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1 Index abortion, 3, 5, 12 14, 18, 19, 21, 22 3, 25, 54, 119, 123 conscientious objection, fetal infants, 55 8, 59 62, 64, 69 harm reduction, 34 6 medical, 25, 26, internet, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31 2, 33 4, 35 self-administered, 26, Uruguay model, 30 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Women on Waves / Women on Web, 31 2, 33 4, 35 advance directives, 95 6, 97, , 106 8, lawful refusal to follow, Alberta, 11 allocation of healthcare resources, , 126 8, 131 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, American Convention on Human Rights, 5 American Psychiatric Association, 234, 235 American Society for Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery, 190 artificial human reproduction, 37 8, 40 52, see also artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation, medically-assisted reproduction artificial insemination, 14, 41 2, 44, 49, 50 assisted suicide, 18, 231, 232, autonomy, 231, 232, 240, 241, , 252, 253, 255, 256 9, 262 4, 265, 266, 267, 268 Australia, 28 9, , 169 cosmetic surgery and minors, 190, Family Court, 98 High Court, 96, 98 autonomy, 73 80, 92 3, , 104, 106 8, 133 5, 173 4, 190, 191, 194, assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia, 231, 232, 240, 241, , 252, 253, 255, ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com ashgate.com capacity, 77 80, 82, 83, 88 91, 95, 104, 107, 194, 195, 241 2, 247 9, 260, defensive, 80 81, 87 depression, 233, 240, 241, , 252, 253 feedback of research findings, 174 5, 182, 184, permissive, 81 trust, 82, 92, 93 vulnerability, 82 7, 88 92, 231, 252, 253, 268 see also advance directives Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), BBC, Belgium, 16, 266 beneficence, 125 doctor-patient relationship, 74, 75, 82, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93 end-of-life decision-making, 231, 240, 246, 247, 248, , 252, 253 biobanks, 80, 81 feedback responsibility, 174 9, bioethics, 3 4, 125, Brazil, 8 9 British Columbia, Court of Appeal, 15 British Psychological Society, 235 Canada, 11, 13, 29 Supreme Court, 15 capacity, 77 80, 82, 83, 88 91, 95, 100, 101, 102 4, 107, 121 3, 194, 195, 260, depression, 232, 241 2, 243 9, care access to, quality, , 139, 141 carers, 123 Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Church CEDAW, see Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Chile, 31 clinical negligence causation, 164 5

2 294 Inspiring a Medico-Legal Revolution compensation, medical injury, 139, Clinical Negligence and Other Risks Indemnity Scheme (CNORIS), 142 Colombia, Constitutional Court, 20 Committee for the Study of Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women s Health, 3 4 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 8 9 compensation and redress, 139, , see also no-fault compensation systems conscience, freedom and protection of, consent / informed consent, 10, 11 12, 16, 17, 21, 41, 44, 73 81, 82, 87, 92 3, , 131, 133, 141, 173 4, 181 3, 185, 187, 188, 193, 194, capacity, 77 80, 121 3, 194, 195, 232 contraception, 3, 5, 9 10, 11, 19 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 4, 8, 9, 10 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 106 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 17 Cosmetic Physicians Society of Australasia, 192 cosmetic procedures, minors, 190, 192, normalisation of, 191 3, 199 regulation, 190, 191, 192, Costa Rica, 5, 13 Council of Europe, 79, 204 cross-border medical services, Czech Republic, 11 Denmark, 161, 169 depression, assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia, 231 2, capacity, 232, 241 2, 243 9, disability, 109, 223 allocation of resources, capacity, carers, 123 consent, definitions, , 123 equality, equity, , 116, 117 genetics, , 223 medical vs social models, , 123, 191 public attitudes, , 123 utility, 114, 116, 117 discrimination, 6 9, 19, 22, 38, 51 2, , , 117, 189, 192 3, 220 doctor-patient relationship, 73 6, 81, 92 3, 133, 168 9, end-of-life decision-making, 95, , 106, autonomy, 231, 232, 241, , 252, 253, 255, 256 9, 262 4, 265, 266, 267, 268 England, 27, 28, 42 National Health Service, 125 6, 133 4, 140, 