APPLICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
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1 HEAT PUMP APPLICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS Per Fahlén SP Energy Technology
2 APPLICATIONS OF HEAT PUMPS 900s: Refrigeration, need to chill food; Survival: very large application; chilled food comprises Turnover: % of household energy use Sweden 0 0 9, Europe , Global EUR 940s: Air conditioning, comfort Wellbeing: Including productivity large application Sales: Voted innovation of the century in USA > RAC per annum (explosive sales in China) 970s: Heat pumps for heating, energy savings Economy: Many alternatives for heating limited application Sales: Sweden > per year, > total number (half of the European market, but Europe is growing)
3 APPLICATIONS OF HEAT PUMPS Stationary - Cryogenics - Freezers, refrigerators - Air conditioners - Space heating - Industrial processes Mobile - Reefers, road transport - Air conditioning (cars, lorries, buses, trains, airplanes...)
4 APPLICATIONS OF HEAT PUMPS Demand need to move heat from lower to higher temperature Hence need for heat pumps (chillers) basic heat pump theory Relation between demand and process system aspects Most commonly, end task is air cooling air coolers Common denominator: Q & = Q& S + Q& L (condensation and frosting distinguishes air coolers from air heaters)
5 APPLICATIONS: Refrigeration and air-source heat pumps Display-case air coil A/A heat pump Air coolers all transport mechanisms must be Air coolers all transport mechanisms must be considered
6 HEAT PUMP APPLICATIONS Frozen and chilled food: Few alternatives (food hygien survival) Space cooling: Few alternatives (comfort, productivity) Space heating and hot water: Many alternatives (comfort, productivity) Controlled temperature [ C] Refrigeration and Cooling Fro ozen and dee ep frozen fo ood Chil led food Com mfort coolin g Free cooling Heating and Hot Water Heating and Cooling Heating Hot water Heating Free cooling Application Room te emperature
![Controlled temperature [ C] Refrigeration and Cooling Fro ozen and dee ep frozen fo ood Chil led food Com mfort coolin](/docs-images/49/17282664/images/page_6.jpg "g Free cooling Heating and Hot Water Heating and Cooling Heating Hot water Heating Free cooling Application Room te")
7 Outdoor air HEAT PUMP APPLICATIONS - Unlimited source high air flows - High α, small Δt; frosting at t ao < 5 to 7 C, 2 < s < 4 mm - Thin coils low Δp, high α, (developing flow) - Natural convection units large area (the ice stick ) - Fluidized bed Exhaust air - HRV, mandatory in Sweden since Limited source fixed air flow - Moderate α, large Δt (often 20 K); 4 < s < 6 mm - Thick coils long thermal flow path (high η t ) - Natural convection units large area Process air: Timber drying.. (usually high temperature)
8 NOMENCLATURE: Definitions () Direct (expansion) system, DX (SS897) A system in which the evaporator, condenser etc. is in direct contact with the cooled or heated medium. Only the heat exchanger wall separates the refrigerant and the cooled or heated medium (see figure below) Refrigerant system, R Airorotherfluidto other to be cooled or heated
9 NOMENCLATURE: Definitions (2) Indirect system (SS897) A system in which the evaporator, condenser etc. is not in direct contact with the cooled or heated medium. Note: An intermediate heat transfer medium, in this text denoted cooling or heating-agent, transports heat from the refrigerant heat exchanger to a second heat exchanger between the brine and the cooled or heated medium. Only the heat exchanger wall separates the refrigerant and the cooled or heated medium (see figure below). Refrigerant system, R cooling agent, ca heating agent, ha Air or other fluid to be cooled or heated
10 NOMENCLATURE: Definitions (2) Brin b (EN255) Heat transfer medium that has a freezing point depressed relative to water. Comment: Brine is a water-based subgroup of cooling agents (see cooling agent) Condenser coolant, cc Medium (fluid) that transports heat away from the condenser. Cooling agent, ca (SS897) Medium (fluid) that transports heat from a heat source to a heat pump or from a cooled/refrigerated space to a cooling/refrigeration plant. Cf C.f. bi brin secondary coolant, secondary refrigerant, fi cold-side heat transfer medium. Heating agent, ha (SS897) Medium (fluid) that transports heat from a heat emitter to a point of use (e.g. from a condenser to a heating or hot water system). C.f. heating water, heating air, hot-side heat transfer medium. Refrigerant, R (SS 897) Working medium (fluid) of a refrigeration (heat pump) process. The refrigerant absorbs heat at a low temperature and a low pressure and rejects heat at a higher temperature and a higher pressur usually through a change of state (liquid-to-gas, gas-to-liquid).
