Chapter 3. Immunity and how vaccines work
|
|
- Laurence Bryant
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 3 Immunity and how vaccines work
2 3.1 Objectives: To understand and describe the immune system and how vaccines produce immunity To understand the differences between Passive and Active immunity To understand what Antigens and Antibodies are and how they contribute to immunity To understand how vaccines work To understand the importance of different components of vaccines including suspension fluids, preservatives, stabilisers and antimicrobial agents and thiomersal To understand the differences between inactivated vaccines, toxoids and live vaccines To understand what is meant by the term vaccine failure To understand why it is necessary to leave time intervals between vaccinations. 3.2 The immune system Immunity can be defined as the ability of the human body to protect itself from infectious disease. The body has its own specific mechanism for protection e.g. physical barriers (skin and mucous membranes), chemical barriers (gastric and digestive enzymes) and immunological barriers (phagocytes, macrophages and complement system) that help to protect us. The characteristic feature of these mechanisms of protection is that no memory of protection exists afterwards. 3.3 Active and Passive Immunity Immunity to illness can be acquired through passive or active mechanisms. Passive immunity is the mechanism whereby protection is provided by the transfer of antibodies from people who have immunity to those that do not. The most common form of passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby across the placenta. Other less common forms of passive immunity include transfer of antibodies through transfusion of blood or blood products including immunoglobulin. This protection is temporary. Active immunity can be acquired through contact with a disease and the development of antibodies to that disease or through vaccination. Vaccines are designed to provide immunity similar to natural disease but without the side effects or complications of the disease. Vaccination helps to stimulate and strengthen the immune system and generate long lasting immunity. Active immunisation involves the administration of all, or part of, a micro-organism or a modified product of that micro-organism (e.g. toxoid, purified antigen, or an antigen produced by genetic engineering) to provoke an immune response in the recipient. Some vaccines provide life long protection against disease, some provide partial protection and some must be re-administered at regular intervals to provide protection. 3.4 What do antibodies contribute to the immune system? Antibodies neutralise toxins, block adhesion/cell entry of the antigen and kill the antigen by producing complement. Different types of antibody are produced at different time periods and by different body systems. Antibodies are antigen specific and cannot cross protect e.g. measles antibody cannot protect against meningococcal disease etc. There are five different types of antibodies namely IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE antibodies, of which IgM and IgG are the most important (Figure 3.1). Page 22
3 A Practical Guide to Immunisation Figure 3.1: Immune Response following exposure to antigen. The primary immune response develops in the weeks following exposure to an antigen and is mainly IgM antibody. It is made by cells in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow and circulates in the blood and lymphatic system. IgM antibodies activate the complement system. IgM antibodies have a short half-life (5 days). The secondary immune response is faster and more powerful and is predominantly IgG antibody. It is made in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow. The IgG antibody is smaller than IgM and its half life is about 3 weeks. It also passes through the placenta from mother to baby giving the baby antibodies to which the mother is immune. Active immunity can be divided into antibody and cell mediated responses Antibody mediated immunity Antibody mediated responses are produced by B lymphocytes (B cells) and plasma cells. When a B cell encounters an antigen that it recognises, the B cell is stimulated to proliferate and produce large numbers of lymphocytes, secreting antibody to the antigen. Replication and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells is regulated by contact with the antigen and by interactions with T cells, macrophages and complement. The antibodies produce immunity through neutralising toxins, blocking adhesion and cell entry by organisms, neutralising and preventing viral replication or complement-mediated killing Cell mediated immunity Cell mediated immunity is controlled by a subset of lymphocytes called T lymphocytes or T cells. T cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and play an inhibitory role and control the level and quality of the immune response. Cytotoxic T cells recognise and destroy infected cells and activate phagocytes to destroy pathogens that they have taken up. 3.5 How do vaccines work? Vaccines work by inducing active immunity and by providing immunological memory. Immunological memory allows the immune system to recognise and respond rapidly to natural infection when exposed at a later stage and to prevent or modify the effect of that disease. Antibodies can be detected in blood or serum but, even if undetectable, memory usually still exists. Vaccines are made from inactivated (killed) or attenuated live organisms, secreted products, recombinant components or components of cell walls. Vaccines must contain sufficient antigenic mass to stimulate a desired response. The components of vaccines are listed in Table 3.1. Page 23
