Trade Barriers Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D. et Ph.D.
|
|
- Shona Thomas
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Trade Barriers Ing. Mansoor Maitah Ph.D. et Ph.D.
2 Economic Basis for Trade Distribution of Economic Resources Different Technologies Goods are Differentiated as to Quality and other Non - price Attributes Labor-Intensive Goods Land-Intensive Goods Capital-Intensive Goods
3 Trade Barriers What is a Trade Barrier Import duties Import quotas Import licenses Tariffs Export licenses Subsidies Non-tariff barriers to trade Voluntary Export Restraints
4 Trade Restrictions Arguments for Trade Restrictions National Defense Certain industries need protection Imports may not be available during wartime. Domestic production essential to provide war materials. Prevent valuable technologies from being used to strengthen competition, especially militarily National Security Is threatened by trade. Sanctions to Punish Offending Nations Inflict economic damage to encourage, to modify behavior Protect Infant or Dying Industry In the long run will have a comparative advantage Special Industries with Unique and Substantial Economic Potential will not mature without Protection from Trade.
5 Trade Restrictions Arguments for Trade Restrictions - Jobs are destroyed by trade. Protect Domestic Jobs from Cheap Foreign Labor. - Worker wages are hurt by Trade. Greatest problem for low-skilled workers. - Infant Industry Argument: Special Industries with Unique and Substantial Economic Potential will not mature without Protection from trade.the contention that tariffs should be imposed to protect from import competition an industry that is trying to get started. After the industry becomes technologically efficient, the tariff can be lifted. -Unfair competition undermines the Benefits of Trade. Fair competition brings cost of imported goods up to domestically produced goods to prevent unfair advantage
6 Trade Restrictions Protection to Reduce Trade Deficit Deficits due to Macroeconomic imbalance national saving < national investment. Direct effect of protection is lower imports, but also appreciates currency exports fall, imports rise no reduction in trade deficit! Protection as Bargaining Device Trade barriers as bargaining chip in trade negotiations. Gains from unilateral liberalization More threats, but how much trade liberalization?
7 Trade Restrictions Retaliation Import restrictions placed by another country may result in similar restrictions by domestic government. (EU ban on hormone treated U.S. beef).
8 What is Dumping? Normal Value in the Exporting Market Export Price If a product is exported at a price (Export Price) lower than the price (Normal Value) it normally charges on its own home market, it constitutes dumping
9 Reasons for Retaliation Dumping is the selling of a product abroad for less than The average cost of production in the exporting nation The market price in the exporting nation The price to third countries Result of Excess production Cyclical or seasonal factors Attempt to force domestic producers out of business
10 The Impact of dumping Loss of Sales Reduced Profits Loss of market share Reduced returns on investments Decline in output Under utilization of capacity Adverse Effect On Cash flow Inventories Employment Wages Growth New Investment Ability to raise capital
11 Sanctions Justified Dumping for which sanctions are considered justified Social dumping Lower labor costs and poorer working conditions Environmental dumping Lax environmental standards Financial services dumping Low requirements for bank capital/asset ratios Cultural dumping Cultural barriers aid local firms Tax dumping Differences in corporate tax rates or special breaks
12 Other Reasons for Retaliation Subsidies Government provides to domestic firm to encourage exports or protect from imports Can be Cash payment Government participation in ownership Low-cost loans Preferential tax treatment Countervailing Duties Set by importing nation to offset effects of subsidy Equal to the subsidy amount
13 Types of Restrictions - Tariffs Ad Valorem Percentage of invoice value Specific Fixed sum of money per unit Compound duty Combination of the above
14 Types of Restrictions - Tariffs Official Prices Minimum import duty regardless of invoice price Variable Levy Calculated daily based on world market price Lower Duties for Local Input Encourages some local production
15 Types of Restrictions - Nontariff Quantitative Quotas Voluntary Export Restraints Orderly Marketing Arrangements Nonquantitative Nontariff Direct government participation in trade Customs and other administrative procedures Government and private standards
16 Quota System A government-imposed restriction on the quantity of a specific good that another country is allowed to sell in the Czech Republic In other words, quotas are restrictions on imports, usually applied to one or several specific countries.
17 Quotas Quota is a set maximum on imports in volume or value terms. Similarities to tariff that results in same level of imports: increase domestic sale price and production; reduce consumption. transfer from consumer to producer. Quotas do not generate any tariff revenue! quota rent domestic sale price in excess of cost of imports. Quota rent is pure profit. Quotas likely welfare inferior to tariff due to lost quota rent. wasted in costly lobbying for quota licenses. given to foreign governments.
