HYDRO POWER GENERATION

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1 Course on IntegratingRenewableEnergySourcesintoEmerging ElectricPowerSystems (16-20 May, 2011) IIT Mandi SMALL HYDRO POWER GENERATION By : Dr. R.P. Saini Associate Professor AlternateHydroEnergyCentre, IndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee Roorkee , INDIA

2 ENERGY Conventional Sources of Energy Thermal Hydropower Nuclear Non-conventional(renewable) Source of Energy Solar Wind Biomass Small Hydro

3 HYDRO POWER SOURCE OF ENERGY Why hydropower is called renewable source of energy? becauseituses and not consumesthewaterforgenerationof electricity,andleavesthisvitalresourceavailableforotheruses.

4 WORLD WIDE CLASSIFICATION OF SMALL HYDROPOWER UK (NFFO) < 5 MW UNIDO < 10 MW India < 25 MW Sweden < 15 MW Colombia < 20 MW Australia < 20 MW China < 25 MW Philippines < 50 MW New Zealand < 50 MW

5 CLASSIFICATION OF SHP IN INDIA Class Station Capacity Micro Upto 100 kw Mini Small 101 kw to 2000 kw 2001 kw to kw

6 POWER EQUATION OF HYDRO Water is fed from stream/canal to the turbine by a closed pipe (penstock) through diversion works. The turbine in turn rotates the generator for electricity generation. Power (kw) = 9.81 x Discharge (cum/s) x Head (m) x Efficiency

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8 TYPE OF SCHEMES RUN OF RIVER No storage. The output is subject to instantaneous flow. Reliability of discharge and geological conditions should be ensured. CANAL BASED Utilises the fall and flow in the canals. May be planned in main canal or in bye-pass canal. Nearby drops should be clubbed in existing canals. In canals under planning concentrated drops should be considered. DAM BASED Dam toe schemes are most common in India. Water stored during monsoon is utilised for power generation.

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12 INTAKE STRUCTURE Assured water supply Suitable quality of water Control over supply of water Safety against flood

13 TYPE OF WEIRS Trench weir Rock fill weirs Vertical drop weirs Concrete weir with sloping glacis Coanda weir Inflated weir/ Rubber dam

14 Installedon downstreamfaceof weir/waterfall Highsweeping velocity-debris washedoffscreen Highcapacity-shear andcoandaeffect COANDA SCREEN GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

15 Installedinadevelopingcountry toavoidexpensivede-siltingandmaximiseturbineoperation forreliabilityandlowmaintenance MANDAGALOYA - SRI LANKA 1,200 L/S

16 INFLATED WEIR In this system rubber bag is bolted on concrete floor with river bed level/weir crest. The rubber bag is comprised of multiple inter woven layers of chloroprene rubber and nylon, which provide excellent friction and weather resistance properties. There are now at probably over several thousand installations and Manufactured in China, France, Germany, USA and Japan.

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18 Low head weir for SHP in Jinvha China

19 TYPES OF POWER CHANNEL Open Channel Rectangular Trapezoidal Triangular Closed Conduit Reinforced concrete pipe PVC pipes Steel pipes

20 MATERIALS FOR LINING Stone Masonry Concrete lining Lining with LDPE Shortcrete lining Brick tiles lining RCC section

21 DESIGN OF LINED CHANNELS Q = 1/n AR2/3 S ½ Where, Q = discharge, m3/s n = Manning s coefficient R = Hydraulic radius (m) A = Cross-Sectional Area (m2) S = The longitudinal slope.

22 DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS Preventive : The entry of sediment checked before its entry into the head regulation. These are constructed in the streams. Curative : The sediment is excluded from the channel after its entry with the channel. These are constructed in the channel.

