Immune and Lymphatic Systems

Transcription

1 1. All of the following organs actively FIGHT pathogens EXCEPT: a. Cervical lymph nodes b. Tonsils c. Spleen d. Thymus e. Axillary lymph nodes 2. T lymphocytes gain immunocompetence within the: a. Bone marrow b. Thyroid c. Spleen d. Bursa of Fabricius 3. secrete antibodies. a. Helper T cells b. Killer T cells c. Natural killer cells d. Viruses 4. All nucleated cells bear proteins on their surface. a. MHC 1 b. MHC 2 c. MHC 3 d. MHC 4 e. Foreign 5. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Neutrophils are typically the first WBCs to arrive at a site of infection. b. Macrophages contain lysosomes which contain digestive enzymes. c. Eosinophils help defend against parasitic worms. d. Natural killer cells attack and kill virus infected cells. e. All of the above 6. Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation? a. Pallor b. Redness c. Loss of function d. Swelling e. Heat 7. Which of the following is NOT associated with inflammation? a. Redness b. Swelling c. Decreased capillary permeability d. Vasodilation e. Pain 1

2 8. The ANP virus has infected a cell. Fragments of viral proteins will be displayed on the surface of the cell by its proteins and will activate a. a. MHC2 Plasma cell b. MHC1 Plasma cell c. MHC1 Cytotoxic T cell d. MHC2 Cytotoxic T cell e. Interferon retroviral cell 9. Which of the following is NOT a class of antibodies? a. IgA b. IgB c. IgD d. IgE e. IgG 10. Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? 1. Removal of excess fluid from tissues 2. Absorption of fat from the digestive tract 3. Defending the body against pathogenic organisms a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1 and 3 c. 1 and 2 d. 2 and Lymph is moved through lymphatic vessels because of: a. Skeletal muscle contraction b. Ventricular contraction c. Flapping of the lymphatic valves d. Pumping by the smooth muscle of the lymphatic capillaries 12. Which of the following does NOT empty into the thoracic duct? a. Lymph from the right leg b. Intestinal trunk c. Left jugular trunk d. Right subclavian trunk 13. As lymph flows through a lymph node, which of the following would it go through LAST? a. Medullary sinus b. Subcapsular sinus c. Afferent lymphatic vessel d. Cortical sinus 2

3 14. All of the following are functions of the spleen EXCEPT: a. Production of complement proteins b. Removal of old RBCs from the blood c. Storage of blood platelets d. Fetal RBC production 15. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Tonsils are entirely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. b. Tonsils contain crypts which can help trap pathogens. c. The palatine tonsil is superior to the pharyngeal tonsil. d. The lingual tonsils are often referred to as the adenoids 16. Most of the body's mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue can be found in the tract and the tract. a. Respiratory and digestive b. Respiratory and reproductive c. Gastrointestinal and urinary d. Reproductive and urinary 17. Which of the following cells produces the fibers that form the structural framework of most lymphatic organs? a. Reticular cells b. Mononuclear fibrocytes c. Binuclear fibrocytes d. Macrophages 18. Lymphoid follicles are usually found in all of the following EXCEPT the: a. Distal small intestine b. Appendix c. Lymph node cortex d. Tonsils e. All of the above contain lymphoid follicles! 19. Which of the following is TRUE of lymphatic capillaries? a. They empty into lymphatic collecting vessels. b. They're practically impermeable to fluid and proteins. c. They are abundant in teeth and bone. d. They receive blood directly from venules. 20. There are typically afferent lymphatic vessels entering a lymph node than there are efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node. This causes the flow of lymph to as it passes through the lymph node. a. More - slow down b. More - speed up c. Fewer - slow down d. Fewer - speed up 3

4 21. Both a B lymphocyte and a Helper T cell respond to antigen Q. Thus, they will probably have a similar receptor on their surface that can bind to antigen Q. a. The statement is TRUE. b. The statement is FALSE 22. The IgM antibody exists as pentamer. This basically means that it consists of 5 antibodies joined together. Thus the IgM pentamer could bind to how many antigens? a. 200 b. 10 c. 15 d. 5 e What type of lymphocyte is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? a. B lymphocyte b. Killer T lymphocyte c. Macrophages d. Antigen-presenting cells 24. Which of the following is TRUE of neutrophils? a. They enlarge to become macrophages. b. They account for most of the dead cells in pus. c. They're usually the last immune cells to enter infected tissues. d. They're considered part of the adaptive immune system. 25. The thymus of a young experimental animal was removed. There were no immediate effects, but after 1 year several changes were apparent. Which of the following is the LEAST likely result of the removal of the thymus? a. Increased antibody production b. Decreased Helper T cell count c. Decreased Cytotoxic T cell count d. Increased likelihood of acquiring viral infections 26. Complement proteins do which of the following: 1. Activate mast cells 2. Act as chemotactants 3. Form membrane attack complexes 4. Opsonization a. 1, 2, 3, and 4 b. 1, 2, and 4 c. 1, 2, and 3 d. 2 and 4 4

5 27. Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ? a. Spleen b. Inguinal lymph node c. Cervical lymph node d. Thyroid e. Palatine tonsil 28. Which of the following is closest to the diaphragm? a. Lingual tonsil b. Spleen c. Peyer's patches d. Right lymphatic duct 29. Select the TRUE statement. a. Lymphatic capillaries are involved in the absorption of digested sugars b. Lymphatic vessels typically have very few valves c. Compared to blood, lymph has a higher density of red blood cells d. The expansion and recoil of arteries assists in causing lymph flow e. Macrophages are NOT an example of lymphoid cells 30. Nonspecific immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. Lysozyme b. Neutrophils c. Interferon d. Antibodies released by B lymphocytes e. Complement 31. Which of the following does NOT refer to a tonsil? a. Palatine b. Pharyngeal c. Uvula d. Lingual e. Adenoids Use the following answer choices for the next 10 items. a. B lymphocyte b. T lymphocyte c. B and T lymphocytes d. Neither B nor T lymphocytes 32. Immune cells that gain immunocompetence in the bone marrow 33. Immune cells that can mature in a mediastinal lymphoid organ more prominent in the fetus than in the adult 34. They can turn into cells that secrete IgA 35. They can turn into cells that secrete IgM 36. They re part of the specific immune system 37. An example of these cells is the Langerhans cells of the epidermis 5

6 38. They can release perforins and lymphotoxins 39. They contain a nucleus 40. They mediate humoral immunity 41. They mediate cellular immunity 42. Suppose Joey was exposed to antigen X for the first time, and 2 days later his blood serum contained 2 x 10 6 anti-x antibodies per milliliter. Six months later, Joey is again exposed to antigen X. 2 days after the second exposure, you would expect his serum anti-x antibody concentration to be 2 x 10 6 per milliliter. a. Exactly b. Greater than c. Less than 43. In response to B lymphocyte activation, the number of circulating plasma B cells will and the number of circulating memory B cells will a. Increase Increase b. Increase Decrease c. Decrease Decrease d. Decrease Increase 44. MHC proteins: a. Are involved in marking body cells as being self b. Can be found on virtually all cells (Type I) c. Can be found on antigen-presenting cells (Type II) d. All of the above 45. Which of the following associations is CORRECT? a. Injection of an attenuated pathogen Artificial active immunity b. Antibody excretion in breast milk Natural passive immunity c. Injection of antibody-containing sera Artificial passive immunity d. Generation of memory cells against live pathogens Natural active immunity e. All of the above are correct 46. Which of the following is INCORRECT? a. IgA is a dimer often found in the same secretions as lysozyme b. IgG can be involved in hemolytic disease of the newborn c. IgM and IgG can activate complement d. IgD can be found acting as a receptor protein on the B cell plasma membrane 47. Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? a. Multiple sclerosis b. Myasthenia gravis c. Type I (insulin dependent) diabetes d. Rheumatoid arthritis e. Botulism 6

