Smart Cities & Internet of Things (IoT): New training opportunities. Dr. Periklis Chatzimisios

Transcription

1 Smart Cities & Internet of Things (IoT): New training opportunities Dr. Periklis Chatzimisios

2 Introduction on Smart Cities The smart city is the ability to access any application at anytime from anywhere Smart Cities should implement e-health e-government e-commerce systems Cities become Smarter with Object Identification Network of things High speed Wireless Network Monitoring by Sensors Cities become Green with Low power consumption

3 Need for harmonization Diverse concept and definitions are proposed for smart cities International Organization UN-HABITAT The World Bank APEC EU Industry Siemens IBM GE Toshiba Hitachi Sustainable Cities Programme Eco2-Cities (Ecological, Economical) Low Carbon Model Town Smart Cities and Communities Initiative Green Cities Smarter Planet Smarter Network, Digital Energy Smart Community Smart City

4 Smart city components Intelligent buildings Public Safety & Security Connected Healthcare, Telemedicine Connected Education, Distant Learning Free WiFi hotspots Emergency services Intelligent transportation Smart Grid Logical & Virtual Level Cyber Security Governance, Risk, Compliance Connectivity Big Data Disaster recovery Privacy, Identity Service continuity Smart city components (1)

5 Smart city components (2) Technology platform and components Cyber Security solutions Backup and recovery solutions RFID, M2M, Sensors SCADA, Smart meters, AMI Mobile devices Wireless Cloud, Virtualised DC

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8 Sources Driving Big Data Internet of Things / M2M User Generated (Web & Mobile).. Billions of users connected through the internet WWW, FB, twitter, cell phones, 80% of the data on FB was produced in one year Storage getting cheaper Store more data!

9 Smart grids and energy efficiency Cities consume between 60 and 80% of world s energy Smart Grid, smart metering with IP address and sensors allow monitoring and adjust generation and delivery based on consumption models Reduce cost and environmental impact

10 Intelligent transportation: keeping the city moving Real-time traffic flow information Telco, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) M2M communication, Wi-Fi and RFID technologies Data analytics and prediction techniques

11 Connected Healthcare Secure collaborative access for authorised medical services, to Electronic Patient Records, in a way, at any time, from anywhere, from any accredited device Telemedicine solutions for remote areas or in case of natural disaster Ageing population: assisted living and monitoring service for independence at home All require privacy, identification and cyber security

12 Public safety and security Protecting against crime, natural disasters, accidents or terrorism. Tele-surveillance systems to help emergency services First respondents to benefit from secure connectivity Secure data access and sharing

13 Wireless communications & hotspots Increasingly popular service, with increasing vulnerability Unsecure access to sensitive and personal data (online banking, social network, etc) Younger population particularly exposed Cyber-crime increasingly active in these environments

14 What is the Internet of Things? Internet connects all people, so it is called the Internet of People IoT connects all things, so it is called the Internet of Things

15 Internet of Things (1) Definitions: a dynamic global network infrastructure of adaptable and interoperable devices integrated in a common information and communication network (CERP-IoT - IERC, a collection of technologies that make it possible to connect things like sensors and actuators to the Internet, thereby allowing the physical world to be accessed through software (Contiki project, a layer of digital connectivity on top of existing infrastructure and things (IoT Council, a vision of employing the networked devices and applications in business, information, and social processes

16 Internet of Things (2) Characteristics, features: well established and continuously expanding research domain significant outcomes for many sectors of industry already available enabling technologies: sensor networks, RFID, multi-agent systems, event-driven architectures, service-oriented architectures, web services

17 Context of IoT research and applications Internet of Things is an integrated part of the Future Internet (see e.g. at which includes IoT, IoM (media), IoS (services), and IoE (enterprises) and provides respective applications to society Means of connecting things (smart objects) in IoT applications: things / data / semantic integration Source: Internet of Things - Strategic Research Roadmap, IERC 2011, O. Vermesan, Internet of Things - Vision and the Technology Behind Connecting the Real, Virtual and Digital Worlds, 2009

18 IoT objectives and applications The major objectives for IoT are the creation of smart environments / spaces and self-aware things (for example: smart transport, products, cities, buildings, rural areas, energy, health, living, etc.) for climate, food, energy, mobility, digital society and health applications. Global challenges addressed by IoT applications: energy efficiency - power grid, connected electric vehicles, energy efficient buildings,... environmental protection - green services, green intelligent cities, CO2 reduction,... public health, aging population safety, security and privacy business and economy, continuation and growth of economic prosperity Source: Internet of Things - Strategic Research Roadmap, IERC 2011

19 Challenges on application level Network management network technologies should be reliable, intelligent, selfmanaged, context aware and adaptable Interfaces to refine interaction between HW, SW, algorithms, devices,...; smart human / machine interfaces, enabling mobile SW Embedded smart functionality further development of sensors, actuators, storage, energy sources, middleware, sensor networks, etc. Multi-domain communications to enhance information and signal processing, identification technology, discovery and search engine technologies Security, privacy, business safety improvements needed by developing novel security techniques and concepts Standardisation, interoperability, validation and modularization of the IoT technologies needs enhancements New governance principles should be defined free access to knowledge for further technology and business development (while maintaining respect for privacy, security and safety)

