Total Trans Fat Content in Commercially Available Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils

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1 Pkistn Journl of Nutrition 11 (2): , 2012 ISSN Asin Ntwork for Sintifi Informtion, 2012 Totl Trns Ft Contnt in Commrilly Avill Hyrognt Vgtl Oils Ri Nz, Fqir Muhmm Anjum, Ghulm Rsool, Muhmm Atif Nisr, Rizwn Btool n Frhn S Ntionl Institut of Foo Sin n Thnology, Univrsity of Agriultur, Fisl, Pkistn 2 Dprtmnt of Foo Sins, Bhuin Zkriy Univrsity, Multn, Pkistn 1 Astrt: In th omin of foo, mny fforts wr onut in th pst to stuy th it n hlth linkgs. Howvr, th vrity of foo omponnts n thir ffts on humn mtolism mns thorough rsrh sintist to ring systmti n ohrnt informtion for th n-usr. Thus urrnt rsrh ws prform to trmin th totl Trns ft ontnt in slt rns of hyrognt vgtl oils whih r mor populr mong popl of Pkistn. Fiv iffrnt rns for h of vgtl gh n mrgrin wr nlyz for ssort physiohmil hrtristis n totl trns ft ontnt in hyrognt vgtl oils vill in Pkistn. Rsults show tht physiohmil hrtristis vri signifintly oring to ommril rns. Spifi grvity n rfrtiv inx rvl non signifint vritions. Among vgtl gh smpls, th highst vlu for mlting point ws foun in V3 (37.0 C) n lowst vlu ws osrv in th V2 (35.6 C). On th othr hn, for mrgrin it rng from C. Highst i vlu n FFA ontnts wr ror in M1 (0.25%, 0.5%) n V5 (0.24%, 0.46%). Pkistni vnspti hs ioin vlu 69% whil mrgrin hs 64.7% Totl trns ft ontnt ws signifintly highr for ll vgtl gh, rng from % n in mrgrin smpls ths vri from %. In th nutshll, qulity n stility of V2 n M2 rn from vgtl gh n mrgrin ws foun goo n lso trns ft ontnt wr low in ths rns. Ky wors: Hyrognt oils, vgtl gh, mrgrin, physiohmil proprtis, trns ft INTRODUCTION Hyrognt vgtl oils r ky prt of itry fts of lol popultion in Pkistn (Rtnyk n Gilni, 2004). Th mn for vgtl oil in Pkistn hs n inrsing progrssivly n hs sn rpi growth in this inustry from two ftory proution units in 1947 to mor thn 40 ftory proution units in 1998 (GOP, 2005). Vgtl oils ontriut s goo sour of protin, vitmins, ft n ssntil ftty is in th foo n thir qulity in trm of physiohmil proprtis n most importntly to rogniz thm s ttr foo ingrint (Wrlw, 1999; Arsh t l., 2008). By th stnr spifi; vgtl gh shoul mlt t th oy tmprtur whn tkn orlly. In th mnuftur of vgtl gh n mrgrin, hyrogntion is onrn. Hyrogntion involvs sturtion n isomriztion of oul ons. This rsult in isomriztion prouts r thik, onsistnt n long shlf lif. At th sm tim smll numr of hyrogn toms mov roun n onvrt into th trns onfigurtion. Whrs, ommril hyrogntion is usully prtil in orr to gt strong mlll ft tht is soli t room tmprtur, grs to gt it mlts uring ooking n king (Mozffrin n Willtt, 2007). Hyrognt vgtl oils n prpr prout ftr ooking n frying th sours of trns fts. Mrgrin n shortnings us in th proution pstris n ookis, ing to min sours of trns ft in th it owing to th high oil ontnt of prtilly hyrognt oil (Huntr, 2006). High mounts of trns fts in rl-s foos r worrisom mttr for oth qulity ontrol uthoritis n onsumr hlth (Mhsr t l., 2010). Inustrilprou Trns Ftty Ai (TFA) hv ltrious ffts (Gur t l., 2011). Intk of Trns Ftty Ais (TFA) inrss risk ftors for Criovsulr Diss (CVD) (Ashrio, 2006; Ju t l., 2002; Br t l., 2004; Mnsink t l., 2003). Spifilly, TFA inrs LDL- Cholstrol (LDL-C), rs HDL-Cholstrol (HDL- C) n promot inflmmtion n nothlil ysfuntion (Gur t l., 2007; Mozffrin t l., 2009; Wll n Mozffrin, 2009). Trns fts r vn mor ontriuting to hrt iss thn sturt fts. It inrss LDL ("" holstrol) n lowrs HDL ("goo") holstrol, whrs sturt fts ris oth typs of holstrol lvls in th loo. It n us hrt iss y othr mns, suh s impir funtioning of th intrnl wlls of loo vssls (D- Roos t l., 2001). Thy lso us prtil fiiny of Omg-3 ftty is thus inrsing th risk of hrt ttk (Lrqu t l., 2000; Simpoulos, 2002). Similrly, trns ft lso Corrsponing Author: Frhn S, Ntionl Institut of Foo Sin n Thnology, Univrsity of Agriultur, Fisl, Pkistn 145

2 Pk. J. Nutr., 11 (2): , 2012 sm to ssoit with lowr lvls of linoli mintin s; injtor n ttor tmprtur 260 C i is onvrt s rsult of linoli i into trns n initil olumn ovn tmprtur ws 1400 C for 5 ftty i. For th mintnn of funtionl proprtis of min. Elii i ws intifi y rtntion tim n hyrognt oils; trns ft shoul sustitut y ompring with th ftty i stnr. sturt ftty is (Prsn n Kirkhus, 2008; Kyu t l., 2011). Th fts r us in th mnufturing of Sttistil nlysis: Th t otin for h mrgrin n sprs r out 15 to 25% trns ft. prmtr ws sujt to sttistil nlysis using Most urrntly vill kry shortnings usully sttistil lvl of signifin p<0.05. Anlysis of out 15 to 30% trns ft (Stnr t l., 2006). In light Vrin (ANOVA) thniqu ws ppli to sttl on th of th ft tht ths prtilly hyrognt vgtl lvl of signifin. Mns wr furthr ompr oils r mjor sour of trns ft is oftn us in using Dunn s Multipl Rng tst (DMRt) following th king, frying n routin ooking; it is st to voi mthos s sri y Stl t l. (1997). high trns ft it. Trns ft n limint in vgtl oil y pplying high prssur, y th oil RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mixtur, using sturt ftty is n tim It is vint from th rsults tht mong ll th smpls tmprtur moifition uring hyrogntion (Nilsn, 2006). Th purpos of this stuy ws to ssss th totl trns ft ontnt n othr physio-hmil proprtis of vgtl gh n mrgrin mostly us in Pkistn. thr is signifint iffrn in th physil n hmil hvior, ut th rsults for th rfrtiv inx n spifi grvity rvl non signifint vritions (Fig. 1). Among th smpls vgtl gh mlting point ws foun highr in V3 (37.0 C) n lowst osrv in th V2 (35.6 C). Howvr, for mrgrin MATERIALS AND METHODS rng from C. Mximum ontnts of FFA n Physiohmil nlysis: Vgtl gh n i vlu wr ror in V5 (0.24%, 0.46%) n M1 mrgrin smpls wr prour from lol mrkt (0.25%, 0.5%). Sponifition, Proxi n ioin n ontnts wr nlyz for iffrnt qulity ttriuts vlus for vgtl gh rmin. i.. mlting point, rfrtiv inx, fr ftty is spifi Th rsults show tht th physio-hmil grvity, i vlu, proxi vlu, sponifition vlu, proprtis vry oring to th tr mrks. Prsnt ioin vlu y th prour givn in AACC (2000) finings r onfirm y th prvious invstigtion of Mtho No 58-40, 58-20A, 58-15, 58-16, 58-50, 58-30A vrious sintifi rsrh. Aoring to