ROOFING REFERENCE GUIDE

Transcription

1 ROOFING REFERENCE GUIDE 1

2 Table of Contents Asphalt/Fiberglass Shingles 3 Cement Tile Roof 6 Flat Roof. 8 Hail/Wind Resistant Shingles. 10 Metal Roofing. 11 Organic Shingles.. 12 Slate Roofing Synthetic Wood Shake Roof T-Lock Roofing Terra Cotta Roof. 18 Wood Shake. 19 Roof Slope/Pitch Defined Determining Roof Slope.. 21 Roof Shapes. 22 Part of a Roof.. 26 Do You know?. 28 Reference Page. 31 2

3 ASPHALT/FIBERGLASS SHINGLES MATERIAL: Woven fiberglass mat coated with asphalt which contains mineral fillers. LIFE EXPECTANCY: 25 to 50 years depending on thickness of mat. CLASSES: Each manufacturer has their own asphalt shingle classification. For example: 3-tab shingles are an economical choice and meet all general roofing and fire resistance standards. Laminated shingles are a step up from 3 tabs. They have an additional layer of tabs that make the shingles thicker giving them a more dimensional look. Premium shingles are going to be the most durable shingles. They have more visual definition than laminated shingles. ADVANTAGES: Asphalt shingles are less brittle during cold weather and resist cracking. They are more resistant to scuffing during hot weather and provide better resistance to wind. As a general rule, asphalt shingles hold up better and last longer because they are thicker. Asphalt shingles are the most common roofing materials for steep roofs used today. An asphalt shingle is made out of many layers. The top layer consists of granules imbedded in asphalt and a seal-down strip. DISADVANTAGES: Hot and cold temperatures, moist conditions can lessen the life expectancy. The suns UV rays are very damaging to asphalt and causes premature deterioration; the shingles will have a lower life expectancy. Improperly ventilated attics can cause cupping of the shingles. Curling is the beginning of deterioration. When lifting/curling occurs wind can catch and tear the shingles. Excessive granule loss is also a sign of deterioration. Susceptible to hail and wind damage. SIGNS OF SHINGLE FAILURE: These are the 5 most common problems that can occur in an asphalt shingle roof: Cupping - Shingle roofs often "cup" as they get older. This is when roof shingles sag in the middle and peel up along the edges resulting in a little cup shape. The older the roof, the more cupped the shingles become. They will become brittle and break more easily. They are also more vulnerable to wind that may rip them off your roof. Curling - Similar to cupping, curling can occur with age. Curling is when the edges of a shingle curl under. Roofs with curled shingles are susceptible to water leaks and should be replaced right away to avoid water damage and leaks. As with cupped tiles, curled tiles also are brittle. 3

4 Fish Mouthing - The way tiles lay; one shingle overlaps two shingles on the row below it. Moisture and air escapes through that intersection of the three shingles causing the overlapping shingle to raise at that point. The raised part of the shingle looks a bit like a fish mouth, which is where it gets its name. This itself doesn t cause any immediate damage to the shingles but it suggests bigger problems. Fish mouthing might indicate the roof is poorly ventilated or completely un-ventilated, which traps moisture underneath the shingles. Granular Loss - With time the granules on asphalt roof shingles naturally begin to wear off. The granules are what protect the roof from UV rays. Bare spots on shingles are not protected and will be subject to breaks and other natural damage. Thermal Cracking - While not as common as the other defects, thermal cracking still requires similar attention. There are a couple of possible situations that might cause thermal cracking. When the fiber mat is too thin, it is weaker and may, therefore, tear. The adhesive that holds shingles in their place could also be too strong or too much in quantity. In a situation like that there is no room for expansion or contraction due to variances in temperature which will likely cause shingles to split. MAINTENANCE: The best preventative maintenance that one can do is perform semi-annual inspections to identify and solve problems as they occur. Roofs get more abuse from the elements than any other part of the building, and preventative maintenance is a key element to saving money on your roof by providing a longer service life. Clean all debris from the surface of the roof. Debris holds water, and water will expedite roof deterioration. If your roof is starting to collect moss or algae, install some zinc or lead control strips. Check all flashings and make sure that they are not deteriorated and there are no holes in them. Dab some roof cement under any loose shingle tabs. One dab on either side should do. Replace any damaged shingles. Keep all gutters free of debris. Make sure that the downspouts are draining properly by water testing them. Trim back any overhanging tree branches. MANUFACTURERS: Tamko, Owens Corning, GAF and CertainTeed. SOURCES: GAF website,