7 48. Which of the following is NOT a function of complement? f. Tagging antigen-antibody complexes for phagocytosis g. Inducing inflammation via glucose release from neutrophils h. Inducing lysis of pathogenic cells i. Inducing histamine release from mast cells and basophils j. None of the above 49. Which of the following would you expect to have the most well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum? k. Memory B lymphocyte l. Memory T lymphocyte m. Plasma T lymphocyte n. Plasma B lymphocyte o. Immuno-incompetent B lymphocyte 50. The lymphatic system: I. Plays no role in nutrient transport II. Returns interstitial fluid to the vascular system III. Plays an active role in immune defense a. I, II, and III are TRUE b. Only I and II are TRUE c. Only II and III are TRUE d. Only I and III are TRUE e. I, II, and III are all FALSE 51. Which of the following cells could be found in a lymphoid organ? a. B lymphocytes b. T lymphocytes c. Plasma cells d. Macrophages e. All of the above 52. Which of the following is TRUE of lymph nodes? a. There are an average of 35 lymph nodes in the human body b. Lymph nodes are not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule c. Lymph nodes are the only lymphoid organs with afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels d. The number of living microorganisms in an efferent lymphatic vessel is always greater than the number of living microorganisms in an afferent lymphatic vessel 53. The spleen: a. Is the only lymphoid organ in the abdominal cavity b. Is involved in mineral storage and red blood cell destruction c. Is served by the splenic artery, which is a branch of inferior mesenteric artery d. Contains primarily white pulp which is involved in red blood cell synthesis e. Is the smallest of the lymphoid organs 54. Surgical excision of the thymus would be most detrimental to a(n): a. 18yo male b. 18yo female c. 34yo male d. 65yo male e. 2yo male 7

8 55. Which of the following is TRUE of the tonsils? a. The smallest tonsils are the pterygoid tonsils b. The lingual tonsils are located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx c. The pharyngeal tonsils are referred to as the adenoids d. The palatine tonsils are the least often infected 56. Which of the following would deal with an extracellular pathogen in the lymph? a. B cells and natural killer cells b. B cells and antibodies c. Killer T cells only d. Macrophages only e. Helper T cells only 57. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Natural killer cells primarily deal with extracellular non-viral pathogens. b. Interferons are released from cells that are infected by bacteria. c. Most phagocytes are derived from lymphocytes d. The high ph of sweat is detrimental to bacteria 58. Which of the following is NOT a function of activated complement? a. Opsonization b. Costimulation of helper B cells c. Stimulation of histamine release by basophils d. Formation of a membrane attack complex e. Causing lysis of bacterial cells 59. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of fever? a. It affects mineral storage by the liver or spleen b. Is caused by pyrogens that act on the hypothalamus c. Can be caused by increased interleukin-1 release d. Causes the individual s metabolic rate to decrease e. 2 of the above 60. Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies? a. Agglutination of cells bearing foreign antigens b. Production of cytotoxic chemicals such as lymphotoxins and capillary lysozyme c. Opsonization d. Activation of complement e. Neutralization of toxins 61. Assume you found a significant number of an antibody type within an individual s saliva. You would expect each of the antibody molecules to be able to bind to antigens. a. 12 b. 4 c. 16 d. 8 e. 3 x

9 62. Put the following items in correct sequential order. 1. B cell binds and endocytoses its specific antigen 2. B cells differentiate into plasma and memory B cells 3. Helper T cell releases cytokines that activate the B cell 4. Plasma antibody levels rise 5. B cell presents the antigen/mhcii complex a. 1,4,5,3,2 b. 1,5,3,2,4 c. 1,3,2,5,4 d. 1,5,2,3,4 e. 1,3,5,2,4 63. Anti-A and anti-b antibodies do not attack fetal red blood cells because: a. IgG antibodies activate complement b. IgM molecules are physically large pentamer structures c. Antibodies are not produced during pregnancy d. IgG antibodies cannot cross the placenta e. Both A and D are correct 64. Which of the following associations is INCORRECT? a. Helper T cells regulate cell-mediated immunity b. Killer T cells destroy virus-infected cells c. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and display MHC class I receptors d. Killer T cells destroy cancer cells e. Plasma cells secrete proteins 65. Julio just caught the dreaded Akoloko virus. Since Chester has already had the Akoloko virus, he offers to donate some of his memory T cells to Julio to help combat the disease. a. This idea would work because the memory cells would mount a swift campaign against the virus since they ve been exposed to it before b. This would work and is an example of natural active immunity c. This would not work because there are no such thing as memory T cells d. This would not work because Julio would consider Chester s T cells as foreign e. Both A and B are correct 66. Fever a. Can be caused by the release of anti-pyretic chemicals from reticular monocytes b. Causes a decrease in the body s metabolic rate by increasing anaphylaxis c. Causes the liver and spleen to sequester minerals that are necessary for bacterial growth d. Is caused by a resetting of the body s thermostat which is the located in the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus 67. Interferons: a. Are nucleic acids released by virally infected cells b. Are considered part of the specific immune system because they are released in response to viral infection c. Cause cells to produce a molecule that interferes with viral protein synthesis d. Are released by an infected cell so that all viruses within it will be destroyed 68. Complement: a. When activated will cause a decrease in histamine secretion from basophils and mast cells 9

10 b. When activated can cause bacterial lysis c. Can only be activated by antigen-antibody complexes d. All of the above 69. Chemicals released in response to tissue injury can: i. Increase the number of circulating white blood cells ii. Cause local vasodilation iii. Act as chemotactic factors that attract neutrophils to the site of injury a. I, II, and III are correct b. Only I and II are correct c. Only I and III are correct d. Only II and III are correct e. Only II is correct 70. Natural killer cells: a. Are an integral component of the body s specific immune defense against viruses b. Release chemicals that increase the rate of bacterial fission c. Can be considered fixed macrophages d. Lack nuclei e. Release perforins 71. Which of the following is INCORRECT? a. Neutrophils are capable of phagocytosis b. A phagosome is cellular organelle that contains high concentrations of digestive enzymes c. Pseudopods are used to envelop a bacterium during phagocytosis d. Langerhans cells are found within keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and are free macrophages e. Kupffer cells of the liver are an example of fixed macrophages 72. Which of the following does NOT help provide protection from pathogens? a. The acidity of the stomach interior b. Proteases found within the lumen of the stomach c. Commensal bacteria found within the gut d. Lysozyme e. The high ph of sweat 73. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. The palatine tonsils are found in the posterior oral cavity b. The lingual tonsils are found on the tongue c. The pharyngeal tonsils are found in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx d. The pharyngeal tonsils are referred to as the adenoids when they are inflamed 74. The thymus: a. Secretes hormones that promote the maturation of B lymphocytes b. Functions predominantly in fighting antigens c. Is not present in an infant d. Is superior to the diaphragm and often contains adipose tissue in adults 10

11 75. The spleen: a. Functions mainly in the removal/destruction of aged or defective red blood cells b. Cannot be considered a lymphoid organ since it does not filter lymph c. Is located within the left anterior portion of the thoracic cavity d. Consists primarily of white pulp which contains a few small islands of red pulp e. Both A and D are correct 76. Which of the following is CORRECT? a. The thymus and the thyroid are both lymphoid organs b. Lymph nodes are the only lymphoid organs that contain lymphocytes c. All lymphoid organs contain both efferent and afferent lymphatic vessels d. Peyer s patches are found within the distal small intestine 77. Which of the following is TRUE of lymph nodes? a. They contain more efferent than afferent lymphatic vessels b. They are surrounded by a capsule made of fibrous epithelial tissue c. They contain mostly T lymphocytes in their superficial cortex d. They function as filters of lymph e. More than one of the above is TRUE 78. Which of the following is TRUE of lymph nodes? a. There are less than 50 of them in the average adult b. None are found in the inguinal region c. They do NOT contain macrophages d. Their stroma contains reticular fibers 79. Plasma cells: a. Are NOT found in lymphoid organs b. Secrete histamine only c. Secrete heparin and histamine d. Secrete antibodies 80. Lymph is returned to the vascular system: a. At the azygos vein only b. At the superior vena cava and the azygos vein c. At the junction of the subclavian artery and internal jugular artery d. Only when the body is in a horizontal position 81. Which of the following is TRUE of lymphatic capillaries? a. They are not found in bone, teeth, or the small intestine b. They can assist in nutrient transport c. They are relatively impermeable to water d. They are open on both ends 11