4 Table 3.1: Types of Vaccines Vaccine Name BCG Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio MMR Meningococcal Hib Hepatitis B Pneumococcal Type Live attenuated Toxoid Toxoid Inactivated bacteria Inactivated virus Live attenuated 3.6 Vaccine components Other components of vaccines include: Conjugating agents There are carrier proteins which when combined with antigens enhance the type and magnitude of the immune response. Examples include Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) and Meningococcal C vaccine Suspension fluid The suspension fluid could simply be water for injection or saline solution. It may also be a tissueculture mixture containing proteins or other components from which the vaccine is produced (e.g. egg antigen, gelatine or cell culture derived antigens) Preservatives, stabilisers and antimicrobial agents. Trace amounts of preservatives and antimicrobial agents (e.g.neomycin or streptomycin sulphate) may be included in some vaccines and immunoglobulin products to maintain stability. An allergic reaction can occur if the recipient is sensitive to one or more of these additives Thiomersal Thiomersal (also known as thimerosal) is a mercury-containing compound added to some vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. Thiomersal has been used since the 1930s in the manufacture of some vaccines and other medical products. Thiomersal is also used as an inactivating agent in the very early stages of production of some killed vaccines. Only minuscule amounts of thiomersal used for this purpose remain after the manufacture is completed. Recently there was concern that thiomersal could be associated with neurological problems. There is now strong evidence to show that thiomersal in vaccines does not cause adverse neurological effects. As part of a global goal to reduce exposure to mercury from avoidable sources in general, European and American regulators recommended in 1999 that vaccine manufacturers phase out use of thiomersal wherever possible as a precautionary measure. Manufacturers are actively developing research programmes to eliminate, substitute or reduce thiomersal in vaccines, following the European recommendations. Further information is available on the National Immunisation Office website Page 24
5 3.6.5 Adjuvants An aluminium salt is used in varying concentrations to increase immunogenicity for vaccines containing inactivated micro-organisms or their products. Examples include Hepatitis B vaccine, and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. 3.7 Live attenuated vaccines Live attenuated vaccines usually are created from the virus or bacterium itself. Viruses and bacteria are weakened (or attenuated) by growing them over and over again in a laboratory under nourishing conditions called cell culture. The process of growing a virus repeatedly serves to lessen the disease-causing ability of the virus. Vaccines are made from viruses whose disease-causing ability has been weakened from multiple passages. Live attenuated viral vaccines produce a long lasting immune response after one or two doses. The live organism grows in the body and stimulates the immune system to react as it does to natural infection. As the vaccine is an attenuated live vaccine it does not cause the disease itself but can cause a mild form of the disease (e.g. fever and rash 6-10 days after MMR). 3.8 Inactivated vaccines and toxoids Inactivated vaccines and toxoids injected into a person who does not have prior exposure to the antigen produce a primary antibody response. IgM antibody is produced initially followed by IgG antibody. Two or more injections are usually required initially with the need for booster doses at longer time intervals. Even if antibody levels are undetectable immunological memory will persist and will be called upon in response to antigen exposure. Inactivated vaccines cannot cause the disease that they have been designed to protect against. Polysaccharide vaccines are not as effective in stimulating the immune system as toxoids. This means that the polysaccharide vaccines do not provide life long immunity and the response in children can be poor. The vaccines can be made more effective by conjugation as described above. Some inactivated vaccines contain adjuvants such as aluminium phosphate or aluminium hydroxide to enhance the immune response. 3.9 What is vaccine failure? When a person who has been fully vaccinated develops the disease against which they have been vaccinated, it is referred to as vaccine failure. In the vast majority of cases, however, it is not the vaccine that has failed, but an inadequate immune response to the vaccine has occurred. Vaccine failure can be primary or secondary Primary vaccine failure occurs when the recipient does not produce enough antibodies when first vaccinated. Infection can therefore occur at any time post vaccination. This can occur in about 10% of those who receive the MMR vaccine. Secondary vaccine failure occurs when an adequate number of antibodies are produced immediately after the vaccination, but the levels fall over time. The incidence of secondary vaccine Page 25
