Data to the problem of artificial cranial deformation, Part 1.

Transcription

1 A N N A L E S HISTORICO-NATURALES MUSEI NATIONALIS H U N G A R I C I Tomus 75. Budapest, 1983 p Data to the problem of artificial cranial deformation, Part 1. by I. P A P, B u d a p e s t Abstract Investigation o f individuals o f 10 artificially deformed and 4 non-deformed skulls originating from the 5th century G o t h i c - A l a n cemetery part ( K e s z t h e l y - F e n é k p u s z t a, H u n g a r y ) is presented. W i t h 4 tables and 3 photoplates. I n the j o i n t Hungarian-Soviet expedition excavated a R o m a n fortified settlement and its vicinity o f F e n é k p u s z t a near Keszthely, south-west o f Lake Balaton. D u r i n g this w o r k were dug up 31 graves o f a 5th century cemetery situated south o f the R o m a n walls ( E R D É L Y I 1978, 1979; E R D É L Y I & S Á G I 1980). A c c o r d i n g to E r d é l y i ' s o p i n i o n a G o t h i c - A l a n population was buried i n this cemetery ( T I T O V & E R D É L Y I 1980). The numerous artificially deformed skulls originating f r o m the regular excavation give special importance to this material. U p t o now no cemetery containing such a great number o f deformed skulls had been f o u n d only cemetery w i t h i n the Carpathian Basin contain ing larger number o f artificially deformed skulls was found i n the territory o f the Soviet U n i o n. I n this paper I present the material o f 14 graves unearthed between The rescued anthropological material has been desposited i n the A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l Department o f the H u n g a r i a n Natural History Museum. * * * Great number o f foreign and Hungarian researchers have already studied the p r o b l e m o f a r t i ficial cranial deformation. There is no possibility to sum up completely the foreign literature. T O P I N A R D (1881) was among the first to study the usage, spreading and chapes o f d i s t o r t i o n. L E V I N ( ) gave account o f the custom o f deformation from the territory o f T u r k m e n i a ; R U E T S H K O V (1957) reported on this custom from Azerbaidzhan. G I N S B U R G ' S and Z I R O V ' S very i m p o r t a n t w o r k (1949) enabled the numerical characterization o f the degree o f the cranial distortion by apply ing the deformation index. T R O F I M O V A (1959) not only examined larger number o f deformed skulls originating f r o m the area o f the Soviet U n i o n and compared them w i t h the non-deformed skulls also. A N D E R S O N (1962), w h o prepared his w o r k for archaeologists, discussed the deformation types too. B o t h B O B I N and M A R K reported on artificially deformed skulls i n A c c o r d i n g t o G I N S B U R G ' S opinion the distortion was practiced in the V o l g a and K u b a n regions i n the Bronze Age (1968). I t was wide-spread among Sarmatians living in Central Asia, the Volga area and the N o r t h e r n Caucasus. I n the last few years M C N E I L L & N E W T O N (1965), Firshtein ( i n T Ó T H & F I R S H T E I N 1970), Ö Z B E K (1974), S I M O N (1978) K O N D O V A and her colleagues (1979) dealt w i t h artificial cranial deformation. I n our country B A R T U C Z (1936) was the first to treat the problem and in full details (1966). N E M E S K É R I (1944, 1952), B R A B A N T & N E M E S K É R I (1963), L I P T Á K (1961, 1970) also discussed the question. REGOLY MÉREi (1959) approached the problem from medical respects. K I S Z E L Y (1969, 1972, 1977) and H A N K Ó (1974) investigated deformed skulls o n several occasions ( H A N K Ó & K I S Z E L Y ). W E N G E R (1972) and F A R K A S (1973) examined the problem in their papers respectively. I n the last few years L I P T Á K & M A R C S I K (1977) not only reported new finds but reevaluated the deformed skulls of K i s z o m b o r and compared them w i t h the deformed skulls o f the H u n g a r i a n M i g r a t i o n Period as well. M a t e r i a l and method T h e distribution among sex, age and deformation o f the skeleton material f r o m 31 graves m a y be seen i n Table 1. Sixty-seven percent o f the excavated skulls are artificially deformed. We c o u l d not decide for two children skulls whether they were deformed or not because o f their being fragmen tary and incomplete state o f preservation. The number o f male and female skeletons is nearly equal in both groups. The number o f children w i t h deformed skulls is higher than the non-deformed ones. It can be probably explained by incomplete uncovering. Skulls f r o m the 14 graves are reported i n Annls hist.-nat. 22* Mus. natn. hung., 75,1983