12 82. Which of the following is TRUE of antigens? a. They are secreted by plasma cells b. They only react with B lymphocytes c. They cause the production of non-specific antibodies, i.e., antibodies that can bond up to 1000 different types of antigens d. All of the above 83. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Antigen challenge occurs primarily in the spleen and the liver b. During clonal selection, more plasma cells are produced than memory cells c. Langerhans cells and macrophages are both examples of antigen-presenting cells d. Naïve B cells gain immunocompetence in the thymus e. 2 of the above are TRUE 84. A decrease in the body s Helper T cell count would: I. Not impair clonal selection of B lymphocytes II. Decrease the body s ability to fight viral infections III. Increase the body s ability to produce activated T8 cells a. I, II, and III are all correct b. Only I and II are correct c. Only II is correct d. Only I is correct e. Only II and III are correct 85. Immunity: a. Can be the result of a bacterial or viral infection b. Can be a result of IgA antibodies passed to an infant via breast milk c. Can be due to vaccination d. All of the above e. 2 of the above 86. Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? a. IgM 1 st antibody class typically released by plasma cells b. IgD binds to mast cells and basophils and causes histamine release c. IgG able to activate complement d. IgA found in saliva and tears 87. Antibodies can cause: IV. Neutralization of bacterial exotoxins V. Precipitation of intracellular antigens VI. Histamine release and a ensuing decrease in inflammation VII. Agglutination of cell bound antigens a. I, II, III, and IV are all correct b. Only I, III, and IV are correct c. Only II, III, and IV are correct d. Only I and II are correct e. Only I and IV are correct 12

13 88. T cells: a. Primarily respond to free antigens floating in plasma or lymph b. Can target cancerous cells and cells of transplanted tissue c. Can react to exogenous but not endogenous antigens d. All of the above 89. The presence of a virus inside an intestinal epithelial cell would most likely be detected by: a. A T8 cell interacting with a class I MHC protein and an attached fragment of viral protein b. A T8 cell interacting with a class II MHC protein and an exogenous antigen c. A T4 cell interacting with a class I MHC protein and an attached fragment of viral protein d. A T4 cell interacting with a class II MHC protein and an endogenous antigen 90. Which of the following is INCORRECT? a. T helper cells promote B and T cell proliferation as well as the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages b. T killer cells release perforins which can cause cell lysis c. Antigen binding is the only event that must occur for T cells to be activated d. T suppressor cells increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells 91. Proteins on the surface of mitral valve cells resemble proteins on the surface of the bacterium staphylococcus aureus. This: a. Is beneficial because it will help increase the body s anti-bacterial defenses b. Can result in the production of antibodies that target mitral valve cells c. Is an example of cell-mediated immunity d. Is an example of passive artificial humoral immunity 92. The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following EXCEPT: a. Lymphatic vessels b. Thyroid gland c. Spleen d. Lymph nodes e. Lymph 93. The majority of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of: a. Right lymphatic duct b. Thoracic duct c. Cisterna chyli d. Dural sinus 94. are clusters of lymphatic nodules located beneath the epithelial lining of the small intestine. a. Tonsils b. Adenoids c. Immune complexes d. Peyer s patches e. Red pulp 13

14 95. All of the various macrophages are derived from: a. Lymphocytes b. Monocytes c. Neutrophils d. Eosinophils e. Basophils 96. The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are the: a. T lymphocytes b. NK cells c. Plasma cells d. Mast cells 97. Stem cells that will form both B lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells are found primarily in the: a. Liver b. Spleen c. Thymus d. Adrenals e. Bone marrow 98. The cell that dominates in the cortical region of a lymph node is the: a. B lymphocyte b. T lymphocyte c. Plasma cell d. NK cell e. Nodule cell 99. Which of the following is NOT an effect of activation of the complement system? a. Enhancement of phagocytosis b. Increased release of histamine by basophils c. Formation of a membrane attack complex d. Opsonization 100. Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation EXCEPT: a. Redness of the inflamed tissue b. Increased number of phagocytes being attracted to the tissue c. Heat of the inflamed tissue d. Increased formation of interstitial fluid at the site of injury e. Both A and C 101. A sample of Ralph s blood shows a high concentration of pyrogens. This would indicate that Ralph: a. Has hypotension b. Is producing T lymphocytes c. Has a sore throat d. Is running a fever e. Has swollen lymph nodes 14

15 102. Lymphatic capillaries are: a. More permeable than blood capillaries b. Less permeable than blood capillaries c. Equally permeable to blood capillaries d. Completely impermeable 103. When lymphatic vessels are blocked due to tumors, the result is: a. Shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph b. Severe localized edema distal to the blockage c. Increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage d. Abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region e. Severe localized edema proximal to the blockage 104. Functions of the spleen include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Removal of old or defective RBCs from the blood b. Trapping bacteria within epithelia lined crypts c. Storage of blood platelets d. Storage of iron e. 2 of the above 105. Functions of the lymphatic system include: a. Transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system b. Transport of red blood cells to the blood vascular system c. Maintenance of blood pressure within the venous circulation d. Excretion of excess dietary fat 106. The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the: a. Pharyngeal tonsils b. Adenoids c. Palatine tonsils d. Labial tonsils 107. Which of the following is NOT a normal component of lymph? a. Water b. Plasma proteins c. Ions d. Red blood cells e. Leukocytes 108. The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called: a. Margination b. Chemotaxis c. Diapedesis d. Chemotaxis e. Phagocytosis 109. Cancer cells may be destroyed without any action of the specific immune system. a. The above statement is TRUE b. The above statement is FALSE 15

16 110. The fact that living bacteria populate our skin: a. Is always detrimental to homeostasis b. Helps prevent infection as our resident bacteria compete with pathogenic bacteria c. Proves that the low ph of the stomach is bacteriostatic d. Proves that the high ph of the stomach is bacteriostatic 111. Interferons: a. Are virus specific, such that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus b. Act by increasing the rate of cell division c. Interfere within intracellular viral multiplication d. Cannot be considered part of the immune system since they do not provide protection from bacteria 112. Saliva and lacrimal fluid both contain: a. Lysosomes, bactericidal organelles b. Peroxisomes, bactericidal organelles c. Lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme d. Peroxizyme, a bactericidal enzyme e. Both A and B are correct 113. Which of the following plays NO ROLE in phagocytosis? a. Pseudopods b. Monocytes c. Phagosomes d. Phagolysosomes 114. Certain complement molecules called C3b coat the surface of a bacterium and roughen its surface, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon would most likely be termed: a. Autolysis b. Catalysis c. Antibody-mediated phagocytosis d. Opsonization e. Both A and C are correct 115. Lymphatic capillaries do NOT play a role in nutrient absorption and delivery. a. The above statement is TRUE b. The above statement is FALSE 116. Damaged tissues release vasodilators as well as chemicals that induce leukopenia. a. The above statement is TRUE b. The above statement is FALSE 117. Fever: a. Is a higher than normal body temperature that is always dangerous b. Decreases the body s metabolic rate so as to conserve energy c. Is caused by the resetting of the body s hypothalamic thermostat d. Causes the liver to release copious amounts of iron, which inhibits bacterial reproduction and enzyme synthesis e. Is a higher than normal body temperature that is never dangerous 16