5 Newer Fiberglass Roofs Damaged/Worn Fiberglass Roofs 5

6 CEMENT TILES MATERIAL: sand, cement and water. LIFE EXPECTANCY: 30 to 40 years depending on the proper installation of the underlayment, battens and flashing. ADVANTAGES: Non combustible. Less costly than most clay tiles. Fairly easy to repair if tile is broken. More resistant to damage from hail than many other types of steep roofing. Material, is resistant to wind blow off, allows snow to slide off the roof easier than most other roofing materials, can be installed in all temperatures from near 0 to 120 degrees or more, durability (very hard material). DISADVANTAGES: Expensive, heavy, not good in earthquake prone areas, suitable for southern climates, generally not used in re-roofing due to weight and structural inadequacies. Difficult to install on small areas and on difficult cut up architectural areas. Starts fading within the first year (if replacement tile is needed it will take years for it to blend in). Difficult to install correctly. SIGNS OF FAILURE: Broken, loose, slipped or deteriorated cement tiles. MANUFACTURERS: Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group; Clay Roof Tile Corporation SOURCES: Roofkey.com, Voices.yahoo.com, HowStuffWorks.com, Customtileroofing.com 6

7 New Cement Tile Roof Damaged/Worn Cement Tile Roof 7

8 FLAT ROOF MATERIAL: Flat roofs are constructed of an under layer and a top coat. The coating can be a PVC-like synthetic rubber coating, asphalt or modified bitumen. All of these coverings need to be checked regularly to ensure that the roof stays leak free. Flat roof styles are typically seen in warmer weather climates, as most could not stand the weight of winter snow build-up. They are architecturally appealing and can be economical if used in the right setting while being properly maintained. When installed on the right building in the right climate, a flat roof can provide distinct architectural appeal and practical roof covering. It is absolutely vital that flat roofing materials are as water resistant and water tight as possible to prevent serious damage to the roof itself and to the rest of the building and its contents. New types of flat roofing material are being used and while these offer more in the way of protection they are also more expensive as a general rule. There are still three main types of flat roofing materials that are used on a regular basis on new and older houses. Built up flat roofing Built up roofing consists of laying down several layers of tar and water resistant materials and then covered with gravel. The gravel acts as a good fire resistant layer and can be made to look very attractive. It is usually the cheapest of the flat roofing materials available; however, it is very heavy and may require strengthening of the joists. It is impractical to use on residential houses that are being lived in because it smells terribly. The gravel itself can clog gutters and other vital aspects of water drainage. Modified Bitumen flat roofing At one time it was necessary to use torchdown techniques that involved burning the roll of material onto the roof; however it is now possible to get adhesive varieties. The mineral surface that is used to create modified bitumen can be created in light colors, effectively reflecting the heat and sun. This will cut down on your energy bills during the summer months, and it can even be installed by any avid (and competent) do it yourselfer. Rubber membrane Rubber is durable and resistant to general wear and tear. Leaks are easy to find and repair, but the cost is really quite high. The standard black rubber does not reflect heat and paying for a lighter membrane will cost even more, however, it is quick to fit and will cause little disruption to the consumer house life during the process. LIFE EXPECTANCY: 15 years. Many flat roof systems develop leaks within the first 2 years of service. 8