18 Equilibrium with restrictions Equilibrium without restrictions
19 Quotas additional considerations Suppose domestic demand increases: tariff: imports increase, no change in price. quota: domestic price increases, no change in imports Quotas reduce price competition. foreign firms cannot increase sales by lowering price, so don t compete on basis of price domestic firms end up with more market power. reduced economies of scale Quotas and/or VERs common in textiles, iron/steel, autos, agriculture
20 Voluntary quotas Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA) An official agreement with another country that voluntarily restricts the quantity of its exports. Rents definitely go to foreigners. More politically reasons than formal barriers to trade. Voluntary Import Expansion (VIE) An official agreement with another country in which it agrees to import more from the Czech Republic.
21 Ways to Restrict Foreign Trade Tariffs Tax on imported goods Benefits import-competing industries Harms consumers by raising prices Tariff Revenue Decline in Imports Increased Domestic Production Increased Domestic Production
22 Other Barriers to Trade, cont Government Procurement Policies Administrative Classification Health and Safety Standards Social Policies Performance Requirements (typically applying to foreign direct investment)
23 Levels of Economic Development Developed Classification for all industrialized nations, which are mostly technologically developed. Developing Classification for world s lower income nations, which are less technically developed. Newly Industrialzing Countries (NICs) Fast-growing, middle-income or higher economies Heavy concentration of foreign investment Exported large quantities of manufactured goods, including high-tech products
24 Levels of Economic Development Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs). Primarily used to refer to the four tigers Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea IMF combines NIEs with Industrialized Nations to form advanced economies Emerging Market Economies Chile, Malaysia, China, Thailand, Indonesia Transition Countries or Eastern Europe Former communist countries
25 Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties in response to foreign firms unfairly selling goods in the U.S. at less than fair value. Countervailing duty meant to offset foreign subsidies. Dumping: 1) selling in U.S. at price lower than in home market, or 2) at price below cost. system biased in favor of finding of unfair pricing Restrictions on Services aircraft landing rights; sea transport restrictions; insurance Domestic Content Provisions particularly important in Preferential Trade Areas, e.g., NAFTA
26 Current Trade Sanctions Burma (Myanmar) Cuba Diamond Trading Iran Iraq Liberia Libya Nonproliferation North Korea Sudan Syria Zimbabwe
27 Regional Trade Bloc A group of nations that grants members special privileges. Examples include the European Union, NAFTA, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Preferential Trade Areas
28 Levels of Regional Integration Political Union Economic Union Common Market Customs Union Free-Trade Area Coordinate aspects of members economic and political systems Remove barriers to trade, labor, and capital; set a common trade policy against nonmembers; and coordinate members economic policies Remove all barriers to trade, labor, and capital among members; and set a common trade policy against nonmembers Remove all barriers to trade among members, and set a common trade policy against nonmembers Remove all barriers to trade among members, but each country has own policies for nonmembers
29 Regional Economic Integration
30 Previous enlargements 1951 ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community): France,Italy, Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg 1973: Denmark, Ireland, and UK 1981: Greece 1986: Spain and Portugal 1995: Austria, Finland and Sweden 2004: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia Romania and Bulgaria
31 The European Union on the map New Member States (2007) Bulgaria, Romania Candidate Countries Croatia; (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) - Negotiations not yet started; Turkey Potential Candidate Countries Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia
32 International Trade Organizations General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) An international agreement established in 1947 to further world trade by reducing barriers and tariffs. Several Rounds of Liberalization. first few on tariff reductions, admitting new members; many quotas eliminated. GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995.
33 International Trade Organizations World Trade Organization (WTO) Reductions in Tariffs Worldwide - Trade Liberalization New Rules to Promote Trade in Services Reduction in Agricultural Subsidies Intellectual Property Protections Phasing Out Textile Quotas and Tariffs Principles of the Multilateral Trading System (Applies to Goods) Non-Discrimination Treat members no worse than any other member. National Treatment: treat imports no worse than domestic goods once inside border. Reciprocity Mutual, reciprocal, equivalent trade concessions. Negotiated reductions in trade barriers. Limits free riding; overcomes Protectionist Bias.
