ it on th lin, and circl th diphthong. joyfulnss mployr annoy viwpoint loyalty Ds Moins hoist 1. I am a company or prson for whom othrs work. Som might call m th boss. mployr 2. I am a vrb that mans to lift or pull up. You could us m in this sntnc: Th girls hlpd thir dad th sails. hoist 3. Th word faithfulnss is a synonym for m. I dscrib a quality that good frinds or family mmbrs show for on anothr. loyalty 4. Foundd in 1843, I am Iowa s capital city. Ds Moins 5. I am a fling of grat happinss or plasur. joyfulnss 6. I am anothr word for bothr or irritat. annoy 7. I am a prson s prspctiv or th way h or sh ss things. viwpoint Rad th hadlins blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that has th sam vowl sound as th bold word or words. 1. Advnturr Bgins Voyag Around th World by Balloon! 2. Fans Disappointd Whn Singr Jtt Mullin Cancls World Tour 3. Hurrican Chlo Dstroys 42 Homs Along Florida Coast NAME 4. Britain s Royal Family to Visit th Stats and Mt with Prsidnt Lsson 1.13 Vowl Diphthongs Th diphthongs ou, as in tryout, and ow, as in town, mak th sam sound. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 13 Phonics Rad th paragraphs blow. Undrlin th ight words that contain th /ou/ sound splld ou. Circl th svn words that contain th /ou/ sound splld ow.you do not nd to mark th sam word mor than onc. What kinds of things do you rad on th computr? Hav you vr trid rading an -book, or lctronic book? What about a nwspapr articl or your favorit magazin? For many popl, it s difficult to spnd long amounts of tim in front of a computr scrn. Thy would rathr find a mor comfortabl plac in th hous to rad, lik a cozy chair or th couch. A laptop computr is portabl, but it is still bulkir than a magazin or small book. It s also hard for somon rading in a car or outdoors to s th scrn in bright light. Svral rnownd companis on th cutting dg of tchnology ar now working on som idas that would forvr chang th way popl rad. How dos th ida of lctronic papr sound to you? It s difficult to xplain xactly how this concpt works. Th basic ida, though, is that th battry-powrd papr is filld with tiny capsuls. Each capsul contains black and whit particls that carry an lctric charg. Using th lctricity in ach capsul, a computr program dtrmins whthr th black or whit particls ar allowd to com to th surfac of th papr. Th black particls form pattrns that crat lttrs, symbols, and words. Whn you turn th pag, diffrnt particls ris to th surfac and form th words and picturs on th nxt pag of th book or magazin. Although it sms lik somthing that might b found in a scinc fiction novl, it s possibl that in th futur a singl pic of lctronic papr could somhow hold th contnts of an ntir book. Th countdown to th books of th futur has bgun. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 13 Phonics 39 REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS squall oystr compound tru scowl shook awkward whirlpool suitabl rjoic 1. a word that is mad of two shortr words (/ou/) 2. to clbrat with grat happinss (/oi/) 3. a currnt of watr that rotats vry quickly (/ü/) 4. appropriat (/ü/) 5. clumsy; not gracful (/ô/) 6. th past tns of th vrb shak (/u /) 7. to glar or frown (/ou/) 8. a9. short, violnt oystr storm with wind and rain or snow (/ô/) 9. an dibl shllfish that somtims contains parls (/oi/) 10. tru 10. not fals (/ü/) f a h m s d g i o b c a a j w j r t q l l a u q s b n w k h v c r w u l l v u f r n w x i c o t y h s i s u r a b d r h c a i m k t f z r k r q l s o o v d a h r j d h j b s p i k c z b p o m m r w h n o g i l l d t i d n u o p m o c f n s c h j m a o c t u l s w b y n m p l k r t r u q o Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons Phonics 40 pag 41 au; ow; aw; all; ow; u; oo; ow; oy; au; oi; ow; u; all; oi; w; oy; ow; w; all; ow; ow; au pag limbr 2. cardinal 3. scallop 4. passion 5. diary 1. rgnl 2. rom 3. mountnr 4. florl 5. ancstrs 6. koal 7. pyrmids pag 43 Lsson 1.14 Th Schwa Sound NAME Rad th following paragraphs. For ach word in bold, circl th vowl or vowls that mak th schwa sound. Throughout history, our nation and its citizns hav had to ndur a numbr of difficult and trying momnts. Fw vnts wr as sad as th assassinations of prsidnts Abraham Lincoln and John F. Knndy. Although thy ar not discussd as oftn, th daths of Jams Garfild and William McKinly wr qually shocking to th Amricans of thir tim. Prsidnt Jams Garfild took offic on March 4, Only four months latr,on July 2, Garfild was walking through a Washington, D.C., railroad station whn Charls J. Guitau shot him. Garfild livd for anothr 80 days, but mdical knowldg during that tim was limitd. On Sptmbr 19, Prsidnt Garfild passd away. H had bn prsidnt for only six and a half months. Prsidnt William McKinly bgan his scond trm in March Du to Amrica s victory in th Spanish-Amrican War, McKinly had asily dfatd William Jnnings Bryan in th prvious fall s lction. In Sptmbr 1901, McKinly travld to Buffalo, Nw York, to giv a spch at th Pan-Amrican Exposition. It was at this World s Fair that tragdy would strik. On Sptmbr 6, McKinly stood at th front of a lin of popl waiting to shak th prsidnt s hand. Slowly, Lon Czolgosz mad his way through th lin. Czolgosz was an anarchist somon who blivs that all forms of govrnmnt ar bad and should b abolishd. Although many anarchists wr pacful, othrs prformd violnt acts. Whn Czolgosz rachd th front of th lin, h shot McKinly and was immdiatly takn into custody. McKinly was rushd to th hospital in an ambulanc, making him th first prsidnt to rid in an automobil. Sadly, McKinly did of his wounds ight days latr. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 14 Phonics 43 Answr Ky 155

157 Answr Ky pag tropical 2. mammals 3. Environmntal 4. Local, animals 5. matrials, travl 6. popl, jungl 7. ptals NAME 8. rsmbls Lsson 1.14 Th Schwa Sound 9. muscls, tackl Th schwa sound occurs in unstrssd syllabls. For xampl, in th word ba sin th first syllabl is strssd. Th scond syllabl contains th schwa sound. In th following words, th vowl that maks th // sound is st in bold. Notic how it appars only in unstrssd syllabls. n my cas stt nui sanc sr mon pa go da pag custom schwa or schwas. 2. cramics 3. postal 4. astronaut 5. husband Rad ach dfinition and th word bsid it. On th lin, rwrit th word without th 1. a tradition or habit cus tm 2. matrials mad of bakd c ram ics clay 3. rlating to mail srvic or post offics po stl 4. a prson who travls in outr spac as tr not hus bnd 5. a marrid mal Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th strssd syllabl or syllabls in ach bold word and circl th vowl or vowls that mak th schwa sound. 