Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Analysis Favors Green Infrastructure Over Offline Storages to Mitigate the Upper Olentangy CSOs

Transcription

1 Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Analysis Favors Green Infrastructure Over Offline Storages to Mitigate the Upper Olentangy CSOs Hunter Kelly, PE, Columbus DPU Kwasi Amoah, PE, Dynotec, Inc. Hazem Gheith, PhD, PE, ARCADIS

2 Presentation Outline Project Background Gray Alternatives Evaluation Green Infrastructure Evaluation Preferred Gray & Green Alternatives Life Cycle Cost Analyses Triple Bottom Line Analyses Summary & Conclusions

3 Project Background WWMP called for: four local storage tanks to mitigate CSOs in Upper Olentangy basin OR hydraulic modifications to consolidate storages to one location. The City also looked into: The application of GI to offset the need for storage tanks. OSIS

4 Original WWMP Cost of Local Storages CSO Regulator Local Storage Project Cost (2005 dollars)* Doe Alley & Frambes Avenue $19.0M Indianola Avenue $12.3M King Avenue $0.7M Third Avenue $4.9M Total = $36.9M *Does not include land acquisition, engineering, construction management or contingency markup.

5 Upper Olentangy CSO Basins Six basins 830 acres of surface runoff CSO activations are due to: Excessive runoff from basins High water levels in OSIS (limiting flow discharge from the basins) OSIS backs up into CSO regulators

6 Gray Alternatives Evaluation

7 Gray Alternatives Evaluation

8 GI Evaluation & Technologies Priority given to GI technologies on public corridors: Bioretention Cells (Rain Gardens) Streets Porous Curbs and Gutters Porous Sidewalks Inlet Subsurface Alley Detentions Surface Detention d W Alley Drains Cover d S Alleys Permeable Pavement d Gravel G Streets Permeable Pavement Successful GI program should: Capture 65 MGD of runoff Low cost to offset cost of local storages Evaporation/Transpiration Infiltration Overflow Underdrain

9 GI Challenges Limited open spaces Small scale GI units Existing utility conflicts Disturbance to trees Portion of area within The OSU

10 GI Application Matrix

11 Alternatives Preferred Gray & GI Alternatives Components 1 Local Storages at Indianola Ave (1.67MG) & King Ave (0.73MG) Rehab 2 nd Ave Pump Station 5 Weir raises at Doe Alley, Frambes Ave & King Ave Local Storage at Indianola Avenue (1.67MG) Rehab 2nd Ave Pump Station 5 (with tank at Battelle) Weir raises at Doe Alley, Frambes Ave & King Ave Local Storage at Battelle Parking Lot (1.67MG) 194 MGD Pump Station & 4400LF of 6ft conveyance pipe Rehab 2nd Ave Pump Station 9 Weir raise at Doe Alley & King Ave Increased capture at Indianola Ave (4 foot diameter pipe) 5300 feet of 8 foot diameter tunnel Demolish 2 nd Ave Pump Station GI 975,000 SF of GI Footprint (includes Rain Gardens, Porous Curb & Gutter, and Porous Sidewalks)

12 30-Year Present Worth Life Cycle Alternative Capital Cost ($M) Costs Estimates O&M Cost ($M) Salvage Value ($M) Total Present Worth ($M) 1 $36.9 $8.9 $12.9 $33 5 $24.6 $6.7 $8.6 $23 5 (with tank at $92.8 $55.9 $25.4 $123 Battelle) 9 $31.9 $2.8 $11.0 $24 GI $57.1 $7.5 $12.1 $53

13 Triple Bottom Line Analysis Triple Bottom Line (TBL) evaluates Financial Social Environmental Helps to minimize subjective criteria often associated with selection of the most cost effective alternative.