34 International Trade Blocs International Trade Blocs
35 The cost of protecting The cost of protecting U.S. jobs Restrictions on textiles and apparel goods cost U.S. consumers $9 billion a year. Cost $50,000 a year for each $20,000 job saved Restriction on imports of Japanese cars Cost $160,000 per year for each job saved in the auto industry
36 The cost of protecting The cost of protecting U.S. jobs Glass industry restrictions Cost $200,000 per year per job saved Steel industry restrictions Cost $750,000 per year per job saved
37 Thank You for your Attention
Energy prices in the EU Household electricity prices in the EU rose by 2.9% in 2014 Gas prices up by 2.0% in the EU
92/2015-27 May 2015 Energy prices in the EU Household electricity prices in the EU rose by 2.9% in 2014 Gas prices up by 2.0% in the EU In the European Union (EU), household electricity prices 1 rose by
More information41 T Korea, Rep. 52.3. 42 T Netherlands 51.4. 43 T Japan 51.1. 44 E Bulgaria 51.1. 45 T Argentina 50.8. 46 T Czech Republic 50.4. 47 T Greece 50.
Overall Results Climate Change Performance Index 2012 Table 1 Rank Country Score** Partial Score Tendency Trend Level Policy 1* Rank Country Score** Partial Score Tendency Trend Level Policy 21 - Egypt***
More informationInternational Call Services
International Call Services Affordable rates for business calls. Wherever you are in the world. We ve got plenty to say when it comes to staying in touch when you re overseas. We have agreements with 443
More informationCOST Presentation. COST Office Brussels, 2013. ESF provides the COST Office through a European Commission contract
COST Presentation COST Office Brussels, 2013 COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme ESF provides the COST Office through a European Commission contract What is COST? COST is the oldest and widest
More informationU.S. Trade Overview, 2013
U.S. Trade Overview, 213 Stephanie Han & Natalie Soroka Trade and Economic Analysis Industry and Analysis Department of Commerce International Trade Administration October 214 Trade: A Vital Part of the
More informationThe investment fund statistics
The investment fund statistics Narodowy Bank Polski (NBP) publishes data reported by investment funds which have been defined in Art. 3 section 1 of the Act of 27 May 2004 on investment funds (Journal
More informationAlcohol Consumption in Ireland 1986-2006 A Report for the Health Service Executive
Alcohol Consumption in Ireland 1986-2006 A Report for the Health Service Executive Prepared by Dr. Ann Hope This report should be referenced: Hope, A. (2007). Alcohol consumption in Ireland 1986-2006.
More informationERASMUS+ MASTER LOANS
ERASMUS+ MASTER LOANS Erasmus+ Master Loan: opening up access to more affordable lending for cross-border studies The Erasmus+ programme makes it possible for students who want to take a full Masters level
More informationGfK PURCHASING POWER INTERNATIONAL
GfK PURCHASING POWER INTERNATIONAL 1 Agenda 1. Europe 3 2. Americas 45 3. Asia & Near East 54 4. Afrika 66 5. Australia 68 6. Overview of countries and available levels 70 2 2 EUROPE 4 GfK
More informationConsolidated International Banking Statistics in Japan
Total (Transfer Consolidated cross-border claims in all currencies and local claims in non-local currencies Up to and including one year Maturities Over one year up to two years Over two years Public Sector
More informationTRANSFERS FROM AN OVERSEAS PENSION SCHEME
PENSIONS PROFILE DECEMBER 2011 TRANSFERS FROM AN OVERSEAS PENSION SCHEME = Summary A simplified guide to the process: 1. Individual requests transfer from their overseas pension scheme to their UK registered
More informationPORTABILITY OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND HEALTH CARE BENEFITS IN ITALY
PORTABILITY OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND HEALTH CARE BENEFITS IN ITALY Johanna Avato Human Development Network Social Protection and Labor The World Bank Background study March 2008 The Italian Social Security
More informationERASMUS+ MASTER LOANS
Ref. Ares(2015)660570-17/02/2015 ERASMUS+ MASTER LOANS Erasmus+ Master Loan: opening up access to more affordable lending for cross-border studies The Erasmus+ programme makes it possible for students
More informationMonthly Report on Asylum Applications in The Netherlands and Europe
Asylum Trends Monthly Report on Asylum Applications in The Netherlands and Europe November 2013 2014 November 2014 Colophon Title Subtitle Author Asylum Trends Monthly Report on Asylum Applications in
More informationS&P Capital IQ ranks stocks in accordance with the following ranking methodologies: STARS Stock Reports: S&P Capital IQ s qualitative STARS recommendations are determined and assigned by S&P Capital IQ
More informationCOMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.9.2014 C(2014) 6767 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Updating of data used to calculate lump sum and penalty payments to be proposed by the Commission to the Court
More informationReporting practices for domestic and total debt securities
Last updated: 4 September 2015 Reporting practices for domestic and total debt securities While the BIS debt securities statistics are in principle harmonised with the recommendations in the Handbook on
More information187/2014-5 December 2014. EU28, euro area and United States GDP growth rates % change over the previous quarter
187/2014-5 December 2014 This News Release has been revised following an error in the data for Gross Fixed Capital Formation. This affects both the growth of GFCF and its contribution to GDP growth. All
More information99/2015-9 June 2015. EU28, euro area and United States GDP growth rates % change over the previous quarter
2005Q1 2005Q2 2005Q3 2005Q4 2006Q1 2006Q2 2006Q3 2006Q4 2007Q1 2007Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2008Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2009Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2010Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2011Q1 2011Q2 2011Q3 2011Q4 2012Q1
More information1. Perception of the Bancruptcy System... 2. 2. Perception of In-court Reorganisation... 4
Bankruptcy Systems and In-court Reorganisation of Firms, 2010 Content: 1. Perception of the Bancruptcy System... 2 2. Perception of In-court Reorganisation... 4 3. Perception of Creditor Committees, Fast
More informationMalta Companies in International Tax Structuring February 2015
INFORMATION SHEET No. 126 Malta in International Tax Structuring February 2015 Introduction Malta is a reputable EU business and financial centre with an attractive tax regime and sound legislative framework.
More informationBrochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1339929/
Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1339929/ The 2011 World Forecasts of Machine Tools That Remove Material by Laser or Light, Photon, Ultrasonic, Electro-Discharge,
More informationFunding and network opportunities for cluster internationalization
BSR Innovation Express: Cluster- to- Cluster Conference Funding and network opportunities for cluster internationalization Jens Peter Vittrup Special Adviser Email: jpv@ai.dk Why international R&I cooperation?
More informationIMMIGRATION TO AND EMIGRATION FROM GERMANY IN THE LAST FEW YEARS
IMMIGRATION TO AND EMIGRATION FROM GERMANY IN THE LAST FEW YEARS Bernd Geiss* Germany, Destination for Migrants Germany is in the middle of Europe and has common borders with nine countries. Therefore,
More informationEUF STATISTICS. 31 December 2013
. ESTIMATES OF EU TURNOVER VOLUMES. Turnover volumes by product, allocation and notification (Estimates of EU s, Millions of ) Estimate of the EU % on Turnover Significance of the sample on total turnover
More informationERMInE Database. Presentation by Nils Flatabø SINTEF Energy Research. ERMInE Workshop 2 - Northern Europe Oslo, 1. November 2006
ERMInE Database Presentation by Nils Flatabø SINTEF Energy Research ERMInE Workshop 2 - Northern Europe Oslo, 1. November 26 Overview Content of the Ermine Database Electronic Questionnaire RTD&D Data
More informationDSV Air & Sea, Inc. Aerospace Sector. DSV Air & Sea, Inc. Aerospace
DSV Air & Sea, Inc. Aerospace Sector DSV Air & Sea, Inc. Aerospace Introduction to DSV DSV is a global supplier of transport and logistics services. We have offices in more than 70 countries and an international
More informationSize and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2015: Different Developments
January 20, 2015 ShadEcEurope31_January2015.doc Size and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2015: Different Developments by Friedrich Schneider *)
More informationErasmus+ International Cooperation
International Cooperation Work together with European higher education institutions ? The EU's programme to support education, training youth & sport Funding for programmes, projects & scholarships Fosters
More informationOur patent and trade mark attorneys are here to help you protect and profit from your ideas, making sure they re working every bit as hard as you do.
Our patent and trade mark attorneys are here to help you protect and profit from your ideas, making sure they re working every bit as hard as you do. Our people work with everyone from multi-nationals
More informationMALTA TRADING COMPANIES IN MALTA
MALTA TRADING COMPANIES IN MALTA Trading companies in Malta 1. An effective jurisdiction for international trading operations 410.000 MALTA GMT +1 Located in the heart of the Mediterranean, Malta has always
More informationAbout us. As our customer you will be able to take advantage of the following benefits: One Provider. Flexible Billing. Our Portal.
