TCIPG Reading Group. Introduction to Computer Networks. Introduction 1-1
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1 TCIPG Reading Group Introduction to Computer Networks Based on: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 4 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison- Wesley, July Introduction 1-1
2 Chapter 1: Introduction Our goal: q get feel and terminology q more depth, detail later in course q approach: v use Internet as example Overview: q what s the Internet? q what s a protocol? q network edge; hosts, access net, physical media q network core: packet/circuit switching, Internet structure q protocol layers, service models Introduction 1-2
3 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge q end systems, access networks, links 1.3 Network core q circuit switching, packet switching, network structure 1.4 Protocol layers, service models Introduction 1-3
4 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view PC server wireless laptop cellular handheld router access points wired links q millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems v running network apps q communication links v fiber, copper, radio, satellite v transmission rate = bandwidth q routers: forward packets (chunks of data) Mobile network Global ISP Home network Regional ISP Institutional network Introduction 1-4
5 Cool internet appliances IP picture frame Web-enabled toaster + weather forecaster World s smallest web server Internet phones Introduction 1-5
6 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view q protocols control sending, receiving of msgs v e.g., TCP, HTTP, Skype, ICCP q Internet: network of networks v loosely hierarchical v public Internet versus private intranet q Internet standards v RFC: Request for comments v IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Mobile network Global ISP Home network Regional ISP Institutional network Introduction 1-6
7 What s the Internet: a service view q communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: v Web, VoIP, , games, e-commerce, file sharing q communication services provided to apps: v reliable data delivery from source to destination v best effort (unreliable) data delivery Introduction 1-7
8 What s a protocol? human protocols: q what s the time? q I have a question q introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: q machines rather than humans q all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt Introduction 1-8
9 What s a protocol? a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi Got the time? 2:00 time TCP connection request TCP connection response Get <file> Introduction 1-9
10 Another time Protocol q GPS Clock connected to an SEL 3354 with NTP service q A Linux box requests to synchronize clock Introduction 1-10
11 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge q end systems, access networks, links 1.3 Network core q circuit switching, packet switching, network structure 1.4 Protocol layers, service models Introduction 1-11
12 A closer look at network structure: q network edge: applications and hosts q access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links q network core: v interconnected routers v network of networks Introduction 1-12
13 The network edge: q end systems (hosts): v run application programs v e.g. Web, ,, ICCP v at edge of network q client/server model peer-peer v client host requests, receives service from always-on server client/server v e.g. Web browser/server; client/server q peer-peer model: v minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers v e.g. BitTorrent, smart meters Introduction 1-13
14 SCADA Identify clients/servers Introduction 1-14
15 Access networks and physical media Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? q residential access nets q institutional access networks (school, company) q mobile access networks Keep in mind: q bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? q shared or dedicated? Introduction 1-15
16 Residential access: point to point access q Dialup via modem v up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) v Can t surf and phone at same time: can t be always on q DSL: digital subscriber line v deployment: telephone company (typically) v up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) v up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) v dedicated physical line to telephone central office Introduction 1-16
17 Home networks Typical home network components: q DSL or cable modem q router/firewall/nat q Ethernet q wireless access point to/from cable headend cable modem router/ firewall Ethernet wireless access point wireless laptops Introduction 1-17
18 Physical Media q Bit: propagates between transmitter/rcvr pairs q physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver q guided media: v signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax q unguided media: v signals propagate freely, e.g., radio Twisted Pair (TP) q two insulated copper wires v Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet v Cat5: 100/0Mbps v Cat6: 10 Gbps v Difference is the number of twists/m Introduction 1-18
19 Physical Media q PLC v Data carried over power lines v Long haul Low frequency ( Hz) Low bandwidth Used in transmission v Short haul IEEE 1901 q Security issues?? Introduction 1-19
20 Physical Media: coax, fiber Coaxial cable: q two concentric copper conductors q bidirectional q baseband: v single channel on cable v legacy Ethernet q broadband: v v multiple channels on cable HFC Fiber optic cable: q glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit q high-speed operation: v high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10 s-100 s Gps) q low error rate: repeaters spaced far apart ; immune to electromagnetic noise Introduction 1-20
21 Physical media: radio q signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum q no physical wire q bidirectional q propagation environment effects: v reflection v obstruction by objects v Interference(??) Radio link types: q terrestrial microwave v e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels q LAN (e.g., Wifi) v 11Mbps, 54 Mbps q wide-area (e.g., cellular) v 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps q satellite v Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) v 270 msec end-end delay v geosynchronous versus low altitude Introduction 1-21
