190 km³ Evaporation Precipitation. Flensburg. Kiel. Bremerhaven Wilhelmshaven

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1 Evything Flows 30 km³ 190 km³ Evapoation A G E R M A N WAT E R B A L A N C E Pcipitation Flnsbug 6 28 Volums of wat, that flow acoss th bods and th coast via lag ivs Many gions in Gmany us a lot 13 (km³/ya) mo wat than thy a abl to Baltic Sa inflows Kil Rostock Elb Ws obtain thmslvs within thi titoy Stalsund Gifswald Wano w Wh wat is scac in Gmany Lübck (th yllow and oang aas on th map). Th asons fo this includ highly concntatd conomic and sttlmnt stuctus, fatus of Bmhavn Wilhlmshavn Hambug Schwin Nubandnbug th natual landscap and contamination of th goundwat. That is why Stuttgat and th suounding aa, fo xampl, taks its wat Emdn Ems Ems fom soucs such as Lak Constanc, which is ov 100 km away. Oldnbug Elb Lünbug W s Bmn Od vl Ha Elb Natual wat flows Havl All s Em Hanov W s Gmany is a county ich in wat Hildshim in Münst in thoy 188 of wat is availa- ms E mt-dp swimming pool coving th aa Hamm Dsdn. Howv, th natual wat supply Sp Bilfld bl, which would b nough to fill a twobtwn Cologn, Hambug, Blin and Magdbug Elb nighbouing countis. This mans that Baunschwig Osnabück Dssau W s lft ov and a futh 1 flows in fom Fankfut (Od) Potsdam Wolfsbug soucs. Whil it is tu that th-fifths of ainwat vapoats again, 11 is Blin l Hav Padbon Cottbus Lipp Glsnkichn is not distibutd qually acoss th county: in Essn Hn th mountainous gions of southn Gmany Göttingn Dotmund Duisbug Lipzig W Fu lda Cologn Atificial wat flows Ga Jna Chmnitz Aachn Elb Zwickau Bonn > m 10 Gißn in flows though tchnical infastuctus Wima Mabug availabl in Gmany is usd and Efut Gotha Dsdn Sign Pip diamt of th long-distanc piplins: Almost on-fifth of th wat that is Sp l Saa a 1 to m < 1m Koblnz Wh is wat scac? Hof though cooling wat pips, pips fo Cobug industial and domstic wat and dinking Fankfut (Main) Wisbadn with wat via long-distanc piplins, sinc Ma Wat abstaction minus wat in Offnbach in Mo than on in fou housholds is supplid M os ll wat; though sws, dams and ship canals. Mainz Bambg Damstadt consumption in th administativ Bayuth disticts and citis with distict status (mm and l/m²) M wat is not availabl in sufficint quantity o n ai quality gionally. Climat chang and popula- Wüzbug Ti tion dvlopmnt pos nw challngs fo Dün infastuctu opatos. Th biggst consums Kaisslautn Mannhim Hidlbg Numbg a ck N us of wat fo agicultu in Gmany has a Mosll Ludwigshafn Sa industy and housholds. Until now th dict bn almost ngligibl (0.3 km³ p ya). Saabückn Wat consumption in Gmany + 20 Hilbonn (km³/ya) Kalsuh Housholds Industy 21 Sp-Niß Rgnsbug Pfozhim Stuttgat Dan ub Ingolstadt Esslingn Lak Constanc Distict Pow stations in + 36 Elangn of wat a pow stations, followd by Gölitz Düssldof Kassl Wupptal Elb Kfld ld availabl than in Bandnbug. Ruh Mu btwn 10 and 20 tims mo wat is Hall/Saal Tübingn ka Nc Isa Rutlingn Passau D of pollutd wat (gy). Thus tad flows can also b considd to b vitual wat flows. Viwd in this way, Gmany impots appoximatly 120 of vitual wat p ya fom aound Danub balancd ch vapoatd ainwat (gn) and th volum + 0 lza atd goundwat and sufac wat (blu), Sa vapoatd ainwat This wat can b attibutd to th A distinction is mad h btwn vapo- Mmmingn goundwat and sufac wat 28 Constanc pollutd wat 2 C southn inflows 8 on Wat tansf 0 piplins sta nc 100 Stuttgat Obhausn 19 Expot in 6 Rosnhim via long-distanc Lak in 1 Kmptn L ch Vitual Wat (km³/ya) Manufactuing goods quis wat. poducts as vitual wat contnt. 