About us At RoamingExpert we specialise in mobile roaming tariffs which are tailored to the specific needs of the yachting industry. Our unique offering generates significant savings when compared to standard
More informationFirst estimate for 2014 Euro area international trade in goods surplus 194.8 bn 24.2 bn surplus for EU28
30/2015-16 February 2015 First estimate for 2014 Euro area international trade in goods surplus 194.8 bn 24.2 bn surplus for EU28 The first estimate for the euro area 1 (EA18) trade in goods balance with
More informationGlobalization and International Trade
12 Globalization and International Trade Globalization refers to the growing interdependence of countries resulting from the increasing integration of trade, finance, people, and ideas in one global marketplace.
More informationEnergy Briefing: Global Crude Oil Demand & Supply
Energy Briefing: Global Crude Oil Demand & Supply November 6, 215 Dr. Edward Yardeni 516-972-7683 eyardeni@ Debbie Johnson 48-664-1333 djohnson@ Please visit our sites at www. blog. thinking outside the
More informationTHE ADVANTAGES OF A UK INTERNATIONAL HOLDING COMPANY
THE ADVANTAGES OF A UK INTERNATIONAL HOLDING COMPANY Ideal Characteristics for the Location of an International Holding Company Laurence Binge +44 (0)1372 471117 laurence.binge@woolford.co.uk www.woolford.co.uk
More informationWorld Consumer Income and Expenditure Patterns
World Consumer Income and Expenditure Patterns 2014 14th edi tion Euromonitor International Ltd. 60-61 Britton Street, EC1M 5UX TableTypeID: 30010; ITtableID: 22914 Income Algeria Income Algeria Income
More informationLabour Force Survey 2014 Almost 10 million part-time workers in the EU would have preferred to work more Two-thirds were women
75/2015-27 April 2015 Labour Force Survey 2014 Almost 10 million part-time workers in the EU would have preferred to work more Two-thirds were women Among the 44.1 million persons in the European Union
More informationMineral Industry Surveys
4 Mineral Industry Surveys For information contact: Robert L. Virta, Asbestos Commodity Specialist U.S. Geological Survey 989 National Center Reston, VA 20192 Telephone: 703-648-7726, Fax: (703) 648-7757
More informationBusiness Mobile Plans
PRODUCT SOLUTIONS Business Mobile Plans GUERNSEY Whatever the size of your business, we can provide the ideal mobile solution for you. Our tariffs are flexible to suit all kinds of businesses and are designed
More information193/2014-15 December 2014. Hourly labour costs in the EU28 Member States, 2012 (in )
193/2014-15 December 2014 Labour Cost Survey 2012 in the EU28 Labour costs highest in the financial and insurance sector Three times higher than in the accommodation and food sector In 2012, average hourly
More informationMALTA TRADING COMPANIES
MALTA TRADING COMPANIES Malta Trading Companies Maltese Registered Companies and Trading Operations in Malta Malta, an EU Member State since May 2004, has developed into a leading and reputable financial
More informationCisco Global Cloud Index Supplement: Cloud Readiness Regional Details
White Paper Cisco Global Cloud Index Supplement: Cloud Readiness Regional Details What You Will Learn The Cisco Global Cloud Index is an ongoing effort to forecast the growth of global data center and
More informationINTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW John Wilkinson SVP Sales & Products
INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW John Wilkinson SVP Sales & Products DE- C I X N G N L A U N C H E V E N T 2 Introduction XConnect provides secure, managed ENUM Registries and SIP based peering services to enable
More informationAnalysis of statistics 2015
Analysis of statistics 215 January 216 ECHR Analysis of Statistics 215 Table of Contents Overview of the Court s statistics in 215... 4 A. Number of new applications... 4 B. Applications disposed of judicially
More informationBusiness-Government Trade Relations
6: Business-Government Trade Relations 1 C H A P T E R S I X Business-Government Trade Relations 6 Learning Objectives Describe the political, economic, and cultural motives behind governmental intervention
More informationCash machine withdrawal in the EU (+Norway and Iceland)
Cash machine withdrawal in the EU (+Norway and Iceland) Country Is it free of charge to go to a cash machine from a different bank than consumers own to withdraw money? If withdrawal is not free of charge,
More informationNEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY ALTERNATIVE FUEL TYPE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 1 Quarter 4 2015
NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY ALTERNATIVE FUEL TYPE IN THE Quarter 4 2015 Alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) registrations: +20.0% in 2015; +21.1% in Q4 In the fourth quarter of 2015, total alternative
More informationGreece Country Profile
Greece Country Profile EU Tax Centre March 2013 Key factors for efficient cross-border tax planning involving Greece EU Member State Double Tax Treaties With: Albania Estonia Lithuania Serbia Armenia Finland
More informationAsylum in the EU The number of asylum applicants in the EU jumped to more than 625 000 in 2014 20% were Syrians
53/2015-20 March 2015 Asylum in the EU The number of asylum applicants in the EU jumped to more than 625 000 in 2014 20% were Syrians Over a year, the number of asylum applicants 1 registered in the European
More informationStatistical Data on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe
Statistical Data on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe September 2014 Enterprise and Industry EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry Directorate D SMEs and Entrepreneurship Unit
More informationIntroducing Clinical Trials Insurance Services Ltd
Introducing Clinical Trials Insurance Services Ltd Important Staff Richard Kelly Managing Director Richard joined CTIS in 2006 having previously managed the Pharmaceutical wholesale division at Heath Lambert
More informationERASMUS+ MASTER LOANS
ERASMUS+ MASTER LOANS Erasmus+ Master Loan: opening up access to more affordable lending for cross-border studies The Erasmus+ programme makes it possible for students who want to take a full Master's-level
More informationJuly 2015. Figure 1. 1 The index is set to 100 in 2000. House prices are deflated by country CPIs in most cases.
