Bruce-Guadalupe Community School Bruce-Guadalupe Middle School. Technology Education Curriculum. Program Scope and Sequence

Transcription

1 Bruce-Guadalupe Community School Bruce-Guadalupe Middle School Technology Education Curriculum Program Scope and Sequence Written by Rachel Klug Bruce-Guadalupe Library Media Specialist April 2011

2 Bruce-Guadalupe Technology Committee: Rachel Klug, Miguel Crespo, Steven Ross, Adam Reynolds, Laura Gutierrez, Paul Camden, & Katherine Nelson The BGCS and BGMS Technology Education Curriculum Program Scope and Sequence is in alignment with the Wisconsin s Model Academic Standards for Information and Technology Literacy, the International Society for Technology in Education s National Educational Technology Standards for Students, and the American Association of School Librarians Standards for the 21 st Century Learner. Copies of the above standards are available from the respective technology education teachers. The Project Lead the Way Curriculum is a separate scope and sequence that may be obtained from the BGMS Project Lead the Way Coordinator. 2

3 Strands Kindergarten 6 th Grade 1. Basic Operations and Concepts a. Keyboarding b. Word Processing c. Drawing and Graphics d. Gadgets e. Presentation f. Spreadsheet g. Database h. Electronic Reference i. Internet j. Students demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature and operation of technology systems. i. Learning to use many different technology applications at every grade level builds a solid understanding of technology systems. k. Students are proficient in the use of technology i. With structured lessons and extra practice, students will become fluent users of technology by the end of Grade Six. 2. Social, Ethical, and Human Issues a. Students will understand the history of computers b. Students will be proficient with the ethics and etiquette of using technology. c. Students understand the ethical, cultural, and societal issues related to technology. i. Each grade level scope and sequence will provide information and lessons on computer history, safety, ethics, and manners. d. Students practice responsible use of technology systems, information, and software. e. Students develop positive attitudes toward technology uses that support lifelong learning, collaboration, personal pursuits, and productivity. 3. Technology Productivity Tools a. Students use technology tools to enhance learning and increase productivity, and promote creativity. i. Word processing, drawing and graphics, electronic references, and Internet research skills are developed from Kindergarten through Grade 6 to enhance learning, increase productivity, and promote creativity. b. Students use productivity tools to collaborate in constructing technologyenhanced models, prepare publications, and produce other creative works. i. Database, spreadsheet, peripherals, and presentation software skills are developed at every grade level to help students produce technology- 3

4 enhanced models, prepare publications, and produce other creative works. 4. Technology Communication Tools a. Students use telecommunications to collaborate, publish, and interact with peers, experts, and other audiences. i. Presentation software and effective communication skills are developed at each grade level. b. Students use a variety of media and formats to communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences. i. Gadgets or peripherals, such as printers, handhelds, scanners, and multi-media equipment (i.e. digital cameras and recorders) are introduced at all grade levels to provide choices for effective communication. 5. Technology Research Tools a. Students will be proficient at finding, collecting, organizing, and communicating information essential skills for the 21 st century. b. Students use technology to locate, evaluate, and collect information from a variety of sources. a. Electronic reference and Internet research skills are systematically presented at every grade level to teach students how to locate, evaluate, and collect information. c. Students use technology tools to process data and report results. i. Spreadsheet, database, and presentation software skills are taught at every grade so that students are adept at processing data and reporting results. d. Students evaluate and select new information resources and technological innovations based on the appropriateness for specific tasks. i. Students will select appropriate technology information resources to complete projects. 6. Technology Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Tools a. Students will implement the use of technology to demonstrate proficiency in problem-solving and decision-making processes. b. Students use technology resources for solving problems and making informed decisions. i. Spreadsheet, database, electronic reference, and internet tools are used at each grade level to develop student information-gathering, problemsolving, and decision-making potential. c. Students employ technology in the development of strategies for solving problems in the real world. i. Students will implement the use of technology to make decisions and solve problems related in their lives both in and out of school. 4

