AP Psychology (AP Psych) - Ms. J. Macias 2015 Summer Assignment

Transcription

1 H A R M O N Y S C I E N C E A C A D E M Y 4401 San Francisco Ave, Laredo, TX Tel: Fax: AP Psychology (AP Psych) - Ms. J. Macias 2015 Summer Assignment Welcome to AP Psychology! I hope you have an enjoyable summer, and that you are looking forward to beginning your study of psychology over the course of the next school year. It will be a challenge, but I hope that you will find it an interesting and rewarding experience. One of the joys and challenges of this class is that you will see yourself in our readings and discussions every day. You will be able to relate many of your own life experiences to the content of the course. This summer you will be getting a head start on not only the content of psychology, but also the structure of the class. The specific assignments are detailed in this packet. You should take your time with these assignments, as they will introduce you to the kind of work you should expect in class next year. Please note that AP Psychology is an elective, college-level course with higher student expectations than most courses taken by high school students. AP Psychology also deals with course material and content at the college level, which at times may require maturity from student beyond which is typically expected at the high school level. Students who come into the course with a background in some of the psychological concepts discussed during the year will have an academic advantage in the class. Prior knowledge allows students to speak intelligently on concepts and topics and have the potential for more success on the AP Psychology exam in May Therefore you will be required to complete a three part summer reading project. This summer project will be 60% or your overall grade thus it is impossible to get an A in the class without completing these assignments. Hard Copy DUE DATE: (Orientation Day) Have a great summer, and me with any questions! Note: If you are unable to complete these assignments over the summer or if you find these assignments to be too demanding, then you should consider dropping this course. Please contact Mr. A. Kursun, akursun@harmonytx.org or Mrs. Lopez mlopez@harmonytx.org to initiate this process. Ms. J. Macias AP Psychology Teacher jmacias@harmonytx.org 1 P a g e

2 ASSIGNMENTS: Part 1: Perspectives A perspective is a school of thought or a way of describing/viewing some phenomenon such as mental illness or behavior. Every topic in psychology can be looked at in a number of different ways. For example, consider the subject of aggression. Someone who emphasizes a biological perspective would look at the how the brain and nervous system impact aggressive behavior, particularly the function of the amygdala and the role of hormones. A professional who stresses a behavioral perspective would look at how environmental variables reinforce aggressive actions. Another psychologist who utilizes a cross cultural approach might consider how cultural and social influences contribute to aggressive or violent behaviors. etc. This summer, your task is to research the 8 perspectives before you start AP Psychology; this will enable you to start the class with some knowledge about the many ways psychologists examine behavior. Complete the following: (Typed in Times New Roman 12 pt. font, Single Space, 1 margins). a. Research each perspective using one or more reliable and valid internet site. a. Record the URL (website address) in APA form. b. Define each perspective. c. List people associated with the founding of each. a. This will only apply to: i. Cognitive ii. Humanistic iii. Psychodynamic iv. Behavioral genetics d. Write a real life example of each using a real life problem. (You may have to research a bit to understand the concept enough to do this). a. The problem should be something that a psychologist might study; examples include CBI (closed brain injury), amnesia, dating behavior, sibling rivalry, etc. b. When you identify an issue, determine which perspective best explains it. Include any treatments that might be used by a clinician who adheres to the perspective. c. You will have a total of 8 examples, one for each perspective. Example: a. Schizophrenia can be described best by the Biological (Neuroscience) perspective because research states that the ventricles of the human brain are larger in people with schizophrenia. Also, medication can help relieve many symptoms of the disorder, which is a treatment of the biological perspective. 2 P a g e