Ey n Ekop rsptivly. (2007) plm oil hs spifi grvity n mlting point; n C, rsptivly. Although vgtl Trns ft nlysis: Totl trns ft ontnt ws fin out in oils hv sponifition, i n ioin vlu: trms of lii i (trns isomr of oli i). mgkoh/g, % n %, rsptivly Prprtion of FAMES: Th Ftty Ai Mthyl Estrs (Otunol t l., 2009). Pkistni vnspti hs ioin (FAME) smpls wr prpr for nlysis y Gs vlu 69% (Khiri n Bngi, 1985). Similrly, mrgrin Chromtogrph (GC-FID) following Mtho No. (58-17) hs mlting point 41.3 C n ioin vlu 64.7% (List, in AACC (2000). Extly 200 mg of wll mlt 2004). Th sm rsults wr lso rport y Moustf hyrognt oil smpl ws wigh in stoppr n Stuffr (1997). glss vil. Approximtly 2.0 ml of GC gr hxn A lrg signifint hng in totl ontnt of trns ft ws ws follow y th ition of 2 N mthnoli osrv with in iffrnt vgtl gh n vrious Potssium Hyroxi (KOH). Vils wr sl n rns of mrgrin. Th ontnt of trns ft whih r shk for 30 s n ntrifug. Th top lyr ws rport to inrs loo holstrol rng from rmov n ilut with hxn. Th strs wr 33.03% n % in vgtl gh n xtrt with GC gr hxn. Th strs otin mrgrin, rsptivly. Th mximum vlu of trns wr nlyz y Shimzu Gs Chromtogrph Mol fts in vgtl gh ws osrv in V3 (33.03%) n 14-A (Shimzu Co., Jpn), using polr pillry lowst in V2 (5.36%) s shown in (Tl 1). Whil it is olumn DB-Wx (30m x 0.32mm x 0.25 µm) n flm lr from (Tl 2) tht in th smpls of mrgrin M1 ioniztion ttor n nitrogn s rrir gs t flow (1.56%) hs lowst trns ft ontnt n M3 (23.99%) rt of 30 ml/min. Th oprting onitions wr hs mximum prntg. Tl 1: Physiohmil nlysis of vgtl gh Mlting Rfrtiv Spifi Fr ftty Proxi Ai Sponifition Ioin Smpls point ( C) inx grvity i (%) vlu (mq/kg) vlu (%) vlu (mg KOH/g) vl (%) V1 36.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.52 V2 35.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.51 V3 37.0± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.43 V4 36.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.50 V5 36.2± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

3 Pk. J. Nutr., 11 (2): , 2012 Fig. 1: Physiohmil proprtis of hyrognt vgtls oils Tl 2: Physiohmil nlysis of mrgrin Mlting Rfrtiv Spifi Fr ftty Proxi Ai Sponifition Ioin Smpls point ( C) inx grvity i (%) vlu (mq/kg) vlu (%) vlu (mg KOH/g) vl (%) M1 37.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.39 M2 37.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.50 M3 49.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.44 M4 49.7± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.56 M5 46.5± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

4 Pk. J. Nutr., 11 (2): , 2012 Tl 3: Trns ft ontnts in vgtl gh Smpls TFA (%) V ±0.93 V2 5.36±0.27 V ±1.67 V ±1.45 V ±1.11 Tl 4: Trns ft ontnts in mrgrin Smpls TFA (%) M ±0.95 M2 1.56±0.08 M ±1.20 M ±1.11 M5 6.73±0.34 Totl trns ft %g ws similr to th prvious rsults. Bhngr n Anwr (2004) rport tht trns ft %g in mrgrin r in th rng of % n vnspti show signifintly highr mounts of trns ft (from %). Jyrni n Ry (2005) foun tht trns ft in mrgrin hs totl upto 32.0%. Rsults for vgtl gh n mrgrin wr omprl to thos of mrkt in Pkistn (Anwr t l., 2006; Knhro t l., 2008) Ths rsult wr iffrnt from th finings of Ovnsn t l. (1996) tht Dnmrk mrgrin trns ft %g in ll smpls ws 3.0%. Conlusion: As prinipl n ssntil frying omponnt, il hyrognt vgtl oils wr hrtriz with spil rfrn to thir ftty i profil. Th totl trns ft ontnt ws vlut in iffrnt oils y GC-FID. All smpl ontin trns ft n som h vry highr mounts of trns ft, whih is potntilly high mounts of trns fts r worrisom mttr for oth qulity ontrol uthoritis n onsumr hlth. Thrfor, iniviul firms, onsumrs n stnr ontrol uthoritis shoul ll ply rol to ovrsing this lrming issu. REFERENCES AACC, Approv Mthos of th Amrin Assoition of Crl Chmists, (10th En.). Amrin Assoition of Crl Chmists, In. St. Pul, MN, USA. Arsh, M.U., S. Zkir, F.M. Anjum, T. Zhoor n H. Nwz, Nutritiv vlu of ookis ontining wht grm oil. Pk. J. Lif So. Si., 6: Anwr, T., M.I. Bhngr, F. Anwr, M. Khn, R. Shhi n S. Iql, A omprtiv hrtriztion of iffrnt non-onvntionl oilss foun in Pkistn. J. Chm. So. Pk., 28: Ashrio, A., Trns ftty is n loo lipis. Athroslr. Suppl., 1: Br, D.J., J.T. Ju, B.A. Clvin n R.P. Try, Ditry ftty is fft plsm mrkrs of inflmmtion in hlthy mn f ontroll its: A rnomiz rossovr stuy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79: Bhngr, M.I. n F. Anwr, Ftty i omposition n ontnts of trns unsturt ft in hyrognt vgtl oils n ln fts from Pkistn. JAOCS., 81: D-Roos, N.M., M.L. Bots n M.B. Ktn, Rplmnt of itry sturt ftty is y trns ftty is lowrs srum HDL holstrol n impirs nothlil funtion in hlthy mn n womn. Artrioslr. Throm. Vs. Biol., 21: Ey, N.O. n A.S. Ekop, Efft of itivs on som physil prmtrs of plm oil. J. Chm., 4: GOP (Govrnmnt of Pkistn), Agriulturl Sttistis of Pkistn, Ministry of Foo, Agriultur n Livstok, Govrnmnt of Pkistn, Islm. Gur, S.K., F. Dstillts, Z. Mouloungui, L. Cny, J.B. Bzlgus, F. Dionisi n D.J. Br, Efft of trns ftty i isomrs from ruminnt sours on risk ftors of riovsulr iss: Stuy sign n rtionl. Contm. Clin. Trils., 32: Gur, S.K., T.L. Psot n P.M. Kris-Ethrton, Th ivrsity of hlth ffts of iniviul trns ftty i isomrs. Lipis., 42: Huntr, E., Ditry trns ftty is rviw of rnt humn stuis n foo inustry rsponss. J. Lipi., 41: Jyrni, T. n S.Y. Ry, Physiohmil vlution of vnspti mrkt in Ini. J. Foo Lipi., 12: Ju, J.T., D.J. Br, B.A. Clvin, P. Kris-Ethrton, R.A. Musing n M. Iwn, Ditry is n trns monounsturt n sturt FA n plsm lipis n lipoprotins in mn. Lipis, 37: Knhro, A., S.T.H. Shrzi, S.A. Mhsr, M.I. Bhngr, M.Y. Tlpur n Aul-Ruf, GC-MS quntifition of ftty i profil inluing trns FA in th lolly mnuftur mrgrins of Pkistn. Foo Chm., 109: Khiri, M.S.A. n B.B. Bngi, Plm oil prouts in ooking fts. JAOCS., 62: Kyu, C., K. Sungkyun, K.K. Hrprt, X.L. Qing n J. Soojin, Quntifition of trns ftty i ontnt in Frnh fris of lol foo srvi rtilrs using ttnut totl rfltion - Fourir trnsform infrr sptrosopy. Foo Chm., 125: Lrqu, E., F. Przllms, V. Purt, M.V. Giron, M.D. Suzrz, S. Zmor n A. Gil, Ditry trns ftty is fft oshxnoi i onntrtion in plsm n livr ut not rin of prgnnt n ftl rts. Pitr. Rs., 47:

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