5 Strands 7 th 8 th Grade 1. Basic Operations and Concepts a. Apply strategies for identifying and solving routine hardware and software problems that occur during everyday use. b. Demonstrate an understanding of concepts underlying hardware, software, and connectivity, and of practical applications to learning and problemsolving. 2. Social, Ethical, and Human Issues a. Demonstrate knowledge of current changes in information technologies and the effect those changes have on the workplace and society. b. Exhibit legal and ethical behaviors when using information and technology, and discuss consequences of misuse. c. Research and evaluate the accuracy, relevance, appropriateness, comprehensiveness, and bias of electronic information sources concerning real-world problems. 3. Technology Productivity Tools a. Use content-specific tools, software, and simulations (e.g. environmental probes, graphing calculators, exploratory environments, and Web tools) to support learning and research. b. Apply productivity / multimedia tools and peripherals to support personal productivity, group collaboration, and learning throughout the curriculum. 4. Technology Communication Tools a. Design, develop, publish, and present products (e.g., Web pages, video) using technology resources that demonstrate and communicate curriculum concepts to audience inside and outside the classroom. b. Collaborate with peers, experts, and others using telecommunications and collaborative tools to investigate curriculum-related problems, issues, and information, and to develop solutions or products for audiences inside and outside the classroom. 5. Technology Research Tools a. Use content-specific tools, software, and simulations (e.g. environmental probes, graphing calculators, exploratory environments, Web tools) to support learning and research. 5

6 b. Design, develop, publish, and present products (e.g., Web pages, video) using technology resources that demonstrate and communicate curriculum concepts to audience inside and outside the classroom. c. Research and evaluate the accuracy, relevance, appropriateness, comprehensiveness, and bias of electronic information sources concerning real-world problems. d. Collaborate with peers, experts, and others using telecommunications and collaborative tools to investigate curriculum-related problems, issues, and information, and to develop solutions or products for audiences inside and outside the classroom. e. Select and use appropriate tools and technology resources to accomplish a variety of tasks and solve problems. 6. Technology Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Tools a. Apply productivity / multimedia tools and peripherals to support personal productivity, group collaboration, and learning throughout the curriculum. b. Design, develop, publish, and present products (e.g., Web pages, video) using technology resources that demonstrate and communicate curriculum concepts to audience inside and outside the classroom. c. Demonstrate an understanding of concepts underlying hardware, software, and connectivity, and of practical applications to learning and problemsolving. d. Research and evaluate the accuracy, relevance, appropriateness, comprehensiveness, and bias of electronic information sources concerning real-world problems. e. Select and use appropriate tools and technology resources to accomplish a variety of tasks and solve problems. 6

7 Kindergarten Objectives Computer Basics Recognize the history of computers Follow standards for safe and ethical use of computers Use correct terminology and procedures for handling hardware and software Open and close files Open and close programs Create/save/name/delete files and/or folders Use help and find features Keyboarding Identify the alphabet Identify the number keys Identify the symbol keys Demonstrate the proper posture, position, and technique Use navigation keys (Arrows, Tab, Scroll Bar) Use Enter/Return, Shift, Space Bar Demonstrate proper Home Row position Word Processing Introduction to word processing Enter text Create new lines and line spacing Select, delete, and undo text Navigate in a document Format text Proofread/correct errors Drawing and Graphics Use paint/draw tools Gadgets Introduction to peripherals Print Presentation Navigate through a slide show Create a slide/slide show Insert text Spreadsheet Spreadsheet introduction Navigate in a spreadsheet Use spreadsheet terminology 7

8 Answer questions from spreadsheet data Database Database introduction Navigate in a database Use database terminology Answer questions from database data Electronic Reference Handling a CD-ROM Listen to a CD-ROM Use CD-ROM games Use key words to search a CD-ROM Internet Follow rules for acceptable Internet use Use internet terminology Listen to a story on a Web site Watch a video on a Web site Create a picture on a Web site Play a game on a Web site 8

9 1 st Grade Objectives Computer Basics Recognize the history of computers Follow standards for safe and ethical use of computers Use correct terminology and procedures for handling hardware and software Open and close files Open and close programs Create/save/name/delete files and/or folders Use help and find features Keyboarding Identify the alphabet Identify the number keys Identify the symbol keys Demonstrate the proper posture, position, and technique Use navigation keys (Arrows, Tab, Scroll Bar) Use Enter/Return, Shift, Space Bar Demonstrate proper Home Row position Word Processing Enter text Create new lines and line spacing Select, delete, and undo text Navigate in a document Format text Proofread/correct errors Drawing and Graphics Use paint/draw tools Gadgets Introduction to peripherals Print Presentation Navigate through a slide show Create a slide/slide show Insert text Spreadsheet Navigate in a spreadsheet Use spreadsheet terminology Answer questions from spreadsheet data Enter data in a spreadsheet 9