23 DESILTING TANK Thedesiltingtankisdesignedconsideringfollowingparameters: -Siltparticlesizecoarserthan0.5mmaretoberemoved. -Horizontalvelocity(Vh)-0.60m/s -Settlingvelocity(Vf)-0.06m/s -Cross-sectionalareaofthetank(Width(b)xdepth(d)= hvh -Lengthoftank= Vf Q Vh

24 DESILTING TANK

25 FOREBAY A basin located just before the entrance to the penstock PURPOSES OF FOREBAY To provide immediate water demand on starting the generating unit It can serve as a final settling basin The forebay provides some storage in case of sudden failure of the system To spill the extra water

26 COMPONENTS OF FOREBAY Basin Spillway Gate or Valve Outlet Trashrack Air Vent 1 to 2% of penstock area.

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28 STORAGE Usually designed for a storage of 2 minutes A dead storage of about 0.5 m depth is provided for silt accumulation

29 PENSTOCK Steel Pipe P.V.C Reinforced Concrete Pipe and Prestressed concrete pipe Glassfibre reinforced plastic pipe Wood stave Glass fibre reinforced concrete

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31 POWER HOUSE BUILDING Power house building is a big hall Accommodate machine (turbines Generators etc.) Sufficient height to accommodate crane operations Sufficient space for maintenance Sufficient space for control operations It can be constructed as a steel structure It can be constructed as Reinforce concrete formed structure For remote hilly sites prefab buildings can be used which are easy to transport and quick installation

32 GENERAL LAYOUT OF POWER STATION The main machine hall (Unit bay) Erection bay Control bay Other services areas

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34 ELECTRO MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

35 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES Impulse Pelton, Turgo Wheel, Cross Flow Reaction Francis Axial Flow Propeller, Semi Kaplan, Kaplan

36 PELTON TURBINE

37 CROSS FLOW TURBINE

38 TURGO IMPULSE TURBINE

39 FRANCIS TURBINE

40 FRANCIS TURBINE

41 KAPLAN TURBINE

42 BULB TURBINE

43 STRA FLOW TURBINE

44 SELECTION OF HYDRO TURBINES

45 SPECIFIC SPEED FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF TURBINES Types of Runner Ns Pelton Turgo Crossflow Francis Propeller and Kaplan Specific speed, Ns= N P H 1.25 Where, N Turbine, RPM P Rated Power, kw H Head, m

46 HEAD & DISCHARGE Head and discharge Specific speed Variation of head Maximum efficiency Part load efficiency Initial cost of civil work Number of units Cavitation characteristics Running & maintenance cost Transportation limitation

47 HYDRO GENERATORS

48 TYPES OF GENERATOR Induction Generator GridDependent LowCost LowerEfficiency SimplerControls Synchronous Generator UniversalApplication, Standalone Higherefficiency HigherCost

49 ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SHP SCHEMES Parameters affecting cost are Physical sizes of Civil Works and E&M Equipments Construction Aspects Operating costs Unit cost of hydro schemes is inversely proportional to the head Optimal design by optimizing power losses.

50 HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT In an optimistic estimate, a plant of 1 MW (an average size) requires the following human resource. Stage Education Level Engineering Diploma in Engg. Technician ITI Planning Design Execution ½ 2 1 O&M ¼ 1 4 Total

51 INDIAN EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS S No Manufacturers Collaboration Type 1 Alstom, Baroda Alstom, France JV 2 BHEL, Hardwar & Bhopal Fuji, Japan Technical 3 Boving Bangalore Kvaernaener Boving now GE UK/ Norway JV 4 HPP, Delhi HPP France JV 5 Jyoti, Vadodra Technical 6 Kirloskar, Pune Gilks, UK ( now expired) Turbo Institute of Slovenia Ebara Corp, Japan 7 VA Tech Escher Wyss Flovel, Faridabad VA Tech, Austria JV 8 Triveni Engg Ltd, Delhi Esac, France, Litostroj, Slovenia Technical 9 Steel Industies, Thissur Koessler,Ausria Technical Fouress, Technical Offices of Voeth Siemens (Germany), ABB, Fuzi and Hitachi (Japan), Technip Ganj (Hungary), CKD Blansko (Czech) are there in India (Source: Indian Manufacturers)

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