Civil Engineering Design

Transcription

1 ES050 Introductory Engineering Design and Innovation Studio Civil Engineering Design Prof. Jon Southen November 18, 2009

2 Goals and Objectives of this lecture Provide introduction to engineering design as practiced in Civil engineering Provide context regarding the environment in which Civil engineering design takes place Provide examples of engineering graphics used in Civil engineering

3 Civil Engineering Design The Civil engineering project Types of project Principal players General design process Design considerations Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability Validation techniques Design delivery Drawings Specifications

4 Civil Engineering Projects Civil Engineering oldest discipline Civil-Military distinction Wide variety within Civil Structural Environmental Geotechnical Wind Etc. Basic design considerations, techniques common to all specialties

5 CIVIL ENGINEERING WORLD (IDEALIZED)

6 CIVIL ENGINEERING WORLD (REAL) Urban planners Elect. Eng. Civil Engineering Mechanical Eng. Politicians Economists Architects Lawyers Bankers

7 Civil Engineering Design Project-Based Physical nature of the product Large, heavy, and expensive Each project is unique A large part of the components are manufactured elsewhere A large part of the components are manufactured elsewhere Ultimate use of the product a means to further production an addition to or improvement of the infrastructure of the economy a social investment (e.g. hospitals) an investment for direct enjoyment (e.g. housing) Demand for and price of the product

8 The Construction Project A project (construction or otherwise) is defined by the following characteristics: A defined goal or objective Specific tasks not routinely performed A defined beginning and end Defined deliverables Resources being consumed

9 Categories Of Construction Projects Building Construction Projects Office buildings, large apartment buildings, shopping malls, etc. Large segment of market, but heavily dependent on local economy Designed by architects with engineering support Built by general contractors Privately funded Greater technical and investment requirements than residential projects

10 Categories Of Construction Projects Heavy Construction Projects Infrastructure roadways, bridges, dams, tunnels, canals Designed by civil engineers Built by heavy construction contractors with engineering background or support Typically publicly funded Long duration less sensitive to economy

11 Categories Of Construction Projects Industrial Construction Projects Steel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical plants, automobile plants, etc. Defined more by the production activities than by the facility itself Privately funded Quality and time are most important Very technical few companies, cooperation important throughout the project

12 Principal Players 1) Owner 2) Design Professional 3) Constructor

13 Principal Players 1) Owner Also called the client Pays the bills and receives the benefit Determines scope, schedule and budget (either in-house or with outside assistance) i.e. defines need May be public or private

14 Principal Players 2) Design Professional Engineers, architects, consultants Assists the owner in developing the scope, schedule and budget Prepares construction documents that are used to build the project Responsible for the physical integrity of the project (licensed)

15 Principal Players 3) Constructor Contractor, general contractor, prime contractor, builder, construction manager Interprets the contract documents and physically constructs the project May employ subcontractors

16 Linear Project Life Cycle Project Formulation Phase Planning Process Engineering And Design Process Construction Process Use Management Process Disposal Process User Requirements Project Feasibility and Scope Project Engineering and Design Project Field Engineering and Construction Facility Use and Management Facility Demolition or Conversion Awareness of Need Project Concept Formulation Project Scope Definition Full Project Description Project Completion and Acceptance for Use Fulfillment of Need

17 Civil Engineering Design Sequence

18 Clicker Question The principal players in a typical construction project include all of the following EXCEPT: A. The owner B. The design professional C. The public D. The constructor

20 Civil Engineering Design Considerations Owner requirements basis for problem definition refined by feasibility study phase Objectives and constraints influenced by owner requirements as well as outside factors codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability also a key factor

21 Building Codes Used locally to regulate building construction Intent is to protect public health and safety National Building Code of Canada 2005 Model building code Ontario Building Code Regulated building code based on NBCC

22 Building Codes Set minimum standard of construction quality Includes definition of occupancy groups and construction types, with corresponding limitations on building size, components, construction methods, etc. Other codes pertain to specific building systems (e.g. plumbing)

23 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code CAN/CSA-S6-06 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code Used in all Provinces to design bridges over 3m span

24 Design Guidelines and Manuals Various organizations have developed guidelines and design manuals to assist engineers in designing components not covered in general building codes. E.g. Concrete Design Handbook (Canadian Cement Institute), Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (Canadian Geotechnical Society) Provide specific guidelines for designing various civil engineering components

25 Regulations Civil engineering designs often directly related to public activities Regulations may dictate many aspects of design, especially environmental E.g. landfill design Ontario Regulation 232/98