20 Challenges on technology enablers Energy ultra low power devices needed Intelligence capabilities of self-awareness, adaptability, inter-machine communication, knowledge discovery, etc. Communication new smart antennas, protocols, APIs, together with network management and visualization techniques need to be developed Integration wireless ID technologies (RFID) should be integrated to devices Dependability individual authentication of billions of heterogeneous devices Semantic technologies large scale distributed ontologies, semantic discovery of devices, semantic web services, rule engines,... Real world IoT scenarios to evaluate IoT solutions in real large-scale industrial applications; to illustrate business-based scenarios Modeling and design innovative M-D frameworks needed for large scale IoT systems Interoperability, standards ensure interoperability of devices by integrating different standardized architectures, protocols, etc.; define open standards and reference models Manufacturing to lower costs of key technologies (e.g., RFID)

21 What s the Internet of Things Definitions (1) The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances Wikipedia (2) By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves WSIS 2005 (WSIS: World Summit on the Information Society, it s a pair of conference about information society)

22 Will it affect your life?

23 Why Internet of Things? Accessibility & Usability Dynamic control of industry and daily life Improve the resource utilization ratio Universal transport & internetworking Better relationship between human and nature Flexible configuration Forming an intellectual entity by integrating human society and physical systems

24 History History of the Internet of Things 1997, The Internet of Things is the seventh in the series of ITU Internet Reports originally launched in 1997 under the title Challenges to the Network. 1999, Auto-ID Center founded in MIT 2003, Electric Product Code (EPC) Global founded in MIT 2005, Four important technologies of the internet of things was proposed in WSIS conference. (RFID, Nano, Wireless sensors, smart tech) 2008, First international conference of internet of things: The IOT 2008 was held at Zurich.

25 The Applications of IoT Regional Office Biosensor taken by people House Network Equipment in public place Transportation Vehicle Virtual Environment

26 Sensor devices are becoming widely available - Programmable devices - Gadgets/tools

27 Home/daily-life devices Business and Public infrastructure Health-care More Things are being connected

28 People Connecting to Things ECG sensor Internet Motion sensor Motion sensor Motion sensor

29 Things Connecting to Things - Complex and heterogeneous resources and networks

30 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) End-user Gateway Core network e.g. Internet Sink node Gateway Computer services - The networks typically run Low Power Devices - Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators) 30

31 How are the networks changing? Extensions More nodes, more connections, IPv6, 6LowPan,... Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING M2M, IoT Billions of interconnected devices, Everybody connected. Expansions Broadband Enhancements Smart networks Data-centric and content-oriented networking Context-aware (autonomous) systems

32 Future Networks 32

33 Opportunities Source:

34 Technology trend

35 Smart product sales Source: Siemens,

36 Internet Connected devices Source: Siemens,

37 Wireless Sensor (and Actuator) Networks Inference/ Processing of IoT data Services? End-user Operating Systems? In-node Data Processing Protocols? Gateway Data Aggregation/ Fusion Sink node Core network e.g. Internet Gateway Protocols? Computer services - The networks typically run Low Power Devices - Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators)

38 Key characteristics of IoT devices Often inexpensive sensors (actuators) equipped with a radio transceiver for various applications, typically low data rate ~ kbps. Deployed in large numbers The sensors should coordinate to perform the desired task. The acquired information (periodic or event-based) is reported back to the information processing centre (or some cases innetwork processing is required) Solutions are often application-dependent. 38

39 IoT Data Challenges Interoperability: various data in different formats, from different sources (and different qualities) Discovery: finding appropriate device and data sources Access: Availability and (open) access to resources and data Search: querying for data Integration: dealing with heterogeneous device, networks and data Interpretation: translating data to knowledge usable by people and applications Scalability: dealing with large number of devices and myriad of data and computational complexity of interpreting the data.

40 Operating Systems An Operating System in an embedded system is a thin software that resides between the node s hardware and the application layer. OS provides basic programming abstractions to the application developer. Them ain task of the OS is to enable applications to interact with hardware resources, to schedule and tasks and to mediate between applications and services that try to use the memory resources.

41 Features of the OS in embedded systems Memory management Power management File management Networking Providing programming environment and tools (commands, interpreters, compiler, etc.) Providing entry points to access sensitive resources such as writing to input components. Providing and supporting functional aspects such as scheduling, multi-threading, handling interrupts, memory allocations.

42 TinyOS TinyOS is an open source, BSD-licensed operating system designed for low-power wireless devices, such as those used in sensor networks. TinyOS applications are developed using nesc nesc is a dialect of the C language that is optimised for the memory limits of sensor networks.