17 118. Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called immunity. a. Active b. Natural passive c. Artificial passive d. Auto e. Inconsequential 119. Suppressor T cells act to: a. Suppress antigens. b. Limit the degree of memory in memory T cells. c. Limit antigen proliferation. d. Depress the responses of other T cells and B cells. e. Produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity 120. Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergic reactions are: a. IgA. b. IgD. c. IgE. d. IgG. e. IgM 121. Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may play a role in regulation of the humoral immune response are: a. IgA. b. IgD. c. IgE. d. IgG. e. IgM 122. The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in: a. Neutralization of the antigen. b. Agglutination or precipitation. c. Complement activation and opsonization. d. A and B only. e. All of the above 123. When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a: a. B cell b. Plasma cell c. Helper T cell d. Cytotoxic T cell e. NK cell 124. Helper T cells do all of the following EXCEPT: a. Promote B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production. b. Encode the antigenic genetic information for use during future exposures to the antigen. c. Stimulate T-cell divisions that produce memory T cells and accelerate maturation of cytotoxic T cells. d. Attract and stimulate the activity of NK cells. e. Enhance nonspecific defenses. 17

18 125. The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection 4. Differentiated T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen 5. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin The correct sequence for these steps is: a. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 b. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, c. 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, d. 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, e. 3, 4, 5, 1, The only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are: a. IgA. b. IgD. c. IgE. d. IgG. e. IgM 127. In an experimental situation, a virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies for the viral antigen. These antibodies are then removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to help deal with the same viral disease. This would be an example of: a. Innate immunity. b. Active immunization. c. Passive immunization. d. Natural immunity. e. Autoimmunity A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response? a. Cytotoxic T cells b. Helper T cells c. Suppressor T cells d. B cells e. Plasma cells 129. A fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA type antibody. This fluid is probably: a. Blood. b. Lymph c. Serum d. Tears. e. Intracellular Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? a. Carbohydrate structure b. Composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains c. 3 antigen binding sites per antibody monomer d. Incapable of being transferred from one individual to another e. Both C and D are correct 18

19 131. In clonal selection of B cells, which of the following is responsible for determining which cells eventually become cloned? a. Antigen b. Lymphocyte c. Antibody d. Macrophage e. IgA 132. The only T cell population that can directly attack and kill other cells are the: a. Suppressor cells b. Helper cells c. CD4 cells d. Cytotoxic cells e. Plasma cells 133. Helper T cells: a. Bind tightly to target cells and release perforins as well as tumor necrosis factor b. Often function to decrease the immune response c. Perform one function only; they release B234 proteins d. Are often involved in clonal selection of B lymphocytes e. 3 of the above are correct 134. The primary immune response: a. Occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary immune response b. Occurs only when memory cells are stimulated c. Is another name for immunological memory d. Has a lag period where B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells 135. Which of the following is TRUE? a. There are more erythrocytes found in lymph vessels than in blood vessels b. Lymphatic capillaries are typically less permeable than blood capillaries c. Most lymphatic capillaries are found in bone tissue and nervous tissue d. Lymphatic capillaries called lacteals may contain digested fats e. Lymphatic vessels resemble veins but they lack valves 136. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Lymph drains into the vascular system at the right atrium b. Lymph from the left leg will eventually enter the thoracic duct c. Lymph from the right leg will eventually enter the right lymphatic duct d. Lymphatic vessels lack epithelial tissue and muscle tissue e. More than one of the above 137. Which of the following associations is INCORRECT? a. B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells b. T lymphocytes can kill virus-infected cells c. Macrophages contain MHC class II proteins d. Reticular cells produce reticular fibers 19

20 138. Lymphoid tissue: a. Is often found beneath mucous membranes b. Is a tissue that lacks cells c. Is NOT found within the digestive tract d. Usually functions to promote bacterial and viral replication e. 2 of the above 139. Lymph nodes: a. Are only found in the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions b. Are NOT surrounded by a connective tissue capsule c. Have a cortex that will contain B lymphocytes d. Typically have more efferent lymph vessels than afferent lymph vessels e. All of the above 140. The spleen: i. Is superior to all of the external intercostals ii. Plays a role in RBC recycling iii. Stores platelets and iron a. i, ii, and iii b. i and ii c. i and iii d. ii and iii e. ii only 141. A lack of a functioning thymus: a. Would prevent B cell production b. Would prevent B cell maturation c. Would have a detrimental effect on the humoral immune system d. Would affect T cell production, but would not affect T cell maturation e. All of the above 142. Which of the following is TRUE of the tonsils? a. All are superior to the soft palate b. None are superior to the oropharynx c. The lingual tonsil is the largest and the most often infected d. Tonsils contain follicles overlain by epithelial crypts e. 2 of the above 143. Which of the following makes skin an excellent barrier to pathogens? a. Presence of sweat b. Presence of sebum c. Presence of keratin d. The fact that it is multi-layered e. All of the above 144. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. Secretions such as saliva contain lysozyme, an anti-bacterial chemical b. The stomach s low ph helps destroy pathogens c. Interferon is produced by certain virus-infected cells d. Macrophages in the liver and in the skin are derived from monocytes e. Natural killer cells destroy virus-infected cells as part of the specific immune response 20

21 145. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the complement system? a. Complement proteins are produced by the liver b. Inactive complement proteins are always found in the plasma c. Activated complement proteins bind to bacteria and thus decrease the likelihood of them being phagocytosed d. Activated complement can cause cell lysis e. Activated complement can cause an increase in local histamine release 146. Which of the following is involved in natural passive immunity? a. Vaccination b. Injection of human antibodies into an individual c. Injection of rabbit antibodies into an individual d. Excretion of antibodies into breast milk e. Producing memory cells in response to infection with a live virus 147. The specificity of T and B lymphocytes is determined by: a. Their surface receptors b. Their nuclear receptors c. Their mitochondria d. All of the above e. 2 of the above 148. Class I MHC proteins: a. Are found on all blood cells b. Display protein fragments on a cell s surface c. Are only involved in bacterial infections d. Are not found on macrophages e. Are recognized primarily by Helper T cells 149. In order for a naïve T cell to be activated: a. It must be immunocompetent b. It must recognize a specific antigen c. It must recognize an MHC protein d. It must be costimulated e. All of the above 150. Killer T cells: I. Are produced in red bone marrow II. Destroy virus-infected cells III. Destroy cancerous cells a. I and II only b. I and III only c. II only d. I, II, and III e. II and III only 151. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of Helper T cells? a. They play a role in B cell activation b. They can stimulate neutrophils c. They can stimulate natural killer cells d. They are destroyed by the HIV virus e. All of the above are TRUE 21

22 152. Antibodies: a. Are produced by plasma cells and helper T cells b. Are nonspecific c. Contain a single antigen binding site d. Can neutralize bacterial toxins e. 2 of the above 153. Antibodies can cause: a. Agglutination by linking cellular antigens b. Precipitation by linking soluble antigens c. Lysis by activating complement which can then form a membrane attack complex d. All of the above e. 2 of the above 154. In a disorder known as congenital thymic aplasia, the thymus fails to develop. Which of the following would be the most likely consequence of this disorder? a. An elevated number of mature helper T cells in the body. b. A lack of functioning immunocompetent T lymphocytes c. An inability to regulate stroke volume in response to changes in blood pressure. d. An enhanced ability to fight infection. e. An elevated number of lymph nodes in the lumen of the proximal esophagus Which of the following signs of inflammation are primarily caused by increased local blood flow and increased local capillary permeability? a. Redness b. Heat c. Swelling d. All of the above e. Only 2 of the above 156. Which of the following is a normal constituent of plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid? 1. Water 2. Proteins 3. Red blood cells a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1 only c. 2 only d. 1 and 2 e. 1 and Which of the following would you expect to be present in greatest amounts in the mucus of the respiratory tract? a. Lymph nodes b. IgA antibodies c. Red blood cells d. IgD antibodies e. Immunoincompetent T lymphocytes 22

23 158. Below is a graph showing John Doe s immune response to antigen Q on March 7 th, Plasma antibody concentration Time (days) Which of the following graphs most likely represents John Doe s response to antigen Q on December 1 st, 1998, when he was exposed to the antigen for the first time? A B C D 159. Activated complement: a. Enhances phagocytosis. b. Promotes lysis of bacterial cells. c. Stimulates basophils and mast cells to release histamine. d. Acts as an opsonin. e. All of the above 160. The only antibody that could attack the Rh complexes on fetal red blood cells is the: a. IgG antibody b. IgA antibody c. IgE antibody d. IgM antibody e. IgD antibody 161. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus destroys Helper T cells. This will: 23

24 1. Increase the efficiency of the body s cell-mediated immune response. 2. Decrease the efficiency of the body s humoral immune response. 3. Have no effect on the nonspecific immune response. a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1 only c. 2 only d. 1 and 3 e. 2 and Which of the following associations is CORRECT? a. Injection of a weakened pathogen Artificial active immunity b. Antibody excretion in breast milk Natural passive immunity c. Injection of antibody-containing sera Artificial passive immunity d. Generation of memory cells against live pathogens Natural active immunity e. All of the above are correct 163. released from basophils and mast cells causes. a. Histamine; vasoconstriction b. Histamine; vasodilation c. Nitrous oxide; vasodilation d. Prostaglandin; vasoconstriction e. Leukocytosis-inducing factor; hyperemia 164. Which of the following are NOT part of the nonspecific immune system? a. Complement and interferon b. Skin and mucous membranes c. Fixed macrophages and lysozyme d. IgA and IgG e. Natural killer cells and fever 165. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Killer T cells can destroy virus-infected cells by releasing perforins. b. Substances that can provoke an immune response are called kinins. c. Antibodies are produced primarily by Suppressor T cells. d. Class I MHC proteins are found only on antigen-presenting cells. e. Class I MHC proteins are found on red and white blood cells A cell that has been infected with a virus will: a. Release antibodies. b. Display viral protein fragments along with a MHC I protein c. Display viral protein fragments along with a MHC II protein d. Always release lysozyme and complement proteins 167. When the body fails to differentiate between self and foreign antigens: a. Acquired immunodeficiency is the result. b. It is because the body lacks T cells. c. Autoimmune disease results d. It is because the body contains too many neutrophils. e. The body s nucleated cells will stop all protein production The manner in which an antigen-antibody complex is eliminated is determined by the particular: 24

25 a. Binding sites on the antibody s variable regions b. Binding sites on the antibody s constant regions c. Binding sites on the antigen s variable regions d. Binding sites on the antigen s constant regions 169. Lymph normally would NOT contain: a. Proteins b. WBCs c. Water d. RBCs e. Bacteria 170. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. There are no lymphatic arteries b. Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries c. Lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries are found in bone and teeth. d. Lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are involved in fat absorption. e. Lymphatic vessels contain valves Which of the following is TRUE? a. Lymphatic vessels pass through lymph nodes. b. There are only 2 lymphatic ducts. c. The thoracic duct begins as the cisterna chyli d. Blockage of the right lymphatic duct could cause the right arm to swell. e. All of the above 172. An inability to move lymph could result in edema. a. The above statement is TRUE b. The above statement is FALSE 173. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Plasma cells secrete antibodies b. Dendritic cells assist in activating the immune response c. Diffuse lymphatic tissue is rare in the mucous lining of the digestive tract d. All of the above e. 2 of the above 174. Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ? a. Thymus b. Thyroid c. Pancreas d. Lymph node e. 2 of the above 175. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. There are 100 s of lymph nodes within the body. b. Each lymph node is surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule. c. Reticular fibers help support lymphocytes and macrophages within a lymph node. d. The lymph node cortex primarily contains B lymphocytes e. There are fewer afferent lymphatic vessels than efferent lymphatic vessels 176. Which of the tonsils is the most superior? 25

26 a. Palatine b. Labial c. Pharyngeal d. Lingual e. Choroidal 177. Peyer s patches are found in the: a. Proximal stomach b. Distal small intestine c. Liver d. Pancreas e. Rectum 178. Which of the following is TRUE of the tonsils? a. The most superior are the palatine tonsils. b. The lingual tonsils are often referred to as the adenoids. c. Tonsils are totally covered by a connective tissue capsule. d. The structure of tonsils facilitates exposure to bacteria for the purpose of building immunological memory. e. 2 of the above Which of the following is TRUE of the thymus? a. Surgical removal of the thymus from a 3 month old child could affect B lymphocyte development, but NOT T lymphocyte development. b. An adult thymus will contain more adipocytes than the thymus of a 13yr old. c. The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that directly fights pathogens. d. The thymus is located anterior to the sternum and inferior to the diaphragm. e. The thymus is the only example of diffuse lymphatic tissue in the thoracic cavity Which of the following is TRUE of the spleen? a. The spleen is located in the lower right hand quadrant of the abdominal cavity. b. The spleen consists primarily of white pulp, which functions in RBC recycling. c. The spleen is the only lymphoid organ that entirely lacks white blood cells. d. If the spleen is surgically removed, many of its blood cleansing functions can be taken over by the liver. e. The spleen is the only lymphoid organ that contains both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels The majority of the body s lymph drains from the: a. Right lymphatic duct into the right subclavian vein b. Left lymphatic duct into the left subclavian artery c. Thoracic duct into the right subclavian vein d. Cisterna chyli into the abdominal vena cava e. Right lymphatic duct into the thoracic duct 182. Which of the following cells is correctly matched with its function? a. Macrophages perform phagocytosis b. Plasma cells secrete antibodies c. Reticular cells activate the immune system in response to infection d. All of the above e. Two of the above 183. Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ? 26

27 a. Thyroid b. Thymus c. Pancreas d. Palatine tonsil e. 2 of the above 184. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Inflammation is a specific immune response. b. Saliva contains antibacterial chemicals. c. The CNS lacks phagocytic cells. d. A phagosome is an organelle that contains digestive enzymes and is found in all cells. e. Complement proteins are primarily made by the red bone marrow Which of the following is TRUE? a. Activated complement can cause bacterial cell lysis. b. An inflamed area appears red because of decreased local blood flow. c. During a fever, the liver and spleen release prodigious amounts of zinc into the plasma. d. T lymphocytes are made in the thymus but they mature in the red bone marrow. e. 2 of the above 186. Which of the following could play a role in destroying a foreign antigen in the plasma? I. Antibodies II. Immunoglobulins III. Plasma cells IV. Helper T cells a. I, II, III, and IV b. I, II, and III only c. I, III, and IV only d. I, II, and IV only e. I and III only 187. Which of the following is most related to artificial active immunity? a. Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across the placenta. b. Production of memory lymphocytes in response to an infection with the bacterium, Streptococcus mutans. c. Transfer of IgA antibodies from mother to infant via breast milk. d. Production of memory lymphocytes in response to the Variola virus, which was deliberately injected into the body. are related to active artificial immunity Which of the following is NOT TRUE of antibodies? a. They are synthesized by plasma cells. b. They are involved in humoral immunity. c. They are shaped like the letter Y. d. They are specific for antigens. e. There are four major classes If a virus invaded a muscle cell, that muscle cell would: 27