6 failure therefore increases with time after initial vaccination and booster doses are required. This is a feature of many of the inactivated vaccines Why it is necessary to leave time intervals between vaccinations? Gaps between deliveries of vaccines are needed to allow the immune response to develop. If another live vaccine is given whilst the immune system is making a primary immune response, the activation of the immune system may neutralise the second live vaccine so that it does not work. A gap of four weeks is therefore required between the administration of any two live vaccines. If immunoglobulin has been given, it is necessary to leave a gap of three months before a live vaccine can be administered. The antibodies in the immunoglobulin could neutralise any live vaccines Useful resources American Academy of Paediatrics Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases The Red Book Department of Health UK. November Immunisation against infectious disease. dh.gov.uk/en/policyandguidance/healthandsocialcaretopics/greenbook/dh_ Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Ireland. Irish Pharmaceutical Healthcare Association Medical Compendium. Irish Medicines Board. National Immunisation Office. Health Service Executive, Ireland. Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. Immunisation Guidelines for Ireland. Available at Page 26
Immunity and how vaccines work
1 Introduction Immunity is the ability of the human body to protect itself from infectious disease. The defence mechanisms of the body are complex and include innate (non-specific, non-adaptive) mechanisms
More informationPrinciples of Vaccination
Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Immunology is a complicated subject, and a detailed discussion of it is beyond the scope of this text. However, an understanding of the basic function of the
More informationspecific B cells Humoral immunity lymphocytes antibodies B cells bone marrow Cell-mediated immunity: T cells antibodies proteins
Adaptive Immunity Chapter 17: Adaptive (specific) Immunity Bio 139 Dr. Amy Rogers Host defenses that are specific to a particular infectious agent Can be innate or genetic for humans as a group: most microbes
More informationCore Topic 2. The immune system and how vaccines work
Core Topic 2 The immune system and how vaccines work Learning outcome To be able to describe in outline the immune system and how vaccines work in individuals and populations Learning objectives Explain
More informationPrinciples of Vaccination
Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Immunology is a complicated subject, and a detailed discussion of it is beyond the scope of this text. However, an understanding of the basic function of the
More information1) Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with animal A) Antibodies. B) Red blood cells. C) Transferrin. D) White blood cells. E) Receptors.
Prof. Lester s BIOL 210 Practice Exam 4 (There is no answer key. Please do not email or ask me for answers.) Chapters 15, 16, 17, 19, HIV/AIDS, TB, Quorum Sensing 1) Siderophores are bacterial proteins
More information2) Macrophages function to engulf and present antigen to other immune cells.
Immunology The immune system has specificity and memory. It specifically recognizes different antigens and has memory for these same antigens the next time they are encountered. The Cellular Components
More information10. T and B cells are types of a. endocrine cells. c. lymphocytes. b. platelets. d. complement cells.
Virus and Immune System Review Directions: Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. 1. Why does a cut in the skin threaten the body s nonspecific defenses against disease? a. If a cut bleeds, disease-fighting
More informationBasics of Immunology
Basics of Immunology 2 Basics of Immunology What is the immune system? Biological mechanism for identifying and destroying pathogens within a larger organism. Pathogens: agents that cause disease Bacteria,
More informationTransient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy. Chapter 7
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy Chapter 7 An unborn baby makes no IgG (antibody) and only slowly starts producing it after birth. However, starting at about the sixth month of pregnancy, the
More informationThe Body s Defenses CHAPTER 24
CHAPTER 24 The Body s Defenses PowerPoint Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece,
More informationFactsheet September 2012. Pertussis immunisation for pregnant women. Introduction
Factsheet September 2012 Pertussis immunisation for pregnant women Introduction The routine childhood immunisation programme has been very effective in reducing the overall numbers of cases of pertussis.
More informationName (print) Name (signature) Period. (Total 30 points)
AP Biology Worksheet Chapter 43 The Immune System Lambdin April 4, 2011 Due Date: Thurs. April 7, 2011 You may use the following: Text Notes Power point Internet One other person in class "On my honor,
More informationWhy use passive immunity?