9 ADVANTAGES: Easier to climb up on and inspect. Offer significantly more stability and horizontal surface than sloped roofs do. Cheaper to re-coat and install than sloped roofs. However, if the roof is not properly cared for, there can be a need for replacement much sooner which would make a sloped roof actually more cost effective. If the roof will be installed on a residential home in a dry climate, the odds of it lasting for a long time are much greater. DISADVANTAGES: Rainwater does not automatically run down the roof and drain off. Needs to be re-coated and sealed every few years to help them maintain their integrity and prevent leaks. The larger the area that the roof is covering, the less stable it becomes. Flat roofs, over large areas, can collapse under the weight of snow and rain. SOURCES: Roofingkey.com, Roofhelp.com Newer Flat Roof Worn Flat Roof 9

10 HAIL RESISTANT ROOFING These are modified asphalt shingles. Tougher adhesive is used to bond the outer layer of mineral granules to the central asphalt layer. This enables the granules to withstand impact from debris moving at higher velocities. An adhesive strip also bonds the bottom edge of a shingle to the underlying shingles. This, along with two rows of roofing nails near the center and top of a shingle, keep a shingle secure under high wind loads. A strong base, or mat, layer is also key to making a shingle that can withstand severe winds. The newer wind resistant shingles use a high-strength fiberglass mat for the base layer. This makes them tougher, stronger and more wear-resistant. Advantage: Shingles are expected to withstand the impact of hail with minimal damage and withstand winds up to 130 mph. Disadvantages: Many feel not enough research has been done on shingles in the colder climates. Expense - Shingles can run 50% to 100% more than standard asphalt shingles. Maintenance: Keep debris and moss from accumulating on shingles Sources: New Hail Resistant Shingles Damaged Hail Resistant Shingles 10

11 METAL ROOFING Material: Steel (panels or shingles) Life Expectancy: 60 years Advantages: Longevity - not prone to drying out, splitting, or cracking. Leak Resistant - can be stamped with a pattern that will control water flow. Shingles can be locked together or crimped to keep water out. Quiet - metal roofs are just as quiet as any other roof type. A Green Alternative - metal roofs last longer meaning less material to remove overall. It is common to install a metal roof over existing roof to avoid removing and disposing of what is already there. Energy Bills - metal reflects the suns rays better than asphalt or wood. Roof protects attic area from heat, so air conditioner will not have to work as hard to cool the home. Disadvantages: Initial Cost - in 2010, the cost was between $5-$8 per sq ft, compared to asphalt which was $2.75-$4.50 per sq ft. However, it is the lowest of all roofing materials when factoring in durability and maintenance cost. Installation Complexities - more prone to installation errors. Leaks are possible if panel joints are not watertight, or if panel screws are not in the correct place. Signs of Failure: Severely dented and distorted metal shingles; the interlocking seams may lose their integrity and leak, or they could lose their wind resistance Corrosion; some types may cause moisture problems, while others may weaken the metal structurally. New Metal Roof Metal Roof with Hail Damage 11

12 ORGANIC SHINGLES MATERIAL: Paper saturated with asphalt to make it waterproof, then a top coating of adhesive asphalt is applied and ceramic granules are then embedded. LIFE EXPETANCY: yrs depending on the thickness of the mat (same as fiberglass). Life expectancy can be greatly reduced by deterioration. ADVANTAGES: Limited maintenance such as regular inspections and looking for signs of deterioration. Because of their thicker, flexible, double-asphalt layer, organic shingles can be more durable in cold climates than fiberglass shingles. It is often possible to repair a damaged section of roof rather than replace the whole slope, or to replace only one slope instead of the whole roof. DISADVANTAGES: Hot and cold temperature swings. The sun s UV rays can damage the asphalt and shorten the life expectancy. They are susceptible to hail and wind damage. Moisture is a concern with organic shingles due to the paper mat that can absorb and retain moisture which can lead to further damage to roof sheathing and possible further structural damages. Shingle curling is the beginning sign of deterioration. When the shingles begin to curl they are much more susceptible to wind damage Excessive granule loss is also a sign of deterioration. SIGNS OF SHINGLE FAILURE: These are the 5 most common problems that can occur in an asphalt shingle roof: Cupping - Shingle roofs often "cup" as they get older. This is when roof shingles sag in the middle area and peel up along the edges resulting in a little cup shape. The older the roof, the more cupped the shingles become. As shingles become more cupped they become brittle and break more easily. They are also more vulnerable to wind that may rip cupped shingles off your roof. Curling - Similar to cupping, curling can occur with age. Curling is when the edges of a shingle curl under. Roofs with curled shingles are susceptible to water leaks and should be replaced right away to avoid water damage and leaks. Also as with to cupped tiles, curled tiles also are brittle. Fish Mouthing - The way tiles lay, one shingle overlaps two shingles on the row below it. Moisture and air escapes through that intersection of the three shingles causing the overlapping shingle to raise at that point. The raised part of the shingle 12