10 Database Navigate in a database Use database terminology Answer questions from database data Edit/enter data in a database Electronic Reference Handling a CD-ROM Listen to a CD-ROM Use CD-ROM games Use key words to search a CD-ROM Internet Follow rules for acceptable Internet use Use internet terminology Listen to a story on a Web site Watch a video on a Web site Create a picture on a Web site Play a game on a Web site Access a Web site 10

11 2 nd Grade Computer Basics Recognize the history of computers Follow standards for safe and ethical use of computers Use correct terminology and procedures for handling hardware and software Open and close files Open and close programs Create/save/name/delete files and/or folders Move/copy files and folder Use menus Use networks Use help and find features Keyboarding Identify the alphabet Identify the number keys Identify the symbol keys Demonstrate the proper posture, position, and technique Use navigation keys (Arrows, Tab, Scroll Bar) Use Enter/Return, Shift, Space Bar Demonstrate proper Home Row position Use proper finger position on alphabetic keyboard Use proper position on number keys Use proper finger position on punctuation keys Word Processing Enter text Create new lines and line spacing Select, delete, and undo text Navigate in a document Format text Proofread/correct errors Edit using cut, copy, and paste Drawing and Graphics Use paint/draw tools Insert, delete, size, move clip, label art/graphics Gadgets Print Print options Use scanners Use digital cameras 11

12 Presentation Navigate through a slide show Create a slide/slide show Insert text Format/edit a slide Insert color Save a slide Prepare/give a presentation Start a portfolio Spreadsheet Navigate in a spreadsheet Use spreadsheet terminology Answer questions from spreadsheet data Enter data in a spreadsheet Create a graph Database Navigate in a database Use database terminology Answer questions from database data Edit/enter data in a database Insert/delete a record Electronic Reference Handling a CD-ROM Listen to a CD-ROM Use key words to search a CD-ROM Navigate a CD-ROM Browse a CD-ROM Internet Follow rules for acceptable Internet use Use internet terminology Access a Web site Navigate a Web site Print a Web page Use online Help Compose and send 12

13 3rd Grade Computer Basics Recognize the history of computers Follow standards for safe and ethical use of computers Use correct terminology and procedures for handling hardware and software Work with windows Open and close files Open and close programs Create/save/name/delete files and/or folders Move/copy files and folder Use menus Use networks Use Help and Find features Keyboarding Demonstrate the proper posture, position, and technique Use navigation keys (Arrows, Tab, Scroll Bar) Use Enter/Return, Shift, Space Bar Demonstrate proper Home Row position Use proper finger position on alphabetic keyboard Use proper position on number keys Use proper finger position on punctuation keys Practice short, timed keying exercises Word Processing Enter text Create new lines and line spacing Select, delete, and undo text Navigate in a document Format text Proofread/correct errors Edit using cut, copy, and paste Use spelling checker/thesaurus Drawing and Graphics Use paint/draw tools Insert, delete, size, move clip, label art/graphics Insert audio/video clips Use principles of good layout and design Create a document with graphics 13

14 Gadgets Print options Use scanners Use digital cameras Save an image Edit an image Use handhelds Presentation Navigate through a slide show Create a slide/slide show Insert text Format/edit a slide Insert color Insert art/graphics Insert audio/video Save a slide Prepare/give a presentation Start a portfolio Spreadsheet Navigate in a spreadsheet Use spreadsheet terminology Answer questions from spreadsheet data Enter data in a spreadsheet Create a graph Add/delete columns and rows Edit/create a spreadsheet Database Navigate in a database Use database terminology Answer questions from database data Edit/enter data in a database Insert/delete a record Use search criteria Sort a database Electronic Reference Use key words to search a CD-ROM Navigate a CD-ROM Browse a CD-ROM Create a bookmark Compare/evaluate information 14

15 Internet Follow rules for acceptable Internet use Use internet terminology Access a Web site Navigate a Web site Print a Web page Use bookmarks Use online Help Compose and send 15