3 8 Major Perspectives In Modern Psychology Biological Perspective (Neuroscience) Behavioral Perspective Cognitive Perspective Social Cultural Perspective Evolutionary Perspective Humanistic Perspective Psychodynamic Perspective Behavioral Genetics Perspective Example for Biological Perspective: 1. The Biological Perspective is a way of looking at psychological topics by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. It is one of the major perspectives in psychology, and involves such things as studying the immune system, nervous system and genetics. 2. Biological Perspective, to me, is viewing the basis of mental illnesses as a problem with the brain and/or body. 3. Persons associated with Biological Perspective: NONE 4. Problem: Anxiety: If a person has constant anxiety issues- nervousness- it may be caused by the overreaction of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal glands may produce too much adrenaline for the person to feel calm and emotionally safe. Part 2: Case Studies 1) Find at least one (1) RECENT (within the last year) news/journal article (of 700 words or longer in length) for EACH of the following Perspectives (extra credit for more than 1 article): a. Biological Perspective (Neuroscience) b. Behavioral Perspective c. Cognitive Perspective d. Social-Cultural Perspective e. Evolutionary Perspective f. Humanistic Perspective g. Psychodynamic Perspective h. Behavioral Genetics Perspective Please print these articles and bring them to Orientation Day. If you have trouble printing at home, please them to me on July 31, P a g e

4 Part 3: Terms and Concepts You are responsible for defining all of the following terms and concepts on flash cards. On one side of an index card (or similar facsimile), write the word; on the other side, write its definition. Flash cards should be no larger than 3X5 and they must be hand-written in your own script. Store your flash cards in a Ziploc bag, label the Ziploc bag with your name and class section and keep them in your class binder. Each set will be due on the day of the Unit/Chapter exam. You will be graded on the thoroughness and accuracy of your cards in accordance with the following criteria: Criteria Points Earned Cards are thorough and accurate. 30 Cards lack some minimal detail. 25 Cards lack substantial detail or several cards are missing (5-10). 20 Cards lack substantial detail and several cards are missing (5-10). 15 More than 10 cards are missing (but less than 50%). 10 More than 50% of cards are missing or students attempt to cheat. 0 No labeled Ziploc bag. -10 History and Approaches - Introspection - Structuralism - Functionalism - Psychoanalytic theory - Behaviorism - Humanist perspective - Psychoanalytic perspective - Biopsychology (or neuroscience) perspective - Evolutionary (or Darwinian) perspective - Behavioral perspective - Cognitive perspective - Social-Cultural (or sociocultural) perspective - Wilhelm Wundt - William James - Mary Whiton Calkins - Margaret Floy Washburn - G. Stanley Hall - Max Wertheimer - Sigmund Freud - John B. Watson - Ivan Pavlov - B. F. Skinner - Abraham Maslow - Carl Rogers - Charles Darwin - Jean Piaget 4 P a g e

5 Biological Behavior - Neuroanatomy - Neuron - Dendrites - Cell body (also called the soma) - Axon - Myelin sheath - Terminal buttons (also called end buttons, axon terminal, terminal branches of axon, and synaptic knobs) - Neurotransmitters - Synapse - Receptor sites - Threshold - Action potential - All-or-none principle - Neural firing - Excitatory neurotransmitters - Inhibitory neurotransmitters - Acetylcholine - Dopamine - Endorphins - Serotonin - Afferent neurons (or sensory neurons) - Efferent neurons (or motor neurons) - Central nervous system - Spinal cord - Peripheral nervous system - Somatic nervous system - Autonomic nervous system - Sympathetic nervous system - Parasympathetic nervous system - Accidents - Lesions - Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan) - Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI scan) - Positron emission tomography (PET scan) - Functional MRI (fmri) - Hindbrain - Medulla - Pons - Cerebellum - Midbrain - Reticular formation - Forebrain - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Amygdala - Hippocampus - Limbic system - Cerebral cortex - Hemispheres - Left hemisphere - Right hemisphere - Brain lateralization (or hemispheric specialization) - Corpus callosum - Lobes - Association area Frontal lobes Broca s area Wernicke s area Motor cortex - Parietal lobes - Sensory cortex - Occipital lobes - Temporal lobes - Brain plasticity - Endocrine system - Adrenal glands - Monozygotic twins - Roger Sperry - Michael Gazzaniga - Paul Broca - Carl Wernicke - Thomas Bouchard 5 P a g e