13 looks a bit like a fish mouth, which is where it gets its name. This itself doesn t cause any immediate damage to the shingles but it suggests bigger problems. Fish mouthing might indicate the roof is poorly ventilated or completely un-ventilated, which traps moisture underneath the shingles. Granular Loss - With time the granules on asphalt roof shingles naturally begin to wear off. The granules are what protect the roof from UV rays. Bare spots on shingles are not protected and will be subject to breaks and other natural damage. One way to know if your roof is bare is to check your gutter for piles of granules. If piles are present your roof should be replaced. Thermal Cracking - While not as common as the other defects, thermal cracking still requires similar attention. There are a couple of possible situations that might cause thermal cracking. When the fiber mat is too thin, it is weaker and may, therefore, tear. The adhesive that holds shingles in their place could also be too strong or too much in quantity. In a situation like that there is no room for expansion or contraction due to variances in temperature which will likely cause shingles to split. Distortion - As organic shingles age, they slowly lose volatiles. Volatiles are compounds that boil at a low temperature. They dissipate over time, mostly from evaporation. Volatiles are added into the asphalt mix to help make shingles flexible, durable and waterproof. Since their loss is mainly through evaporation, loss will happen more quickly in warm climates or in homes with poor roof ventilation. As volatiles dissipate, the cellulose mat becomes dryer and more absorbent. Deterioration - Organic shingles near the end of their life can hold considerably more moisture than fiberglass. Deterioration of the asphalt layer weakens the bond between asphalt layers and causes widespread delamination. It is not uncommon to see organic shingles on the same roof deteriorating at different rates. Sources: Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 2 - InterNACHI Tom Camaj, Midpoint Construction New Organic Shingles Worn Organic Shingles 13

14 SLATE ROOFING MATERIAL: Slate / Stone LIFE EXPECTANCY: years ADVANTAGES: Longevity - very durable. Slate is a stone; therefore it is very hard and can be expected to last a very long time. Natural Appearance - slate stones that are laid on a roof are shingle like in appearance. There are a variety of natural colors available, and they can also be customized. Weather and Fire Protection - storm and water resistant; natural elements will not compromise the look or structure of the tiles. They will not be damaged by snow or ice. Slate stones will not burn. Maintenance - do-it-yourself installation is impractical, however, once installed, slate roofs provide decades of reliable service with little or no maintenance. Property Value - using slate, which is the highest quality roofing material, nearly always enhances the value of a building. DISADVANTAGES: Weight - between lbs per 100 sq ft. Existing supporting structures often need reinforcements to support it. Highly susceptible to cracking and breaking if weight is applied to it. Repairs and maintenance are very difficult to perform without destroying slate tiles. Replacement Tiles - produced are sold in lots, and natural colors are rarely duplicated. Many roofing contractors have minimal experience. Improperly installed slate roofs are prone to leaks and cracks. Expensive - costs at least 5x as much as more commonly used roofing materials. SIGNS OF FAILURE: Missing or loose slates. Soft or thin slates. White mineral efflorescence which has formed on the stone. SOURCES: NRCA.net, ehow.com, inspectapedia.com, slateassociation.org, heimer.com, inspectapedia.com 14

15 Newer Slate Roof Damaged/Worn Slate Roof 15

16 SYNTHETIC WOOD SHAKE ROOFING MATERIAL: Made out of polymer-composite synthetic material. LIFE EXPECTANCY: 40+ yrs. ADVANTAGES: Lightweight Class 4 Impact resistant Maintenance free Wind resistant up to 100mph No freeze/thaw issues No curling No mold/fungus/insect issues Better hail protection then wood shingles DISADVANTAGES: More costly than wood or asphalt shingles MANUFACTURERS: Davinci Products SOURCES: Davinciroofscapes.com New Synthetic Wood Shakes Worn Synthetic Wood Shakes 16

17 T LOCK ROOFING MATERIAL: Fiberglass composite like fiberglass asphalt but shaped and installed differently. LIFE EXPECTANCY: years based on thickness of mat. Realistically, 70% of advertised life expectancy but this can vary when installed correctly and with adequate ventilation. ADVANTAGES: Heavy shingles which withstand high winds DISADVANTAGES: Expensive Commonly used 40 to 50 years ago. Have been phased out and are now rarely used Wind, hail, temperature variations, inadequate ventilation will shorten life expectancy More difficult to install therefore more prone to incorrect installation SIGN OF FAILURE: Similar to fiberglass shingles: cupping, curling, cracking. MANUFACTURERS: Discontinued. May find pieces on Ebay SOURCES: Tom Camaj at MidPoint Construction New T-Lock Roof Worn T-Lock Roof 17

18 TERRA COTTA ROOFING MATERIAL: Made from natural clay that has been fired in a kiln to remove moisture. Class A Shingle. LIFE EXPECTANCY: Could last up to 100 years but more commonly years ADVANTAGES: Fire resistant Provides greater layer of insulation than most types of roofing Long lasting Low maintenance Environmentally friendly DISADVANTAGES: Cost more than other roofing materials Difficult to access roof top Can freeze/crack in winter (colder climates) SIGNS OF FAILURE: Broken, loose, slipped or deteriorated tiles MANUFACTURERS: Bartile, Boston Valley Terra Cotta, Boral Roofing SOURCES: ehow.com,dreamstime.com New Terra Cotta Roof Aged Terra Cotta Roof 18

19 WOOD SHAKES MATERIALS: Cedar (used primarily in North America), cypress, pine, redwood LIFE EXPECTANCY: yrs when installed correctly and maintained. ADVANTAGES: Insulates attic Circulates air thru small openings under the felt rows that the shingles are attached to Allows house to breathe Holds up well to wind and hail Can replace a shake when necessary DISADVANTAGES: Demands maintenance and repair Untreated shingles need to apply fire retardants every few years Susceptible to mold, rot & insects More complicated to install SIGNS OF FAILURE: Cracking, curling, weathering MANUFACTURERS: Davinci Products SOURCES: Davinciroofscapes.com, fotosearch.com, New Wood Shake Roof Worn Wood Shake Roof 19

20 ROOF SLOPE/PITCH DEFINED Roof slope is a very important aspect and it is considered the primary factor in roof design. The slope of a roof has an effect on the interior volume of a building, the drainage, the style, and the material used for covering. For example, if water is collecting on a roof the problem is probably related to the slope. The style is affected too because the framing of the roof changes the slope. Generally, steeper roofs last longer than shallow roofs. Water runs off steep roofs more quickly and the roof dries faster The slope of a roof is often referred to as the pitch. The slope, or pitch, of the roof is determined by the vertical rise in inches for every horizontal twelve inch (12") length (called the "run"). A roof with x rise/12 run slope means that for every 12 inches horizontally (run), it rises x inches. Below are some of the common roof slopes and the terms which classify them Flat Roof: 2/12 Low Slope: 2/12-4/12 (less than 30 degrees) Conventional Slope Roof: 4/12-9/12 (between 30 and 45 degrees) Steep Slope: 9/12 and higher (more than 45 degrees) Steeper sloped roofs are generally more visually pleasing and tend to last longer as well. However, they also cost more because a steep sloped roof requires a taller chimney and more lumber for framing. Lastly, roof slope helps determine the appropriate materials for the roof. A roof with a 4/12 pitch will allow products such as shingles or tiles. However, these materials do not work well on low-slope roofs. Likewise, a single-ply membrane or a built-up roof will not be appropriate for a high-slope roof SOURCES: Roofingkey.com, Roofhelp.com 20

