Assessing trade-offs between energy consumption and security in sensor networks: simulations or testbeds?
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1 Assessing trade-offs between energy consumption and security in sensor networks: simulations or testbeds? F. Maraninchi 1, Grenoble INP/Ensimag, VERIMAG mainly summarizing discussions with: Laurent Mounier, Karine Altisen, Stéphane Devismes, Pascal Lafourcade, Raphaël Jamet, Ozgün Pinarer,... November 6,
2 Trade-off Between Security and Energy Consumption in Sensor Networks Applications... Energy Consumption Security Lifetime Security () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
3 Trade-off Between Security and Energy Consumption in Sensor Networks Applications... Energy Consumption Security Lifetime Choose this point Security () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
4 Two Sub-Questions Energy Consumption Security 1 How to evaluate energy consumption of a complete HW/SW solution? 2 How to define and implement measurable security? In such a way that we trust simulations/experiments. We worked on points 1 and 2 in the ANR ARESA and ARESA2 projects, with Orange Labs; and also on point 1 in the ANR HELP project, with STMicroelectronics. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
5 This Talk Brief presentation of one particular security protocol for WSNs, for which security has been evaluated on abstract models of WSNs SR3: Secure Resilient Reputation-based Routing. Karine Altisen, Stéphane Devismes, Raphaël Jamet, Pascal Lafourcade - IEEE Int. Conf. on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS 2013) More realistic assumptions and new questions on the attacker models Some (hopefully) more general comments/conclusions/questions () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
6 The SR 3 Protocol () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
7 The SR 3 Protocol: Expected Attackers Dolev-Yao principles for security = the attacker is the strongest we can imagine, the only thing it cannot do is decrypt a message without the key. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
8 The SR 3 Protocol: Expected Attackers Dolev-Yao principles for security = the attacker is the strongest we can imagine, the only thing it cannot do is decrypt a message without the key. Such a powerful attacker of a WSN will always win. Weaker attackers considered: normal nodes (w.r.t. HW capabilities) whose SW has been compromised Example: a node can start behaving as a blackhole at some point in time. Expected properties of SR 3 : if there are not too many such nodes, the protocol will maintain a good delivery rate, at a reasonable cost. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
9 The SR 3 Protocol: Main Ideas n1 me n4 n2 sink n3 () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
10 The SR 3 Protocol: Main Ideas Reputation list n1 me n4 n2 sink n3 Choice of a neighbor: (i) part of the time: random; otherwise random weighted by reputation list. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
11 The SR 3 Protocol: Main Ideas Reputation List n1 me blackhole n4 n2 sink n3 () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
12 The SR 3 Protocol: Simulations with Sinalgo (A distributed algorithm simulator, ETH Zürich) () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
13 The SR 3 Protocol: Simulations with Sinalgo (A distributed algorithm simulator, ETH Zürich) A node that has acquired a good reputation turns into a blackhole: the delivery rate drops, and then SR3 recovers. Size of the reputation list: if increased, better routes, longer time to recover. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
14 The SR 3 Protocol: Energy Consumption For the moment, the Sinalgo models are based on 2 important hypotheses: The radio channel and the MAC layer provide the routing level with an ideal platform (no collisions) Energy consumption is directly related to messages (number of messages sent, length of the routes) () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
15 The SR 3 Protocol: Energy Consumption For the moment, the Sinalgo models are based on 2 important hypotheses: The radio channel and the MAC layer provide the routing level with an ideal platform (no collisions) Energy consumption is directly related to messages (number of messages sent, length of the routes) Next step: how would SR 3 behave with more realistic assumptions: Realistic radio channel and MAC protocol Energy consumption related to the behavior of the HW elements (CPU, radio,...) () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
16 Experiments with SR 3 Sinalgo WSNET (ideal MAC) () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
17 Experiments with SR 3 Sinalgo SensOrLabs testbed WSNET (ideal MAC) More understandable More realistic... () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
18 Experiments with SR 3 Sinalgo WSNET (802.11) SensOrLabs testbed WSNET (ideal MAC) + realistic medium More understandable More realistic... () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
19 Experiments with SR 3 Sinalgo WSNET (802.11) SensOrLabs testbed WSNET (ideal MAC) + realistic radio (Q. Lampin) T TX consumption/ state + realistic medium More understandable More realistic... () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
20 What do We Expect? 1 Degraded performances due to the realistic radio channel + MAC longer routes,... () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
21 What do We Expect? 1 Degraded performances due to the realistic radio channel + MAC longer routes,... 2 New behaviors due to interference effects hidden by the ideal communication hypothesis spatial and temporal correlations for the success rate of transmissions, implying weird behaviors of the reputation lists,... We try and build a situation for point 2 (topology, moment when a node becomes a blackhole,...). () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
22 Unexpected Observation With a realistic radio channel, it s hard to build an efficient attack! () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
23 Unexpected Observation With a realistic radio channel, it s hard to build an efficient attack! () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