6 Inn Munich Fibug +10 Augsbug b anu Vitual wat flows Misbach Ulm 30 Isa, Inn, Salzach Impot th wold almost twic as much as 200 Hn 220 Munich 28 Glsnkichn km it xpots Scal: appox. 1:1. million (with dviations causd by th pspctiv) SPONSORED BY THE Gman Fdal Institut of Hydology I N S T I T UT E F O R EC O L O G I C A L EC O N O M Y RES EA RC H IMPRINT REFERENCES This post was dvlopd in 201 as pat of th pojct Wat Flows in Gmany (FKZ 033L06). Fdal Ministy fo th Envionmnt, Natu Consvation, Building and Nucla Safty (d.): Hydological Atlas of Gmany, 2003 Authos: Jsko Hischfld (IÖW), Enno Nilson (BfG), Floian Kil (kib) Statistical Offics of th Gman Länd: Umwltökonomisch Gsamtchnung d Länd, Wassnutzung und Abwassinlitung, 2010 Dsign: Goldn Sction Gaphics GmbH Statistischs Bundsamt [Fdal Statistical Offic]: Fachsi 19, Rih 2.1 and 2.2, 2013 Pojct Managmnt: Pojct Managmnt Rsoucs and Sustainability / Pojct Managmnt Jülich Futh infomation on Wat Flows in Gmany is availabl via th pojct wbsit:

2 Gmany is ich in wat soucs But what will th futu bing? What mains of th ain Pcipitation minus vapoation (l/m2/ya) < 0 vn di < 100 < 200 < 300 di < 00 < 00 < 600 < 1000 < 100 > 100 Th wat availability is not distibutd qually Th is a lot of wat in Gmany but it is distibutd unvnly btwn th diffnt gions. Whil a lot of ain and snow falls in th Alps and Cntal Uplands, th is so littl pcipitation in oth aas that almost all of it vapoats again. Without influxs of wat via natual ivs o xpnsiv long-distanc wat piplins, housholds, industy and agicultu in ths aas would hav to manag with vy littl wat. Climat chang could caus ths gional shotags to intnsify in th futu. Shown on th lft a th annual volums of wat fom pcipitation that w lft ov aft subtacting th vapoatd pcipitation in cnt yas. This wat ith adds to th wtt di Rcnt past goundwat o it flows away in sufac wats and is known as gional unoff dpth (fing to th administativ disticts and citis with distict status). Th valus ang fom blow 0 l/m2 in som pats of Bandnbug, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuingia and inland-palatinat to abov 100 l/m2 in som Alpin aas. In th piod th national avag was just ov 300 l/m2. Scnaios 200 Wtt in th mdium tm? Climat scnaios a no wath focasts. Sinc th climat systm is so complx and th unctaintis concning th socioconomic dvlopmnts in th 21st cntuy a considabl, th scnaios psnt diffnt vsions of how futu wat flows could vay fom thos of today. Th low map in th cnt is basd on a scnaio, in which som gions bcom vn wtt by th middl of th cntuy. Oth scnaios suggst that th could b a dcas in th availability of wat by 200 (dpictd on th top map in th cnt). Lag aas in Bandnbug and Saxony-Anhalt would thn hav gula doughts within just a fw dcads. Scnaios 2100 Di in th long tm In th scond half of th cntuy, abov all, sachs xpct wat availability to dcas in almost all pats of Gmany, but at diffnt ats. In paticula, th incas in vapoation mans that vn in modat scnaios, th gional unoff in lag pats of astn Gmany, which is alady vy small, could dcas by 0% to 60% by th nd of th cntuy. A dclin in th availability of wat could pos a gat challng to agicultu and fosty as wll as wat managmnt. In od to avoid tmpoay shutdowns, th tchnologis and pactics cuntly usd fo cooling and supplying pow stations and industis along th ivs would hav to b viwd to s whth thy would wok if wat lvls w fquntly low.