July 2015 Globally, house prices continue a slow recovery. The Global House Price Index, an equally weighted average of real house prices in nearly 60 countries, inched up slowly during the past two years
More informationNinth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems POLICE
Indicators as defined by the (- ) POLICE 2. Crimes recorded in criminal (police) statistics, by type of crime including attempts to commit crimes 2.2 Total recorded intentional homicide, completed (c)
More informationCCBE LAWYERS STATISTICS 2015 Total n of women lawyer members of the Bar Austria 31/12/2014 5.940 1.210 80
Austria 31/12/2014 5.940 1.210 80 Belgium (OBFG) 01/12/2014 7.756 Pas de statistiques par sexe Belgium (OVB) 01/12/2014 10.418 (5.907 male s + 24 on B-list; 4.472 s + 15 on B-list). 4.472 s + 15 on B-list
More informationList of tables. I. World Trade Developments
List of tables I. World Trade Developments 1. Overview Table I.1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2010-2014 39 Table I.2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade
More informationMaster's in midwifery: challenging the present, protecting the future? Valerie Fleming R.M., Ph.D.
Master's in midwifery: challenging the present, protecting the future? Valerie Fleming R.M., Ph.D. Master s graduates Demonstrate knowledge and understanding that is founded upon and extends and/or enhances
More informationHow To Understand Factoring
EIF Project "Jeremie" General Report on Factoring 1 Market analysis on Factoring in EU 25+2 prepared by International Factors Group (IFG) for European Investment Fund (EIF) project JEREMIE Preliminary
More informationThe World Market for Medical, Surgical, or Laboratory Sterilizers: A 2013 Global Trade Perspective
Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2389480/ The World Market for Medical, Surgical, or Laboratory Sterilizers: A 2013 Global Trade Perspective Description: This report
More informationTHE UPDATE OF THE EURO EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE INDICES
September 2004 THE UPDATE OF THE EURO EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE INDICES Executive summary In September 2004, the European Central Bank (ECB) has updated the overall trade weights underlying the ECB nominal
More informationEvaluating the Quotes and Selecting a Vendor
Evaluating the Quotes and Selecting a Vendor All evaluators are responsible for ensuring that the evaluation process is impartial, fair, and in accordance with MSH's policies and procedures and donor regulations.
