Scientific and Technological References. Energy Technology Indicators

Transcription

1 Scientific and Technological References Energy Technology Indicators Area: ELECTRICITY GENERATION Sector: Hydropower (incl. Small) A. State of the art Advances in Research Achieved (facts) Target By (year) Performance indicators Efficiency (best reported) (turbine Cp max) 92 %. Load factor (low high average) % related to 8760h/year Energy recovery factor (Average Cp over year) 80-82%.. Technological and scientific development Water is diverted through a pipe (penstock) into a turbine from where it discharges usually through a draft tube or diffuser back into the river at lower level. Hydropower plants MW Small hydro plants 1-10 MW Mini hydro plants kw Micro Power plants < 100 kw Impulse turbines (Pelton) Mechanically guaranteed efficiency 88-94% Cross flow 70-80% Reaction turbines (notably Francis and Keplan) Mechanically guaranteed efficiency 80-90% Micro turbines (efficiency): 75-85% Technology related available indicators (for demo and commercial units) Commercial produced rated power: to 25 MW Typical falls: m Time at Max. power needed to compensate for manufacturing : months Performance indicators (for demo and commercial units) Efficiency (commonly reported) (electric power) 75-80% Economic life time years Design life time Control & Monitoring 10 years Mechanical equipment max. 30 years Electrical equipment max. 20 years Civil works max. 50 years Technical availability : best reported max. 95% Common 80-90% Economic indicators (for demo and commercial units) Electricity production at (kwh manufacturing cost): 0,05 0,15 /kwh 0,02-0,08 /kwh 2010 Typical turn-key investment costs for small hydro 1 MW 10 MW /kw 2010 for small hydro kw (mini hydro) /kw /kw 2010 for small hydro kw (mini hydro) /kw /kw 2010 for micro hydro <100 kw /kw /kw 2010 Typical turn-key investment costs (for small hydro): /kw /kw 2010

2 Typical operating and maintenance ratio 1 3-5% Typical pay-back time on investment years (based on 5% for 20 years) Typical time frame between order and industrial operation (without permits) months idem (with permits) months Decommissioning cost /kw Typical externalities (based on EXTERNE study) c /kwh Typical land requirements depends on the type and size of the power plants Market size and industry related indicators Total EU installed capacity: > MW and > MW in Europe (autumn of 2001) Total world-wide installed capacity: MW corresponding to TWh/a Actual installation rate (EU/World-wide): 100 MW/a 1000 MW/a (worldwide) Average turbine size: kw in 2001 (est.) Manufacturing capacity (approx.) units per year Manufacturing capacity (approx.). MW/a Target 2005: ESHA target 1-2 GW in small hydro Target 2020: ESHA target GW in small hydro Social indicators Production employment. jobs/a Total employment jobs/a Probability of event (accident) based on LCA. Severity of consequences of event. Human risk (probability of event x severity of event). Environmental and other specific indicators System s overall recyclability % Cost of system s recyclability Manufacture process: Waste produced % Recyclability of waste % Manufacture related toxicity involved Cost of recyclability Operation process : recyclability of wastes produced involved toxicity of wastes Cost of recyclability Fish friendlier turbine shaping - Kyoto: Small hydro alone is expected to lead to % less CO 2 by B. Headline indicators draft - to be agreed Technical or scientific bottlenecks or impediments electricity production: limited by constraints to exploitation of extremely low heads typical turn-key investment costs: limited by electromechanical equipment costs and related maintenance costs efficiency of simplified turbines: limited by lack in fluid-dynamic experience of the small manufacturers durability: limited by erosion problem (high head) and inadequacy in the mechanical design. delivery time: to be reduced to 8-10 months (10 percent less than 12 as average) efficiency assessment: to state standard simplified test to get a good reliability at low costs (related to the investment cost of a Small Hydro installation) desilting: to avoid erosion problems the desilting structure efficiency must be improved, promoting a research to find a set of small, simple, low cost and efficient desilting structures. 1 ie the ratio between the average O&M annual expenses -including provisions for big repairs- and excluding fuel costs to the initial investment cost