6 Sensation and Perception - Transduction - Sensory adaptation - Sensory habituation (also called perceptual adaptation) - Cocktail-party phenomenon - Sensation - Perception - Energy senses - Chemical senses - Vision - Cornea - Pupil - Lens - Retina - Feature detectors - Optic nerve - Occipital lobe - Visible light - Rods and cones - Fovea - Blind spot - Trichromatic theory - Color blindness - Afterimages - Opponent-process theory - Hearing - Sound waves - Amplitude - Frequency - Cochlea - Pitch theories - Place theory - Frequency theory - Conduction deafness - Nerve deafness - Touch - Gate-control theory - Taste (or gustation) - Smell (or olfaction) - Vestibular sense - Kinesthetic sense - Absolute threshold - Subliminal messages - Difference threshold - Weber s law - Signal detection theory - Top-down processing - Perceptual set - Bottom-up processing - Gestalt rules - Proximity - Similarity - Continuity - Closure - Constancy - Size constancy - Shape constancy - Brightness constancy - Depth cues - David Hubel - Torsten Wiesel - Ernst Weber - Gustav Fechner - Eleanor Gibson 6 P a g e

7 States of Consciousness - Consciousness - Levels of consciousness - Conscious level - Non-conscious level - Preconscious level - Subconscious level - Unconscious level - Sleep - Sleep cycles - Sleep stages - REM sleep - Sleep disorders - Insomnia - Narcolepsy - Sleep apnea - Night terrors - Dreams - Freudian dream interpretation - Activation-synthesis dream theory - Information-processing dream theory - Hypnosis - Posthypnotic amnesia - Posthypnotic suggestion - Role theory of hypnosis - State theory of hypnosis - Dissociation theory of hypnosis - Psychoactive drugs - Agonists - Antagonists - Tolerance - Withdrawal - Stimulants - Depressants - Hallucinogens (also called psychedelics) - Opiates - William James - Sigmund Freud - Ernest Hilgard 7 P a g e

8 Learning - Learning - Acquisition - Extinction - Spontaneous recovery - Generalization - Discrimination - Classical conditioning - Unconditioned stimulus - Unconditioned response - Conditioned response - Conditioned stimulus - Aversive conditioning - Second-order or higher-order conditioning - Learned taste aversion - Operant conditioning - Law of effect - Instrumental learning - Skinner box - Reinforcer, reinforcement - Positive reinforcement - Negative reinforcement - Punishment - Positive punishment - Omission training - Shaping - Chaining - Primary reinforcers - Secondary reinforcers - Generalized reinforcers - Token economy - Reinforcement schedules FI, FR, VI, VR - Continuous reinforcement - Partial-reinforcement effect - Instinctive drift - Observational learning or modeling - Latent learning - Insight learning - Ivan Pavlov - John Watson - Rosalie Rayner - John Garcia - Robert Koelling - Edward Thorndike - B. F. Skinner - Robert Rescorla - Albert Bandura - Edward Tolman - Wolfgang Köhler 8 P a g e

9 Cognition - Memory - Three-box/information-processing model - Levels of processing model - Sensory memory - Iconic memory - Selective attention - Echoic memory - Short-term memory (working memory) - Chunking - Mnemonic devices - Rehearsal - Long-term memory - Episodic memory - Semantic memory - Procedural memory - Explicit memories (also called declarative memories) - Implicit memories (also called non-declarative memories) - Eidetic, or photographic, memory - Retrieval - Recognition - Recall - Primacy effect - Recency effect - Serial position effect (also called serial position curve) - Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon - Semantic network theory - Flashbulb memories - State-dependent memory - Mood congruent memory - Constructed (or reconstructed) memory - Relearning effect - Language acquisition device - Linguistic relativity hypothesis - Prototypes - Images - Algorithm - Heuristic - Representativeness heuristic - Belief bias or belief perseverance - Functional fixedness - Confirmation bias - Convergent thinking - Divergent thinking - Availability heuristic - Retroactive interference - Proactive interference - Anterograde amnesia - Retrograde amnesia - Long-term potentiation - Phonemes - Morphemes - Syntax - Language acquisition - Overgeneralization or overregularization - George Sperling - George Miller - Alexandra Luria - Hermann Ebbinghaus - Noam Chomsky - Benjamin Whorf - Wolfgang Köhler 9 P a g e