1. In 1910, Robrt Badn-Powll foundd th Girl Guids of Grat Britain as a coun tr part to th group for boys h bgan in In 1912, Julitt Low startd th Girl Scouts, a sim i lar organization in th Unitd Stats. 3. Th Girl Scouts and Girl Guids both fo cus on ladrship, char ac tr, community, outdoor activitis, and srvic. 4. In A mr i ca, th fiv ag groups ar calld th Daisis, Brownis, Juniors, Ca dtts, and Sniors. 5. Today, thr ar narly 10 mil lion mmbrs in 144 countris. pag policy 2. yondr 3. rhythm 4. pastry 5. firfly 6. nmy 7. myslf 8. mythical Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 14 Phonics 45 pag long, long, long i, y 2. y, long i 3. long, long, y 4. long i, long, short i/long 5. long, long 1. anchovy icy 2. physician Olympian 3. spying magnify Spctrum Word Study and Phonics yars yucca 5. backyard yild 6. vrything financially 7. hyna dying 8. yondr canyon pag 48 Alvarz Scarf; Girl Monstr; Waltr; Myrs North Birmingham; Christophr; Curtis Charlott Summr; Grman; Soldir Morning; Girl; Dorris Icbrg; Hrmit; Arthur Virginia Sports Piranhas Borning Gardn; Burntt Survival; Gordon; Korman ar: Answrs will vary. r: Answrs will vary. ur: Answrs will vary. pag 49 smirk; sashor; swrv; mirth; midtrm; sunburn; bizarr; lifguard; lurking; mrg; bookmark; purs; carnivor; advrb; suburb; splurg; affordabl; postmark; quirky; thirst; discord; provrb; whirl REVIEW: CHAPTER 1 LESSONS pag ar 2. air 3. air 4. r 5. ar, ar, ar 50 pag disappar 2. millionair 3. solitair 4. carr 5. warabl 6. auctionr 7. smard 8. bar 1. fairly 2. narly 3. pr 4. thradbar 5. darst pag 52 NAME Lsson 1.17 Mor r-controlld Vowls (air, ar, ar, r) Th lttrs air and ar can mak th sam sound, as in rpair and prpar. Th lttrs ar and r can mak th sam sound, as in appar and str. Th lttrs ar can also mak th sound you har in swar. Rad th dfinitions blow. On th lin, writ th word from th box that matchs ach dfinition, and circl th r-controlld vowl lttr combination. smar solitair gar bwar qustionnair rar str voluntr 1. a prson who offrs to do somthing, oftn for fr 2. a list of qustions usd for gathring information qustionnair 3. to guid a vhicl using a whl str 4. not common; somthing that dosn t occur oftn rar 5. to sprad a sticky or grasy matrial smar 6. a gam of cards on plays alon solitair 7. quipmnt gar 8. to b cautious of somthing bwar Rad ach sntnc blow. On th lin, writ th lttr combination (air, ar, r,or ar) that corrctly complts ach bold word. 1. Bill Gats is th ownr of th largst softw company in th world. 2. Not only is h a billion, but h is also th richst prson in th world. 3. Evn at a young ag, Gats had a fl for math and scinc. 4. Throughout his car, Gats has had many challngs. 5. Bill Gats and his wif, Mlinda, ar aw of how fortunat thy ar, so ach y thy sh thir walth by donating millions of dollars to charity. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 1 Lsson 17 Phonics NAME 1. short i; rhythm 2. long i; magnify 3. y; yowl 4. long ; stingy voluntr Rviw Schwa, th Sounds of y, and r-controlld Vowls For ach bold word, undrlin th strssd syllabl, and circl th vowl or vowls that mak th schwa sound. Too many an i mals in th world don t hav a plac to call hom or po pl to protct thm. Thou sands of ths animals gt a sc ond chanc at a spc ial plac calld Bst Frinds Animal Sanctuary, locatd in Kanab, Utah. Th motto of Bst Frinds is No mor homlss pts. Today, mor than 1,500 animals liv at th sanctuary. Thr ar plnty of com mon hous pts, lik cats and dogs, but Bst Frinds is also hom to horss, pigs, goats, owls, rabbits, and doz ns of othr va ri tis of crittrs. Som ar sick, and many wr a ban dond or a busd. Bst Frinds wl coms all animals, rgardlss of thir history. Onc an animal ntrs th sanctuary, it will b tratd with kindnss and rspct. Hundrds of animals find good homs through th f forts of Bst Frinds. Th animals that don t find nw familis ar still guarantd a saf and happy plac to liv forvr. Bst Frinds works with groups all a round th country to mak th livs of animals bttr. Thy ducat popl about th importanc of spaying and nutring pts. Thy also hav th bst intrsts of animals in mind whn a crisis oc curs. Thr s no doubt that th furry and fathrd cra turs of th world ar lucky to hav th folks at Bst Frinds looking out for thm. On th lin, writ th sound y maks in ach bold word (long i, short i, y, or long ). Circl th word bsid it that contains th sam sound. 1. typical graciously rhythm nylon 2. dny policy gypsy magnify 3. canyon colony yowl mystry 4. trribly stingy Egypt gymnast 5. crypt occupy yodl physics Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons Phonics 52 Answr Ky

158 Form th plural of a word that nds with a consonant and o by adding s. cargo, cargos halo, halos Som words, such as photo, piano, and rhino, do not follow this pattrn. Just add s to mak thir plurals. Us a dictionary to chck plural spllings. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu blow and writ it on th lin. Thn, find th plural form of th word in th word sarch puzzl. pistachio solo flamingo tomato burrito publo kangaroo Answr Ky 1. a juicy rd fruit that is usually usd as a vgtabl 2. an Australian animal that carris its young in a pouch 3. a light grn dibl nut 4. a tortilla stuffd with mat, ric, bans, and chs 5. a bright pink tropical bird that has long, skinny lgs 6. to do somthing alon 5. short i; physics pag 53 carpt: particular, start, Karla turning: togthr, first, similar, wandr, concrnd, swirl, burst, Silvrstin, familiar orchid: forms, short, important, sorts, NAME brainstorming Lsson 2.1 Bas Words and Endings fairly: sharing, carfully A bas word is a word without ndings addd to it. Doubl th consonant bfor adding d or ing to a bas word that has a short clar: carr, Shakspar vowl sound and nds in a consonant.(snap, snappd, snapping) If a bas word nds with, drop th bfor adding d or ing. (xcit, xcitd, xciting) If a bas word nds with y, chang th y to i bfor adding d. Do not chang th y bfor adding ing. (occupy, occupid, occupying) pag 54 Fill in th blanks in th chart blow. Bas Word chrish chrishing struggl struggld struggling format formattd formatting scribbl scribbld scribbling nforc nforcd nforcing idntify idntifid idntifying unti untid untying On th lin, writ th bas word for ach word in bold. 1. Th chf s hands wr covrd in food aftr sh finishd dmonstrating to th class how to proprly mix th ingrdints. 2. Max accompanid Basir to his audition on Monday. 