3 Nothing woks without wat In thoy, Gmany has 188 km³ of wat availabl p ya. Aound on-fifth of it is usd by humans: as a coolant fo pow stations and in industy, fo houshold us and fo th iigation of agicultual cops. Ov 60% of th wat w us gos into pow stations, wh it is pumpd into cooling systms and thn, fo th most pat, fd back into ivs whn it is still wam. 22% is usd by oth industis fo cooling and poduction. Housholds a only th thid-lagst consums of wat, with 16% of th sha. Just 0.% of wat is actually usd fo dinking and fo ppaing mals. Howv, wat quimnts a vy diffnt in individual gions. Placs with a high concntation of inhabitants and industy us signi ficantly mo wat than spasly populatd, ual aas. Th biggst consums of wat pow stations a usually locatd ight nxt to ivs, wh wat fo cooling is dictly availabl. Thus th wat shotags dpictd on this post s main map (s ovlaf) a not ncssaily causd by natual conditions, but ath by th intplay btwn th natual wat supply and socity s dmand fo wat Pow plants Majo wat uss in Gmany (km³/ya) Chmical industy Wat us in pivat housholds (111 lits p pson p day) 33 Mining 1 Mtal industy Pap industy Dinking, cooking Psonal hygin Toilt Laundy Dishs Claning Cooling Oth puposs Food pocssing Agicultu Pivat housholds 1-10 > 10 > 20 > 0 > 100 > 00 > 1,000 >,000 > 10,000 > 1,000 Annual wat quimnts in th administativ disticts (lits p squa mt) Ov-ftilisation lads to a scacity of clan wat < >10 Dict us of wat fo agicultu in Gmany is almost ngligibl (just 0.3 km³ p ya nationwid). At th momnt intnsiv iigation only taks placs in a fw gions. In fact, indict wat us has much mo of an impact on th wat balanc: cunt ftilisation pactiss pollut th natual wat cycl with nutints. Th map shows th concntation of nitat in wat pcolating though th soil blow th oot zon. In many administativ disticts it is high than 0 mg of nitat p lit. In a numb of disticts it is high than mg/l, whil in som disticts it vn xcds 100 mg/l. Th limits fo dinking wat a 0 mg of nitat p lit in Gmany, a stict limit of 2 mg/l is in plac in Switzland. In od to dilut th nutint contnt to a lvl that is not hamful to humans o th nvionmnt, som gions, if thy w to obsv th Gman limit, would nd mo than twic as much wat as thy hav availabl natually. Th al consqunc of th agicultu scto s gy wat footpint is that clan goundwat is bcoming scac at gional lvl. As a sult, dinking wat must b ith pocssd locally, which is costly, o obtaind fom oth gions via long-distanc wat piplins. Nitat concntation (mg/l ) in wat pcolating though th soil (avag valus in th administativ disticts)

4 Wat dos not just flow in stams and ivs outsid ou own doo; th a also invisibl wat flows known as vitual wat flows. Thy psnt th wat that is usd fo th manufactu of goods wat that vapoats o is pollutd duing th poduction pocss. It is possibl to calculat this consumption fo many poducts and assign thm a vitual wat contnt. Thus w do not just us and consum wat in this county, in housholds, agicultu, industy and pow stations w also us considabl quantitis of wat in lots of oth countis aound th wold with which w hav tad lations. Blu, gy and gn wat th xampl of agicultu Evy ya Gmany impots ov 3 million tonns of agicultual poducts and thus ov 6 km³ of vitual wat fom all aound th wold. In contast, vitual wat xpots via agicultual xpots only com to 33 km³ p ya. Whil th volum of vapoatd goundwat and sufac wat (blu wat) can b dtmind quit accuatly, mthods fo logging th poduction-latd vapoation of ainwat (gn wat) and