2 \ this paper, considering 6 children, 1 juvenile and 7 grown-ups (3 male, 4 female). A m o n g them 1 male, 1 female and 1 child skull were non-deformed. I n the course o f the study I identified s e x o n the basis o f anatomical characters o f the cranium and the skeleton. I n the case o f children 1 have determined a g e by investigating the eruption o f deci duous and permanent teeth and by measuring the long bones. I n establishing the grown-ups' age I have taken into consideration the ossification os sutures, the epiphyses and the surface changing o f the facies symphyseos ossis pubis (FEREMBACH & al. 1980). I have followed the MARTiN-technique (1928) for the cranial measurements, i n the examination o f facial flatness I have used the method o f DEBETS & T Ó T H ( i n F A R K A S 1972). I have classified the measurements and indices according to A L E X EYEV & DEBETS (1964). For measuring the long bones I have followed the A L E X E Y E V - m e t h o d (1966). I have calculated stature and weight after DEBETS & D U E R N O V O (1971). Anthropological and pathological analysis Parameters o f t h e s k u l l s are presented i n T a b l e 2, the d a t a o f f a c i a l flatness are g i v e n i n T a b l e 3. P a r a m e t e r s o f the l o n g bones m a y be f o u n d i n T a b l e 4. G r a v e 1 G r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) female d e f o r m e d s k u l l w i t h m a n d i b l e. F a c e i n c o m p lete. F o r e h e a d slantwise r u n n i n g b a c k as a result o f d e f o r m a t i o n. A m i l d d i p b e h i n d t u b e r a f r o n t a l i a a n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. O c c i p i t a l r e g i o n because o f the s t r o n g o c c i p i t a l pressure flat, s t r a i g h t. I n c o m p l e t e p o s t c r a n i a l s k e l e t o n. Exostoses o n the d o r s a l vertebrae. G r a v e 2 Deformed skull fragment o f about 2 year-old child. Cribra orbitalia o n the r i g h t o r b i t (left o r b i t m i s s i n g ). S u t u r a m e t o p i c a, os apicis. F r a g m e n t a r y skeletal bones. G r a v e 3 D e f o r m e d c a l o t t e o f 2-5 y e a r - o l d c h i l d, w i t h m a x i l l a p a r t a n d i n c o m p lete m a n d i b l e. A d i p caused b y d i s t o r t i n g b a n d a g e b e h i n d t u b e r a f r o n t a l i a a n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. C r i b r a o r b i t a l i a b o t h o f sides. O s t e o p o r o s i s o n p l a t e. I n c o m p l e t e skeletal b o n e fragments. G r a v e 4 W e l l - p r e s e r v e d d e f o r m e d g r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) female s k u l l w i t h m a n d i b l e ( P l a t e 1:1). T u b e r a f r o n t a l i a c a n n o t be seen i n consequence o f d e f o r m a t i o n. F o r e h a d slant w i s e r u n n i n g b a c k. A s l i g h t d i p after a n d b e h i n d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m (Plate 1:2). O b e l i o n r e g i o n flat, t r a c e o f d i s t o r t i o n c a n n o t be seen o n n u c h a l r e g i o n. R i g h t c a p i t u l u m m a n d i b u l a e d e f o r m e d because o f a r t h r o s i s d e f o r m a n s. R i g h t fossa m a n d i b u l a r i s also d e f o r m e d, its shize g r o w n b u t less deep. Exostosis its edge. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d skeletal bones. A r t h r o sis d e f o r m a n s o n t u b e r o s i t a s sacralis, facies a r t i c u l a r e s a n d o n tuberositas i l i a c a. A r t h r o s i s d e f o r m a n s o n r e g i o n o f r i g h t i n c i s u r a r a d i a l i s u l n a e, processus c o r o n o i d e u s, r i g h t e x t r e m i t a s sternalis c l a v i c u l a e, l e f t e x t r e m i t a s a c r o m i a l i s c l a v i c u l a e a n d left facies a r t i c u l a r i s a c r o m i i. A r t h r o s i s d e f o r m a n s o n facies a r t i c u l a r i s s u p e r i o r et i n f e r i o r vertebrae T h _» w i t h s t r o n g exostoses. A p e r f o r a t i o n caused b y discus h e r n i a o n T h v e r t e b r a b o d y G r a v e 5 Y o u n g ( j u v e n i l e ) female d e f o r m e d s k u l l w i t h m a n d i b l e ( P l a t e 1:3). A d i p caused b y d e f o r m i n g b a n d a g e after a n d b e h i n d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m (Plate 1:4). T r a c e o f d i s t o r t i o n less a p p a r e n t o n n u c h a l r e g i o n. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d skeletal b o n e s. G r a v e 6 I n c o m p l e t e, fragmentary g r o w n - u p (maturus) non-deformed male crani u m. A w o r m i a n b o n e o n left side o f s u t u r a l a m b d o i d e a. Cystae a b o v e \C, P M, a n d P M. A t r o p h i a i n s o m e places. I n c o m p l e t e s k e l e t a l bones. A r t h r o s i s d e f o r m a n s o n facies a r t i c u l a r i s sacri. Processus spinosus a n d r i g h t side processus a r t i c u l a r i s s u p e r i o r n o t ossified, caused p r o b a b l y b y d i s t u r b a n c e o f d e v e l o p m e n t. F o r a m e n vertebrae d e f o r m e d, processus spinosus twisted. 2 G r a v e 7 D e f o r m e d c a l o t t e o f a 18 m o u n t h - o l d c h i l d. A d i p after a n d b e h i n d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m. P a r t i a l s u t u r a m e t o p i c a. B o t h o f sides c r i b r a o r b i t a l i a. I n c o m plete s k e l e t a l bones. G r a v e 8 Well-preserved g r o w n - u p (adultus) deformed male skull w i t h mandible ( P l a t e 2 : 1 ). A d i p after a n d b e h i n d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m. O c c i p i t a l r e g i o n s t r o n g l y