28 a. Display fragments of viral proteins on its MHC I protein. b. Display fragments of viral proteins on its MHC II protein. c. Begin making viral proteins and nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA). d. Release activated complement. e. Both A and C are correct Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. Sebum is bactericidal. b. Free macrophages are derived from monocytes. c. A lysozyme is an organelle that contains digestive enzymes. d. Pathogens are disease-causing organisms. e. Keratin is resistant to bacterial enzymes Which of the following cells destroys body cells that have been infected by a virus? a. Monocytes b. Natural killer cells c. B lymphocytes d. Eosinophils e. Alveolar macrophages 192. Interferon: a. Is produced by cells in response to high plasma levels of pyrogens. b. Is made only by the cells of the thymus. c. Actively kills bacteria and viruses. d. Helps to prevent viral replication Which of the following is NOT a possible result of activated complement? a. Formation of a membrane attack complex. b. Lysis of bacterial cells. c. Opsonization. d. Inflammation. e. All of the above are possible results of complement activation Serious chronic inflammation may result in the formation of: a. Pyrogens b. Pus c. Mucus d. Cilia e. Interferon 195. Which of the following does NOT occur during a fever? a. WBC function is increased. b. Bacterial metabolism is impaired. c. Plasma zinc levels rise. d. Plasma iron levels fall. e. Body temperature rises Which of the following common signs of inflammation could be caused by increased local blood flow? 28

29 a. Pain b. Swelling c. Heat d. Redness e. All of the above 197. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Palatine tonsils are located on the anterior edge of the nasal cavity. b. The lingual tonsils contain no lymphocytes at all. c. The pharyngeal tonsils are sometimes referred to as the adenoids. d. The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ in the thoracic cavity. e. The thymus is the site of B lymphocyte production and maturation The major function of the is blood cleansing. a. Thymus b. Spleen c. Peyer s patches d. Lymph nodes e. Cortex 199. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. The majority of the spleen is composed of white pulp, lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers. b. The cortex of a lymph node is packed with lymphoid follicles. c. Large superficial clusters of lymph nodes are found in the axillary, cervical, and inguinal regions. d. Lymphoid organs are characterized by a connective tissue capsule. e. Diffuse lymphatic tissue is prominent within mucous membranes The cells that produce the connective tissue framework of most lymphoid organs are the. a. Endothelial cells b. Fibrocytes c. Histiocytes d. Reticular cells 201. The specialized lymphatic capillaries found in the intestinal villi are known as: a. Entrails b. Lymphoids c. Lacteals d. Thymosins 202. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Lymphatic capillaries are present in both teeth and bone. b. Blood capillaries are more permeable than lymphatic capillaries. c. There are fewer valves found in arteries than found in lymphatic vessels. d. Lymph from the right leg will empty into the right subclavian vein. e. Lymph from the left leg will empty into the right subclavian vein Which of the following is TRUE? 29

30 a. There are usually more proteins in lymph than in plasma. b. Lymphatic capillaries in the kidneys are known as lacteals. c. The thoracic duct will receive lymph that was formed in the right kidney. d. Lymph empties into the vascular system near the beginning of the subclavian arteries. e. Differentiated T lymphocytes are referred to as plasma cells Which of the following is TRUE? a. Reticular cells are an example of an antibody-secreting leukocyte. b. Diffuse lymphatic tissue is prominent within mucous membranes. c. Lymphoid follicles are usually surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. d. Several regions of the body lack lymph nodes, including the axillary, cervical, and lumbar areas. e. There are typically more efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels associated with a lymph node Which of the following is TRUE? a. The spleen is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity just superior to the diaphragm. b. The primary function of the spleen is erythropoiesis. c. The majority of the spleen consists of white pulp. d. Surgical removal of the thymus would be more detrimental to a 35yo than to a 5yo. e. The pharyngeal tonsils are found in the posterior nasopharynx Which of the following is TRUE? a. Activated complement proteins are involved in opsonization. b. Sweat and sebum typically promote bacterial reproduction. c. Phagocytosis is only performed by macrophages. d. Interferon acts to inhibit cellular production of viral proteins. e. More than one of the above 207. Which of the following is TRUE? a. The body s thermostat is located in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum. b. A rise in body temperature would accelerate bacterial metabolism. c. The passage of antibodies from mother to fetus is an example of natural active immunity. d. Injection of antibodies is an example of artificial active immunity Which of the following is TRUE? a. T lymphocytes acquire immunocompetence in the thymus. b. All T lymphocytes will display the same surface receptors. c. All nucleated cells contain class II MHC proteins on their surface. d. Helper T cells are also referred to as CD8 cells. e. More than one of the above Which of the following is TRUE? a. Killer T cells release perforins to kill infected cells. b. Helper T cells release cytokines that can affect the activity of other immune cells. c. Each antibody typically contains 2 antigen binding sites. d. IgA antibodies are often found in bodily secretions. e. All of the above 210. Lymphatic capillaries: 30

31 a. Are less permeable than blood capillaries. b. Are found primarily in bone and teeth. c. Play a role in fat absorption in the intestines. d. Contain 33% fewer RBCs compared to blood capillaries Which of the following is TRUE? a. Lymphatic vessels lack valves. b. An increase in skeletal muscle activity will increase lymph flow. c. The thoracic duct drains both the right arm and the right leg. d. The thoracic duct drains both the right and left arms. e. The right lymphatic duct begins as an enlarged sac called the cisterna chyli Which of the following is an INCORRECT match? a. Reticular cells produce reticular fibers b. Dendritic cells help activate the immune response c. B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells d. Natural killer cells secrete antibodies e. Macrophages contain lysosomes 213. Lymph nodes: a. Typically have more efferent than afferent lymphatic vessels. b. Contain reticular cells and lymphocytes and function to cleanse lymph. c. Are only found in the inguinal, cervical, and axillary regions. d. Are shaped like a biconcave disk. e. Have a cortex and medulla but lack a connective tissue capsule The spleen: a. Typically performs erythropoiesis in adults. b. Is involved in T lymphocyte maturation. c. Is located just deep to the stomach and superior to the diaphragm. d. Removes old and defective RBCs from the blood stream. e. All of the above The adult thymus: a. Is more active than the infant thymus. b. Contains adipocytes and fibrous connective tissue. c. Directly removes pathogens from the lymphatic circulation. d. Has both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. e. Is an avascular tissue Which of the following is the most SUPERIOR? a. Pharyngeal tonsil b. Peyer s patch c. Axillary lymph nodes d. Palatine tonsil e. Thymus 217. The spleen is found on the side of the abdominal cavity just to the stomach. a. Right medial b. Right lateral c. Left medial d. Left lateral 218. Which of the following is TRUE of the tonsils? 31

32 a. The pharyngeal tonsil is the most inferior. b. The palatine tonsils are found just under the tongue. c. Tonsils are characterized by the presence of crypts. d. Tonsils usually do not contain any lymphocytes. e. Tonsils are fully encapsulated by connective tissue Large lymphoid follicles found in the are known as Peyer s patches. a. Proximal colon b. Distal small intestine c. Stomach d. Appendix e. Rectum 220. Mycobacterium bovis is a weakened, non-pathogenic form of the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Upon injection, macrophages engulf and destroy them and use the resulting debris to prime the acquired immune system. The macrophages would display the pieces of digested bacteria on their: a. MHC I proteins b. MHC II proteins c. MHC III proteins d. Antigen receptors e. Golgi apparatus 221. Which of the following cells is responsible for the production of the fibrous framework of most lymphatic organs? a. Dendritic cells b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Reticular cells e. Hemocytoblasts 222. Which of the following would NOT be drained by the thoracic duct? a. Right lumbar trunk b. Left bronchomediastinal trunk c. Lymph from the right leg d. Right jugular trunk e. Intestinal trunks 223. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? a. Immune defense b. Return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream c. Return of leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream. d. Absorption of dietary fat in the small intestine e. All of the above ARE functions of the lymphatic system 224. Antibodies are produced by. a. Dendritic cells b. Memory B cell c. Killer T cells d. Plasma cells e. Macrophages 225. The primary function of the spleen is: 32