Vaccines Active vs Passive Immunization Active is longer acting and makes memory and effector cells Passive is shorter acting, no memory and no effector cells Both can be obtained through natural processes:
More informationMicrobiology AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION
TORTORA FUNKE CASE Microbiology AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity. Chapter 17 Specific Defenses of the Host: The Immune Response B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
More informationChapter 18: Applications of Immunology
Chapter 18: Applications of Immunology 1. Vaccinations 2. Monoclonal vs Polyclonal Ab 3. Diagnostic Immunology 1. Vaccinations What is Vaccination? A method of inducing artificial immunity by exposing
More informationPertussis (whooping cough) immunisation for pregnant women the safest way to protect yourself and your baby
Factsheet September 2012 Pertussis (whooping cough) immunisation for pregnant women the safest way to protect yourself and your baby The routine childhood immunisation programme has been very effective
More informationEffector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity
Immunologie II für Naturwissenschaftler Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity Beda M. Stadler Institute of Immunology Inselspital Bern, Switzerland http://www.immunology.unibe.ch/teaching/imm2/immuno2.htm
More informationHUMORAL IMMUNE RE- SPONSES: ACTIVATION OF B CELLS AND ANTIBODIES JASON CYSTER SECTION 13
SECTION 13 HUMORAL IMMUNE RE- SPONSES: ACTIVATION OF B CELLS AND ANTIBODIES CONTACT INFORMATION Jason Cyster, PhD (Email) READING Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System. Abbas,
More informationANIMALS FORM & FUNCTION BODY DEFENSES NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES PHYSICAL BARRIERS PHAGOCYTES. Animals Form & Function Activity #4 page 1
AP BIOLOGY ANIMALS FORM & FUNCTION ACTIVITY #4 NAME DATE HOUR BODY DEFENSES NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES PHYSICAL BARRIERS PHAGOCYTES Animals Form & Function Activity #4 page 1 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ANTIMICROBIAL
More informationAddition of vaccination against hepatitis B infection and change of the HPV vaccination programme
Change to DENMARK S CHILDHOOD VACCINATION PROGRAMME 2014 Addition of vaccination against hepatitis B infection and change of the HPV vaccination programme 2014 Addition to the Danish Health and Medicines
More informationImmunity. Humans have three types of immunity innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate Immunity
Immunity Humans have three types of immunity innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate Immunity Everyone is born with innate (or natural) immunity, a type of general protection. Many of the germs that affect
More informationVaccination against pertussis (whooping cough) - the replacement of Repevax with Boostrix -IPV an update for registered healthcare practitioners
Vaccination against pertussis (whooping cough) - the replacement of Repevax with Boostrix -IPV an update for registered healthcare practitioners Questions and Answers May 2014 Health Protection Scotland
More informationPertussis (whooping cough) immunisation for pregnant women
Factsheet September 2012 Pertussis (whooping cough) immunisation for pregnant women Immunisation DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Rheynn Slaynt The routine childhood immunisation programme has been very effective
More informationLymph capillaries, Lymphatic collecting vessels, Valves, Lymph Duct, Lymph node, Vein
WLHS/A&P/Oppelt Name Lymphatic System Practice 1. Figure 12-1 provides an overview of the lymphatic vessels. First color code the following structures. Color code in Figure 12-1 Heart Veins Lymphatic vessels/lymph
More informationHSA Consumer Guide. Understanding Vaccines, Vaccine Development and Production. www.hsa.gov.sg November 2009. How a Vaccine Works.
November 2009 Understanding Vaccines, Vaccine Development and Production Vaccines, in general, help protect people from harmful infections before they come in contact with the disease. Vaccines may also
More informationhttp://www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/077/077006650b0240...
1 of 5 7/30/2014 9:47 AM TITLE 77: PUBLIC HEALTH CHAPTER I: DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SUBCHAPTER i: MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH PART 665 CHILD HEALTH EXAMINATION CODE SECTION 665.240 BASIC IMMUNIZATION
More informationUnit 9: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems NURSING PHYSIOLOGY (NRSG237)
Unit 9: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Dr. Moattar Raza Rizvi NURSING PHYSIOLOGY (NRSG237) Functions: Transports Excess Interstitial Fluid Back to Bloodstream Lymphatic vessels collect lymph from loose
More information2 months Diptheria; Tetanus; Whooping Cough; Hib & Polio 1st dose Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination
IMMUNISATIONS You may want to know if your child should have routine immunisations and whether there could be an increased risk of complications because of the heart condition. We have sought the opinions
More informationThe Immune System. 2 Types of Defense Mechanisms. Lines of Defense. Line of Defense. Lines of Defense
The Immune System 2 Types of Defense Mechanisms Immune System the system that fights infection by producing cells to inactivate foreign substances to avoid infection and disease. Immunity the body s ability
More informationBio 20 Chapter 11 Workbook Blood and the Immune System Ms. Nyboer
Bio 20 Chapter 11 Workbook Blood and the Immune System Ms. Nyboer Name: Part A: Components of Blood 1. List the 3 plasma proteins and describe the function of each Albumins osmotic balance Globulins antibodies,