3 p r o t r u d i n g, n u m e r u o u s w o r m i e n b o n e s i n s u t u r a l a m b d o i d e a (Plate 2 : 2 ). W o r m i e n b o n e s also o n b o t h o f sides o f s u t u r a s q u a m o s a a n d r i g h t side o f s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. B o t h o f sides os e p i p t e r i c u m. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d skeletal b o n e s. P o r o s i s on vertebrae. 9 D e f o r m e d c a l o t t e o f a 1-2 y e a r - o l d c h i l d. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m G r a v e is expressed. C r i b r a o r b i t a l i a o n b o t h o f sides o r b i t. I n c o m p l e t e s k e l e t a l b o n e s. 10 D e f o r m e d s k u l l o f a 4-5 y e a r - o l d c h i l d (Plate 3 : 3-4 ). T u b e r c u l u m p r e Grave b r e g m a t i c u m very strong. I n c o m p l e t e skeletal bones. 11 W e l l - p r e s e r v e d g r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) d e f o r m e d f e m a l e s k u l l w i t h m a n Grave d i b l e (Plate 2 : 3-4 ). Basic p a r t i n c o m p l e t e. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m expressed. A d i p b e h i n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. T u b e r a f r o n t a l i a s l i g h t l y l i m i t e d, f o r e h a e d slantwise r u n n i n g b a c k. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d skeletal b o n e s. Exostosis o n L _ 3 l vertebrae. 12 W e l l - p r e s e r v e d g r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) n o n - d e f o r m e d s k u l l w i t h m a n d i b l e. G r a v e A l v e o l a r s o f m o l a r s t o t a l l y a t r o p h i e d. I n c o m p l e t e, f r a g m e n t a r y bad-preserved s k e l e t a l b o n e s. Arthrosis deformans o n extremitas spinosus o f t h o r a c i c vertebrae s t e r n a l i s. Exostoses o n c e r v i c a l v e r t e b r a e. 13 D e f o r m e d s k u l l o f a 3-4 y e a r - o l d G r a v e Processi assimilated. child with m a n d i b l e (Plate 3 : 1 ). Basic p a r t i n c o m p l e t e. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m s t r o n g. A n i m p r e s s i o postbregmatica b e h i n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. T u b e r a f r o n t a l i a expressed. F o r e h e a d l e a n i n g f o r w a r d v e r y s t r o n g l y (Plate 3 : 2 ). O b e l i o n - l a m b d a r e g i o n f l a t, n u c h a l r e g i o n s t r a i g h t b u t v e r y s t r o n g l y r u n n i n g f o r w a r d t o basic p a r t. W o r m i e n b o n e s o n s u t u r a l a m b d o i d e a. B o t h o f sides os e p i p t e r i c u m. C r i b r a o r b i t a l i a o n b o t h o f o r b i t s. H y p e r o s t o s i s spongiosa a p p a r e n t o n p a r i e t a l b o n e. W e l l p r e s e r v e d s k e l e t a l bones. 14 G r o w n - u p ( m a t u r u s ) d e f o r m e d m a l e s k u l l w i t h w e l l - p r e s e r v e d m a n d i b G r a v e le. Face incomplete, fragmentary. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m l i m i t e d, a n impressio post b r e g m a t i c a b e h i n d s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. I n f l u e n c e o f d e f o r m a t i o n less expressed o n n u c h a l r e g i o n. W o r m i e n b o n e o n s u t u r a c o r o n a l i s. B o t h o f sides os e p i p t e r i c u m. W e l l - p r e s e r v e d s k e l e t a l b o n e s. P e r f o r a t i o fossae o l e c r a n i h u m e r i o n left side. A n exostosis o n v e r t e b r a Th x a n d trace o f i n f l a m m a t i o n o n v e r t e b r a 77/. S a c r a l i s a t i o n. 12 O n the type of deformation C i r c u l a r type o f d e f o r m a t i o n w e r e a p p l i e d t o a l l o f the e x a m i n e d c r a n i a. D e f o r m a t i o n was achieced w i t h t h e h e l p o f t w o bandages. O n e o f t h e m s t a r t e d f r o m t h e forehead a n d w e n t o n across the t e m p o r a l r e g i o n t o the nape o f t h e n e c k, s u r r o u n d i n g t h e h e a d c o n c e n t r i c a l l y. T h e o t h e r b a n d a g e started f r o m t h e s u m m i t o f t h e c r a n i u m g o i n g o n u n d e r the c h i n. I n consequence o f t h e b i l a t e r a l pressure there d e v e l o p e d t h e s o - c a l l e d t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m b e t w e e n t h e bandages, a f t e r b r e g m a. E i t h e r the p o s i t i o n a n d t h e tautness o f the a p p l i e d bandages o r t h e t a x o n o m i c characters o f t h e c r a n i u m h a d r e m a r k a b l e effect o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t os s k u l l shape. W i t h i n t h i s c i r c u l a r t y p e o f d e f o r m a t i o n t w o g r o u p s can be seen i n t h e m a t e r i a l o f F e n é k p u s z t a : F i r s t g r o u p : T h e f o r e h e a d is s l a n t w i s e r u n n i n g b a c k, the c r a n i u m is h i g h, t u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m a n d i m p r e s s i o p o s t b r e g m a t i c a is w e l l expressed. T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s k u l l s are classified a m o n g this g r o u p. Second g r o u p : T h e f o r e h e a d is v e r y l o w. T u b e r c u l u m p r e b r e g m a t i c u m is less expressed, i m p r e s s i o p o s t b r e g m a t i c a is s h a l l o w e r t h e n i n t h e first g r o u p. T h e c r a n i u m is l o w, l o n g. T h e p o s t a u r i c u l a r r e g i o n is v e r y e l o n g a t e d. T h e s k u l l f r o m the 8 t h g r a v e is classified a m o n g this g r o u p. * * *