3. A road crw is crating a hug, muddy mss on our block 1. dmonstrat 2. accompany whil thy rpair th strt. 3. crat idntify, idntifying, untying Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 1 Word Structur 54 pag 55 mans; fit; producs; uss; NAME switch; sav; burn; Lsson 2.2 Comparativ Endings purchas; tachs; wishs; Th comparativ ndings -r and -st chang th manings of bas words. ncourags; passs; comparing thr or mor things. dpr = mor dp dpst = most dp mans; For words that nd sav; in, drop th and xchang add r or st. For words that nd in a pag 56 Add d chrishd Phonics Connction Circl th words in th chart in which y maks th long i sound. Fill in th blanks blow with th corrct form of th comparativ word. Bas Word Add r Add st Add ing Add r to man mor whn comparing two things. Add st to man most whn consonant plus y, chang th y to i bfor adding r or st. clos, closr, closst arly, arlir, arlist For words that hav a short vowl sound and nd in a consonant, doubl th consonant bfor adding r or st. thin, thinnr, thinnst shiny rar rd angry light lovly fr shallow slim strang rough slpy shinir rarr rddr angrir lightr lovlir frr shallowr slimmr strangr roughr slpir sninist rarst rddst angrist lightst lovlist frst shallowst slimmst strangst roughst slpist Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 2 Word Structur 56 pag 57 most xcitd, squakir, most frustrating, mor smoothly, most intrsting, arlir, most popular, safr pag 58 playing, inspird, hird, namd, masurd, compltd, swing, finishd, flying, trid, dfnding, wavd, announcd pag 59 Danny: asir, funnist, latst Austin: kindr, gntlr, most compassionat, toughst, smartst, most original, brightr Christina: youngr, most trustworthy, halthir, mor intrsting, biggr drip rlax polish occupy drag mpty pag 60 trs, bushs, houss, pols, storis, countris, lavs, blooms, masss, vins, conditions, branchs, bridgs, roofs, nmis, livs pag tomato 2. kangaroo 3. pistachio 4. burrito 5. flamingo 6. solo 7. publo 7. a Nativ Amrican villag or community of th Southwst p r m a a h u r u p n f s g n i b d p l b u r r i t o s g s s o g n i m a l f w q l s p t v f u i m a x z p s o o r a g n a k c x p u r b l t y w c c d a j h i r o k j c b h t w b g k n l s l y f o d i t l u b a o d j r n w p v o z h y t o m a t o s g s j m u q Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 3 Word Structur 61 pag childrn 2. trout 3. ft 4. oasis 5. spcis 6. tth 7. mous 8. dr 9. goos s pag Answrs will vary but should includ th word tth. 2. Answrs will vary but should includ th word traffic. 3. Answrs will vary but should includ th word womn. 4. Answrs will vary but should includ th word fish. 5. Answrs will vary but should includ th word ft. 6. Answrs will vary but should includ th word moos. 1. tooth, fish 2. tooth, moos s; foot pag 64 PL, PP,SP,SP, PL, SP, PL, PL, PP Answr Ky 157

159 REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 3 5 Answr Ky pag Womn s 2. vnt s 3. Anglou s 4. world s 5. Vtrans 6. Nation s 7. shuttls 1. th drums bat 2. th song s lyrics 3. th guitarist s solo 4. th musicians nrgy 5. th kyboard s mlody Rviw pag 66 Fill in th blanks to complt th chart blow. Singular NAME Plurals, Irrgular Plurals, and Possssivs Plural colonis Singular Possssiv colony s Plural Possssiv colonis colony waltz waltzs waltzs waltz s coachs coach s coachs coach banjo banjos banjos banjo s citis city s citis city portfolio portfolios portfolio s portfolios physician physician s physicians physicians mous mous s mic s mic mosquito mosquitos mosquitos mosquito s Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that corrctly complts ach sntnc. 1. Andy njoys rading nonfiction and usually chooss (biographis, biographys) or 1. tru-advntur biographis; (storys, storis). storis 2. Tannr prfrs (mystrys, mystris) and crim (novls, novls). mystris; (folktals, folktalss) and (lgnds, lgnds) that Shlby rads. 3. lvs; ogrs; folktals; onlin spcialty stors. lgnds rading J. R. R. Tolkin s book Th Hobbit. 4. comics Upsid-Down Cak with (Mangos, Mango s). 5. classs 6. cookbooks; rcips; 66 Burritos; Mangos 3. Dwarvs, (lfs, lvs), and (ogrs, ogrs ) ar not uncommon charactrs in th 4. Natali has a larg collction of Japans (comics, comics) that sh ordrs from 5. All thr sixth-grad (class s, classs) at Washington Hights Middl School ar 6. Sydny and Evan lov looking through thir mom s (cookbooks, cookbooks) and making intrsting (rcipis, rcips), lik Chsy Chickn (Burritos, Burritos) or Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 3 5 Word Structur pag Ladis Rading Club 2. classs schduls 3. mothr s purs 4. childrn s toys 5. prson s participation 6. Jak s intrnship 7. Trout s mouths 1. schduls, tchnology 2. drawing, auction Lsson 2.6 Compound Words A compound word is a combination of two shortr words. hand + shak = handshak candl + stick = candlstick Som words ar calld opn compounds. In opn compounds, thr is a spac btwn th two words, but thy rfr to a singl thing. hom run high school pag firwood 2. whlchair 3. barfoot 4. rattlsnak 5. turtlnck 6. jlly + = jllyfish Us th picturs to hlp you fill in th blanks in th problms blow = 2. + = 3. bar + = 4. + = 5. + = Form a common compound word by drawing a lin to match ach word in column 1 to a word in column 2. Writ th compound word on th lin. 1. watr pool watrmlon 2. loud ngin loudspakr 3. whirl wd whirlpool 4. fir mlon fir ngin 5. sa spakr Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 6 Word Structur 68 pag 69 nws/papr; back/yards; aftr/noons; wk/nds; out/doors; in/sid; play/ground; grn/hous; baskt/ball; sand/box; With/out; worth/whil pag 70 Thr r; arn t; I d; havn t; I m; you d; don t; Thy r; won t; It s; thy v; arn t; Thy ll; lt s; might v; hr s; you r; shouldn t; What r pag hav nt; havn t 2. Im; I m 3. instructors; instructor s 4. won t; won t 5. thats; that s 6. thrs; thr s 7. hav nt; havn t 8. wr; w r 9. winds; wind s sawd 1. away, stay, today, anyway 2. parachuting, assurd pag 72 anybody, anyon, anything anywhr, firplac, firworks, firwood, firfly, firfightr, hommad, homtown, homgrown, homsick, homroom, undrground, undrwatr, undrcovr, undrwar 1. corn/brad 2. ic / skat 3. ta/cup 4. foot/print 5. hors/back 6. candl/light 7. b/hiv 8. polar / bar 9. button/hol pag you r; you ar 2. you ll; you will 3. can t; can not 4. It s; it is 5. wasn t; was not 6. arn t; havn t; ar not, hav not 7. shouldn t; don t; should not, do not 8. Thr r; thr ar pag 74 insparabl; infrqunt; immatur; irrational; irrsistibl; impatintly; infficint; immovabl; illogical; inxprinc; incapabl; impolit; incorrct pag ngulf Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 158 Answr Ky