33 a. Blood pressure and volume regulation b. Filtering of damaged and old erythrocytes from the bloodstream. c. Production of platelets and granulocytes d. Storage of iron, zinc, and mercury. Production of epinephrine 226. Which of the following help skin function as an effective pathogen barrier? I. Sebum II. Sweat III. Keratin IV. Stratified epithelium a. I, II, III, and IV b. I, II, and III only c. I, II, and IV only d. I and II only e. IV only 227. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. Lysozyme is an antibacterial chemical found in saliva and tears. b. Alveolar macrophages are descended from monocytes. c. Cilia line portions of the respiratory tract. d. Inflammation is typical of a nonspecific immune response. e. All of the above are TRUE Binding of to bacteria can the likelihood of phagocytosis. a. Antibodies: decrease b. Antigens: decrease c. Antigens: increase d. Complement proteins: increase e. Complement proteins: decrease 229. Interferons: a. Are released by virus infected cells b. Stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins c. Are an example of activated complement proteins d. All of the above e. 2 of the above 230. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Complement proteins are produced by plasma cells. b. Activated complement proteins can cause increased histamine levels. c. The heat and redness characteristic of inflammation are usually due to local ischemia. d. Inflammatory chemicals usually cause a decrease in plasma WBC levels Lymphatic collecting vessels are linked to lymphatic ducts by: a. Lymphatic capillaries b. Lacteals c. Lymphatic trunks d. Lymphatic arteries e. Anastomoses 33

34 232. Cells of the innate branch of the immune system that target virus-infected cells and cancerous cells are the: a. Killer T cells b. Helper T cells c. Antigen-presenting cells d. Natural killer cells e. Plasma cells 233. Which of the matches is INCORRECT? a. Lysozyme secreted in saliva b. Lysosome contains lysozyme c. Complement proteins form membrane attack complexes d. CD4 cells Killer T cells e. All of the above ARE CORRECT The transfer of plasma antibodies from mother to infant via breast milk is an example of what type of immunity? a. Natural active b. Natural passive c. Artificial active d. Artificial passive 235. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of skin that helps it act as a barrier to pathogens? a. Stratification b. Keratin c. Cilia d. Sweat e. Sebum 236. The majority of cells produced in response to the clonal selection of a B lymphocyte are: a. Memory B cells b. Plasma cells c. Dendritic cells d. CD8 cells e. CD4 cells 237. Which of the following is NOT caused by activated complement proteins? a. Bacterial cell lysis b. Stimulation of mast cells c. Stimulation of basophils d. Opsonization e. All of the above ARE caused by activated complement proteins 238. Nonspecific immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. Immunoglobulins b. Complement c. Interferons d. Neutrophils e. 2 of the above 34

35 239. Put the following in the correct order for lymph flow: 1. Subcapsular sinus 2. Afferent lymphatic vessel 3. Cortical sinus 4. Efferent lymphatic vessel 5. Medullary sinus a. 1,2,3,4,5 b. 2,1,3,5,4 c. 2,3,5,1,4 d. 3,2,5,1,4 are correct 240. Which of the following is the most SUPERIOR? a. Lingual tonsil b. Thymus c. Right lymphatic duct d. Pharyngeal tonsil e. Peyer s patches 241. Mr. Reich was infected with Clostridium difficile. In response, his adaptive immune system produced antibodies. This type of immunity is a. Natural but not active b. Passive but not natural c. Active but not artificial d. Active and passive e. Artificial but not passive 242. Which of the following would contain the greatest concentration of digestive enzymes? a. Phagosome b. Opsonin c. Lysosome d. Interferon e. Complement 243. Which of the following is/are true of dendritic cells? a. They are capable of phagocytosis b. They present antigens to T lymphocytes c. They contain MHC 1 proteins d. They contain MHC 2 proteins e. All of the above 244. The linking of soluble antigens by antibodies is known as: a. Agglutination b. Self lysis c. Neutralization d. Aggrandization e. Precipitation 35

36 245. Which of the following is NOT an antibody class? a. IgE b. IgD c. IgF d. IgA e. IgG 246. Alexander Fleming made a serendipitous discovery. One day when he was suffering from a cold, he sneezed on a bacterial culture of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Following his usual routine of leaving his bacterial cultures lying about, 10 days later he observed that the bacteria near his own nasal mucus had dissolved. The best explanation for this is that: a. His mucus contained large quantities of lysozyme b. His mucus had a low osmotic pressure c. His mucus contained B lymphocytes that had recently matured in the thymus d. His mucus lacked T lymphocytes e. His mucus contained a large quantity of natural killer cells 247. Which of the following organs contains these structures: - Connective tissue capsule - Afferent lymphatic vessels - B lymphocytes - T lymphocytes a. Spleen b. Lymph node c. Thymus d. Pharyngeal tonsil e. Appendix 248. Swelling of the could make it difficult to breathe through the nose. a. Peyer s patch b. Lingual tonsils c. Pharyngeal tonsil d. Inguinal lymph nodes e. Palatine tonsils 249. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. The lag period is longer during the secondary immune response than during the primary immune response. b. Tonsils contain crypts that trap pathogens, which can result in the destruction of the pathogen and the production of memory cells. c. Peyer s patches are found in the distal small intestine. d. Serious chronic inflammation can result in formation of pus. e. The primary function of the spleen is red blood cell removal/recycling Which of the following is an example of natural passive immunity? a. Getting sick with monkey pox. b. Getting vaccinated for monkey pox. c. Getting an injection of antibodies from a passive nurse d. Transfer of antibodies from maternal blood to fetal blood e. Transfer of Helper T cells from maternal blood to fetal blood. 36

37 251. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Lymphatic capillaries are less permeable than blood capillaries. b. Lymphatic vessels structurally resemble muscular arteries. c. Natural killer cells destroy virus-infected cells. d. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries that help absorb proteins in the large intestine. e. The 2 regions with the greatest concentration of lymphatic capillaries are the bones of the skull and the spinal cord Which of the following is TRUE? a. Lymph in the left leg is ultimately drained by the thoracic duct. b. Lymph in the right leg is ultimately drained by the thoracic duct. c. Most mucous membranes are underlain by diffuse lymphatic tissue. d. The appendix contains lymphoid follicles. e. All of the above 253. Which of the following is TRUE of a lymph node? a. It contains more afferent than efferent lymphatic vessels. b. It is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. c. It contains an indentation known as a hilus. d. It contains follicles in its cortex. e. All of the above Use the following answer choices for the next 5 items. a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Tonsils d. All of the above 254. Red blood cell graveyard Contains afferent lymphatic vessels Forms a ring around the pharynx Site of T lymphocyte maturation Site of B lymphocyte maturation. Use the following answer choices for the next 28 items: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Stay the same 259. As the diameter of the right lymphatic duct decreases due to the presence of a growing tumor, the circumference of the right arm will most likely: 260. Interleukin-1 is a pyrogen. Thus it will cause body temperature to: 261. Killing the normal bacterial population of the reproductive tract would cause the likelihood of acquiring an infection there to: 262. The agglutination of bacterial cells by antibodies will cause the likelihood of them being swallowed by a macrophage to: 263. In the secondary response to an antigen, the duration of the lag time will: 37

38 264. A lack of functioning regulatory T cells would cause the likelihood of acquiring an autoimmune condition to: 265. The binding of a bacterium by complement proteins will cause the likelihood of it getting engulfed by a macrophage to: 266. Histamine causes blood vessel resistance to: 267. Regulatory T cells cause the activity of Cytotoxic T cells to: 268. Stimulation by interferon will cause a cell s likelihood of being killed by a virus to: 269. Opsonization causes the likelihood of phagocytosis to: 270. A lack of functioning cilia will cause the likelihood of acquiring a respiratory infection to: 271. As bacterial release of pyretic chemicals increases, core body temperature will: 272. As plasma [interferon] increases, the number of newly synthesized viruses should: 273. During inflammation, local blood flow will: 274. The binding of an antibody to a bacterium will cause the probability of that bacterium being phagocytosed to: 275. During a fever, you would expect plasma levels of zinc to: 276. In Kartagener s syndrome, cilia do not function. This would cause the likelihood of acquiring a respiratory infection to: 277. Interferon causes a cell s protein production capability to: 278. At a site of inflammation, local WBC count will: 279. Precipitation of soluble antigens cause the likelihood of their being phagocytosed to: 280. During inflammation capillary permeability will: 281. Pyrogens cause body temperature to: 282. If a cell is stimulated by interferon, the likelihood of that cell being hijacked by a virus will: 283. In response to an acute bacterial infection, one would expect the blood neutrophil count to: 284. An inability to produce functioning leukocytes would cause one s susceptibility to infection to: 285. As lymph flows from an afferent lymphatic vessel to an efferent lymphatic vessel, you would expect the number of pathogens within it to: 286. If the left lumbar trunk was blocked by a mass of parasites, the size of the left leg would: 38