4 I hope the studies o n the anthropological material excavated i n make possible the more precise clarification o f the anthropological aspect o f the whole p o p u l a t i o n part. I n the second part o f this study I w i l l compare the series f r o m the Hungary and material extralimital to the Carpa thian Basin. References A L E X E Y E V, V. P. ( ) : Osteometria. M e t o d i k a anthropologitsheskih isledovaniy. M o s k v a, pp. ( i n Russian). A L E X E Y E V, V. P. & DEBETS, G. F. ( ) : K r a n i o m e t r i a. M e t o d i k a anthropologitsheskih isledo vaniy. M o s k v a, p p. ( i n Russian). A N D E R S O N, J. E. ( ) : T h e h u m a n skeleton. A manual for archaeologists. Nat. Mus. Canada, pp. B A R T U C Z, L. ( ) : A k i s z o m b o r i t e m e t ő gepida k o p o n y á i [ G e p i d skulls o f K i s z o m b o r cemetery]. Dolgozatok, 12: ( i n Hungarian). B A R T U C Z, L. ( ) : Palaeopathologia I I I. A praehistorikus t r e p a n á c i ó é s o r v o s t ö r t é n e t i vonatko z á s ú sírleletek ( P a l ä o p a t h o l o g i e, I I I. D i e p r ä h i s t o r i s c h e Trepanation, Funde m i t medizinisch historischen und p a l ä o p a t h o l o g i s c h e n Beziehungen i n U n g a r n ). Orsz. Orvos tört. Könyvtár, Budapest, pp. ( i n H u n g a r i a n ). B O B I N, V. V. ( ) : Les recherches paleopathologiques des d e r n i è r e s a n n é e s sur les ossements d é c o u v e r t s en C r i m é e et Dans le Caucase d u N o r d. VII Congres Int. Se. Anthrop. Ethnol., Moscou, 1-6. B R A B A N T, H. & NEMESKÉRI, J. ( ) : É t u d e anthropologique et stomatologique d'une série de cranes d ' â g e hunnique d é c o u v e r t s a M ö z s. De Bull. Group. Int. Rech. Sc. Stomatologie, 6: e 338. DEBETS, G. F. & D U E R N O V O, Y U. A. ( ) : ( L o n g bones f r o m Eneolithic burial grounds i n T u r k menia). Sovietskaya Arclieol., 1: ( i n Russian). E R D É L Y I, I. ( ) : Á s a t á s i j e l e n t é s [Excavation r e p o r t ], Régészeti füz., 31: ( i n Hungarian). E R D É L Y I, I. ( ) : Á s a t á s i j e l e n t é s [Excavation report]. Régészeti füz., 32: 9 4 ( i n Hungarian). E R D É L Y I, & S Á G I, K. ( ) : Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen v o n K e s z t h e l y - F e n é k p u s z t a. Mitt. arch. Inst., 8/9: F A R K A S, G Y. ( ) : P a l e o a n t r o p o l ó g i a i m e t o d i k á k [ A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l