wat pollution (gy wat) still qui futh impovmnt. Th wold maps to th ight show th countis in which w us o pollut wat by impoting agicultual poducts. Wat also flows vitually > 0. > 0.3 > 0.0 > < 0.00 no valus > 0. > 0.2 > 0.0 > 0.00 < 0.00 no valus 0.3 Cotton 0.26 Pistachio 11.8 Coff 0.23 Almonds Ric Maiz Soya 10.9 Soya > > 2. > 1 > 0. < Casto oil Coff Hazlnuts.1 Cocoa no valus Gmany s impots of blu, gy and gn vitual wat with agicultual poducts, aows dpicting th most pominnt flows Oangs Coff Maiz Almonds What Palm oil Tobacco Sunflow sds Gst Baly Win Cops with th lagst contibutions to Gmany s vitual wat impots, amounts of blu, gy and gn vitual wat in km³ p ya Maiz Coconut oil What Natual ubb Palm oil Casto oil Sunflow sds Th al consquncs of vitual wat flows It is difficult to dictly connct vitual wat flows with nvionmntal and social consquncs. In-dpth analyss must b caid out locally, wh th wat is actually usd. Howv, an xampl fom th povinc of Almia in southn Spain shows what impots of vitual blu wat can man in ality: vy ya th billion lits of wat a usd th fo iigation to poduc 80,000 tonns of tomatos fo th Gman makt. In paticulaly dy yas that can compis almost 1% of th amount of wat availabl to th gion as a whol. Th nvionmntal consquncs can b sn in th pogssiv lowing of th goundwat lvl and in incasing salinization du to inflowing sa wat.

5 Did you know that on in fou housholds in Gmany is liant on longdistanc wat piplins? How dos climat chang affct th availability of wat in Gmany? Wh is wat scac in Gmany? How much wat dos Gmany consum in Spain? Why do w impot gy wat with almonds and gn wat with soya? Without Lak Constanc Stuttgat would b lft high and dy. Why? Which of Gmany s gions is th dist? Impint This post was dvlopd in 201 as pat of th sach pojct Wat Flows in Gmany (FKZ 033L06). Funding: Th Gman Fdal Ministy of Education and Rsach (BMBF), Famwok Pogamm Rsach fo Sustainabl Dvlopmnt (FONA), Funding Pioity: Sustainabl Wat Managmnt (NaWaM) Pojct Managmnt: Pojct Managmnt Rsoucs and Sustainability / Pojct Managmnt Jülich Authos: Jsko Hischfld (Institut fo Ecological Economy Rsach), Enno Nilson (Gman Fdal Institut of Hydology), Floian Kil (kp it balancd) Scintific Suppot: Sabin Fitz, Chistian Ditsch (IÖW) Edito: Richad Hanisch (Institut fo Ecological Economy Rsach) Post Dsign: Goldn Sction Gaphics GmbH Post Back Sid Dsign: Macus Lazzai osk+lazzai Pint: Oktobduck AG, Blin Distibution: Gman Association fo Wat, Wastwat and Wast (DWA) Blin, Mach 201 Rfncs Physical Wat Data: Fdal Ministy fo th Envionmnt, Natu Consvation, Building and Nucla Safty (d.): Hydological Atlas of Gmany, 2003 Climat Chang: Nilson, E. & Kah, P.: Zu Bchnung von Wassbilanzn in Mittluopa im Zichn ds Klimawandls, BfG-Bicht, 201. Wat Uss: Statistisch Ämt d Länd, Umwltökonomisch Gsamtchnung d Länd, 2010; Statistischs Bundsamt: Fachsi 19, Rih 2.1 und 2.2, 2013; Umwltbundsamt: Datn zu Umwlt, 2009; Bundsvband d Engi- und Wasswitschaft.V.: Di öffntlich Wassvsogung in Dutschland, 2013 Nitat in Pcolating Wat: Kll, L. & Wndland, F.: Bchnung d potnzilln Nitatkonzntationn im Sickwass auf Kisbn fü di Bundspublik Dutschland. Abitspapi ds FZ Jülich (IBG-3), 2013, (DENUZ-Modlling sults basd on N-supluss analysd by Thünn Institut, fnc ya 200) Vitual Wat Flows: Wat Footpint Ntwok; FAO; Statistischs Bundsamt; Unitd Nations; fnc ya: 200. All data fing to 2010 (unlss statd othwis) Fo mo infomation plas visit th English pojct wbsit poviding txts, gaphics and films on Wat Flows in Gmany: