Psychological Assessment: A Look Backward and Forward. Disclosures. Overview 10/21/2015. Lisa Whipple Drozdick, Ph.D. Stuart Red, Ph.D.

Transcription

1 Psychological Assessment: A Look Backward and Forward Lisa Whipple Drozdick, Ph.D. Stuart Red, Ph.D. Disclosures Lisa Whipple Drozdick and Stuart Red are employed by Pearson, publisher of some of the instruments mentioned in the presentation. Overview Origins of Psychological Assessment Psychological Assessment Snapshot 1995 Psychological Assessment Today Future Possibilities in Psychological Assessment 1

2 Song Dynasty Phrenology (Cranioscopy) Journal of Phrenology (1823) Measured head dimensions scientifically No relation to outcomes Phrenology (Cranioscopy) 2

3 Wilhelm Wundt ( ) Established psychology as a science First formal laboratory of psychological research Measured sensations, reaction time Hermann Ebbinghaus ( ) Studied memory Showed that higher mental processes could be studies with experimentation First standard research report intro., methods, results, and discussion 3

4 Early Mental Tests (1900 s) Term introduced by Cattell First large scale use was by Goddard to assess immigrants Introduction of Ability Tests ( ) Rise of education for all children Increased need to sort children into educational programs In France, Alfred Binet introduced the first measure of intelligence (Mental Age) Introduction of Ability Tests ( ) Terman Stanford Binet (Intelligence Quotient MA/CA) 4

5 Introduction of Ability Tests ( ) World War I increased need for assessing large numbers of recruits Woodworth s self report personality test Army Alpha and Beta group ability testing Rise of Individual Assessment Rorschach (1921) Wechsler Bellvue Intelligence Scale(1939) MMPI (1942/3) WISC (1949) Meyers Briggs (1962) Neuropsychology (1960s) 5

6 Introduction of Ability Tests ( ) World War I increased need for assessing large numbers of recruits Woodworth s self report personality test Army Alpha and Beta group ability testing Rise of Individual Assessment Rorschach (1921) Wechsler Bellvue Intelligence Scale(1939) MMPI (1942/3) WISC (1949) Meyers Briggs (1962) Neuropsychology (1960s) 1995 OJ Simpson trial Oklahoma City bombing Rwanda massacre West Bank agreement Women enter Citadel Shuttle docks with space station Cost of gas 1.09 per gallon/speed limit raised above 55 Windows 95 released; Javascript introduced; ebay started DVD is introduced Grateful Dead break up; Toy Story released NAP founded 6

7 Psychological Assessment Snapshot 1995 DSM IV (pubbed in 1994) WAIS R/WMS R WISC III/WIAT DAS CVLT PC based scoring and reporting Limited access to internet no iphone, smart phone, ipad no electronic record keeping 2015 Civil unrest around deaths in police custody Same sex marriage upheld by Supreme Court Refugee crisis in Europe ISIS exapnds in Middle East Women enter presidential race and win world cup First probe to Pluto Cost of gas 2.59 per gallon Windows 10; ipad Pro; Apple Pencil Psychological Assessment Snapshot 2015 DSM IV (pubbed in 1994) WAIS R/WMS R WISC III/WIAT DAS CVLT PC based scoring and reporting Limited access to internet no iphone, smart phone, ipad no electronic record keeping 7

8 Where are we now? We are here Traditional Paper and Pencil Assessments Current Digital Assessments 8

9 Brain Baseline What is Q-interactive? A system delivering current Pearson tests in a digital format Create assessment session 1 5 Store long-term Send securely to ipad application 2 4 Send securely back to Central Test! 3 Testing in Assess 2 Client responds Examiner controls client s device, reads instructions, and records and scores responses 1 9

10 Available tests Measures of ability, memory, achievement, executive functioning, language and other neuropsychological constructs in both child and adult populations Digital Assessment benefits? Save time with helpful tools that allow rapid capture and on-the-fly scoring Personalize test batteries and use tools to apply an adaptive approach based on the unique characteristics of the client Improve productivity by eliminating time spent on mundane tasks Achieve greater accuracy in administration and scoring Access feedback quicker to interpret findings sooner, probe deeper or more broadly Enjoy the convenience: its portable, familiar, and easy to use Reduce your ecological footprint, environmentally friendly What s in the future 10

11 Technology has the potential to be good Changes in psychological assessment have been slow for quite some time In no other area of science or technology has so little change been seen in the last 65 years (Greene, 2011) in the midst of accelerating scientific progress, advances from early intelligence tests to those of today have been relatively minor (Boake, 2002) Others have indicated that technology offers opportunities for test development that simply would not exist without new technology (Hofer & Green, 1985). Now is the time for change... Where do we look? 11

12 Laboratory Experiments Assessments in Research Assessments are already used in research to: Validate constructs being measured Measure effect of independent variables Measure effectiveness of treatment Need to apply innovative lab research into assessments Looking at tools already in our hands 12

13 computers bring the possibility to use tests with a very complex structure without the lack of test validity, to implement quick and deep mathematical processing of each response during the test as well as overall test result (Smoline, 2012) Change the way we measure constructs Gathering of more forms of data Audio recording Touch responses that can be turned into immediate data Refine the way that we measure constructs Gain a better understanding of those constructs that underlie psychological disorders Stealth Assessment Definition: Assessments that are woven directly and invisibly into the fabric of the gaming environment. (Shute, 2011) 13

14 Crowd Sourcing Obtaining needed information through soliciting large groups of people to provide information, particularly online communities The Economist 2012 Move beyond current technology used in assessment Eye tracking Wearable Technology Tele assessment Imaging Eye tracking as an example 14

15 Why are eye movements so important? How Eye movements many cranial bring nerves important involve eye objects movements? to the fovea and maintain the fovea on those objects History of eye tracking Louis Emile Javal (1879) Eyes don t move continuously along text while reading, rather they make short rapid movements (saccades) with short stops (fixations) Used mirror on one side of the page (naked eye) Coined term saccade jerk in French, usually referring to rapid movements made by a horse during training Lamare and Herring (separately) used rubber tubes attached to the eyelids Distinctive sounds were heard for eye movements and recorded by experimenters They were listening to the movements of the muscles History of eye tracking Edmund Huey (1898) Used plaster of paris cup molded to fit the cornea with whole for subject to read through 15

16 Alfred Yarbus (1950s and 1960s) (Yarbus, 1967) 16

17 Modern eye tracking Cognition and eye movements Eye movements determine what information reaches our retina Important for functions such as attention and memory Control what we see/attend to (What age are they?) Control what we remember (Remember the clothing.) Yarbus was already doing this Can also be done with monkey lesion/recording studies Relate neurological disorders to eye movement deficits Can also look at treatment effects (good and bad) Example from substance abuse Impaired cognitive performance in cocaine-addicted subjects 17

18 Wearable Sensors Remote Psychology Virtual Assessments/Treatment 18

19 Diagnostic Neuroimaging (Kloppel, 2012) (Mwangi, 2012) What do we do with all this data? Previously technology has given us the ability to score more data quicker (scoring assistants) Also given us the ability to reliably store and share data (most of the time) Now have the possibility to store and potentially analyze large sets of data Could allow for more frequent updating of norms Application of New Analysis Techniques Youngstrom,

20 Conclusions/Next Steps We have come a long way from song dynasty career placement exams Will have to catch up to harness power of assessments Apply current laboratory research Other issues to consider Testing of digital natives Adapting the role of the examiner Ethics in data collection and storage 20