3 Headline indicators actual target limited by by Electricity production: 0,05 0,15 /kwh 0,02 0,08 sites availability 2010 Specific energy output per installed capacity kwh/kw/a kwh/kw/a 2010 Specific energy output per height fall kwh/m/a kwh/m/a 2010 C. Further R&D work focus (national and/or FP6) Technology Development: - develop cost effective and ultra low-head SHP systems - definitive evaluation of the real environmental effects and impact of SHP compared with fossil fuelled and nuclear power plants - development of standard specifications at the European and at the international level for design and installation packages for export to developing countries - refurbishment of old sites: > obsolete or abandoned hydro plants with over 3GW potential - use of variable speed turbines at low heads - use of submersible turbo-generators and syphon turbines - use of new materials - computer optimisation of small systems - development of low fish-mortality turbines - systemisation - head enhancement - improved electrical and control systems: - use of permanent magnet generators -use of electronic and telemetry -compact multi-pole generators - avoiding the use of cofferdams during installation - improvements in ancillary Equipment - simplification and improvement of trashracks - improvement of water intakes - improved techniques to avoid interference or damage to fish - aeration - development of multipurpose schemes (waste, drainage, potable, irrigation water ) - development of multi RES power plant for isolated area (islands) or not (for instance wind and hydro turbines) - efficiency assessment: investigate for standard, simplified tests able to get a good reliability at low cost (related to the investment cost of a Small Hydro installation) - avoid the erosion problems improving the desilting efficiency of structures, by means of a research program having the goal to find standard, at least in the design, desilting structures, which would be compact, simple, low impact, low cost and efficient. D. Monitoring World Installed capacity : 678 GW produced over 22 % of the world s electricity 2564 TWh/a (1998). Western Europe : 134 GW produced 19% of EU electricity, 520 TWh/a, avoiding 70 mio tons of CO2/a Non-technology related bottlenecks/actions that could facilitate market penetration: - authorisations and administrative procedures - environmental impact - identification and promotion of acceptable solutions to environmental objections, especially concerning residual flow levels and fish protection - visual impact - sites availability - resource assessment in target markets - awareness campaigns targeting decision makers, users, contractors, utilities, regulators and the public

4 Small Hydro Power Installed capacity N of plants Capacity MW Planned MW Target by I FR ES > D S A FIN N/A P N/A UK B GR NL L IRL DK 11 0 Total > > 10366* MW 665 MW > MW by 2015 *source: ESHA, EurObserv ER 2001, including latest figures North America Latin America Western Europe E.Europe & the CIS Middle East/N. Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Pacific China Rest of Asia Totals MW MW China : Three Gorges plant: MW by 2009 while another MW of SHP to build by Total world-wide > MW > MW by 2010 shared cost research / development ratios (?) Job creation: jobs within last 10 year Price small hydro electricity /kwh (targets 2005) Overall small hydro share in EU : 19 % of EU electricity consumption (data of 1998) CO 2 emission reduction : t/a/mw SO 2 emission reduction 20 t/a/mw Replacement of fossil fuels : 280 t/a/mw 1MW installed typically produces electricity for 1000 families

5 LITERATURE BlueAGE, 2000, Final Report, Strategic study for the development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union, ALTENER programme EUREC Agency 1996, The Future for renewable energy, Prospects and Directions, London: James & James EUREC Agency, 2002, The future for renewable energy 2, Prospects and Directions, London: James & James European Commission, DG TREN, ELVIRE Evaluation guide for renewable energy projects in Europe, FEDARENE European Commission, DG TREN, Layman s guidebook on: How to develop a small hydro site, Part 1, ESHA European Commission, DG TREN, 1998, Export markets for European renewable energy technologies, Luxembourg, OPOCE European Commission, DG TREN, 2000, General Information: Environmental Impacts, From the use of renewable energy technologies, Greece, Elfores European Commission, DG TREN, 1999, Overview :Renewable Energy Systems, New solutions in Energy Supply, Luxembourg, OPOCE European Commission, DG TREN, The impact of renewables on employment and economic growth, ALTENER programme European Commission, EUROSTAT, Renewable energy sources statistics in the European Union, Data European Commission, 1999, ExternE: Externalities of Energy, Brussels European Commission, 1997, White Paper on Renewable Energies, Brussels ESHA, based on information provided by ESHA, 2002 Hydropower, Energy and the Environment, IEA, Stockholm Sweden, June 1993, Vattenfall AB, Conference Proceedings IEA, 1997, Indicators of Energy Use and Efficiency, Paris Integration of renewable Energy sources and distributed generation in energy systems, 25&26 September 2001, Conference proceedings J. Bard, N. Froslo, L. Papetti, V. Denis, European Strategy Document for Research Technological Development and Demonstration in, March 2002, (not yet published). Observ ER, EurObserv ER 2002, European Barometer of Renewable Energy Sources, 2 nd Report, Renewable Energy Newsletter, October 1999, Issue 3/99 Renewable Energy World, Vol 4, N 5, Sep-Oct 2001, James & James World Atlas and Industry Guide, 1998, International Journal of Hydropower and Dams ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The valuable contribution of the following people is greatly and graciously acknowledged Christine Lyns ESHA BE Legal Notice Although every effort was made to accurately reflect the present state of knowledge with respect to the enclosed information, neither the European Commission or any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express of implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favouring by the European Commission of any agency thereof. The views and opinions of contributors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the European Commission or any agency or any other institution thereof.