Structural Failure, Product Liability and Technical Insurance, IV 2

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1 Structural Failure, Product Liability and Technical Insurance, IV 2 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Structural Failure, Product Liability and Technical Insurance, Vienna, Austria, 6-9 July 1992 edited by H.P. Rossmanith Institute of Mechanics Technical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria UNIVLK "' "CTHEK! - 3THEK ' 1993 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - London - New York - Tokyo

Vienna, Austria, 6-9 July 1992 edited by H.P.

2 VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface v Plenary lectures Are the safety measures taken by the designer adequate? K.K.Hakkinen 1 Product safety and product liability law in the single market and the European economic area W.Posch 9 Comparison of product liability law cases in EC, US and Japan: Status quo and beyond H.Bisanz 28 On international patent law T.Yamada 34 Some comments on the crashworthiness of structures and impact energy absorption N.Jones 39 Fatigue life prediction - A review of the state of the art W.Schutz 49 The application of biomechanics to the analysis of automotive and skiing accident injuries R.L.Piziali, T.Khatua and R.Merala 61

Posch 9 Comparison of product liability law cases in EC, US and Japan: Status quo and beyond H.Bisanz 28 On international patent law T.

3 Failure Analysis Northwest Airlines Detroit Crash MD-80 Flight Mechanics R.A.Kadlec and F.P.Bayan 69 The problem of helicopter and aircraft wire strike accidents B.Ross, J.Eischen and F.Bayan 77 The rise and fall of a parking garage D.Wickersheimer 85 Brittle fracture in an old ladle anchorage D.Firrao and R.Doglione 92 Experiences in the investigation of fires and fire-damaged materials I.Le May 100 Investigation of tank car failures resulting from poor welding practices H.E.Otto 107 Quality assurance of steam turbine rotor - a case study L.Nedeljkovic and V.Grkovic 115 Examples of the failure evaluation process P.Noakowski and P.Moncarz 123 Product Liability The technical-legal interface in presenting technical information in trials of fact in products liability cases E.W.Green and P.F.Packman 130 The state of the art defense in product liability - A positive concept or an abomination F.RLand 137 Product liability - and the search for new and deeper pockets J.S. Kirkwood 145 Risk engineering B.Klikar 153 When construction risks eventuate N.G.Bunni 161 Legal liability and technical insurance aspects of stochastic prospect evaluation of engineered structures S.J.K.Rao, C.S.Putcha and J.H.Kreiner 170

Doglione 92 Experiences in the investigation of fires and fire-damaged materials I.Le May 100 Investigation of tank car failures resulting from poor welding practices H.E.Otto 107 Quality assurance of steam turbine rotor - a case study L.

4 IX ISO and their relation to legal requirements on company organization C.O.Bauer 179 The role of audits in failure prevention C.O.Bauer 187 Patent Problems Patent infringements - manufacture of spare parts in construction engineering P.Revy von Belvard 193 Patent problems in Sweden C.Onn 199 Enforcing patents in the U.K. D.Votier 206 Reorganisaton of industrial property protection in the former Soviet Union R.Zellentin 215 Computer and Software Problems Coping with faults in and attacks on computer systems H.Hartig 220 Software Quality W.Dette 227 Software quality and reliability assessment and certification M.Kersken 237 Defect prevention in software development T.Kellermann 245 Organisation and performance of a customer acceptance-test U.Albrecht 249 Software test tools B.Herting 254 Finite element methods - A black box approach to structural clearance A.Puri 260

Zellentin 215 Computer and Software Problems Coping with faults in and attacks on computer systems H.Hartig 220 Software Quality W.