practice]. Szeged, (in Hungarian). FARKAS, G Y. ( ) : Macrocephalic a n d " A v a r p e r i o d " m o n g o l o i d anthropological finds from W o i w o d i n a. Acta biol., 19: FEREMBACH, D., S C H W I D E T Z K Y, I. & S T L O U K A L, M. ( ) : Recommandations pour determiner Page et le sexe sur le squelette. Bull. Mém. Soc. d'anthrop., 13: G I N S B U R G, V. V. ( ) : A n anthropological characterization o f the Sarmatians i n the V o l g a area. Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung., 60: G I N S B U R G, V. V. & Z I R O V, E. V. ( ) : Anthropologitsheskie materialue iz Kenkolskogo k a t a k o m b nogo m o g i l n i k a v doline r. Talas K i r g i z s k o y SSR. Sbornik AN, 10: ( i n Russian). H A N K Ó, K. I. & K I S Z E L Y I, I. ( ) : M e s t e r s é g e s e n d e f o r m á l t k o r a n é p v á n d o r l á s k o r i férfi k o p o n y a T a m á s i - A d o r j á n p u s z t á r ó l [Artificially deformed male skull o f the early M i g r a t i o n Period f r o m T a m á s i - A d o r j á n p u s t a ], Szekszárdi Múz. Évk., 2: ( i n Hungarian). K I S Z E L Y, I. ( ) : Anthropologische Untersuchung der f r ü h v ö l k e r w a n d e r u n g s e i t l i c h e n Skelettfunde mit k ü n s t l i c h deformierten S c h ä d e l n v o n L e t k é s. Mitt. arch. Inst., 2: K I S Z E L Y I, I. ( ) : Des deformierte S c h ä d e l i n Garbfund v o n K e s z t ö l c. Mitt. arch. Inst., 3: K I S Z E L Y, I. ( ) : Anthropologische Bearbeitung der p r ä l o n g o b a r d i s c h e n G r ä b e r i n Soponya. Mitt. arch. Inst., 6: K I S Z E L Y I H A N K Ó, I. ( ) : A brief anthropological characterization o f three artificially deformed skulls f r o m Sweden. Ossa, 1: K O N D O V A, N., B O E V, P. & C H O L A K O V, S. ( ) : ( U n n a t u r a l l y d e f o r m e d skulls f r o m the necropolis in the village o f Kyulevcha Shumen country). Arch. Inst. Muz. BAN, 3-4: (in Russian). L E V I N, M. T. ( ) : D e f o r m a c i y a golovue u T u e r k m e n. Sov. Etnogr., 6-7: (in Russian). L I P T Á K, P. ( ) : Germanische Skelettreste v o n H á c s - B é n d e k p u s z t a aus dem 5. J h. U. Z. Acta arch, hung., 13: L I P T Á K, P. ( ) : A m a g y a r s á g e t n o g e n e z i s é n e k p a l e o a n t r o p o l ó g i á j a [ P a l e o a n t h r o p o l o g y o f H u n g a r i a n ethnogenesis]. D o k t o r i ért. tézisei [ D o c t. diss, thesis]. Anthrop. Közi., 14: (in Hungarian).