14 Matrix of Costs and Benefits Category ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL FINANCIAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost Alt 9 Tunnel (8 feet diameter) RG & BRC GI Alternative Capital Costs (incl Eng & Legal and Contingency) Cost Ongoing O&M Cost Residual Value of Asset (after 30 years) Benefit Creates New Jobs (Post Construction) (PWD) Benefit Elimination of 570 feet pipe between FMI & ORT Benefit Avoided O&M for eliminated 570 feet of pipe between Benefit FMI and ORT Avoided O&M for Second Avenue Pump Station Benefit Increases Property Values (Aesthetics) (CNT) Benefit Reduces Noise Pollution Benefit Public Education Opportunities Benefit Reduces Stormwater Runoff (offsite) (AWWA) Benefit Reduces Energy Use (CNT) Benefit Enhances Groundwater Recharge (CNT) Benefit Improves Air Quality (NO 2, O 3, SO 2, PM 10) (CNT) Benefit Reduces Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) (CNT) Benefit Reduces Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects Benefit Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit DSR overflow volume reductions (AMO) Benefit DSR overflow activations avoided (AMO) Benefit PCG PSW

15 New Jobs Creation Benefit Category FINANCIAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost Alt 9 Tunnel (8 feet diameter) GI Alternative RG PCG PSW Elimination of 570 feet pipe between FMI & ORT Benefit Avoided O&M for 570 feet of pipe between FMI and ORT Benefit Avoided O&M for Second Avenue Pump Station Benefit Creates New Jobs (Post Construction) (PWD) Benefit GI Alternative offers low skilled/unemployed job opportunities which do not require specialized skills. Hire low skilled/unemployed = Avoided Social Services costs City of Philadelphia (2009) estimates: Average of $30,000 spent per year on O&M = 1 low skilled job opportunity 1 low skilled job = $10,000 per year in avoided societal costs. Financial Benefit

16 New Job Creation Benefits Category FINANCIAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost Alt 9 Tunnel (8 feet diameter) GI Alternative RG PCG PSW Elimination of 570 feet pipe between FMI & ORT Benefit Avoided O&M for 570 feet of pipe between FMI and ORT Benefit Avoided O&M for Second Avenue Pump Station Benefit Creates New Jobs (Post Construction) (PWD) Benefit GI Unit Area (SF) O&M/yr/SF Annual Low skilled O&M No. of jobs created Annual Avoided Societal Cost RG 48,860 $1.49 $54, $18,300 PCG 777,363 $0.13 $50, $16,900 PSW 149,091 $0.13 $9, $3,300 Total $114, $38,500/yr Present Worth $0.9M

17 SOCIAL Property Value Increase Benefit or Cost Item Benefit GI Alt or Cost RG PCG PSW Increases Property Values (Aesthetics) Benefit Reduces Noise Pollution Benefit Public Education Opportunities Benefit GI within limits could result in up to 7% property value increase. An average increase of 3.5% is assumed. Number of homes impacted was assumed to be equal to the number of RGs constructed. No. of homes impacted 1,396 Median Cost of Home in 5 basins $211,000 Average increase in value (3.5%) $7,385 Property Value Increase (PW) = $10.3M This benefit is considered a one time benefit that applies after the construction of GI. Social Benefit

18 Environmental Benefits ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost Alt 9 Tunnel (8 ft dia) RG GI Alt PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (AWWA) Benefit Reduces Energy Use (offsite) (CNT) Benefit Enhances Groundwater Recharge (CNT) Benefit Improves Air Quality (NO 2, SO 2 & CO 2 ) (CNT) Benefit Increases Carbon Sequestration (indirect) (CNT) Benefit Reduces Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects Benefit Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit DSR overflow volume reductions (AMO) Benefit DSR overflow activations avoided (AMO) Benefit

19 Model Reduced Stormwater Runoff Incremental Reduction of Runoff at WWTPs (Typical Year Stats) Total Inflow MG Southerly WWTP (Storage Unit "IJC") Total Reduction MG Incremental Reduction MG Total Inflow MG Jackson Pike WWTP (Storage Unit Wet Well") Total Reduction MG Base Incremental Reduction MG RG RG+PCG RG+PCG&PSW GI Unit Typical Year Runoff Reduction (MG/yr) Avoided Annual WWTP Costs ($/yr) RG 71 $127,800 PCG 80 $144,000 PSW 8 $14,400 Total 159 $286,200 WWTP Benefit factor = $1800/MG (AWWA) Present Worth = $6.4M Environmental Benefit