16 4th Grade Computer Basics Recognize the history of computers Follow standards for safe and ethical use of computers Use correct terminology and procedures for handling hardware and software Work with windows Open and close files Open and close programs Create/save/name/delete files and/or folders Move/copy files and folder Use menus Use networks Use Help and Find features View file/disk contents Keyboarding Demonstrate the proper posture, position, and technique Use navigation keys (Arrows, Tab, Scroll Bar) Use Enter/Return, Shift, Space Bar Demonstrate proper Home Row position Use proper finger position on alphabetic keyboard Use proper position on number keys Use proper finger position on punctuation keys Practice short, timed keying exercises Word Processing Enter text Create new lines and line spacing Select, delete, and undo text Navigate in a document Format text Proofread/correct errors Edit using cut, copy, and paste Use spelling checker/thesaurus Set margins and alignment Insert headers and footers Use tabs Create different kinds of documents Drawing and Graphics Use paint/draw tools Insert, delete, size, move clip, label art/graphics 16

17 Insert audio/video clips Use principles of good layout and design Create a document with graphics Gadgets Print options Use scanners Use digital cameras Save an image Edit an image Use handhelds Presentation Navigate through a slide show Create a slide/slide show Insert text Format/edit a slide Insert color Insert art/graphics Insert audio/video Save a slide Prepare/give a presentation Start a portfolio Spreadsheet Navigate in a spreadsheet Use spreadsheet terminology Answer questions from spreadsheet data Enter data in a spreadsheet Create a graph Add/delete columns and rows Edit/create a spreadsheet Format a spreadsheet Database Navigate in a database Use database terminology Answer questions from database data Edit/enter data in a database Insert/delete a record Use search criteria Sort a database Add a field Create a database 17

18 Electronic Reference Use key words to search a CD-ROM Navigate a CD-ROM Browse a CD-ROM Create a bookmark Compare/evaluate information Transfer CD-ROM information Internet Follow rules for acceptable Internet use Use internet terminology Access a Web site Navigate a Web site Print a Web page Use bookmarks Compose and send Use search engines Evaluate search results Use interactive lessons on a Web site Take a virtual museum field trip on a Web site 18

19 When students complete Fourth Grade they should be able to: Demonstrate basic login skill and proper use of the computer Demonstrate proper keyboarding skills Locate and use appropriate media programs on the computer Maneuver within software programs in order to open, save, and create or manipulate media Incorporate clip art or digital media into a document Use multimedia and presentation software to enhance learning Understand how to use the Internet to view appropriate sites, retrieve information, and use online tools for content creation and collaboration Use electronic research tools Evaluate web sites and online sources for authenticity and credibility 19

20 5th Grade Computer Basics Recognize the history of computers Follow standards for safe and ethical use of computers Use correct terminology and procedures for handling hardware and software Work with windows Open and close files Open and close programs Create/save/name/delete files and/or folders Move/copy files and folder Use networks Use Help and Find features View file/disk contents Use computer s calculator Keyboarding Demonstrate the proper posture, position, and technique Use navigation keys (Arrows, Tab, Scroll Bar) Use Enter/Return, Shift, Space Bar Demonstrate proper Home Row position Use proper finger position on alphabetic keyboard Use proper position on number keys Use proper finger position on punctuation keys Practice short, timed keying exercises Word Processing Enter text Create new lines and line spacing Select, delete, and undo text Navigate in a document Format text Proofread/correct errors Edit using cut, copy, and paste Use spelling checker/thesaurus Set margins and alignment Insert headers and footers Use tabs Create different kinds of documents Drawing and Graphics Use paint/draw tools Insert, delete, size, move clip, label art/graphics 20

21 Insert audio/video clips Use principles of good layout and design Create a document with graphics Gadgets Print options Use scanners Use digital cameras Save an image Edit an image Use handhelds Presentation Navigate through a slide show Create a slide/slide show Insert text Format/edit a slide Insert color Insert art/graphics Insert audio/video Save a slide Prepare/give a presentation Start a portfolio Spreadsheet Navigate in a spreadsheet Use spreadsheet terminology Answer questions from spreadsheet data Enter data in a spreadsheet Create a graph Add/delete columns and rows Edit/create a spreadsheet Format a spreadsheet Insert a formula Database Navigate in a database Use database terminology Answer questions from database data Edit/enter data in a database Insert/delete a record Use search criteria Sort a database Add a field 21