160 Answr Ky 2. ncouragd 3. nrolld 4. mployd 5. nlistd 6. nrichd 7. nvisiond 8. nsurd pag cohost; host 2. midstram; stram 3. rproduc; produc 4. rwrit; writ 1. cofoundd; foundd togthr 2. rdiscovr; discovr again 3. midsummr; middl of th summr 4. cowrittn; writtn togthr NAME 5. rtold; told again Lsson 2.8 Prfixs 6. rassurd; assurd again Th prfix intr- mans btwn or among. Th prfix smi- mans partly or half. Th prfix non- mans not. pag 77 Rad th words and th clus blow. Circl th prfixs in th words in th scond column. On th lin, writ th lttr of th word that matchs ach clu. 1. h partly conscious a. smisolid 2. connct among on anothr b. nonacadmic 3. l not factual c. smicircl 4. a half solid d. nonfiction 5. j btwn nations. intrconnct 6. b not acadmic f. intrcoastal 7. k partly dry g. intrcollgiat 8. d not fiction h. smiconscious 9. f btwn coasts i. nonspcific 10. c half a circl j. intrnational 11. i not spcific k. smidry 12. g btwn collgs l. nonfactual Phonics Connction Us th words in column 2 to answr th qustions that follow. 1. On th lins, writ th words that contain th soft c and soft g sounds. smicircl, 2. Which intrcollgiat, two words contain both th soft and hard sounds of c? nonspcific 2. smicircl, nonspcific Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 8 Word Structur 77 pag triathlon 2. bifocals intrstat = btwn stats smiswt = partly swt nonproductiv = not productiv Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 3. multilingual 4. unicolor 5. bicntnnial 6. unicorn 7. multicultural 8. trilogy 9. multipurpos pag 79 misundrstanding, mistrat, disobying, misjudgd, misld, discouragd, disappard, displasd, misbhavior pag 80 Animation; positions; dcption; calculations; attntion; production; tlvision addition; illustrations; prcision; concntration invntion; attraction pag 81 Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: 1. Mary Cassatt was a paintr who oftn usd womn and childrn as hr subjcts. 2. Th invntor s workshop was filld with all kinds of tools and parts. 3. Th novlist will b signing books at th library on Friday. 4. Th govrnor hops to on day bcom prsidnt. 5. Th biologist prd agrly through th microscop, uncrtain of what sh might find. 6. Bryan has bn a collctor of Whit Sox mmorabilia sinc h was svn. 7. Muhammad Ali was on of th gratst boxrs of all tim. 8. Th conductor bowd to th audinc, who gav hr a standing ovation. pag fairnss; th stat of bing fair 2. occurrnc; th act of occurring 3. assistanc; th act of assisting 4. companionship; th stat of bing a NAME companion 5. roundnss; th stat of bing round roughnss = stat of bing rough partnrship = stat of bing a partnr 6. guidanc fragranc; = th act of guiding xistnc th = th stat of xisting of bing fragrant 7. innocnc; th stat of bing innocnt 8. citiznship; th stat of bing a citizn Lsson 2.9 Suffixs Th suffixs -nss and -ship man stat of bing or condition of. Th suffixs -anc and -nc man stat of bing or th act of. Add a suffix to ach bas word blow. Writ th nw word on th first lin. On th scond lin, writ th dfinition of th word. Thn, circl ach word in th word sarch puzzl. Words may b writtn forward, backward, or diagonally. 1. fair + nss = 2. occur + nc = 3. assist + anc = 4. companion + ship = 5. round + nss = 6. fragrant + anc = 7. innocnt + nc = 8. citizn + ship = o p i h s n o i n a p m o c c i t i z n s h i p l s s c n c o n n i d f o s s y b u n s s w p h a j x m t f r a g r a n c c n n o r m a r q j c b i u f d r r y i b v d g w q i z n i l l p b n n s h r v a u a s s i s t a n c m r o f p t b d u a q r n x o r Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 9 Word Structur 82 pag 83 stamy; ancstral; finally; tary; grassy; brightly; traditional; magical; mossy; frindly; immdiatly; stuffy; musty; kindly; ssntial; Answr Ky 159

161 Answr Ky rainy; abruptly; inky; hlpfully; chry; thoughtfully; gntly; approval pag advnturous Aaron is vry advnturous and lovs to travl to xotic placs. 2. infctious Courtny has an infctious laugh; anyon who hars it wants to laugh, too. 3. miraculous Tirra mad a miraculous rcovry from th flu, just in tim for Nick s party. 4. cautious Zachary is cautious with mony and always spnds his allowanc wisly. 5. ambitious If you ar hardworking and ambitious, you will succd in all that you do. 6. furious Huntr was furious whn his nw bik was stoln at th park. 1. ambitious, cautious, infctious 2. advnturous, miraculous, furious pag Zoologic/al; ducation/al 2. xpctant/ly; ffortlss/ly 3. gracful/ly; mossi/nss REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS fastn/r; cautious/ly NAME 5. disgusting/ly; ralist/ic Rviw Prfixs and Suffixs 6. jrki/ly; stratgic/al/ly in-, im-, ir-, il-, non-, dis- = not smi- = half, partly 7. convrsation/al; n-, m- = in, into, or mak midxcptional/ly = middl co- = togthr r- = again 8. uni- spotlss/nss = on bi- = two tri- = thr multi- = many 9. th answrs companion/ship; in th numbrd spacs in th crossword puzzl. playful/ly Us th tabl to hlp you rmmbr th manings of th prfixs you larnd. togthr 7. btwn stats pag 8. a hornd 86 Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 8 9 Word Structur 86 NAME pag 87 Lsson 2.10 Syllabication 1. Dprssion Words can b dividd into parts calld syllabls. Each syllabl has on vowl 2. sound, farmrs, so th numbr of a word s artists, vowl sounds quals tachrs, th numbr of syllabls. laugh ing = 2 vowl sounds = 2 syllabls car ou sl = 3 vowl sounds = 3 syllabls hardships o pr a tion = 4 vowl sounds = 4 syllabls 3. comptition you har whn you say th word out loud. 4. ladrship might 5. lik financial mushrooms on a pizza, but most popl giv littl thought to th origins of th mushrooms thy at. 6. xplanation 7. slowly pag 88 1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, difficult to find. Spcially-traind pigs and dogs ar oftn usd to locat 4, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 1, as much as 700 dollars! 1, 2 pag 89 cup/cak; lm/on; ham/bur/gr; chim/ny a/corn; grass/hop/pr; jl/ly/fish; plan/ts; i/ci/cls pag 90 sub/ma/rin, 3 pub/lic, 2; a/long, 2 intr- = btwn, among mis- = wrongly or badly Rad th clus blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu. Writ rarrang inxpnsiv dishonst nonspcific nlarg misjudg intrstat coxist smiprivat tricratops immatur Across Down 3. to xist 9. not xpnsiv 1. not spcific 5. arrang again 10. to mak largr 2. not matur 6. not honst 11. to wrongly 4. partly privat judg dinosaur n i cox i s t m n r d m s m i n t r s t a t p t r i c r a t ops t p r h u c r r o r i n x p n s i v i a n l a r g f v n i a g m i s j u d g c t t Rad th paragraphs blow. Nxt to ach bold word writ th numbr of vowl sounds Would you vr considr ating food grown in manur insid a cav or a dark cllar? How do you fl about consuming fungus? You Although thr ar many varitis of mushrooms, only a limitd numbr ar dibl. Popl who forag for mushrooms in th wild must b xcdingly carful. About 200 spcis of fungi ar poisonous. It s not always asy to tll which mushrooms ar dangrous. Thr s no nd to worry about th mushrooms you buy at th stor, howvr. Thy ar raisd for th purpos of slling in markts, or thy ar gathrd by xprincd huntrs. Truffls ar th most valuabl fungi. Thy grow undrground and ar thm in th wild. It s worth all th troubl, though : a pound of truffls can sll for Phonics Connction Find thr bold words that contain th // sound. Writ thm on th lins and circl th lttr or lttrs that mak th sound. Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: considr fungus dangrous Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 2 Lsson 10 Word Structur 88 mo/tor, 2; v/hi/cl, 3 bal/loon, 2 stam/boat, 2; U/nit/d, 3; Dl/a/war, 3 bi/cy/cls, 3; Scot/land, 2 lo/co/mo/tiv, 4 strt/car, 2 au/to/mo/bil, 4 air/plan, 2 hl/i/cop/tr, 4 su/pr/son/ic, 4 com/pl/td, 3 NAME shut/tl, 2 Rviw Syllabication pag 91 Rad th rcip blow. Undrlin on-syllabl bold words onc and two-syllabl bold words twic. Circl thr-syllabl bold words. Jambalaya 2 taspoons oil 2 taspoons paprika pound chickn brast taspoon ground rd pppr 7 ouncs slicd turky kilbasa taspoon salt 1 cup dicd onion 1 taspoon ach drid basil and organo 1 dicd grn bll pppr 2 tablspoons tomato past cup choppd clry 1 can dicd tomatos with grn chils 1 cups whit ric pound cland, raw shrimp 3 cups chickn broth cup choppd grn onions 1. Cut th chickn into littl pics. (B sur to wash your hands thoroughly ach tim you touch raw mat or safood.) Hat th oil in a larg saucpan. Cook th chickn for about fiv minuts, and thn transfr it to anothr dish. 2. Add th onion, pppr, and clry to th pan. Cook, stirring occasionally, for about 8 minuts. Add th kilbasa, and cook for an additional 5 minuts. 3. Add th ric, broth, and sasonings to th vgtabl mixtur. Bring it to a boil, thn covr it and rduc th hat to low. Simmr for about 15 minuts. 4. Add th chickn, tomato past, and dicd tomatos, and cook for 10 minuts. 5. Add th shrimp and grn onions, and cook just until th shrimp turn pink. 6. Garnish with grn onions, and srv with hot sauc. Rcip yilds 6 srvings. * Rmmbr, you should always ask an adult for hlp in th kitchn whn using knivs or th stov. pag rcall 2. happn, quick 3. brifly 4. origin 5. probabl Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lsson 10 Word Structur complimnt, insult 2. qustion, answr 3. stiff, flxibl 4. ancint, modrn 5. public, privat pag 93 cowardly, altrd, viwpoint, motivatd, group, finishing, prvious, REVIEW: CHAPTER 2 LESSONS 10 Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 160 Answr Ky

162 Answr Ky insignificant, failurs, fortunatly, vanishd, always, locatd pag failur 2. wak 3. slndr 4. carlss 5. mpty 6. gracful 7. couragous 8. xpand 9. stingy 10. oftn 11. wound 12. profssional 1. A 2. S 3. A 4. A 5. S 6. S 7. A 8. A 9. S 10. A 11. S 12. A pag opportunity 2. natural 3. amazing 4. compltly 5. dgs 6. prmannt 7. rflctd 8. harmful pag Clar mpty 2. tangld knottd 3. cratd invntd 4. Divid Sparat 5. powr strngth pag 97 changd; probably; los; mov; frinds; storis; travling; nd; ida; a job; discovrd; captur; hom pag mammal, dog, colli 2. plac, city, Las Vgas 3. illnss, disas, diabts 4. subjct, languag, Frnch 5. vnt, clbration, birthday 6. fling, worry, panic 7. plant, tr, willow 8. vhicl, car, sdan 9. structur, building, stadium 10. currncy, coin, dim 1. currncy, languag 2. languag, Frnch, birthday, fling, building pag ballt 2. srgant 3. Orion 4. fork 5. tapots 6. novlist; pdiatrician 1. duck 2. doghous 3. flip-flop 4. bookcas 5. painting pag 100 Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: various, hug, transport, fw, trustworthy, incrdibl, about, spcific, dpart, smart, xact, closr, crtain, familiar, boring, artificial pag dmolish Answrs will vary. Possibl answr: Don t ruin th book for m by tlling m what happns at th nd. 2. dirty Answrs will vary. Possibl answr: Th littl girls spnt all morning making mud pis in th backyard, and by lunchtim, thir hands wr filthy. 3. consum Answrs will vary. Possibl answr: I try to at at last two pics of fruit vry day. 4. Rmov Answrs will vary. Possibl answr: Dlt th xtra comma from th scond paragraph of your rport. 5. us Answrs will vary. Possibl answr: Do you know how to oprat th nw Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Answr Ky 161

163 Rviw NAME Synonyms, Antonyms, Shads of Maning, and Lvls of Spcificity Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss that bst Answr Ky complts th sntnc. On th lin, writ a nw sntnc corrctly using th word you did not undrlin. 1. Th wrckrs ar coming to (dmolish, ruin) th old building on Tusday. 2. Plas load th (dirty, filthy) dishs into th dishwashr bfor you lav. 3. Amricans (at, consum) mor gas ach yar than popl living in most othr countris DVD do. playr? 6. turn 4. (Dlt, Rmov) th cak from th ovn in half an hour. Answrs will vary. Possibl 5. Can I (us, oprat) your cll phon to call my sistr? answr: Th door rvolvs 6. If you (turn, rvolv) around quickly, you might still s th grat blu hron standing automatically, on a log in th pond. so b sur to kp moving. Draw a lin to match ach word in th column on th lft with a mor spcific word from th list bsid it. 1. xrcis shampoo 7. mtal tarantula 2. shllfish gallon 8. spidr molar 3. pppr Japans 9. politician bicps 4. clansr arobics 10. tooth dill 5. Asian jalapño 11. hrb govrnor 6. masurmnt shrimp 12. muscls aluminum Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 1 3 Vocabulary 101 pag boldr, bouldr 2. sor, soar 3. hoars, hors 4. sllr, cllar 5. wrung, rung 6. billd, build 7. fla, fl 8. aisl, isl 9. pddl, pdal fla, fl pag build 2. symbol 3. road 4. mtal 5. sails 6. Capitol 7. sid 8. sn Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: 1. Th chili simmrd on th stov all aftrnoon. If you fl chilly tonight, thr is an xtra blankt in th clost. 2. Th qun was sitting on hr thron whn th Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 162 REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS 1 3 royal subjcts ntrd th room. Th slip of papr with Nicholas s phon numbr on it was accidntally thrown away. 3. Th stationary bik has bn sitting in our basmnt for at last two yars. Anna maks hr own customizd stationry on th computr. pag b 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. a pag 105 Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: 1. Strik th match against th sid of th box. 2. Th box of old rcords in th basmnt was damagd during th flood. 3. Kyli and Robrt rod th Frris whl at th Bingham County Fair. 4. Th cat s pupils wr barly visibl in th bright sunlight. 5. Th baby in th photograph had a round, chubby fac and pink chks. 6. Th hroin of th book is my favorit charactr bcaus sh is kind to animals. 7. Although Michal s commnt soundd man, I don t think that is what h intndd. 8. Can w go shopping for Bthany s birthday prsnt aftr school today? 1. kind 2. round pag 106 bin; fl; thr/thy r; wathr; find; wigh; thrw; cllars; clos; flour; sid; pac; by/by; whol; knad; no pag blocks 2. clubs 3. dck 4. story 5. objcts 6. outlt pag Zoological, Zoo 2. champion, champ 3. airplan, plan 4. mathmatics, math 5. Gymnasium, Gym 6. profssional, pro 7. hamburgrs, burgrs 8. limousin, limo 9. Miniatur, Mini 1. champ, math 2. burgrs Answr Ky