10 Motivation and Emotion - Motivations - Instincts - Drive reduction theory - Need - Drive - Primary drives - Secondary drives - Homeostasis - Arousal theory - Yerkes-Dodson law - Opponent-process theory of motivation - Incentives - Maslow s hierarchy of needs - Self-actualization - Lateral hypothalamus - Ventromedial hypothalamus - Set-point theory - Bulimia - Anorexia - Obesity - Achievement motivation - Extrinsic motivators - Intrinsic motivators - Management theory - Approach-approach conflict - Avoidance-avoidance conflict - Approach-avoidance conflict - James-Lange theory of emotion - Cannon-Bard theory of emotion - Two-factor theory - General adaptation syndrome (GAS) - Charles Darwin - Abraham Maslow - William Masters - Virginia Johnson - Alfred Kinsey - William James - Carl Lange - Walter Cannon - Philip Bard - Stanley Schachter - Thomas Holmes - Richard Rahe - Hans Seyle 10 P a g e

11 Developmental Psychology - Developmental psychologist - Nature versus nurture - Cross-sectional research - Longitudinal research - Teratogens - Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - Newborn reflexes - Attachment - Harry Harlow s attachment research - Mary Ainsworth s strange situation - Secure attachments - Avoidant attachments - Anxious/ambivalent attachments - Authoritarian parents - Permissive parents - Authoritative parents - Oral stage - Anal stage - Phallic stage - Genital stage - Erik Erikson s psychosocial developmental theory - Trust versus mistrust - Autonomy versus shame and doubt - Initiative versus guilt - Industry versus inferiority - Identity versus role confusion - Intimacy versus isolation - Generativity versus stagnation - Integrity versus despair - Jean Piaget s cognitive developmental theory - Schemata - Assimilation - Accommodation - Sensorimotor stage - Object permanence - Preoperational stage - Egocentric - Concrete operations - Concepts of conservation - Formal operations - Metacognition - Lawrence Kohlberg s moral developmental theory - Pre-conventional stage/ Post-conventional stage - Conventional stage - Konrad Lorenz - Harry Harlow - Mary Ainsworth - Diana Baumrind - Lev Vygotsky - Sigmund Freud - Erik Erikson - Jean Piaget - Alfred Binet - Lawrence Kohlberg - Carol Gilligan 11 P a g e

12 Personality - Personality - Type A - Type B - Stage theory - Freud s psychosexual stage theory - Oedipus crisis - Unconscious - Id - Ego - Superego - Defense mechanisms - Womb envy - Personal unconscious - Collective unconscious - Complexes - Archetypes - Trait theorist - Big five traits - Factor analysis - Heritability - Temperament - Somatotype theory - Triadic reciprocality or reciprocal determinism - Self-efficacy - Locus of control internal and external - Self-concept - Self-esteem - Self-actualization - Unconditional positive regard - Projective tests Rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test (TAT) - Self-report inventories MMPI - Reliability - Validity - Barnum effect - Sigmund Freud - Karen Horney - Nancy Chodorow - Carl Jung - Alfred Adler - Hans Eyesenck - Raymond Cattell - Paul Costa - Robert McCrae - Gordon Allport - Hippocrates - William Sheldon - B. F. Skinner - Albert Bandura - George Kelly - Julian Rotter - Abraham Maslow - Carl Rogers 12 P a g e