More informationSevere Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID)
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) ASCIA EDUCATION RESOURCES (AER) PATIENT INFORMATION Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) is the most serious form of primary immune deficiency and is usually
More informationAnaphylaxis and other adverse events
Anaphylaxis and other adverse events Aim: To be able to manage anaphylaxis and other adverse events correctly Learning outcomes Define local and systemic adverse events Distinguish between anaphylaxis
More informationThe Immune System: A Tutorial
The Immune System: A Tutorial Modeling and Simulation of Biological Systems 21-366B Shlomo Ta asan Images taken from http://rex.nci.nih.gov/behindthenews/uis/uisframe.htm http://copewithcytokines.de/ The
More informationTdaP-Booster (tee-dee-ay-pee boo-ster)
New Zealand Consumer Medicine Information TdaP-Booster (tee-dee-ay-pee boo-ster) Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (acellular mono-component) vaccine (adsorbed, reduced antigen content) CONSUMER MEDICINE
More informationImmunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2014 recommendations
VACCINE Table 1. Spanish Association of Paediatrics Immunisation Schedule. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Vaccines Age in months Age in years 0 2 4 6 12-15 15-18 2-3 4-6 11-12 Hepatitis B
More informationImmune System Memory Game
Immune System Memory Game Recommended Age: 12 years old Time: 45 minutes Everyday our bodies come in contact with millions of tiny organisms and particles that could potentially make us sick. Despite this,
More informationSelective IgA deficiency (slgad) hello@piduk.org 0800 987 8986 www.piduk.org
Selective IgA deficiency (slgad) hello@piduk.org 0800 987 8986 www.piduk.org About this booklet This booklet provides information on selective IgA deficiency (sigad). It has been produced by the PID UK
More informationSupplemental Material CBE Life Sciences Education. Su et al.
Supplemental Material CBE Life Sciences Education Su et al. APPENDIX Human Body's Immune System Test This test consists of 31 questions, with only 1 answer to be selected for each question. Please select
More informationVaccination against pertussis (Whooping cough) for pregnant women- 2014. Information for healthcare professionals
Vaccination against pertussis (Whooping cough) for pregnant women- 2014 Information for healthcare professionals About Public Health England Public Health England s mission is to protect and improve the
More information37 2 Blood and the Lymphatic System Slide 1 of 34
1 of 34 Blood is a connective tissue that contains both dissolved substances and specialized cells. 2 of 34 The functions of blood include: collecting oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive
More informationVaccination: It s what your child would choose. Your guide to childhood vaccinations.
Vaccination: It s what your child would choose No-one likes an injection, but your child would never choose to suffer from serious conditions like measles, mumps or whooping cough. Your guide to childhood
More informationHow To Immunise Health Workers
GUIDELINE Vaccination of Health Care Workers Version 2 December 2012 Centre for Healthcare Related Infection Surveillance and Prevention Introduction This guideline provides information to support Hospital
More informationCHAPTER 35 HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM STANDARDS:SC.912.L.14.52 & SC.912.L.14.6
CHAPTER 35 HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM STANDARDS:SC.912.L.14.52 & SC.912.L.14.6 SECTION 1 - Infectious Disease 1.Identify the causes of infectious disease. 2.Explain how infectious diseases are spread. Causes
More informationFunctions of Blood. Collects O 2 from lungs, nutrients from digestive tract, and waste products from tissues Helps maintain homeostasis
Blood Objectives Describe the functions of blood Describe blood plasma Explain the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Summarize the process of blood clotting What is Blood?
More informationVaccinations and Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus
shinecharity.org.uk info@shinecharity.org.uk 42 Park Road Peterborough PE1 2UQ 01733 555988 Vaccinations and Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus Vaccines are made from parts of bacteria or viruses that cause
More informationTEXAS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE
TEXAS ADMINISTRATIVE CODE TITLE 25 PART 1 CHAPTER 97 SUBCHAPTER B HEALTH SERVICES DEPARTMENT OF STATE HEALTH SERVICES COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IMMUNIZATION REQUIREMENTS IN TEXAS ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
More informationImmuno-Oncology Therapies to Treat Lung Cancer
Immuno-Oncology Therapies to Treat Lung Cancer What you need to know ONCHQ14NP07519 Introduction: Immuno-oncology represents an innovative approach to cancer research that seeks to harness the body s own
More informationELISA BIO 110 Lab 1. Immunity and Disease
ELISA BIO 110 Lab 1 Immunity and Disease Introduction The principal role of the mammalian immune response is to contain infectious disease agents. This response is mediated by several cellular and molecular
More informationOne of the more complex systems we re looking at. An immune response (a response to a pathogen) can be of two types:
Immune system. One of the more complex systems we re looking at. An immune response (a response to a pathogen) can be of two types: (pathogen - disease causing organism) 1) Non specific. Anything foreign
More informationThe Immunization Office, located in the Student Health Center, is open year round to administer needed immunizations at a nominal fee.
Student Health Services 2815 Cates Avenue Raleigh, NC 27695-7304 919-515-2563 healthcenter.ncsu.edu The Immunization Record Form is designed to collect information about your current immunization status.
More informationInfluenza virus Vaccine, Split Virus, When administered to individuals 3 years or older, for intramuscular use (Agriflu)
Adult Immunization Codes State and School Employees Life and Health Insurance Plan Not Subject to Calendar Year Deductible 100% of allowable for covered procedures Payable only for Network Providers (In-State
More informationHealth (Drugs and Poisons) Regulation 1996. Drug Therapy Protocol Immunisation Program Nurse
Health (Drugs and Poisons) Regulation 1996 Drug Therapy Protocol Immunisation Program Nurse Health Protection Unit Medicines Regulation and Quality PO Box 21 Fortitude Valley BC QLD 4006 Telephone (07)
More informationChapter 43: The Immune System
Name Period Our students consider this chapter to be a particularly challenging and important one. Expect to work your way slowly through the first three concepts. Take particular care with Concepts 43.2
More informationCHAPTER 2 ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
CHAPTER 2 ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS See APPENDIX (1) THE PRECIPITIN CURVE; (2) LABELING OF ANTIBODIES The defining characteristic of HUMORAL immune responses (which distinguishes them from CELL-MEDIATED
More informationI B2.4. Design of the patient information leaflet for VariQuin
(English translation of official Dutch version) I B2.4. Design of the patient information leaflet for VariQuin Information for the Patient: Read this package leaflet carefully when you have some time to
More information160S01105, Page 1 of 7. Human Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin, solution for intramuscular injection.
160S01105, Page 1 of 7 New Zealand Data Sheet Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin-VF NAME OF THE MEDICINE Human Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin, solution for intramuscular injection. DESCRIPTION Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin-VF
More informationImmunization Information for Blinn College Students
1 Immunization Information for Blinn College Students *Important Information Regarding the Bacterial Meningitis Vaccine* The State passed Senate Bill 1107 in 2011 and recently Senate Bill 62 in 2013, which
More informationImmunisation and Health Information for Health Care Workers and Others in At Risk Occupations
Chapter 4 Occupations 04 Information for Health Care Workers and Others in At Risk Occupations Introduction Workers in a variety of occupations may be exposed to infectious agents during their employment.
More informationVaccination of children and adolescents
Information letter from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health No. 3 National childhood vaccination programme in Norway English Last updated July 2010 www.fhi.no/publ/infoletter Vaccination of children
More informationImmunity Unit Test Z
Immunity Unit Test Z Name MB Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the pathogens in Figure 31.1 cause disease by taking over healthy
More informationSummary of the risk management plan (RMP) for Tritanrix HB [Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whole cell) and hepatitis B (rdna) vaccine (adsorbed)]
EMA/14365/2014 Summary of the risk management plan (RMP) for Tritanrix HB [Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whole cell) and hepatitis B (rdna) vaccine (adsorbed)] Overview of disease epidemiology Diphtheria
More informationImmunisation Services - Authority for Registered Nurses and Midwives
Policy Directive Ministry of Health, NSW 73 Miller Street North Sydney NSW 2060 Locked Mail Bag 961 North Sydney NSW 2059 Telephone (02) 9391 9000 Fax (02) 9391 9101 http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/
More informationVaccination Requirements for U.S. Immigration: Technical Instructions for Panel Physicians. December 14, 2009
Vaccination Requirements for U.S. Immigration: Technical Instructions for Panel Physicians December 14, 2009 Table of Contents Preface... iii Significant Changes in the Vaccination Requirements... 1 Procedure
More informationFigure 14.2 Overview of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
I M M U N I T Y Innate (inborn) Immunity does not distinguish one pathogen from another Figure 14.2 Overview of Innate and Adaptive Immunity Our first line of defense includes physical and chemical barriers
More informationPre-school immunisations
Pre-school immunisations A guide to vaccinations at three years and four months of age the safest way to protect your child The complete routine childhood immunisation programme These booklets describe