24 After Some Thought... Very important impact of the attacker s position: Where to put the attacker to make it as strong as possible? An idea: We would like the honest nodes to suffer from the realistic channel, but NOT the attackers! () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
25 General Comments () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
26 The More Details, The Better? The more details you can put in a reasonably fast simulation, the better? No, because: More details means less understandable results More details in the execution environment (HW+channel+attackers) make it more particular, hence the SW is less robust/secure. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
27 Comments on the Experimental Settings Sinalgo WSNET (ideal MAC) () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
28 Comments on the Experimental Settings Sinalgo SensOrLabs testbed WSNET (ideal MAC) More understandable More realistic... () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
29 Comments on the Experimental Settings Sinalgo WSNET (802.11) SensOrLabs testbed WSNET (ideal MAC) + realistic medium More understandable More realistic... () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
30 Comments on the Experimental Settings Sinalgo WSNET (802.11) SensOrLabs testbed WSNET (ideal MAC) + realistic radio (Q. Lampin) T TX consumption/ state + realistic medium More understandable More realistic... () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
31 The Ideal Modeling/Simulation Framework For Embedded+Distributed Systems? (Given) Software (drivers, low level, MAC, routing, application) () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
32 The Ideal Modeling/Simulation Framework For Embedded+Distributed Systems? (Given) Software (drivers, low level, MAC, routing, application) (Has to be modeled) Adversary HW of a node radio channel attackers () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
33 The Ideal Modeling/Simulation Framework For Embedded+Distributed Systems? (Given) Software (drivers, low level, MAC, routing, application) (Has to be modeled) Adversary HW of a node radio channel attackers Very particular ok () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
34 The Ideal Modeling/Simulation Framework For Embedded+Distributed Systems? (Given) Software (drivers, low level, MAC, routing, application) (Has to be modeled) Adversary HW of a node radio channel attackers Very particular ok Unfriendliness should be exagerated () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
35 Exagerating Unfriendliness of the Execution Environment (1) Exagerating Unfriendliness of the HW platform: The very goal of transaction-level modeling (TLM) for systems-on-a-chip. Feasible even though the REAL object code runs on rather abstract HW models (bit-accurate models) Example with two timers: Embedded SW: start timer 1 delay 10 start timer 2 delay 20 wait expiration 1 wait expiration 2 () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
36 Exagerating Unfriendliness of the Execution Environment (1) Exagerating Unfriendliness of the HW platform: The very goal of transaction-level modeling (TLM) for systems-on-a-chip. Feasible even though the REAL object code runs on rather abstract HW models (bit-accurate models) Example with two timers: Embedded SW: start timer 1 delay 10 start timer 2 delay 20 wait expiration 1 wait expiration 2 HW models of increasing unfriendliness: 1) exact timing: 10, 20 2) loose timing: [8,12], [18,22] 3) no timing: one day, one day If even loose timing is considered too friendly, then untimed models are the only choice to guarantee SW robustness. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
37 Exagerating Unfriendliness of the Execution Environment (2) Exagerating unfriendliness of the attackers in a WSN? We could imagine a mixed simulation mode in which: The honest nodes play by the rules, i.e. they suffer from the imperfections of the radio channel+mac The attackers don t play by the rule, i.e., for them the transmission is perfect. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
38 Exagerating Unfriendliness of the Execution Environment (2) Exagerating unfriendliness of the attackers in a WSN? We could imagine a mixed simulation mode in which: The honest nodes play by the rules, i.e. they suffer from the imperfections of the radio channel+mac The attackers don t play by the rule, i.e., for them the transmission is perfect. For the 2 timers: if even loose timing is considered too friendly, then untimed models are the only choice. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
39 Exagerating Unfriendliness of the Execution Environment (2) Exagerating unfriendliness of the attackers in a WSN? We could imagine a mixed simulation mode in which: The honest nodes play by the rules, i.e. they suffer from the imperfections of the radio channel+mac The attackers don t play by the rule, i.e., for them the transmission is perfect. For the 2 timers: if even loose timing is considered too friendly, then untimed models are the only choice. For the attackers: if any position with the realistic radio channel is too particular/friendly, the only choice is to build an ideal position. () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
40 Conclusion (1) We are quite far from trusting views like: Energy Consumption Security Lifetime Security We need frameworks in which we can think in terms of our solution/the execution environment, i.e., the adversary () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
41 Conclusion (1) We are quite far from trusting views like: Energy Consumption Security Lifetime Choose this point Security We need frameworks in which we can think in terms of our solution/the execution environment, i.e., the adversary () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
42 Conclusion (2) A very useful tool would be a mix of: testbeds and high level models with perturbations = exagerated view of the discrepancies between ideal and real behaviors () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
43 Questions? () Nov 6, 2014 November 6, / 23
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