13 Testing and Individual Differences - Standardized test - Norms - Standardization sample - Psychometrician - Reliability split-half, test-retest, equivalent form - Validity face, criterion-related (concurrent and predictive), construct - Aptitude test - Achievement test - Intelligence - Fluid intelligence - Crystallized intelligence - Multiple intelligences - Triarchic theory of intelligence - Emotional intelligence - Stanford-Binet IQ test - Wechsler tests (WAIS, WISC, WPPSI) - Normal distribution - Heritability - Flynn effect - Francis Galton - Charles Spearman - Howard Gardner - Daniel Goleman - Robert Sternberg - Alfred Binet - Louis Terman - David Wechsler 13 P a g e

14 Testing and Individual Differences - Insane - DSM - Multiaxial approach - Anxiety disorders - Specific phobia - Agoraphobia - Social phobia - Generalized anxiety disorder - Panic disorder - Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Post-traumatic stress disorder - Somatoform disorders - Hypochondriasis - Conversion disorder - Dissociative disorders - Psychogenic amnesia - Fugue - Dissociative identity disorder - Mood or affective disorders - Major depressive disorder - Seasonal affective disorder - Dysthymic disorder - Bipolar disorder - Cognitive triad - Learned helplessness - Schizophrenic disorders - Delusions of persecution - Delusions of grandeur - Hallucinations - Disorganized schizophrenia - Paranoid schizophrenia - Catatonic schizophrenia - Waxy flexibility - Undifferentiated schizophrenia - Dopamine hypothesis - Tardive dyskinesia - Diathesis-stress model - Double bind - Personality disorders - Antisocial personality disorder - Dependent personality disorder - Paranoid personality disorder - Narcissistic personality disorder - Histrionic personality disorder - Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder - Paraphilia or psychosexual disorder - Anorexia nervosa - Bulimia - Autism - Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder - Aaron Beck - Martin Seligman - David Rosenhan 14 P a g e

15 Treatment of Psychological Disorders - Trephining - Deinstitutionalization - Prevention - Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis - Free association - Dream analysis - Manifest content - Latent content - Resistance - Transference - Insight therapies - Humanistic therapies - Client or person-centered therapy - Unconditional positive regard - Active or reflective listening - Gestalt therapy - Existential therapies - Behaviorist therapies - Counterconditioning - Systematic desensitization - Anxiety hierarchy - Flooding - Aversive conditioning - Token economy - Cognitive therapies - Attributional style - Cognitive therapy - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) - Group therapies - Somatic therapies - Psychopharmacology - Antipsychotic drugs - Antidepressants - Antianxiety drugs - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - Psychosurgery - Psychiatrists - Clinical psychologists - Counseling psychologists - Psychoanalysts - Sigmund Freud - Carl Rogers - Fritz (Friedrich, Frederick) Perls - Mary Cover Jones - Joseph Wolpe - B. F. Skinner - Aaron Beck - Albert Beck 15 P a g e

16 Social Psychology - Attitude - Mere exposure effect - Central versus peripheral route to persuasion - Cognitive dissonance - Foot-in-the-door - Door-in-the-face - Norms of reciprocity - Attribution theory - Self-fulfilling prophecy - Fundamental attribution error - Collectivist versus individualistic cultures - False-consensus effect - Self-serving bias - Just-world bias - Stereotype - Prejudice - Ethnocentrism - Discrimination - Out-group homogeneity - In-group bias - Superordinate goals - Frustration-aggression hypothesis - Bystander effect - Diffusion of responsibility - Pluralistic ignorance - Attraction research - Social facilitation - Social impairment - Conformity - Obedience - Group norms - Social loafing - Group polarization - Groupthink - De-individuation - Richard LaPiere - Leon Festinger - James Carlsmith - Harold Kelley - Robert Rosenthal - Lenore Jacobson - Muzafer Sherif - John Darley - Bibb Latane - Solomon Asch - Stanley Milgram - Irving Janis - Phillip Zimbardo 16 P a g e