21 Determining a Roof Slope A fairly easy way to determine the slope is to take a 12" level and set one end on the roof surface and make it level. Then take a tape measure or ruler and measure from the other end down to the roof surface. This will give you the slope of the roof. The slope of the roof in the following picture would be expressed as "4 in 12" or "4 on 12" and written as 4/12, 4:12, or 4":12". 21

22 Roof Shapes Roofs are broken into two basic shape families: gabled and hipped. Gabled Gabled refers to the family of houses classified by the straight slope falling from ridge to eave, creating a peak or triangle on the side or front facade. Gabled houses have rakes on the gable facades and eaves on the non-gabled facades. Side-gabled This style of home locates the front door on the nongabled façade. Front-gabled houses have the peak or gable facing the front. Cross-gabled Houses have additional sections or wings crossing perpendicular to the main section, meeting in a valley, each with its own peaked or gabled façade. Hipped This family of houses avoids having a peak or triangle at the roof junction by breaking the roof plane along the slope line, allowing the roof to bend or wrap around the house. Hipped houses have an even roof to wall junction all the way around the house and eaves on all sides. Simple A hipped roof where all four roof faces rise to a ridge across the top, often with broader faces across the front slope and narrower side sections. Pyramidal A hipped roof where all four sides come to a point at the roof peak. Cross-hipped A roof with multiple sections or wings that cross the main section, meeting in a valley, each with its own hipped profile. 22

23 Gambrel A gabled roof that peaks at the ridgeline then falls away in a broad, low slope, breaks horizontally and changes to a steeper pitch. A gambrel roof has a broad upper story and side façade, and is often associated with barns. Saltbox A gabled roof with asymmetrical roof faces. This asymmetry produces one facade that is two stories high dropping to a single story or story and one half on the opposite side of the building. Mansard A hipped roof with two distinct roof pitches, low-sloped from the flat top or ridgeline then breaking to a steep pitch above the wall junction. Shed A gabled roof with a single roof face falling away from the main building. Shed roofs are often used for porches, additions, and raised-roof sections. Flat Actually its own roof type, flat roofs have no slope and may terminate with or without eaves. 23

24 Hip A change in roof direction, where two planes meet at an angle to make a vertical ridge or fold (the opposite of a valley). Valley A change in roof direction, where two planes meet at the bottom of their pitch to make a valley with two steep slopes running up and away from it (the opposite of a hip). Dormers and Gables Gables are actually roof sections that face in a different direction from the main roof (i.e. cross gables). They are built as part of the roof, rise up from the roof-towall junction, and have no walls. This type of construction may be used to create a new roof section or wing, or simply to open the roofline for a window. Dormers Rise up out of the roof and are often separate from the roof-to-wall junction. Like houses, dormers are classified by their roof shape (shed, hipped, gabled, flat, etc). Roof dormers Pop up from the main roofline, like a small house with its own walls, roof, and window. Roof dormers provide light, added space, and ventilation to the topmost spaces in the house. 24

25 Wall dormers Rise up from the roofline at the roof-to-wall junction but, unlike gables, have walls. 25

26 Parts of a Roof Deck/sheathing: The surface, usually plywood or oriented strand board (OSB), to which roofing materials are applied. Dormer: A small structure projecting from a sloped roof, usually with a window. Drip edge: An L-shaped strip (usually metal) installed along roof edges to allow water run off to drip clear of the deck, eaves and siding. Eave: The horizontal lower edge of a sloped roof. Fascia: A flat board, band or face located at a cornice's outer edge. Felt/underlayment: A sheet of asphalt-saturated material (often called tar paper) used as a secondary layer of protection for the roof deck. Flashing: Pieces of metal used to prevent the seepage of water around any intersection or projection in a roof system, such as vent pipes, chimneys, valleys and joints at vertical walls. Gables These are the triangular portions of the ends of the home, which extend from the eaves to the peak of the roof. Hip This is the high point where two adjoining roof sections meet. Louvers: Slatted devices installed in a gable or soffit (the underside of eaves) to ventilate the space below a roof deck and equalize air temperature and moisture. 26