22 Create a database Create a form Electronic Reference Use key words to search a CD-ROM Use Boolean searches Create a bookmark Compare/evaluate information Transfer CD-ROM information Internet Follow rules for acceptable Internet use Use internet terminology Access a Web site Navigate a Web site Print a Web page Use bookmarks Compose and send Use search engines Evaluate search results Transfer text from browser Use information transfer time Use image capture Create a Web page 22

23 6th Grade Computer Basics Recognize the history of computers Follow standards for safe and ethical use of computers Use correct terminology and procedures for handling hardware and software Work with windows Open and close files Open and close programs Create/save/name/delete files and/or folders Move/copy files and folder Use networks Use Help and Find features View file/disk contents Set computer settings Create shortcuts Keyboarding Demonstrate the proper posture, position, and technique Use navigation keys (Arrows, Tab, Scroll Bar) Use Enter/Return, Shift, Space Bar Demonstrate proper Home Row position Use proper finger position on alphabetic keyboard Use proper position on number keys Use proper finger position on punctuation keys Practice short, timed keying exercises Word Processing Enter text Create new lines and line spacing Select, delete, and undo text Navigate in a document Format text Proofread/correct errors Edit using cut, copy, and paste Use spelling checker/thesaurus Set margins and alignment Insert headers and footers Use tabs Create different kinds of documents Drawing and Graphics Use paint/draw tools Insert, delete, size, move clip, label art/graphics 23

24 Insert audio/video clips Use principles of good layout and design Create a document with graphics Gadgets Print options Use scanners Use digital cameras Save an image Edit an image Use handhelds Optical character recognition Presentation Navigate through a slide show Create a slide/slide show Insert text Format/edit a slide Insert color Insert art/graphics Insert audio/video Save a slide Prepare/give a presentation Start a portfolio Spreadsheet Navigate in a spreadsheet Use spreadsheet terminology Answer questions from spreadsheet data Enter data in a spreadsheet Create a graph Add/delete columns and rows Edit/create a spreadsheet Format a spreadsheet Insert a formula Insert a function Database Navigate in a database Use database terminology Answer questions from database data Edit/enter data in a database Insert/delete a record Use search criteria 24

25 Sort a database Add a field Create a database Create a form Create a report Formulas Electronic Reference Use key words to search a CD-ROM Use Boolean searches Compare/evaluate information Transfer CD-ROM information Internet Follow rules for acceptable Internet use Use internet terminology Access a Web site Navigate a Web site Print a Web page Compose and send Use search engines Evaluate search results Use chat room 25

26 7 th 8 th Grade Projects and Applications Care and operation of equipment Function Keys Touch-system techniques Ethical responsibility when using Internet sources o Collect data from the Internet o Complete source citations o Copy images from the Web and cite the sources Develop and maintain a curriculum portfolio o Format a report with citations o Format a multi-page report with a bibliography Web tools o Collect data from the Internet o On-line citation sources o Create a Web page o Insert photos and graphics on a Web page o Create a table on a Web page o Create a hyperlink o Create a personal letter o Create a table o Create an outline o Format a report with a reference page o Create a title page o Create a newsletter o Create a flyer o Create a business card o Create a spreadsheet o Create a presentation o Create a database Curriculum portfolio projects o Presentation basics o Create a new presentation o Apply a design template o Create a basic presentation o Edit slides o Add and delete slides o Change the slide order o Edit the presentations o Add images/clip art to slides o Add pictures and clip art o Add animation o Add sound and change the animation order 26

27 Electronic word processing o Journaling o Format outlines o Format a block-style letter o Format an envelope o Format an message o Format a one-page report o Format a bibliography o Format a report with footnotes or endnotes o Create a table of contents o Create a timeline o Create a spreadsheet Enter a subtraction formula Enter a multiplication formula Enter a division formula o Create a database table 27