5 LIPTÁK, P. & MARCSIK, A. (1977): Kora-népvándorláskori embertani leletek Kelet-Magyarországon (Anthropologische Funde in Ostungarn aus der frühvölkerwanderungszeit. Neuere Angaben zur Frage der Künstlichen Schädeldeformation). Déri Múz. Évk., (in Hungarian). MARK, K. (1964): Anthropology of the Volga and Permian Finno-Ugric Peoples. VII. Int. Congr. Anlhrop. Ethn., Moscow, p MARTIN, R. (1928): Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, II. Jena, p MCNEILL, R. & NEWTON, G. N. (1965): Cranial based morphology in association with intentional cranial vault deformation. Am. J. Phys. Anthr., 3: NEMESKÉRI, J. (1944): The anthropological examination of the artificially deformed skull deriving from the grave from Gyöngyösapáti (Hun-period). Arch. Ért., 71: 303. NEMESKÉRI, J. (1952): An anthropological examination of recent macrocephalic finds. Acta arch. hung., 2: 223. ÖZBEK, M. (1974): Etude de la déformation crânienne artificielle chez les chalcolithiques de Byblos (Liban). Bull. Mém. Soc. Anthr op., XIII, 1: RÉGÖLY MÉREI, GY. (1959): Kórbonctani szempontok sírleletek torzult és torzított koponyáinak vizsgálatakor, különös tekintettel a domolospusztai leletekre (Pathologisch-anatomische Angaben über die unwillkürliche Schädeldeformation und die Schädelplastik, mite besonderer Berück sichtigung des Grabfunds vom Domolospuszta (Komitat Baranya). Janus Pannonius Múz. Évk., (in Hungarian). RUETSHKOV, YU. T. (1957): O deformatsii golovue v svyazii s obuetshayamue uhoda za detmi. UEAN Kratkie soobs., 27: (in Russian). SIMON, CH. (1978): Nouveaux cas de déformation crânienne artificielle eu Suisse occidentale. Arch, suisse d'anthr op., 42: TITOV, V. S. & ERDÉLYI, I. (1980): (The first results of the Hungarian-Soviet Expedition in Hungary). Sov. Arh., 1: (in Russian). TOPINARD, P. (1881): Az anthropológia kézikönyve [Anthropology]. Budapest, 768 pp. (in Hungarian.) TÓTH, T. & FIRSHTEIN, B. V. (1970): Antropologitsheskie dannue k voprosue o velikom pereselenii narodov avarue i sarmatue. Leningrad, 201 pp. (in Russian). TROFIMOVA, T. A. (1959): Drevnee naselenie Horezma. Moskva, 176 pp. (in Russian). WENGER, S. (1972): Data to the anthropology of the Avar Period population in the Northern Plains, Hungary. Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung., 64: Author's address: DR. ILDIKÓ PAP Anthropological Department Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest, Bajza utca 39 H-1062 Table 1. Distribution of deformation, sex and age Age Males Deformed Females Non-deformed Undet. sex Total Males Females Undet. sex Total Undecided Together Infans I Infans II Juvenis Adultus Maturus Total