20 FINANCIAL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item 30 Year NPV TBL of Alternative Benefit or Cost Alt 5 Alt 9 GI Alt Capital Costs Cost $24.6 $31.9 $57.1 Ongoing O&M Cost $6.7 $2.8 $7.5 Residual Value of Asset (after 30 years) Benefit ($8.6) ($11.0) ($12.1) Creates New Jobs (post construction) Benefit - - ($0.9) Elimination of 570 feet pipe between FMI and ORT Benefit ($1.2) - Avoided O&M costs for 570 feet pipe between FMI & ORT Benefit ($0.1) - Avoided O&M costs for Second Avenue Pump Station Benefit ($2.9) - Increases Property Values (Aesthetics) (AMO)* Benefit - - ($10.1) Reduces Noise Pollution (CNT) Benefit - - Public Education Opportunities Benefit - - Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated offsite) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit - - ($6.4) Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT & DOSD) Benefit - - X Reduces Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects - (OSU & USEPA)* Benefit - - ($6.3) Improves Air Quality (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit - - ($0.1) Reduction in Atmospheric CO 2 (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit - - ($0.3) Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit - - ($0.6) Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit - - ($0.0) DSR overflow reductions (AMO) Benefit - ($0.4) - DSR overflow activations avoided (AMO) Benefit - ($0.5) - NPV $22.7 $18.6 $27.8 X onsite benefit included with UHI. Offsite included with Reduced Runoff benefit. * GI TBL is sensitive to Increases Property Value (IPV) and UHI effect (Avoided Deaths) metrics.

21 Sensitivity of 30 Year NPV TBL Scenario Increases Property Values Factor (CNT) Reduces Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects - (OSU & USEPA) GI Alternative Alternative % 1/4 (Avoided Deaths $27.8 $ % 1/8 (Avoided Deaths) $30.9 $ % 1/4 (Avoided Deaths $17.5 $ % 1/8 (Avoided Deaths) $20.6 $ % 1/4 (Avoided Deaths $38.1 $ % 1/8 (Avoided Deaths) $41.2 $18.6 Note: Scenario 1 is the original assumptions

22 Summary & Conclusions TBL is sensitive to parameters with variable ranges of benefits. TBL favors GI over Offline Storages Alternative 9 (OARS Phase 3) is lucky to have OARS as outlet. Cost of OARS usage not accounted for. Tested GI at Third Avenue CSO Basin East Third CSO: Green only Benefit Cost Ratio > 1 West Third Storm: Capital Cost of combined gray green option less than original gray only option

23 Questions?

24 Reduces UHI effects Avoided Deaths ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost GI Alt RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit Reduces UHI effects Energy Savings & Avoided Deaths Benefit Improves Air Quality (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit Reduces Atmospheric CO 2 (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit An average of 11 EHE related deaths could be avoided in Columbus as a result of increased public awareness of risks and response programs. Impacted pop = 10,500 (8,470 people/sq. mi x 1.3 Sq. mi), Project no. of EHE related deaths on project area; avoided deaths = 0.15 persons/yr. Assumed increased public awareness and response programs include GI related practices/education. Assumed a quarter of 0.15 person/yr = person/yr as GI benefits. Annual benefit = person/yr avoided deaths x USEPA value of statistical life ($7.4)

25 Reduces Energy Use ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost GI Alt RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit Reduces UHI effects (energy savings & avoided deaths) Benefit Improves Air Quality (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit Reduces Atmospheric CO 2 (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit Onsite Energy Reduction Benefit GI elements also reduce building energy use onsite through cooling provided by evapotranspiration, shading, and wind breaks. GI elements therefore contribute to a decrease in neighborhood temperatures and a decrease energy demands by buildings (for cooling). The reduction in building energy use leads to cost savings for owners. The onsite energy savings benefits will be captured under the Reduction in Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect metric. Environmental Benefit

26 Reduces UHI effects Onsite Energy Savings ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost GI Alt RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (AWWA) Benefit Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit Reduces UHI effects Energy Savings & Avoided Deaths Benefit Improves Air Quality (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit Reduces Atmospheric CO2 (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit Trees and other GI units next to buildings could result in temperature reductions up to 5 0 F leading to a reduction in energy demand. A study conducted by Sydnor and Subburayalu (OSU, 2010) to analyze the street tree benefits for Columbus, Ohio estimated average annual energy savings of $2.5 million (1,205 acres canopy cover), which translates into $20,747/greened acre. For RGs, ¼ of the energy savings ($5,187/greened acre) was assumed to account for the limited shading and wind breaks offered RGs compared to trees and green roofs. Annual benefit = Total RG Area (1.1 acres) x ($5,187/greened acre) = $5,706/yr equivalent to a present worth of $116,170. Environmental Benefit