141 compensation and redress, 141, 148 9, 152, 157, 168 quality of care, European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), 11, 22, 23, 84, 149, 165 6, 187, 238, 239 European Court of Human Rights, 5, 6, 11, 18, 23, 57, 187, 237, European Court of Justice, 126 European Union, 126, 196, 204, 207, 212, 252 euthanasia, see assisted suicide Evangelical Protestantism, 13 Falconer Commission, 232, family planning, 6 feedback responsibility, 174 9, fertility control, 3, 5, 23 fertility promotion, 5, 23 fertility regulation, 9 14, 209, 212 fetal infants, 53, 54 6 aborting, 55 8, 59 62, 69 disability, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61 3 legal personality, 54 5, 59 62, 69 saving, 55 8, 59 67, 69 viability, 63 9 feticide, 56 8 Finland, 161, 169 Florida, 161, 169 France, Cour de Cassation, 12 General Medical Council, 74

3 Index 295 genetics, Gewirth, Alan, 175, , 184, 185, 186, 188 HIV/AIDS, 34 human genome research, reproductive liberty, Imutran, 203, 208, 211 in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 5 6, 13, 14, 15, 201, 221, 222, 223, 224 informed consent, see consent Iniciativas Sanitarias contra el Aborto Provocado en Condiciones de Riesgo, 30 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 5 6, 8, 13 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 19, 20, 22 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 4 International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), 3 4 Ireland, Republic of, 18 Kennedy Advisory Group, 204 5, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 Kenya, 31 McLean, Sheila, 37, 53 4, 69, 191, 192, 199 advance directives, 95 bioethics, 3 4, 125 capacity, 77, 260 compensation and redress, 139, 141, 151, 152 3, 155 6, 157 8, , 164, 165 6, 167, 170 consent and autonomy, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 85 6, 92 3, 95, 134, 173 4, 182, 185, 187 8, 255, 256 9, 260, 261, 265, 267, 268 disability, 109, 110, 113, 191 end-of-life decision-making, 95, 232, 251, 255, 256 9, 260, 261, 265, 267, 268 human genome research, reproductive health and abortion, 3 4, 11 12, 14, 16, 23, 25, 36, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63 4, 67 8, 69 reproductive liberty, 216, xenotechnologies, 202, 206 8, 210, 213 Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells Hospital, 129 maternal mortality and morbidity, 7 9, 13, 29, 30, 32, 36 medical injury, see clinical negligence medically-assisted reproduction, 14 18, 37, 38, 41, see also in vitro fertilisation Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust, 128 9, 130, 131, 139, 141, 150 Mill, John Stuart harm principle, 221 5, 226, 227, 256 National Health Service (NHS), 125 6, 133 4, 139, , 184, 207 clinical negligence and medical injury, 139, , 157, 163, 165 6, 168 compensation and redress, , 155 6, 157, 163, 165 6, 168 equality and autonomy, quality of care, , 139, 141 Netherlands, 236 7, 240, 241, 266 Supreme Court, New Jersey, Supreme Court, 15 New South Wales, 96, New Zealand, 21, 149, 152, , 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 218, 225 6, 231 New Zealand Human Genome Project, 216, 225 6, 227 No Fault Compensation Review Group (NFCRG), 155, 157, 158, , 164, 165 6, 167, 170 no-fault compensation systems, 152 3, New Zealand, 152, , 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170 Scotland, 139, 152 3, 155 6, 157, Sweden, 139, 152 3, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170 Northern Ireland, 28 Norway, 161, 169 Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 14, 59, 62, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210 Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, 11 Oregon, 266 O Reilly, Miriam, Oviedo Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, 79 Pakistan, 31 Paraguay, 8 parentage/parenthood, 14, 15 17, 18, paternalism, 97 abortion, 36 disability, 113