More informationECONOMIC FREEDOM IN CHINA AND
Shandong Economic University English Translation ECONOMIC FREEDOM IN CHINA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION Seminar Paper Author: Martin Pánek Year: 2011 1 Introduction One of the ways to compare life situations
More informationEMEA BENEFITS BENCHMARKING OFFERING
EMEA BENEFITS BENCHMARKING OFFERING COVERED COUNTRIES SWEDEN FINLAND NORWAY ESTONIA R U S S I A DENMARK LITHUANIA LATVIA IRELAND PORTUGAL U. K. NETHERLANDS POLAND BELARUS GERMANY BELGIUM CZECH REP. UKRAINE
More informationElectricity and natural gas price statistics 1
Electricity and natural gas price statistics 1 Source: Statistics Explained (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/) - 21/11/2011-09:11:44 Electricity and natural gas price statistics Data
More informationReview Question - Chapter 7. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Review Question - Chapter 7 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) International trade arises from A) the advantage of execution. B) absolute
More informationThe Perks of Doing Business in Malta
The Perks of Doing Business in Malta Legal and Tax Opportunities Dr Charles Cassar CCLex.com Malta London 1 2012 2013 - CCLex.com Overview About the Firm Business Environment Legal basics Tax Considerations
More informationPendulum Business Loan Brokers L.L.C. U.S. State Market Area
Pendulum Business Loan Brokers L.L.C. U.S. State Market Area Mission Statement Hiram R. Davis, the founder of Sweetwater Pipeline Company, has developed a Business Model to for our Merger & Acquisition
More informationForeign Obligations Notification Process
Foreign Obligations Notification Process Santiago Aguilar Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1 Agreements for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Current agreements with the IAEA, 21 countries, and Taiwan. The agreements
More informationDigital TV Research. http://www.marketresearch.com/digital-tv- Research-v3873/ Publisher Sample
Digital TV Research http://www.marketresearch.com/digital-tv- Research-v3873/ Publisher Sample Phone: 800.298.5699 (US) or +1.240.747.3093 or +1.240.747.3093 (Int'l) Hours: Monday - Thursday: 5:30am -
More informationContact Centers Worldwide
A Contact Centers Worldwide Country Tel.no. Supported lang. Contact Center Albania Algeria 852 665 00 +46 10 71 66160 Angola 89900 +34 91 339 2121 (Port) and Portuguese +34 913394044 +34 913394023 (Por)
More informationHow To Calculate Tax Burden In European Union
The Tax Burden of Typical Workers in the EU 28 2015 James Rogers Cécile Philippe Institut Économique Molinari, Paris Bruxelles TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 2 Background 2 Main Results 3 On average, a respite
More information- Assessment of the application by Member States of European Union VAT provisions with particular relevance to the Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS) -
- Assessment of the application by Member States of European Union VAT provisions with particular relevance to the Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS) - BACKGROUND The information available on this website relates
More informationEUROPE 2020 TARGETS: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
EUROPE 2020 TARGETS: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Research, development and innovation are key policy components of the EU strategy for economic growth: Europe 2020. By fostering market take-up of new, innovative
More informationForeign Taxes Paid and Foreign Source Income INTECH Global Income Managed Volatility Fund
Income INTECH Global Income Managed Volatility Fund Australia 0.0066 0.0375 Austria 0.0045 0.0014 Belgium 0.0461 0.0138 Bermuda 0.0000 0.0059 Canada 0.0919 0.0275 Cayman Islands 0.0000 0.0044 China 0.0000
More informationDefinition of Public Interest Entities (PIEs) in Europe
Definition of Public Interest Entities (PIEs) in Europe FEE Survey October 2014 This document has been prepared by FEE to the best of its knowledge and ability to ensure that it is accurate and complete.
More informationThe Community Innovation Survey 2010 (CIS 2010)
The Community Innovation Survey 2010 (CIS 2010) THE HARMONISED SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE The Community Innovation Survey 2010 FINAL VERSION July 9, 2010 This survey collects information on your enterprise s
More informationGLOBAL. 2014 Country Well-Being Rankings. D Social (% thriving) E Financial (% thriving) F Community (% thriving) G Physical (% thriving)
0 0 GLOBAL 0 Country Rankings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : >0.0% 0.% 0.0% 0.% 0.0% 0.% 0.0% 0.0% A Country s global rank B in three or more elements of well-being C (% thriving) D (% thriving) E
More informationHow To Calculate Euro Area Competitiveness Indicators
JULY 2012 EURO AREA EXCHANGE RATE-BASED COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS: A COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGIES AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS by Bernadette Lauro and Martin Schmitz, 1 This paper will be presented at the Sixth
More informationDOING BUSINESS THROUGH MALTA - AN OVERVIEW
A. WHY MALTA 2 B. THE MALTESE COMPANY 2 C. MALTA TAX REFUNDS - LOWEST TAX IN THE EU 3 D. MALTESE TRADING STRUCTURE - 5% EFFECTIVE TAXATION Benefits and Uses of the Maltese Trading Company Basic Trading
More informationCHAPTER 6 BUSINESS-GOVERNMENT TRADE RELATIONS
CHAPTER 6 BUSINESS-GOVERNMENT TRADE RELATIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Describe the political, economic, and cultural motives behind governmental intervention in trade. 2. List and explain the methods governments
More informationSenate Committee: Education and Employment. QUESTION ON NOTICE Budget Estimates 2015-2016
Senate Committee: Education and Employment QUESTION ON NOTICE Budget Estimates 2015-2016 Outcome: Higher Education Research and International Department of Education and Training Question No. SQ15-000549
More information4 Distribution of Income, Earnings and Wealth
4 Distribution of Income, Earnings and Wealth Indicator 4.1 Indicator 4.2a Indicator 4.2b Indicator 4.3a Indicator 4.3b Indicator 4.4 Indicator 4.5a Indicator 4.5b Indicator 4.6 Indicator 4.7 Income per
More informationENTERING THE EU BORDERS & VISAS THE SCHENGEN AREA OF FREE MOVEMENT. EU Schengen States. Non-Schengen EU States. Non-EU Schengen States.