6 Table 2. Parameters of the cranium Keszthely-Fenékpuszta Deformed Non-deformed M ARTIN No i F+ 1 F M+ + F M M F le , B ab* I2<S ! _ / R! a / : : : : :

7 Continuation of Table 2. MARTIN Deformed Non-deformed No F+ F F M++ F M M F 27: : : : : : : : : Deformation index Glabella Arcus superciliaris I Prot. occ. ext Proc mast. Orbita s* o** r o o s s + Female, >- + Male. Basion-antibasion distance, * s = subrectangular, ** o = oblong, *** r = rounded Table 3. Parameters of the facial flatness Characteristics Deformed skull Non-deformed skull MC MS BC BS NA ZS ZC ZA DC DS ID _ SC SS IS C s S:C IMMS IMMC , IMM index Fossa canina MC = Maxillofrontal chord, MS = Maxillofrontal subtense, BC = Bi-malar chord, BS = Bi-malar subtense, NA = Nasomalar angle, ZC = Zygomaxillar chord, ZS = Zygomaxillar subtense, ZA = Zygomaxillar angle, DC = Dacryal chord, DS = Dacryal subtense, ID = Dacryal index, SC = Simotical chord, SS = Simotical subtense, IS = SimoticaL index, C = Malar chord, S = Malar subtense, S :C = Malar arc index, IMMS = Incisure maxillo-malar subtense, IMMC : Incisure maxillo-malar chord

8 Table 4. Parameters of the postcranial skeleton Keszthely-Fenékpuszta Deformed Non-deformed MARTIN No F F F M F M M F Humerus 1 R 306 * 346 L 301 * R L R L R L : 5 R L : 1 R L Radius 1 R L 236 * R 226 * L 225 * R L R L R L : 4 R L : 2 R L Ulna 2 R 231 L * R L R L R L R L R L : 2 R L :12 R L :14 R L

9 Continuation of Table 4. Deformed Non-deformed IVÏAR TIN No l F F F M F M M F Femur 1 R L R L R L R L R L R 32 2<S L R S L : 2 R L : 7 R L : 9 R L Tibia 1 R L a R L a R L b R L a:8a R L b:l R L Stature (cm) Weight (kg) * Without epiphysis

10 Plate 1.

11 Plate 2.

12 Plate 3. Figs K e s z t h e l y - F e n é k p u s z t a, 5th century: 1-2 = Grave 13, 3-4 = Grave 10