164 Answr Ky pag UFO 2. SCUBA 3. PTA 4. GPA 5. SUV 6. UNC 7. CIA 1. IMO 2. ASAP 3. LOL 4. BTW 5. OTOH 6. HAND pag a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. a 1. Paris 2. stack 3. mor 4. moist 5. tam 6. March 7. non pag brunch 2. Intrnt 3. dumbfound 4. splurgd 5. smog 6. splattrd 7. scrawl 8. gustimatd; flurry pag nckti 2. profssor 3. xamination 4. vtrinarian 5. substitut 6. miniatur 7. rfr 1. BLT 2. IRS 3. POW 4. ASAP 5. VCR 6. MIT 7. RSVP 8. NATO pag tll 2. sav 3. drawn 4. rac 5. frost 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. f 5. b Mdicar 2. fourtn 3. twirl 4. glam pag 114 Th sky was as prfctly blu as th insid of a swimming pool; absorbing th sights and sounds lik spongs; His fac was as crasd as a walnut; th octopus inflat lik a balloon; moving th strings lik a pupptr working a mariontt; narly a hundrd kits filld th sky lik bits of brightly-colord conftti; it soard ffortlssly, lik a hawk riding a currnt with outstrtchd wings pag lavs; tiny hands 2. golf balls; round ggs 3. hous; icbox 4. dog s tail; flag 5. sashlls; tiny trasurs 6. Davis; warrior 7. lights of th city; constllation Possibl answrs: found, round, powr, hous, proudly pag sunflowrs danc 2. rays of th morning sun skip joyfully 3. mol lookd anxiously at his watch 4. laf sighd 5. night wind whistld, calling for a frind 6. cak bckond invitingly 7. mopd coughd, sputtrd, gasping 8. camra agrly capturd ach momnt, tucking it away 9. Th wind angrily rattld th windows. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Answr Ky 163

165 Answr Ky 10. chickads, bickrd. 1. Answrs will vary. 2. Answrs will vary. Lsson 3.8 Figurs of Spch pag 117 NAME Rad th following paragraphs. Undrlin th ight simils and circl th two mtaphors. As Juan and his fathr nard th lak, th pavd road disappard and two strips of gravl bcam thir guid. Th crunch of th truck s tirs across th rocks was lik somon digging into a bag of potato chips. Suddnly, Juan was hungry for lunch, vn though it was only tn in th morning. Th four-hour driv from hom to th lak had flown by lik school rcss, mostly bcaus Juan was having so much fun. H and his dad jammd th radio, talkd about sports, and carrid on lik a coupl of old fishing buddis. This trip was only thir scond tim out to th lak, but in som ways it flt lik thy d bn doing it forvr. Soon, th boat driftd quitly through th fog lik a laf bobbing along atop th wavs. Juan s dad didn t say much. H was now a sa captain hunting for th bst spot to drop anchor. Evry fw minuts, Juan askd if thy could cast thir lins yt. His dad told him that h soundd lik a brokn rcord. Finally, Juan s dad strd th boat into a small ara surroundd by foliag. All along th banks, tr branchs hung down into th watr. Thy lookd lik divrs frozn at th momnt thy hit th surfac. Juan took a pol from his dad and smild in anticipation. Thn, h cast his lin into th watr as if h had bn askd to throw th first pitch at a basball gam th honor was mor important than actually hitting th plat. Bfor h knw it, though, Juan had a bit. Th lin bcam a lasr bam cutting straight through th watr s surfac. Juan s dad told him to slowly rl th lin in, a fw turns at a tim. Lik pulling a buckt from a wll, h liftd th fish out of th watr and into th boat. Juan knw his lunch would b mor than a bag of potato chips now. pag 118 Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 3 Lsson 8 Vocabulary Answrs will vary. Possibl 117 answrs: 1. Katrina got up on th wrong sid of th bd this morning, but I m sur that tomorrow will b a bttr day. 2. If I mak th tam, I promis to pull my own wight. 3. Th uniforms cost an arm and a lg, but luckily, w v rcivd quit a fw donations. 4. Elli is always willing to go th xtra mil, so I know sh ll work hard on this assignmnt. 5. Kathryn, giv your mom a hand with th grocris. 6. Mr. Hoffmann is fling undr th wathr so w will hav a substitut tachr today. 7. I know it s bn a hard wk, but try to kp your chin up anyway. 8. Evn though it was Samir s birthday, Lyla stol th spotlight whn sh prformd hr song for th gusts. pag mad a blin 2. pic of cak 3. fighting chanc 4. just sail through 5. all thumbs 6. couldn t bliv his ys 7. down in th dumps 8. bnt ovr backwards 9. In th blink of an y a fighting chanc down in th dumps mad a blin bnt ovr backwards all thumbs a pic of cak in th blink of an y couldn t bliv his ys sail through pag Incras 2. copy 3. foot 4. scond 5. Oftn 6. March 7. studnt 8. carrots 9. food 10. claning 11. twnty-four 12. instrumnt 13. swt pag cow 2. baby 3. mlt 4. Thrmomtr 5. Unitd Stats 6. Sun 1. Grn 2. spic 3. Cntimtr 4. profit 5. ndl 6. doubl 7. city 8. shll 9. airplan 10. chickn pag Dtroit 2. sport 3. lad 4. princss 5. wb 6. sdling 7. braclt 8. patints a 3. f d 6. c 7. b pag Sandpapr fls rough, just as silk fls smooth. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 164 Answr Ky

166 Answr Ky 2. Thin is a synonym for slndr, just as rror is a synonym for mistak. 3. A pdal is part of a bicycl, just as a hand is part of a clock. 4. Dishs ar stord in a cupboard, just as a wrnch is stord in a toolbox. 5. Nin is half of ightn, just as thirtn is half of twnty-six. 6. Stair and star ar homophons, just as towd and toad ar homophons. Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: 1. Prsnt is to absnt as shallow is to dp. 2. Nin is to tn as sixty-six is to sixty-svn. 3. Pa is to panut as rain is to rainbow. pag S 2. M 3. S 4. M 5. M 6. S 7. S 8. S 9. M 10. S Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: 1. From th airplan, th rivr lookd lik a Spctrum Word Study and Phonics ncklac sparkling in th sunlight. 2. Th sht of blank papr that lay on th dsk in front of Amlia was an invitation to writ th bst story sh had vr writtn. 3. Th darknss wrappd Rosi in a warm, comforting hug. Rviw pag 125 you plac th words in th corrct ordr. 1. Aunt; uncl 1. Nphw is to nic as aunt is to uncl. 2. Court; basball 2. Court is to fild as tnnis is to basball. 3. Whl; rctangl 3. Whl is to rctangl as circl is to tlvision. 4. Matthw; Jnny Matt attraction; is to Jnnifr as Jnny is to Matthw. illustrat 6. circus; thatr pag a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. a pag crickt 2. contain 3. rub 4. dragonfly 5. divid 6. mosquito 7. find 8. soar NAME Figurs of Spch, Idioms, and Analogis Draw a lin to match ach idiom in column 1 to its dfinition in column hit th nail on th had do your shar 2. turn on s stomach to study 3. tak somthing lying down to rlax and unwind 4. hit th books to fl disgustd by somthing 5. lt off stam tak shortcuts 6. pull your wight to accpt somthing without a fight 7. cut cornrs to pinpoint somthing xactly Th following analogis ar out of ordr. Us th hints in lin 2 of ach analogy to hlp is to nic as is to nphw. is to tnnis as fild is to. is to circl as tlvision is to. Matt is to as is to Jnnifr. 