4 296 Inspiring a Medico-Legal Revolution doctor-patient relationship, 73, 74, 75, 78, 82, 85, 86, 90, 93 end-of-life decision-making, 250, 251, 253 research feedback, 174, 177, 182 perfectionism, normalisation of, 191 3, 199 Philippines, 10 Poly Implant Prosthesis (PIP), 190, Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD), , 221, 222, 223, 226 Pre-Natal Screening Diagnosis (PND), 119 Principle of Generic Consistency (PGC), , 187 Quality Adjusted Life Year, 116 Queensland, , refusal of treatment, 59, 61, 63, 76, 79, 81, 95, 96, , 122 3, 252 reproductive health, 3 4, 23 conscience, freedom and protection of, cross-border services, fertility regulation, 9 14, 209, 212 international law, 4 9 medically-assisted reproduction, 14 18, see also abortion reproductive liberty, 216, research feedback, 174 9, restorative justice, 139, 156, 158, 159, Roman Catholic Church, 3, 4 5, 13, 20, 21 Roslin Institute, 208 Royal College of Surgeons, 197, 198 same-sex couples, saviour siblings, 121 Scotland, 3, 23, 27, 28, 43, 47, 50, 54, 81, 95, 122, 231, 242 Central Legal Office, 142 Court of Session, 21 3 National Health Service, 127, 128, 131, 132 3, 139 compensation and redress, 141, 142, 152 3, 160, 163 no-fault compensation scheme, 152 3, 155 6, 157, , 163, 165 6, 167, 170 Slovakia, 11 sterilisation, 3, 5, 10 11, 19 Stoke Mandeville Hospital, 129 surrogacy, 15 17, 41, 44 5, 51, 212 surrogate decision-makers, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 5, 106, 107, Sweden, 139, 152 3, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170 Switzerland, , 259 Federal Court, 238 Tennessee, Supreme Court, 6 transbiologies, , 213 UNESCO, 79 United Kingdom abortion, 13, 18, 22, 26, 27 8, 33, 34, 35, 36, 55, 56, 57, 61 2 artificial human reproduction, 37, capacity, 78, 88 91, 122 Care Quality Commission, 130, 197 consent and autonomy, 73 6, 78, 81, 82 7, 88 92, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100 cosmetic surgery and minors, 190, 191, 192, 193 4, 196 8, Court of Appeal, 47, 61, 63, 75, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 97 Court of Protection, 82, 83, 84, 89 disability, , 113, 114, 120, 121 Gene Therapy Advisory Committee (GTAC), 207 Health Services Ombudsman, 129, 197 Healthcare Commission, 129, 130 High Court of Justice, 75, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91 House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 224 House of Lords, 9 10, 38, 48, 98, 194, 239, 250 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), 197, 205, 206 7, 209, 211, 212, 213 Human Genetics Commission, 207 Human Tissue Authority (HTA), 197, 207, 211 Law Commission, 85, 86, 91, 92 medically-assisted reproduction, 14, 16 Medicines Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), 207 Monitor, 130 National Health Service, 125 6, 133 4, 139, , 184, 207 compensation and redress, , 157, 163, 165 6, 168 quality of care, , 139, 141 Office for Disability Issues, 110 Supreme Court, 22, 23, 78 UKXIRA, 202, 205 8, 209, 212 xenotechnologies, 202, 203 8,

5 Index 297 United Nations, 4, 106 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 4, 8, 9, 10 High Commissioner for Human Rights, 7 Human Rights Council, 7 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 4 United States of America, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 74, 78, 79, 115, 120, 121, 169 Supreme Court, 11 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 19, 222 Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 79, 215 Uruguay, 30 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Venezuela, 31 Victoria, 97, 99, , 102, 103, 105, 107 Law Reform Commission, 99, 105, 106, 108 Virginia, 161, 169 voluntary euthanasia, 231, 232, autonomy, 231, 232, 240, 241, , 252, 253, 255, 256 9, 262 4, 265, 266, 267, 268 vulnerable patients, 82 92, 231, 252, 253, 268 Wales, 27, 28, 42, 140 Audit Office and Healthcare Inspectorate, 151 Care Quality Commission, 143 Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection, 143 Commission for Social Care Inspection, 143 Healthcare Commission, 143 National Health Service, 132, 139, compensation and redress, 141 8, , 153, 157, 163 National Patient Safety Agency, 148 Public Services Ombudsman for Wales, 147, 151, 152 Welsh Risk Pool, 141, 152 Washington, 266 Women on Waves / Women on Web, 31 2, 33 4, 35 World Health Organization, 4, 6, 29, 112, 234 Constitution, 4 wrongful birth, 11, 12 wrongful conception, 11, 12 wrongful life, 11, 12 xenotechnologies, 202 regulation, 202, 203 8, xenotransplantations,