27 Pitch This refers to the slope or steepness of the roof. Rafters: The supporting framing to which a roof deck is attached. Rake: The inclined edge of a roof over a wall. Ridge: The top edge of two intersecting sloping roof surfaces. Sheathing: The boards or sheet materials that are fastened to rafters to cover a house or building. Truss: Engineered components that supplement rafters in many newer homes and buildings. Trusses are designed for specific applications and cannot be cut or altered. Underlayment - The underlayment of a roof is the black paper that's laid over the plywood sheeting in order to seal the roof from damaging elements (snow, rain, ice, etc.). The use of a membrane is typically required, a waterproof membrane, a sweat sheet or vapor barrier with the underlayment paper serving the triple function. Valley: The angle formed at the intersection of two sloping roof surfaces. 27

28 DO YOU KNOW How to Enter the Roof Type in the Portal? Roof Type Asphalt/Fiberglass Shingles Cement Tile Flat Hail/Wind Resistant Shingles Metal Organic Shingles Slate Synthetic Wood Shake T-Lock Terra Cotta Wood Shake Portal Entry Comp/Asph Concrete Flat Com/Asph Metal Organic Tile/Slate Other Comp/Asph Tile/Slate Wood/Shake The Impact Resistant Roof Classes? UL2218 Standard for Impact Resistance of Prepared Roof Coverings This is a test in which steel balls of varying sizes simulate hailstones by hitting the same spot twice to test for damage resistance. These classes apply to many types of roofing materials (aluminum, copper, plastic, resin and modified asphalt shingles) Class 1 - resistance to a 1 1/4-inch steel ball Class 2 resistance to a 1 1/2-inch steel ball Class 3 resistance to a 1 3/4-inch steel ball Class 4 resistance to a 2-inch steel ball 28

29 What the difference between a shingle and a shake roof is? Shingles and shakes are often thought of as hard to differentiate, but are in fact recognizably different. A shake is typically thicker than a shingle and provides a heavier shadow line. What the signs that shingles need to be replaced or repaired are? Roofing problems become evident when there are leaks and drips. Another sign that your shingles need replacing is when these granules begin to wash away. Shingles can tear off when subjected to high winds, especially when they are old and brittle. Various extremes in weather can cause cracking and curling over time. The difference between the two types of asphalt shingles? Asphalt shingles come in two types composition and fiberglass. The composition shingles are made of wood and paper fibers turned into organic felt. Fiberglass shingles are manmade, but are also more fire-resistant than the composition shingles. Fiberglass roofing shingles are also resistant to tearing and last longer. Both types are soaked in asphalt, which embeds mineral granules into the shingles. The coating asphalt provides has weatherproofing qualities. The mineral granules protect the shingles from the sun s ultraviolet rays and give the shingles color and added protection against fire. Asphalt shingles come in a variety of weights; the heavier the shingle, the longer they last. You can also buy shingles that are plated in zinc to protect against algae build-up. That the thicker the roofing material the greater its life expectancy? That lighter color roofing materials tend to deflect sunlight rater than absorb it? Lighter color roof coverings most likely will have a longer life expectancy than the darker color roofs. What the average cost to replace an asphalt shingle roof is? The average cost per square (10ft x 10ft) to replace year warranty asphalt shingles is $310 - $325. This would include tear off, felt, replace roofing, dump fee, drip edge and ice and water shield. The cost for year warranty shingles would be approximately $10 less per square and the cost for 40 year guarantee shingles would run about $20 more per square. These costs could differ depending on the pitch of the roof and the number of stories. 29

30 That there are concerns with 2nd layer asphalt roofs? Layering roofing has been a way to save time and money when you need to replace your roof and is acceptable by most building codes. However, layering roofing can void shingle warrantees, add excessive weight to the structure of your house, and diminish the overall life of the roof. 30

31 REFERENCES www. heimer.com