28 Eighth Grade Technology Literacy Requirements 1. Basic Operations and Concepts a. Students demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature and operation of technology systems. i. Students recognize hardware and software components used to provide access to network resources and know how common peripherals (e.g., scanners, digital cameras, handhelds, etc.) are accessed, controlled, connected, and used effectively and efficiently. ii. Students know to evaluate, select, and use appropriate technology tools and information resources to design, plan, develop, and communicate content information appropriately, addressing the target audience and providing accurate citations for sources. iii. Students know how to identify appropriate file formats for a variety of applications and apply utility programs to convert formats, as necessary, for effective use in Web, video, audio, graphic, presentation, word processing, database, publication, and spreadsheet applications. iv. Students continue touch typing techniques, increasing keyboarding facility and improving accuracy, speed, and general efficiency in computer operation. v. Students examine changes in hardware and software systems over time and identify how changes affect businesses, industry, government, education, and individual users. b. Students are proficient in the use of technology. i. Students identify strategies and procedures for efficient and effective management and maintenance of computer files in a variety of different media and formats on a hard drive and network. ii. Students know how to solve basic hardware, software, and network problems that occur during everyday use; protect computers, networks, and information from viruses, vandalism, and unauthorized use; and access online help and user documentation to solve common hardware, software, and network problems. 2. Social, Ethical, and Human Issues a. Students understand the ethical, cultural, and societal issues related to technology. i. Students identify legal and ethical issues related to use of information and communication technology, recognize consequences of its misuse, and predict possible long-range effects of ethical and unethical use of technology on culture and society. b. Students practice responsible use of technology systems, information, and software. i. Students discuss issues related to acceptable and responsible use of information and communication technology (e.g., privacy, 28

29 security, copyright, file-sharing, plagiarism), analyze the consequences and costs of unethical use of information and computer technology (e.g., hacking, spamming, consumer fraud, virus setting, intrusion), and identify methods of addressing these risks. c. Students develop positive attitudes toward technology uses that support lifelong learning, collaboration, personal pursuits, and productivity. i. Students examine issues related to computer etiquette and discuss means for encouraging more effective use of technology to support effective communication, collaboration, personal productivity, lifelong learning, and assistance for individuals with disabilities. 3. Technology Productivity Tools a. Students use technology tools to enhance learning, increase productivity, and promote creativity. i. Students describe and apply common software features (e.g., spelling and grammar checkers, dictionary, thesaurus, editing options) to maximize accuracy in development of word processing documents; sorting, formulas and chart generation in spreadsheets; and insertion of pictures, movies, sound, and charts in presentation software to enhance communication to an audience, promote productivity, and support creativity. b. Students use productivity tools to collaborate in constructing technologyenhanced models, prepare publications, and produce other creative works. i. Students describe how to use online environments or other collaborative tools to facilitate design and development of materials, models, publications, and presentations; and to apply utilities for editing pictures, images, and charts. 4. Technology Communications Tools a. Students use telecommunications to collaborate, publish, and interact with peers, experts, and other audiences. i. Students know how to use telecommunications tools such as e- mail, discussion groups, and online collaborative environments to exchange data collected and learn curricular concepts by communicating with peers, experts, and other audiences. b. Students use a variety of media and formats to communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences. i. Students know how to use a variety of media and formats to design, develop, publish, and present products (e.g., presentations, newsletters, Web pages) that effectively communicate information and ideas about the curriculum to multiple audiences. 29

30 5. Technology Research Tools a. Students use technology to locate, evaluate, and collect information from a variety of sources. i. Students know how to conduct an advanced search using Boolean logic and other sophisticated search functions; and know how to evaluate information from a variety of sources for accuracy, bias, appropriateness, and comprehensiveness. b. Students use technology tools to process data report results. i. Students know how to identify and implement procedures for designing, creating, and populating a database; and in performing queries to process data and report results relevant to an assigned hypothesis or research question. c. Students evaluate and select new information resources and technological innovations based on the appropriateness for specific tasks. i. Students know how to select and use information and communication technology tools and resources to collect and analyze information and report results on an assigned hypothesis or research question. 6. Technology Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Tools a. Students use technology resources for solving problems and making informed decisions. i. Students identify two or more types of information and communication technology tools or resources that can be used for informing and solving a specific problem and presenting results, or for identifying and presenting an informed rationale for a decision. b. Students employ technology in the development of strategies for solving problems in the real world, i. Students describe the information and communication technology tools they might use to compare information from different sources, analyze findings, determine the need for additional information, and draw conclusions for addressing real-world problems. 30