More informationOverview of the Cattle Immune System 1
Oregon State University BEEF043 Beef Cattle Library Beef Cattle Sciences Overview of the Cattle Immune System 1 Reinaldo F. Cooke 2 Introduction On average, the U.S. cattle industry loses more than $1
More informationDENMARK S CHILDHOOD VACCINATION PROGRAMME
DENMARK S CHILDHOOD VACCINATION PROGRAMME 2013 7th EDITION Denmark s childhood vaccination programme, 2012 7th edition 2013 by the Danish Health and Medicines Authority. All rights reserved. Danish Health
More informationNova Scotia Immunization Manual
Nova Scotia Immunization Manual Table of Contents Chapter 1: NS Immunization Program... 2 Chapter 2: Professional Responsibilities... 5 Chapter 3: General Principles of Immunology and Immunization... 9
More informationSchool of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences INFORMATION FOR HEALTH CARE STUDENTS RE: VACCINATIONS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences INFORMATION FOR HEALTH CARE STUDENTS RE: VACCINATIONS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES Adults as well as children need protection against infectious diseases. As Health
More informationALBERTA IMMUNIZATION POLICY GUIDELINES
ALBERTA IMMUNIZATION POLICY GUIDELINES Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio and Hib Vaccines. Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis-Polio-Haemophilus influenzae type b Conjugate Combined Vaccine (DTaP-IPV-
More informationAppendix 7.5: Immunization for Children Expecting Solid Organ Transplant after 18 Months of Age (Catch-up and Ongoing Schedule)
Appendix 7.5: Immunization for Children Expecting Solid Organ Transplant after 18 Months of Age (Catch-up and Ongoing Schedule) Revision Date: September 5, 2014 Note: These guidelines are intended as a
More informationTdap booster vaccine for Health Care Workers Frequently Asked Questions for Health Professionals
Tdap booster vaccine for Health Care Workers Frequently Asked Questions for Health Professionals NEW items in 2013 Immunisation Guidelines for Ireland are in RED What is Tdap booster vaccine? Tdap is a
More information2 P age. Babies from Birth to Age 2
Contents Babies from Birth to Age 2... 2 Vaccines give parents the power... 2 Vaccines are recommended throughout our lives... 3 Talk to your doctor... 3 Vaccines are very safe... 3 Whooping Cough (Pertussis)...
More informationImmunization Healthcare Branch. Meningococcal Vaccination Program Questions and Answers. Prepared by
Immunization Healthcare Branch Meningococcal Vaccination Program Questions and Answers Prepared by Immunization Healthcare Branch (IHB), Defense Health Agency Last Updated: 27 Mar 06 www.vaccines.mil 877-GET-VACC
More informationInformation on Measles and Whooping Cough: Vaccination and Disease
Information on Measles and Whooping Cough: Vaccination and Disease Vaccine s Mechanism of Action Vaccines expose the recipient to a small amount of an weakened organism. Through this exposure, the body
More informationGuidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women
Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women from Recommendations of the Advisory
More informationRegulations of Connecticut State Agencies. R.C.S.A. 10-204a-1 10-204a-4 CONTENTS. Procedures for reporting immunization data
Agency Subject School Immunizations Requirements Inclusive Sections 10-204a-1 10-204a-4 Sec. 10-204a-1. Sec. 10-204a-2. Sec. 10-204a-2a. Sec. 10-204a-3. Sec. 10-204a-3a. Sec. 10-204a-4. CONTENTS Definitions
More informationChapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity Major function of the Lymphatic System o Network of vessels that collect and carry excess fluid from interstitial spaces back to blood circulation o Organs
More informationPlan early - get your vaccinations in time for full protection. To prepare for your trip, schedule an appointment: (910) 347-2154, option #2.
The Onslow County Health Department Travel Clinic offers a complete line of immunizations and prescriptions to protect you while traveling abroad. The most appropriate immunizations and travel medications
More informationSingle-celled microorganisms, which can live inside or outside the body. Some cause sickness, but others are harmless.
The Science behind the Noses are Red show: Introduction: The Noses are Red show is about allergies and the biological causes behind them. In order to explain allergies you need to understand a certain
More informationName Date Class. This section explains what kinds of organisms cause infectious disease and how infectious diseases are spread.