5 Design, Quality, Safety, Human Error Common lessons to be learned from the investigations of failures in a broad range of industries C.E.Nicholson, P.F.Heyes and C.Wilson 268 Relevant requirements for cargo securing equipment L.D.Andersson and H.O.Torstensson 276 Safety of tanks for dangerous goods - a comparison of experience and codes R.Kieselbach 283 Experiments on the safety of lifting slings T.Maatta and K.Hakkinen 291 Failure analysis in order to avoid brittle fracture of plastic products J.L.Spoormaker 300 Bridge Failures Inspection of bridges for fatigue and remedial measures using an expert system approach H.G.Melhem and S.E.Swartz 309 An expert system for resolution of concrete bridge construction problems H.B.Su, Yee-Wei Huang, L.T.Fan, E.R.Russell and S.E.Swartz 317 Typical errors and consequential failures in bridge design and construction in developing countries H.Wenzel 325 Two Danube bridge accidents in Vienna - Damage, repair schemes, consequences R.F.Heckel 333 Danube bridges of Budapest: Fatigue - corrosion - structural damage A.Szittner and M.Kallo 341 Safety and aging of cables of suspension bridges M.P.Bieniek 349 Failure prevention in bridges through continuous vibrational monitoring J.T.De Wolf, P.N.O'Leary and D.A.Bagdasarian 357 Full-scale testing of railway bridges E.Uzgider, A.Ozgen, F.Piroglu and A.K. anli 365

$Kieselbach 283 Experiments on the safety of lifting slings T.Maatta and K.Hakkinen 291 Failure analysis in order to avoid brittle fracture of plastic products J.L.$

6 Failure of Concrete Structures A knowledge based expert system for the design and analysis of concrete and steel structures C.M.L.Wu, H.S.Y.Chan and H.C.Chan 373 Construction failure analysis of multistory concrete buildings W.F.Chen and A.D.Pan 381 Vehicles, Transportation and Accidents The occupant cell of a motor car as a crashworthy structure N.W.Murray and C.Flockhart 388 A model for the frontal impact crashworthiness of the car population D.P.Wood 396 Causes of underride accidents H.L.Snyder 407 Progress in the measurement of the impact energy absorption and crushing strength of real-size thin sheet metal structures for the protection of car passengers C.Albertini and M.Montagnani 415 The fast and slow deformation behaviour in commercial aluminum alloys and steel sheets for automobile bodies E.Nakanishi, M.Itabashi and K.Kawata 423 The use of the computational finite element method for the assessment of damage due to impact or penetration K.Kormi, D.C.Webb and D.A.Duddell 431 Failure analysis of steel pipe beam filled with concrete under impact loading N.Ishikawa, K.Itoh, T.Hoshikawa and H.Suzuki 438

Flockhart 388 A model for the frontal impact crashworthiness of the car population D.P.Wood 396 Causes of underride accidents H.L.

7 xu Pressure Vessels and Piping Good engineering judgement to avoid failure in pressure vessels and piping A.E.Blach 446 Design and reliability of an aluminum liner/frp hybrid pressure vessel Y.Kataoka, T.Mizoguchi, M.Saito, A.Takusagawa and H.Mori 455 Failure of T-intersections for composite pipes R.Kitching and W.M.Tang 463 Fatigue and Environmental Effects Corrosion-caused component failures - Can they be deemed as a basis for product liability or accepted as a curse of nature? D.G.Chakrapani and H.Czyzewski 471 Investigation of widespread corrosion in a sea water cooling system G.W.Greene 479 Some aspects of life assessment, inspection and monitoring of plant R.K.Penny 487 Practical theories for service life prediction of critical aerospace structural components W.L.Ko, R.C.Monaghan and R.H.Jackson 495 Assessment of proneness to failure and structural risk with fuzzy sets A.J.Bignoli and J.R.Fazio 505 Experimental or/and computational fatigue life estimation? M.Bfly 513 Fractographical evaluation of fatigue damage in locked coil wire ropes J.Woodtli and G.Kopanakis 521 Additional Papers Presented at SPT Subject Index 535 Author Index 539

D.G.Chakrapani and H.Czyzewski 471 Investigation of widespread corrosion in a sea water cooling system G.W.Greene 479 Some aspects of life assessment, inspection and monitoring of plant R.K.

James L. Salmon, Ph.D., P.E. Senior Engineer 513-376-7974 direct 513-254-5949 mobile [email protected] PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

James L. Salmon, Ph.D., P.E. Senior Engineer 513-376-7974 direct 513-254-5949 mobile jsalmon@caulfieldeng.com PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE James L. Salmon, Ph.D., P.E. 513-376-7974 direct 513-254-5949 mobile [email protected] PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Current Caulfield Engineering, LLC Naperville, Illinois Dr. Salmon specializes in the