ENTERING THE EU BORDERS & VISAS THE SCHENGEN AREA OF FREE MOVEMENT An area without internal borders where EU citizens and non-eu nationals may move freely EU Schengen States Non-Schengen EU States IS Azores
More informationVerdict Financial: Wealth Management. Data Collection and Forecasting Methodologies
Verdict Financial: Wealth Management Data Collection and Forecasting Methodologies April 2014 Contents Global Wealth Markets Methodology Methodology Methodology 2 Global Wealth Markets Section 1: Global
More informationWaste. Copenhagen, 3 rd September 2014. Almut Reichel Project Manager Sustainable consumption and production & waste, European Environment Agency
Waste Copenhagen, 3 rd September 2014 Almut Reichel Project Manager Sustainable consumption and production & waste, European Environment Agency Waste and material resources MAWP Strategic Area 1.9 Objective
More informationTriple-play subscriptions to rocket to 400 mil.
Triple-play criptions to rocket to 400 mil. Global triple-play criptions will reach 400 million by 2017; up by nearly 300 million on the end-2011 total and up by 380 million on the 2007 total, according
More informationSupported Payment Methods
Sell Globally in a Snap Supported Payment Methods Global In the global payments market, credit cards are the most popular payment method. However, BlueSnap expands the payment selection by including not
More informationImplementing the cooperation mechanisms of the RES directive current status and open questions
Implementing the cooperation mechanisms of the RES directive current status and open questions Corinna Klessmann, Ecofys Germany RE-SHAPING Workshop, Vilnius, 16.05.2011 Supported by Intelligent Energy
More informationBT Premium Event Call and Web Rate Card
BT Managed Event and BT Self-Managed Event (also referred to as Express, Plus and Premium) Conference Bridge and Call for Booked Audio Conferencing Services will comprise the following for each phone-conference:
More informationECO 445/545: International Trade. Jack Rossbach Spring 2016
ECO 445/545: International Trade Jack Rossbach Spring 2016 Instruments of Trade Policy Many instruments available to affect international trade flows and prices. Non-exhaustive list: Tariffs: Taxes on
More informationEconomic and Market Report. EU Automotive Industry Quarter 3 2015
Economic and Market Report EU Automotive Industry Quarter 3 2015 December 2015 CONTENTS EU Economic Outlook... 2 Passenger cars... 4 Registrations... 4 World... 4 The European Union... 7 Production...
More informationGlobal Support to Develop Domestic Bond Markets in Emerging Market Economies and Developing Countries The Italian Experience.
Global Support to Develop Domestic Bond Markets in Emerging Market Economies and Developing Countries The Italian Experience. 22/23 September 2008 Frankfurt am Main Pierpaolo Battista Italian Ministry
More informationElectricity, Gas and Water: The European Market Report 2014
Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2876228/ Electricity, Gas and Water: The European Market Report 2014 Description: The combined European annual demand for electricity,
More informationAppendix SM1: Sources of Modal Data and Calculation of Modal Shares
Online Appendix for Trade and the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Freight Transport, Cristea Anca, David Hummels, Laura Puzzello and Avetisyan Misak: Supplementary Materials The supplementary
More informationAccuracy counts! SENSORS WITH ANALOG OUTPUT
Accuracy counts! SENSORS WITH ANALOG OUTPUT OTHER APPLICATIONS: KEY ADVANTAGES: Distance measurement Positioning Profile detection Deformation monitoring Vibration monitoring Process monitoring Detection
More informationBrochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/3278449/
Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/3278449/ The 2016 World Forecasts of Hand-Operated Date, Sealing, or Numbering Stamps; Devices for Printing or Embossing Labels;
More informationINTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK REGISTRATION UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL
INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK REGISTRATION UNDER THE MADRID PROTOCOL Presented to The American Bar Association Spring Meeting Washington, D.C., April 24, 2013 Bruce Alexander McDonald BUCHANAN INGERSOLL & ROONEY
More information