Fighting Disease Name Date Class Infectious Disease This section explains what kinds of organisms cause infectious disease and how infectious diseases are spread. Use Target Reading Skills Before you read,
More informationInfluenza Vaccine Frequently Asked Questions. Influenza Control Program
Influenza Vaccine Frequently Asked Questions Influenza Control Program Influenza or the flu can be a serious contagious disease, which is spread by droplet transmission through close contact with an infected
More informationImmunization FAQs Required Vaccines for 2014-15 School Year
Immunization Schedules and Documentation Immunization FAQs Required Vaccines for 2014-15 School Year 1. Question: What is the difference between the recommended immunization schedule and the Colorado School
More informationThe Challenge of Whooping Cough:
The Challenge of Whooping Cough: Canada s Role in the Development of Pertussis Vaccines AUTHORS: Luis Barreto, M.B.B.S., M.D., M.H.Sc. Rob Van Exan, Ph.D. Christopher Rutty, Ph.D. CREATED THROUGH AN EDUCATIONAL
More informationTHE DANISH CHILDHOOD VACCINATION PROGRAMME
THE DANISH CHILDHOOD VACCINATION PROGRAMME 2015 CONTENTS Introduction 2 The Danish childhood vaccination programme 3 Why do we vaccinate children in Denmark? 4 The diseases 5 Diphtheria 5 Tetanus 5 Whooping
More informationAppendix D APPENDIX D Vaccine Safety
Appendix APPENIX Vaccine Safety The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)......................... -1 The Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP)........................... -3 Vaccine Injury
More informationModifying the childhood immunisation schedule
Modifying the childhood immunisation schedule With thanks to Dr. Marilyn Lansley for allowing adaptation and use of her presentations Vaccine Advice for CliniCians Service Objectives Understand the flexibility
More informationB Cells and Antibodies
B Cells and Antibodies Andrew Lichtman, MD PhD Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Lecture outline Functions of antibodies B cell activation; the role of helper T cells in antibody production
More informationThe timing of vaccination with respect to anaesthesia and surgery. 1. Surgery following immunisation with inactivated vaccines
The timing of vaccination with respect to anaesthesia and surgery Main recommendations: 1. Surgery following immunisation with inactivated vaccines Delay surgery 48 hours post vaccination to avoid postvaccination
More informationExplanation of Immunization Requirements
Explanation of Immunization Requirements CONTENTS Hepatitis A... 2 Hepatitis B... 3 Influenza... 4 Measles (Rubella), Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)... 5 Pertussis (Tdap)... 6 Tuberculosis (TB) Test... 7 Varicella/Chicken
More informationIMMUNIZATION IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
143 IMMUNIZATION IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS Immunization in preterm/low birth weight infants In principle, all vaccines may be administered as per schedule according to the chronological age irrespective of
More informationWhooping Cough Vaccine for Pregnant Women
Whooping Cough Vaccine for Pregnant Women What is whooping cough (pertussis)? Whooping cough (also known as pertussis) is a highly contagious illness that can be life threatening. The disease is most serious
More informationMENINGOCOCCAL GROUP B VACCINE (BEXSERO) Information for Health Professionals
MENINGOCOCCAL GROUP B VACCINE (BEXSERO) Information for Health Professionals What is Bexsero vaccine? Bexsero is a meningococcal Group B (MenB) vaccine which is indicated for the active immunisation of
More informationPentavalent Vaccine. Guide for Health Workers. with Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
Pentavalent Vaccine Guide for Health Workers with Answers to Frequently Asked Questions Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India 2012 Immunization is one of the most well-known and effective
More informationThe Immune System and Disease
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section 40 1 Infectious Disease (pages 1029 1033) This section describes the causes of disease and explains how infectious diseases are transmitted Introduction
More informationThe role of IBV proteins in protection: cellular immune responses. COST meeting WG2 + WG3 Budapest, Hungary, 2015
The role of IBV proteins in protection: cellular immune responses COST meeting WG2 + WG3 Budapest, Hungary, 2015 1 Presentation include: Laboratory results Literature summary Role of T cells in response
More informationChildhood. Immunisation
Childhood Immunisation Contents Introduction................................................................. 1 What is immunisation?........................................................ 2 What is a
More informationSchool of Nursing and Midwifery. Immunisation and Infection Risk Policy
School of Nursing and Midwifery Immunisation and Infection Risk Policy Notice to all Students IMMUNISATION AND INFECTION RISK SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY As you are about to embark on an educational
More informationFocus on Preventing Disease. keeping an eye on a healthy bottom line. Cattle Industry
Focus on Preventing Disease keeping an eye on a healthy bottom line Cattle Industry Multimin + VACCINES : University OF FLORIDA study data Study 1 Effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral immune
More information