11 NOMENCLATURE: Subscripts Subscripts: Medium, component, position, function Medium: a = air, w = water, b = brin ca = cooling agent, ha = heating agent, g = gas, l = liquid, s = solid Component: f = fan, cm = cooling machinery, cms = cooling machinery system, sc = supplementary cooling, hp = heat pump, hps = heat pump system, hs = heating system, sh = supplementary heating, p = pump, = unsaturated, = saturated, Position: or i = inlet, 2 or o = outlet, = condenser, 2 = evaporator Function: g = gas, l = liquid, s = solid, =unsaturated, = saturated,
12 NOMENCLATURE: System diagram & & & & cs Q Q & Q2 Q & Qhps Q & sc Q cms (co ooled space) Heat source W & ep2 W & ef 2 Su upplementary co ooling, sc M W & ehp W & com W & em W & W ep W & ef + Q & sh sc Heat pump, hp Supplementary heat, sh Heat transfer system, Cooling cold side machinery, cm Heat transfer system, Heat pump system, hps hot side Cooling machinery system, cms Heating system, hs Cooling system, cs (he eated space) Heat sink hs = condenser side 2 = evaporator side cs = cooling system cms = cooling machinery system sc = supplementary cooling hp = heat pump hps = heat pump system hs = heating system sh = supplementary heating e = electric m = motor f = fan p = pump
13 HEAT PUMP EFFICIENCY ASPECTS IMPROVE SPF BY OPTIMAL USE OF FREE ENERGY AND DRIVE POWER, e.g. Reduce use/demand (load matching and storage) Reduce purchased energy (natural sources and sinks) Reduce drive energy for: - heat pumping p (reduction of temperature lift) - heat transfer (heat exchanger design and control) - heat transport (system design and flow control) - terminal units (design and control) APPLICATION AND LOCATION DEMAND
14 HEAT PUMP SYSTEM BOUNDARIES Q & cs Q & cms Q & Q & 2 Q & Q sc Q & hps + Q & hs (cooled spa ce) Heat source W & ep2 W & W & ep com M W & W & W & em ef ef 2 Supplemen ntary cooling, sc W & ehp Q & sh sc Heat pump, hp Supplementary heat, sh Heat transfer system, Cooling cold side machinery, cm Heat transfer system, Heat pump system, hps hot side Cooling machinery system, cms Heating system, hs Cooling system, cs (heated spa ace) Heat sink n 2 2, j Wehp j = W ep = W ep n W ep = W ep i=, i
15 HEAT PUMP KEY NUMBERS Carnot process Heat pump T Q COPhp = Q W & e, h Q & hp Q & & W e, hp W Heat pump system p Q 2 T COP 2 hps = Q & W& hp + W& + W& p p2 COP C COP2 C Q = W Q = W 2 = = T T T T T 2 2 T 2 Q& + W& Heating or cooling system COP hs = W& Q& hp & + W p + ηsh + W& p + W& p2 Q& sh + Q& sh
16 SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION Load matching by Control-On-Demand (COD) - Adapt the supply capacity capacity control - Adapt the HVAC system storage HVAC system design is crucial for - Natural sinks (free cooling) ΔCOP - Temperature lift hp ΔT2 compressor (heat pumping) - Heat transfer pumps, fans - Heat transport heat losses, pumps, fans COP hps - Terminal units - pumps, fans = COP hp COP hp T T 2 T T 2 ΔT T T ( COPhp ) W& p + COPhp W& p Parasitic drive energy ratio: W& R hps pw W = hps W W hp 2 2 hp
17 EN STANDARDS. EN255-3Rev, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors - Heating mode - Part 3: Testing and requirements for marking for sanitary hot water units. 2. EN378, Refrigerating g systems and heat pumps p - Safety and environmental requirements. 3. EN45, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling - Part : Terms and definitions Part 2: Test conditions Part 3: Test methods Part 4: Requirements.
18 EN STANDARDS (continued) 7. pren4825, 200. Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps, with electrically driven compressors, for space heating and cooling - Testing and rating at part load conditions and calculation of seasonal performance. 8. pren5459, Heating systems in buildings - Data requirements for standard economic evaluation procedures related to energy systems in buildings, including renewable sources. 9. pren5879-, Testing and rating of direct exchange ground coupled heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and/or cooling - Part: Direct exchange-to-water heat pumps. 0.SS-EN202, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages, heat pumps and dehumidifiers with electrically driven compressors - Measurement of air-borne noise - Determination of the sound power level.ss-en , Ventilation for buildings - Calculation of room temperatures and of load and energy for buildings with room conditioning systems.
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