22 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge q end systems, access networks, links 1.3 Network core q circuit switching, packet switching, network structure 1.4 Protocol layers, service models Introduction 1-22
23 The Network Core q mesh of interconnected routers q the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? v circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net v packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks Introduction 1-23
24 Network Core: Circuit Switching End-end resources reserved for call q link bandwidth, switch capacity q dedicated resources: no sharing q circuit-like (guaranteed) performance q call setup required Introduction 1-24
25 Network Core: Circuit Switching network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces q pieces allocated to calls q resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) q dividing link bandwidth into pieces v frequency division v time division Introduction 1-25
26 Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM FDM Example: 4 users frequency TDM time frequency time Introduction 1-26
27 Network Core: Packet Switching each end-end data stream divided into packets q user A, B packets share network resources q each packet uses full link bandwidth q resources used as needed Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation resource contention: q aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available q congestion: packets queue, wait for link use q store and forward: packets move one hop at a time v Node receives complete packet before forwarding Introduction 1-27
28 Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing A 100 Mb/s Ethernet statistical multiplexing C B queue of packets waiting for output link 1.5 Mb/s D E Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing. TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame. Introduction 1-28
29 Packet switching versus circuit switching Packet switching allows more users to use network! q 1 Mb/s link q each user: v 100 kb/s when active v active 10% of time q circuit-switching: v 10 users q packet switching: v with 35 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than.0004 N users 1 Mbps link Q: how did we get value ? Introduction 1-29
30 Packet switching versus circuit switching Is packet switching a slam dunk winner? q great for bursty data v resource sharing v simpler, no call setup q excessive congestion: packet delay and loss v protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control q Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? v bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps v still an unsolved problem Introduction 1-30
31 Internet structure: network of networks q roughly hierarchical q at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage v treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Introduction 1-31
32 Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint POP: point-of-presence to/from backbone peering. to/from customers Introduction 1-32
33 Internet structure: network of networks q Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs v Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet q tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other. Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Introduction 1-33
34 Internet structure: network of networks q Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs v last hop ( access ) network (closest to end systems) Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet local ISP local ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Introduction 1-34
35 Internet structure: network of networks q a packet passes through many networks! local ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP Introduction 1-35
36 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge q end systems, access networks, links 1.3 Network core q circuit switching, packet switching, network structure 1.4 Protocol layers, service models Introduction 1-36
37 Protocol Layers Networks are complex! q many pieces : v hosts v routers v links of various media v applications v protocols v hardware, software Question: Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks? Introduction 1-37
38 Organization of air travel ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing q a series of steps Introduction 1-38
39 Layering of airline functionality ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage gates (load) gates (unload) gate runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing departure airport intermediate air-traffic control centers arrival airport Layers: each layer implements a service v via its own internal-layer actions v relying on services provided by layer below Introduction 1-39
40 Why layering? Dealing with complex systems: q explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex system s pieces v layered reference model for discussion q modularization eases maintenance, updating of system v change of implementation of layer s service transparent to rest of system v e.g., change in gate procedure doesn t affect rest of system q layering considered harmful? Introduction 1-40
41 Internet protocol stack q application: supporting network applications v FTP, SMTP, HTTP q transport: process-process data transfer v TCP, UDP q network: routing of datagrams from source to destination v IP, routing protocols q link: data transfer between neighboring network elements v PPP, Ethernet q physical: bits on the wire application transport network link physical Introduction 1-41
42 ISO/OSI reference model q presentation: allow applications to interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, machinespecific conventions q session: synchronization, checkpointing, recovery of data exchange q Internet stack missing these layers! v these services, if needed, must be implemented in application v needed? application presentation session transport network link physical Introduction 1-42
43 segment datagram frame message H l H t H n H t H n H t M M M M source application transport network link physical Encapsulation link physical switch H l H n H n H t H t H t M M M M destination application transport network link physical H l H n H n H t H t M M network link physical H n H t M router Introduction 1-43
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