39 In each of the next 28 items two quantities are given. If quantity A is the larger of the two then choose A as your answer. If quantity B is the larger of the two then choose B as your answer. If the two quantities are equal then choose C as your answer a. Average number of proteins in 5ml of blood b. Average number of proteins in 5ml of lymph 288. a. Percentage of the body drained by the right lymphatic duct b. Percentage of the body drained by the thoracic duct 289. a. Number of antigens that can bind to a typical IgM antibody b. Number of antigens that can bind to a typical IgD antibody 290. a. Number of pathogens in the average efferent lymphatic vessel b. Number of pathogens in the average afferent lymphatic vessel 291. a. Volume of lymph carried by the thoracic duct b. Volume of lymph carried by the right lymphatic duct 292. a. Specificity of a memory Killer T cell b. Specificity of a natural killer cell 293. a. Number of body cells displaying class I MHC proteins b. Number of body cells displaying class II MHC proteins 294. a. Amount of IgG antibodies produced in the first week of the primary response to an antigen b. Amount IgG antibodies made in the first week of the secondary response to the same antigen 295. a. Number of memory cells made during natural passive immunity b. Number of memory cells made during artificial active immunity 296. a. Ability of IgM antibodies to cause agglutination b. Ability of IgD antibodies to cause agglutination 297. a. Number of primary lymphoid organs in the human body b. Number of secondary lymphoid organs in the human body 298. a. Typical number of B lymphocytes in blood b. Typical number of T lymphocytes in blood 299. a. Lag time in the primary immune response to antigen X b. Lag time in the secondary immune response to antigen X 300. a. Number of memory cells produced in response to injection of an attenuated pathogen b. Number of memory cells produced in response to injection of antibodies 301. a. Number of antibody classes b. 4 39

40 302. a. Number of antigen-binding sites on a typical IgM pentamer b. Number of antigen-binding sites on a typical IgA dimer 303. a. Ability of IgE antibodies to cross the placenta b. Ability of IgG antibodies to cross the placenta 304. a. Typical number of afferent lymphatic vessels going to a lymph node b. Typical number of efferent lymphatic vessels leaving from a lymph node Change ONE TERM in each of the next 6 false statements so that they become true The palatine tonsils are located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and are sometimes referred to as the adenoids The passage of maternal antibodies to the infant via breast milk is an example of natural active immunity The secondary response to an antigen is generally much slower than the primary response to an antigen Human B lymphocytes are produced in the red bone marrow and gain immunocompetence in the bursa of Fabricius Peyer s patches are lymph nodes found within the wall of the distal small intestine Complement proteins are made by the spleen and when activated can form a membrane attack complex that can cause bacterial cells to lyse. The next 12 items are TRUE/FALSE 311. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries found within the villi of the intestinal mucosa 312. The thoracic duct empties directly into the azygos vein 313. Large lymphatic vessels have 3 tunics and contain smooth muscle 314. The expansion/recoil of arteries with each ventricular contraction plays no role in lymph movement 315. An autoimmune disease is an inappropriate and excessive process to an otherwise harmless environmental antigen 316. Each IgA antibody will contain identical antigen binding sites but different constant regions Killer T cells display the CD8 protein 318. T cells that respond to self-antigens are removed in the bone marrow 319. IgE antibodies are associated with heparin releasing cells 320. Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells can both release perforins 321. A deficiency of suppressor T cells could increase the likelihood of an autoimmune disease 40

41 322. Because it targets and destroys T helper cells, the human immunodeficiency virus has little impact on humoral immunity The next 8 items are Fill in the Blanks The organ that acts as the site of T lymphocyte maturation is the and it s found in the are chemicals that act on the body s thermostat (which is located in the ) and cause body temperature to rise Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue is primarily found in the tract and the tract will contain both MHC1 and MHC2 proteins on their surface can be considered to be in charge of the cellmediated immune response Each antibody is shaped like a and has antigen binding sites A microbe that has been engulfed by a phagocyte will typically be destroyed by in the phagocyte s Antibodies are produced by cells. The next 22 items are Short Answers Identify the organ where T lymphocytes mature Name the 3 main tonsils Identify the cell that could be considered in charge of the cell mediated immune response Identify a cell that contains MHC2 proteins on its surface Identify the location and function of lacteals Name a region of the body that contains prominent superficial lymph nodes Identify the clusters of lymphatic nodules in the distal small intestine. 41

42 338. Name 2 functions of activated complement proteins Identify 2 functions of antibodies Name each of the lymphatic trunks that drain the following areas: a. Arm b. Leg c. Head d. Lung 341. Explain why it would be advantageous for a virus to prevent its host cell from making MHC1 proteins Very briefly explain why inflammation is a good thing Very briefly explain the function of interferons Compare the primary and secondary immune response in terms of lag period, rate of antibody production, and quantity of antibodies produced Injection of a dead virus will create immunity. Explain how this occurs. Include the roles played by macrophages, T Helper cells, and B cells in your discussion. 42

43 343. Label the following parts of the lymph node (just write the letter and draw an arrow to the correct structure/location): a. Trabeculae b. Hilum c. Capsule d. Afferent vessel e. Efferent vessel f. Subcapsular sinus g. Cortex h. Medulla i. Lymph follicle j. Lymphatic valve 343. Theresa was born with a defective heart and was lucky enough to receive a new heart from a girl who was killed in a tragic skydiving accident. In conjunction with the heart transplant, Theresa received an antilymphocyte serum that contained antibodies against her own lymphocytes. The new heart worked great, but unfortunately Theresa died soon after the transplant because of a massive bacterial infection. Explain in great detail why the anti-lymphocyte serum was necessary and how it related to her fatal infection. 43

44 344. Mrs. Jackson, a 59-year-old woman, has undergone a left radical masectomy (removal of the left breast and left axillary lymph nodes and vessels). Her left arm is severely swollen and painful, and she is unable to raise it more tan shoulder height. Explain her signs and symptoms. Can she expect to have relief from these symptoms in time? How so? 345. Some people with a deficit of IgA exhibit recurrent respiratory tract infections. Explain these symptoms Explain the underlying mechanisms responsible for the cardinal signs of acute inflammation: Heat Pain Redness Swelling 347. Why is an injection into the skin like an injection into the lymphatic system? 348. Some parents keep their preschoolers away from other children to prevent them from catching illnesses. How might these well-meaning parents actually be harming their children? 349. Explain why xenografts are usually rejected by the patients Explain why young babies and the elderly often have compromised immune systems? 351. The HIV virus attacks and destroys helper T-cells (CD 4) in the human body. Explain exactly how this would compromise the immune system. Will the HIV virus kill someone and if not what do they die from? 44

45 352. Trace the path that a molecule of water would follow as it traveled from a lymphatic capillary in the left side of the head of a fetus to the fetal aorta. - Name every lymphatic vessel, blood vessel, heart chamber, foramen, and valve that it would pass. - Note that some items have been partially completed for you. - Note that some items have been totally completed for you. - Do not abbreviate anything except R for right and L for left. Lymphatic capillary Lymphatic collecting vessel Trunk Duct Vein Vein Atrium Valve Valve Valve Aortic semilunar Valve 45