26 O.Reg. 232/98 Landfill Design Groundwater Protection

29 O.Reg. 232/98 Landfill Design Groundwater Protection Alternatively, a site-specific design for groundwater protection may be used, provided it can be demonstrated that the design meets the Ontario Reasonable Use Guidelines pertaining to groundwater resources

30 Civil Engineering Design Specific elements of the overall project are designed with due consideration of applicable codes, guidelines and regulations Engineering judgment required to assess what is applicable and whether the proposed design meets requirements Engineering science principles not expressed in codes, etc. must be adapted and applied to specific design constraints Goal is to ensure project objectives are met while ensuring safety

31 Cost Analysis Often primary basis for choosing among several viable design alternatives Preliminary designs offer basis for estimating construction costs estimating Value engineering takes cost implications into consideration throughout the design iteration process

32 Constructability Constructability (how easily the proposed design can actually be built) is often a key factor in project cost Often the involvement of a construction manager is incorporated in the design phase to ensure constructability is considered and thus enhance the value engineering process

33 Clicker Question Which of the following does not significantly influence the objectives and constraints of a Civil engineering design? A. Government regulations B. Building codes C. End user requirements D. Constructability considerations E. All of these influence objectives and constraints

35 Design Delivery Client (owner) retains designer (engineer) to prepare bid package for constructor (contractor) Bid package (final design) fully describes project such that contractor can construct the design and estimate cost to do so (i.e. prepare bid for owner) Final design consists of drawings and specifications which fully describe design

36 Civil Engineering Drawings Civil engineers typically use twodimensional representations to describe designs What must be described and the level of detail is dependent on the current phase of the project

37 Civil Engineering Drawings Topographic Base Maps Created based on site investigations and surveys Used during feasibility and conceptual planning stages of project Shows contours (grade), control points, natural and artificial features, etc.

38 Topographic Base Map

39 Civil Engineering Drawings Planning-level drawings Used early in project to describe concepts Limited engineering analysis to support May be simple sketch, or include key dimensions where cost information necessary General plan and typical section views

40 Planning-level Drawing

41 Civil Engineering Drawings Conceptual-level drawings Developed to compare costs, evaluate relative advantages/disadvantages and identify flaws so a preferred concept can be selected Drawings more detailed than planning-level, but not suitable for construction Plan and one (or more) cross sections

42 Conceptual-level Drawing

43 Civil Engineering Drawings Final design drawings Used by contractor to construct design Contain all necessary information (with specifications) to bid and build project Used to support permit applications Used to prepare accurate estimate of costs More detailed and more drawings typically required

44 Final Design Drawing

45 Final Design Drawings Typically a set of drawings is required to fully characterize the project, e.g. 1. Title Sheet 2. Abbreviations / Legend / General Notes 3. Existing Conditions 4. Subsurface Conditions 5. Group Drawings (Civil, Structural, Mech., etc.) General Layout Plans Detailed Layout Plans Sections and Details Sheets 6. Miscellaneous Details Sheets

46 Design Controls A set of benchmarks, coordinate grids, control points, baselines, centrelines, etc. Used to determine the design alignment and dimensions avoid interference between different members of the design team enable the surveyor to establish line and grade

47 Plan of Design Controls

48 Civil Engineering Drawings A number of typical 2-D views are used by Civil engineers to represent a 3-D design 3-D views (e.g. isometric, oblique) are usually not used in Civil drawings Various views are used: Plan View Section View Elevation View Profile View Detail View

49 Plan View Typically most important view all others are supplemental Depicts the design in context with the existing site details

50 Section View Also called a cross section, basically a cut through a structure Shows the internal relationships among various components of a structure Adequate number required to show all internal features

51 Elevation View Shows the vertical relationship of various features Is an external view of the side not a cut like a section view More common for concrete and mechanical structures

52 Profile View Essentially a long section view along an entire structure Useful for highways, tunnels, pipelines, etc. Usually has different horizontal and vertical scales (exaggerated vertical)

53 Detail View Show design features and requirements when overall plan, section and other views do not have proper scale and resolution to do so Essentially enlargements of design features, included in other views

54 Technical Specifications Used in conjunction with drawings to fully describe all of the technical requirements necessary to complete a project Should not overlap information with drawings Includes things like material requirements, testing requirements for quality control, installation procedures and tolerances, schedule requirements, safety issues and responsibilities etc.

55 Clicker Question A drawing consists of a plan and typical cross section view of a canal project; included are representative dimensions, material types and thicknesses, freeboard requirements and a rough indication of the existing ground surface. The drawing described would be described as a: A. conceptual-level drawing B. final design drawing C. regulatory-review drawing D. planning-level drawing E. design control drawing