27 Improves Air Quality ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or GI Alt Cost RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit X X X Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces UHI effects Energy Savings & Avoided Deaths Benefit X X X Improves Air Quality (Direct & Indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Atmospheric CO 2 (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit X X X Annual Direct Pollutant Reduction Benefits of Rain Gardens Total Rain Garden Area (SF) = 48,860 Criteria Pollutant Cost per pound of pollutant Low Annual Average Pollutant (uptake/deposition) (lbs/sf) High Annual Average Pollutant (uptake/deposition) (lbs/sf) Low Annual Pollutant Reduction benefit High Annual Pollutant Reduction benefit NO 2 $ x x10-4 $48.96 $77.84 O 3 $ x x10-4 $95.96 $ SO 2 $ x x10-4 $23.05 $40.86 PM-10 $ x x10-4 $15.82 $18.46 Total $ $287.30

28 Improves Air Quality (Indirect Benefits) ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or GI Alt Cost RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit X X X Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces UHI effects Energy Savings & Avoided Deaths Benefit X X X Improves Air Quality (Direct & Indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Atmospheric CO2 (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit X X X GI Unit Runoff Annual Offsite Energy Annual Avoided Emissions Annual Benefit Reduction Savings NO 2 SO 2 NO 2 SO 2 (MG/yr) (kwh/yr) (lbs/yr) (lbs/yr) ($/yr) ($/yr) RG 71 72, $343 $969 PCG 80 82, $387 $1,092 PSW 8 8, $39 $109 Total , $768 $2,170

29 ENVIRONMENTAL Reduction in Atmospheric CO 2 Reduction in atmospheric CO 2 and its impact on climate change can be quantified in two ways: directly (sequestration) and indirectly ( as avoided emissions) Direct benefits of RGs were computed using method for green roofs. Pollutant Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or GI Alt Cost RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit X X X Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces UHI effects Energy Savings & Avoided Deaths Benefit X X X Improves Air Quality (Direct & Indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Atmospheric CO 2 (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit X X X Annual Direct CO 2 Reduction Benefit by Rain Gardens (48,860 SF) Cost per ton of pollutant ($/ton) Average Annual Carbon Sequestered (lbs C/SF/yr) Annual Carbon Sequestered (lbs C/yr) Annual CO 2 Equivalent (lbs CO 2 /yr) Annual Atm. CO 2 Reduction Benefit CO 2 $ , , $86 Present Worth = $1,926 Note: 1. Carbon to CO 2 Sequestered ratio 1: Convert pounds to tons by dividing by 2000 (1 US ton = 2000 lbs)

30 Reduction in Atmospheric CO 2 Avoided Emissions ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or GI Alt Cost RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit X X X Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces UHI effects Energy Savings & Avoided Deaths Benefit X X X Improves Air Quality (Direct & Indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Atmospheric CO2 (direct & indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduced runoff leads to a reduction in energy use at the WWTP, which results in avoided emissions that would have resulted from energy production. GI Unit Annual Indirect CO 2 Reduction Benefits by GI Elements Runoff Annual Offsite Annual Avoided Annual Benefit Reduction Energy Savings Emissions CO 2 CO 2 (MG/year) (kwh) (lbs) ($/year) RG 71 72,988 99,994 $5,500 PCG 80 82, ,669 $6,200 PSW 8 8,224 11,267 $620 Total , ,929 $12,320 Present Worth = $0.3M Note: 1. Carbon to CO 2 Sequestered ratio 1: Convert pounds to tons by dividing by 2000 (1 US ton = 2,000 lbs) 3. Cost of CO 2 is $28.24 per ton 4. Unit Electric Consumption = 1028 kwh/mg (CNT, 2010) 5. Emissions factor for CO 2 (Electric) = 1.37 lbs/kwh (USEPA egridweb)

31 ENVIRONMENTAL Enhances Groundwater Recharge Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or GI Alt Cost RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit X X X Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces UHI effects Energy Savings & Avoided Deaths Benefit X X X Improves Air Quality (Direct & Indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CNT) Benefit X X X Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit X X X RGs, PCGs & PSWs will infiltrate runoff as benefit. 60% of runoff infiltrated assumed as recharge (AMO) Benefit = $86.42/AC FT of runoff infiltrated (AMO). GI Unit RG PCG PSW Runoff Reduction (MG/yr) Recharge (60%) (AC FT/yr) Annual Benefit $11,400 $12,800 $1,300 Overall Benefit $25,500 ~ $26,000/yr Present Worth $0.6M