43 Contiki Contiki is the open source operating system for the Internet of Things. runs on networked embedded systems and wireless sensor networks. It is designed for microcontrollers with small amounts of memory. A typical Contiki configuration is 2 kilobytes of RAM and 40 kilobytes of ROM. Contiki provides IP communication, both for IPv4 and IPv6. It has a fully tested IPv6 stack that, combined with power-efficient radio mechanisms such as ContikiMAC, allow battery-operated devices to participate in IPv6 networking - even routers can run on batteries. Contiki supports 6lowPAN header compression, IETF RPL IPv6 routing, and the IETF CoAP application layer protocol. Source:

44 Communication Protocols Wired USB, Ethernet Wireless Wifi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, IEEE x Single-hop or multi-hop Sink nodes, cluster heads Point-to-Point or Point-to-Multi Point (Energy) efficient routing

45 Wireless Communications Mostly performed in unlicensed bands according to open standards Standard: IEEE Low Rate WPAN 868/915 MHz bands with transfer rates of 20 and 40 kbit/s, 2450 MHz band with a rate of 250 kbit/s Technology: ZigBee, WirelessHART Standard: ISO/IEC (standard for active RFID) Adapted from: The Web of Things, Marko Grobelnik, Carolina Fortuna, Jožef Stefan Institute.

46 Wireless Communications - continued Standard: IEEE High Rate WPAN 2.40GHzbands with transfer rates of 1-24 Mbit/s Technology: Bluetooth (BT 3.0 Low Energy Mode) Standard: IEEE x WLAN 2.4, 3.6 and 5GHz with transfer rates Mbit/s Technology: Wi-Fi Licensed bands Standard: 3GPP WMAN, WWAN cellular communication Technology: GPRS, HSPA, LTE Adapted from: The Web of Things, Marko Grobelnik, Carolina Fortuna, Jožef Stefan Institute.

47 IEEE WPAN IEEE standard for WPAN applications MAC protocol Single channel at any one time Combines contention-based and schedule-based schemes Asymmetric: nodes can assume different roles It does not define other higher-level layers and interoperability sub-layers are ZigBee is built on this standard TinyOS stack also uses some items of IEEE hardware.

48 ZigBee It is supposed to be a low cost, low power mesh network protocol. ZigBee operation range is in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz. ZigBee data transmission rates vary from: 20 kilobits/second in the 868 MHz frequency band to 250 kilobits/second in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. ZigBee s physical layer and media access control defined in defined based on the IEEE standard. ZigBee nodes can go from sleep to active mode in 30 ms or less, the latency can be low and in result the devices can be responsive, in particular compared to Bluetooth devices that wake-up time can be longer (typically around three seconds). [source: Gary Legg, ZigBee: Wireless Technology for Low-Power Sensor Networks,

49 ZigBee [source: Gary Legg, ZigBee: Wireless Technology for Low-Power Sensor Networks,

50 Network protocols The network (or OSI Layer 3 abstraction) provides an abstraction of the physical world. Communication protocols Most of the IP-based communications are based on the IPV.4 (and often via gateway middleware solutions) IP overhead makes it inefficient for embedded devices with low bit rate and constrained power. However, IPv6.0 is increasingly being introduced for embedded devices 6LowPAN

51 IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LowPAN) LoWPAN typically includes devices that work together to connect the physical environment to real-world applications, e.g., wireless sensors. LoWPANs conform to the IEEE standard [IEEE ]. Small packet size the maximum physical layer packet is 127 bytes 81 octets for data packets. Support for both 16-bit short or IEEE 64-bit extended media access control addresses. Low bandwidth Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps for each of the currently defined physical layers (2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, and 868 MHz, respectively).

52 6LowPAN IPv6 requires the link to carry a payload of up to 1280 bytes. Low-power radio links often do not support such a large payload - IEEE frame only supports 127 bytes of payload and around 80 bytes in the worst case (with extended addressing and full security information). the IPv6 base header, as shown, is relatively large at 40 bytes. Source: Jonathan W. Hui and David E. Culler, IPv6 in Low-Power Wireless Networks, Proceedings of the IEEE (Volume:98, Issue: 11 ).

53 6LowPAN To handle these issues, IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN) introduces an adaptation layer that sits at layer 2.5 (between the link and network layers). 6LoWPAN defines a header encoding to support fragmentation when IPv6 datagrams do not fit within a single frame and compresses IPv6 headers to reduce header overhead. Source: Jonathan W. Hui and David E. Culler, IPv6 in Low-Power Wireless Networks, Proceedings of the IEEE (Volume:98, Issue: 11 ).

54 RFID Technology Object Recognition/ tracking system RFID system consists transponder (i.e., the tag itself) transceiver (i.e., the reader) To track any object it uses an EPC An EPC is either 64-bit or 96-bit identifier Header-2 bits EPC Manager- 21 bits Object Class- 17 bits Serial Number-24 bits H EPC Manager Object Class Serial Number Figure 1: EPC 64 bit

55 Features of IPv6 Bring the idea Network of things Ease of Deployment Global Mobility Multicast/Anycast Security Scalability 128 bit address structure(16 octets) Subnet Prefix / Network Prefix Interface ID- EUI 64 bit IPv6 128 bits Subnet Prefix Interface ID 64 bits 64 bits Figure 2: IPv6 Address format

56 Questions or comments? Discussion!