5. Attract is to illustration as attraction is to illustrat. Attract is to as is to illustration. 6. Circus is to thatr as actrss is to clown. Clown is to as actrss is to. Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 8 10 Vocabulary 125 REVIEW: CHAPTER 3 LESSONS Answrs will vary. Possibl answr: Try not to squash th flowrs whn you ar playing ball in th yard. 2. sincr 3. rflction * rgal 4. fiv pag a 2. b 3. b 4. c act: actor, racting, action crat: cration, rcration, crativity bliv: disblif, unbliving, blivabl admit: admission, inadmissibl, admitting Possibl answrs: cration, rcration, action, admission pag 129 Answrs will vary. Possibl answrs: bgin; charity; misdirctd; rqustd; hlpful; shaplss; assistanc; progrssion; workr; wastful; rusd; suggstion; fling; disblif pag 130 larn; attnd; bcom; writ; classroom; bgin; notic; think; should; uniqu; light; spnd; rsarch; spll; appar; contain; ntry Answr Ky 165

167 Answr Ky pag Answrs will vary. 2. Answrs will vary. 3. Answrs will vary. 4. Answrs will vary. 5. Answrs will vary. 1. unxprincd, xprinc 2. ralignibl, align 3. irrgularnss, rgular 4. ungrasist, gras 5. misshipprs, ship 6. rshapmnt, shap 7. misundrstatmnt, stat 8. divisionalnss, divid 9. smicouragd, courag 10. mployingst, mploy 11. naturing, natur 12. rnding, nd 13. rapproving, approv 14. prquotation, quot NAME pag cllo 2. pumprnickl 3. cosmonaut 4. adios 5. origami 6. pajamas 7. bagl 8. ballt Lsson 4.3 Frquntly-Usd Forign Words Many words in th English languag hav bn adoptd from forign languags. For xampl, banana is an African word, frankfurtr is a Grman word, and bronco is a Spanish word. Rad ach clu blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs th clu and writ it on th lin. Thn, find th words in th word sarch puzzl. Words may b writtn forward, backward, or diagonally. ballt cosmonaut origami cllo pajamas adios bagl pumprnickl 1. an Italian word for an instrumnt rlatd to th violin 2. a Grman word for a havy dark brad 3. a Russian word for astronaut 4. a Spanish word for good-by or farwll 5. a Japans word that dscribs th art of papr folding 6. an East Indian word for cloths worn for slping 7. a Yiddish word for a doughnut-shapd typ of brad 8. a Frnch word for a classical form of danc h j l k c i n r p m u p r m f b b g k o l a l p v o r y a b n a s j c x o o r l r y g l b z a a s y i m i v l p d l q x m z u m g a q f l i g b a r y j a y d r m n a l t s p w w k m h u i x b m i r q m a n i t j a o l l c b d s u s d g c o s m o n a u t y Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 3 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 132 pag 133 Sntncs will vary. Possibl answrs: 1. Grman Th dlicatssn at th cornr of Fourth and Main maks xcllnt subs. 2. Spanish Brad s aunt and uncl own a cattl ranch in Montana. 3. Yiddish Can you mak m a pastrami sandwich on ry brad? 4. Frnch Th brid closd hr ys and tossd th bouqut in th dirction of hr maid of honor. 5. Japans Kris has bn taking judo lssons for thr yars. 6. Italian Th carnival coms to town vry August. 7. Australian (Aboriginal) Whn it is thrown proprly, th boomrang rturns to th throwr. 8. Turkish Baqir ats yogurt, granola, and a pic of fruit for brakfast vry morning. 1. ranch, boomrang 2. judo, boomrang pag umbrlla 2. thundrstorm 3. Grk, Latin, Frnch 4. crat; Answrs will vary. Possibl answr: A pom is somthing that an author crats. It also is th product of bing crativ. 5. umbra pag f 2. j 3. i 4. a 5. c 6. k 7. b d 10. g 11. h Answrs may vary slightly, dpnding upon which dictionary a studnt uss. 1. from Middl English ducatn, from Latin ēducār 2. from Frnch oxygèn, from Grk oxys, sharp, or acid 3. from Middl English, from Old Frnch, from Latin srpēns, from srpr, to crp 4. from Latin plasticus, from Grk plastikos, from plassin, to mold 5. from Middl English, from Old Frnch curios, from Latin cūriōsus, from cūra, to car 6. from Italian, from Latin zphirum, from Arabic ifr, nothing 7. from Latin continēns, continuous, from Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 166 Answr Ky

168 Answr Ky continēr, to hold togthr 8. aftr Gabril Danil Fahrnhit, Grman scintist pag shrbt 2. kangaroo 3. magazin 4. jungl 5. potato 6. pickl 7. sld 8. typhoon 9. dbris 10. carnival pag to muttr 2. Grk, Latin, Frnch, English 3. mlidi; Answrs will vary. Possibl answr: Whn popl sing, thy usually follow a mlody or a tun. 1. prfum 2. cooki 3. lvat 4. acrobat lvat, acrobat, prfum pag chronological 2. homophons 3. biography 4. tricycl 5. manual 6. thrmos 7. Cyclops Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 1. rcycling 2. chronicls 3. thrmostat 4. symphony pag mtr 2. micro 3. ology 4. graph 5. ast 6. scop 1. th study of music 2. th study of th mind 3. th study of volcanos 4. th study of animals 5. th study of myths pag annual 2. auditorium 3. librty 4. millipd 5. aquamarin 6. maritim 7. pdal NAME Answrs will vary. Possibl Lsson 4.6 Latin Roots answr: yar, librty, bicycl port = carry (transport) struct = build (structur) rupt = brak (abrupt) tract = pull or drag (attract) scrib, script = (inscrib) claim, clam = shout; (proclaim) writ cry out pag 141 Complt ach sntnc with a word from th box and circl th Latin roots. subtract intrrupting subscribs transportation xclaimd subscribs 1. Th Gtty family to four magazins and two nwspaprs. 2. My soccr tam mad it to th championship! xclaimd Tylr. 3. It s hard for Lah to talk on th phon bcaus hr twin brothrs ar always. intrrupting 4. Rmmbr to subtract your xpnss from your profits whn you calculat th figurs from th yard sal. 5. For his rport on th history of, transportation Luis rsarchd cars, trains, airplans, and boats. Rad ach word blow. On th first lin, dfin th word. On th scond lin, writ a sntnc using it. You may us a dictionary if you nd hlp. 1. structur somthing, lik a building, mad up of assmbld 2. rupt parts 3. prscrib Although th structur 4. portabl was narly two hundrd yars old, it was still strong Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 6 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 141 and sturdy. 2. to burst, rlas, or xplod Th studnts watchd th volcano rupt on th tlvision scrn. 3. to writ an ordr for mdicin Did th doctor prscrib anything for your infction? 4. abl to b carrid from on plac to anothr Lxi savd all th mony sh mad babysitting and bought a portabl MP3 playr on sal. pag G, thrmos 2. L, construct NAME 3. L, portr Rviw Grk and Latin Roots 4. G, biography 5. L, audition 6. G, chronological Across Down 1. a pip that transports watr to G, intrrupt homophons or stop th progrss of Rad th clus blow. Choos th word from th box that matchs ach clu and writ th answr in th numbrd spac in th crossword puzzl. transport aquduct xclaim chronicl pdstrian cyclon disrupt astronaut microchip attract annivrsary 4. a storm in which th wind blows in rings 6. to say loudly or forcfully 8. a prson travling by foot pag vnt th day ach yar marking a spcial 10. to carry or mov Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 5 6 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 143 pag b 2. a 3. a 4. c 1. to pull or draw togthr 2. a vry small pic of lctronic quipmnt 5. an account of vnts in th ordr in which thy happnd 7. a prson who travls into spac a q u d u c t m t d i s r u p t t c r r a o c y c l o n x c l a i m t h a h r p d s t r i a n o t p a n n i v r s a r y i o c t r a n s p o r t l a u t Answr Ky 167 REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS 5 6