32 Reduces Total Suspended Solids ENVIRONMENTAL Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or GI Alt Cost RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit X X X Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces UHI effects Energy Savings & Avoided Deaths Benefit X X X Improves Air Quality (Direct & Indirect) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CNT) Benefit X X X Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit X X X RGs, PCGs, and PSWs help improve water quality by reducing erosion and sedimentation which leads to a reduction in pollutant concentrations in runoff. Benefit computed as $29.94/AC FT of CSO Overflow Reduction(AMO). GI Unit RG PCG PSW CSO Overflow Reduction (MG/yr) CSO Overflow Reduction (AC FT/yr) Annual Benefit ($/yr) $20 $180 $40 Overall Benefit = $240/yr Present Worth = $5,375

33 ENVIRONMENTAL DSR Overflow Reduction & Activations Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost Alt 9 Tunnel (8 ft dia) GI Alt RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit X X X Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects Benefit X X X Improves Air Quality (NO 2, O 3, SO 2 & PM 10) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CNT) Benefit X X X Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit X X X DSR overflow volume reductions (AMO) Benefit X DSR overflow activations avoided (AMO) Benefit X Alternative 9 benefits include: Reduction of SSO activations in Franklin Main up to 10 year LOS for DSR 156. Reduction in overflows at DSR 103 and 462. Typical Year Storms Stats DSRs (103, 109, 156 & 284) # DSR Activations Overflow Reduction & Activations AMO Factors Annual Benefit Present Worth 0.50 MG $0.04/gal $20,000 $0.45M 9 $2,500 per Activation $22,500 $0.50M

34 ENVIRONMENTAL DSR Overflow Reduction & Activations Benefit or Cost Item Benefit or Cost Alt 9 Tunnel (8 ft dia) GI Alt RG PCG PSW Reduces Stormwater Runoff (treated) (DOSD/AWWA) Benefit X X X Reduces Energy Use (onsite & offsite) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects Benefit X X X Improves Air Quality (NO 2, O 3, SO 2 & PM 10) (CNT) Benefit X X X Reduces Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CNT) Benefit X X X Enhances Groundwater Recharge (AMO) Benefit X X X Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (AMO) Benefit X X X DSR overflow volume reductions (AMO) Benefit X DSR overflow activations avoided (AMO) Benefit X Alternative 9 benefits include: Reduction of SSO activations in Franklin Main up to 10 year LOS for DSR 156. Reduction in overflows at DSR 103 and 462. Typical Year Storms Stats DSRs (103, 109, 156 & 284) # DSR Activations Overflow Reduction & Activations AMO Factors Annual Benefit Present Worth 0.50 MG $0.04/gal $20,000 $0.45M 9 $2,500 per Activation $22,500 $0.50M

35 Cost/Benefit Factors Cost/Benefit Factors Amount Unit Source/Reference O&M Cost per GI job created $30,000 Per job City of Philadelphia Avoided Societal Cost per GI job $10,000 Per job City of Philadelphia Average property value increase 3.5% Percent AMO (CNT, 2010) WW Treatment Costs $1800 per MG DOSD/AWWA Groundwater recharge factor $86.42 per Acre feet AMO (CNT, 2010) Unit Electric Consumption 1028 kwh/mg CNT, 2010 Emissions factor for NO 2 (Electric) lbs/kwh USEPA egridweb Emissions factor for SO 2 (Electric) lbs/kwh USEPA egridweb Emissions factor for CO 2 (Electric) 1.37 lbs/kwh USEPA egridweb Cost of NO 2 $3.87 per pound CNT, (2011 CCI) Cost of SO 2 $2.39 per pound CNT, (2011 CCI) Cost of CO 2 $29.98 per ton AMO Carbon to CO 2 Sequestered 3.67 Ratio CNT, 2010 TSS Reduction factor $29.94 per Acre feet AMO (CNT, 2010) SSO Stipulated Penalty ( 250 events) $2,500 Per event AMO Sanitary Sewer Overflow $0.04 per gallon AMO