169 An accnt mark (') tlls which syllabl of a word is strssd, or said with mor forc. Try saying / kad' mē/ with th strss on diffrnt syllabls. Can you har th diffrnc whn th corrct syllabl is strssd? Som words hav two accnts. Th primary accnt is usually bold. Th syllabl with th scondary accnt is said with lss forc. /ûrth kwāk / /pôl ē wôg / /k sr sīz / Rmmbr, th schwa dos not appar in strssd syllabls. Answr Ky 5. b 6. c 7. a pag 145 diffrnt, styls, hard, combins, mlodis, folk, traditional, rhythmic, accompanis, guitar, classical, usually, instrumnt, upbat, rligious, brought, rgion, prcussion, yars, quitly pag 146 cidr; juic; cinnamon; gingr; procssor; cooki; pics; softnd; vaporats; fruit; lathr; applsauc; ovn; rady; stord; incras pag in trist; tal nt 2. trān ing; pr fsh n lz 3. rā sh l lē; di rk t r 4. māk; thrü; kul chr 5. kum p nē; mâr i k n 6. k mū ni kāt; rās 7. mung; wûrld profssionals, racially pag a 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. b REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS 7 8 Rad ach bold word out loud. Circl th lttr of th rsplling in which th primary accnt mark is placd corrctly. pag 149 Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 8 1. / kôm dā shnz/ 5. /wôl nut / Dictionary Skills and Word Origins multiplid a. mul t plīd' b. mul t plīd 2. jury a. jûr' ē b. jûr ē 3. songbird a. sông bûrd b. sông bûrd 4. window a. win dō b. win dō 5. carpntr a. kär pn tr b. kär pn tr Rad th sntncs blow. Add th primary accnt to ach bold rsplling. 1. On of th bst things you can do to hlp th /n vī rn mnt/ is to rduc, rus, and /rē sī kl/. 2. Mak your /pā pr/ last twic as long by printing on th back of ach pag. 3. /in std/ of buying /bôt ld/ watr in plastic bottls, bring your own /rē ūz bl/ watr jug with you /hwâr v r/ you go. 4. /dō nāt/ cloths you v outgrown to /châr i tēz/, or cut thm into rags that can b usd in plac of papr /tou lz/. 5. Rad /lā blz/, and us products mad from rcycld /m têr ē lz/. 6. If you /viz it/ somplac that dosn t rcycl, writ a lttr tlling th /kum p nē/ it s important to you and /ik splān ing/ how thy can gt startd. NAME 1. b a 2. a b 3. a b 4. b a 5. b a 6. a b 7. b a pag 150 Rviw kas l l f nt k nü k m pū t r gi tär brôk lē tor nā dō b nan ham k Lsson 4.8 Accnt Marks All th words listd blow contain both a primary and a scondary accnt. Circl th primary accnt in ach word. 2. /hl i kôp tr/ 6. /sum bôd ē/ 3. /rat l snāk / 7. /gâr n tē / 4. /lō k mō shn/ 8. /pär tis pāt / Som multipl-maning words ar splld th sam but pronouncd diffrntly. For xampl, projct can b pronouncd /pr jkt / or /prôj kt /. Th maning is diffrnt dpnding on which syllabl is strssd. Each bold word blow has two possibl pronunciations. Bsid ach phontic splling, writ th lttr of th matching dfinition. 1. contract kôn tract kn tract a. to shrink; to bcom infctd with b. a vrbal or writtn agrmnt 2. minut min it mī nüt a. a unit of tim b. small or tiny 3. objct ôb jikt ôb jkt a. a noun or pronoun b. to disagr or oppos 4. rfus ri fūz rf' ūz a. garbag or trash b. to dclin or b unwilling 5. comprss km prs kôm prs a. a soft bandag b. squash or prss togthr NAME 6. upst up st up st Rspllings and Accnt Marks a. to tip ovr or capsiz b. whn th favord tam loss 7. conduct kn dukt kôn dukt Look at ach pictur blow. On th lin, writ th rsplling of th word that nams th pictur. a. Includ how a prson th primary acts accnt mark in ach rsplling. b. to lad, spcially an orchstra Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Chaptr 4 Lsson 8 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 7 8 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 150 [art spc: hammock] Rad th nwspapr hadlins blow. Undrlin th word from th pair in parnthss in which th accnt or accnts ar corrctly placd. 1. Local Tn Wins (rē j nl, rē j nl) Splling Championship 2. (hv ē, hv ē) Wknd Storms Knock Out Powr to 150,000 Rsidnts 3. Clausn Withdraws from Rac Thr Wks Bfor (i lk shn, i lk shn ) 4. Plans for Nw East Sid Shopping Mall Why Ar (pē pl, pē pl) Protsting? 5. (mi stêr ē s, mi stêr ē s) Brifcas Found Containing $2, (lō kl, lō kl ) Funding Cuts Man Arts School May Hav to Shut Its Doors 7. ( non ms, non ms ) Donor Contributs $45,000 to Rnovation of Kaufmann Thatr 8. Hollywood Coms to Town for Filming of Nw (ak shn, ak shn) Flick 149 Rviw pag 151 NAME Rspllings and Accnt Marks Rad th sntncs blow. Undrlin th strssd syllabl in th bold word. On th lin, writ th word that matchs ach bold rsplling. 1. Chislhurst Cavs, locatd in a suburb of London, ar /ak chü lē/ actually formr chalk and flint mins. 2. No on is sur xactly how old th cavs ar, but th /ûr lē ist/ arlist known /rf r ns/ to thm is A.D Th cavs /in klüd/ approximatly 22 mils of /tun lz/ tunnls and passagways. 4. Th dpth of th cavs /vär ēz/ from 40 ft blow th /sûr fs/ to about 150 ft undrground. 5. Th tmpratur of th cavs rmains /std ē/, summr or wintr, at 45 /di grēz/ Fahrnhit. 6. Th last tim th cavs wr usd as mins was in th 1830s, but thy hav had many /uth r/ uss sinc that tim. surfac 7. Mushrooms grow wll in dark, damp /plā sz/, so for som tim th cavs wr usd as a sort of mushroom farm. 8. During World War II, th cavs wr turnd into an / māz ing/ undrground /sit ē/. 9. Thy wr a /kn vēn ynt/ air raid shltr for Londonrs. 10. Th cavs wr wird for /i lk tris i tē/ and containd a /hôs pi tl/, chapl, movi thatr and gym. 11. During th war, th cavs wr filld with about 15,000 popl sking shltr /v rē/ night. includ othr dgrs rfrnc varis Spctrum Word Study and Phonics Rviw: Lssons 7 8 Dictionary Skills and Word Origins 151 stady placs amazing city convnint lctricity hospital vry REVIEW: CHAPTER 4 LESSONS 7 8 Spctrum Word Study and Phonics 168 Answr Ky

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