Chapter 8: Computer Networking. AIMS The aim of this chapter is to give a brief introduction to computer networking.
|
|
- Melinda Parsons
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 8: Computer Networking AIMS The aim of this chapter is to give a brief introduction to computer networking. OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter you should be able to: Explain the following terms: computer network, LAN, WAN, MAN, internet, protocol, topology, media, peer-to-peer network, server based network Describe the roles a computer can play in a computer network Give an overview of the main types of media used in local area networks Describe how the different devices used to communicate through a network work and in what circumstances they are used. 1. Computer Networks Introduction 1.1 What is a Computer Network? A computer network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers that communicate with one another using sets of rules known as protocols. Interconnected means that the computers are capable of exchanging information via wired or wireless connections. Autonomous means that the computers must function independently, i.e. there is no master/slave relationship where one computer controls another. Computer networking enables computers to share data, application software and hardware devices. The most basic network consists of two computers connected directly by cable, for example sharing resources, such as printers and modems. Any computer capable of communicating on the network is known as a device or node. 1.2 Categories of Networks A Local Area Network (LAN) is a privately owned group of computers and devices connected, for example, within a single building or campus. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a larger version of a LAN, covering for example a group of nearby offices or a city. A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographical area such as a country or continent. 1.3 What is an internet? A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork or internet. For example, a number of LANs can be connected by a WAN. The WAN provides the connecting links between the LANs, for example, via leased telephone lines, satellite or microwave links. COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 1-1
2 2. Network Roles Network architecture refers to the way in which computers participate in a network. There are three roles for computers in a local area network. The first role is a client which uses but does not provide network resources. The second one is a peer which both uses and provides network resources. The last one is a server which provides network resources. The type of architecture chosen by an organisation depends on issues such as cost, size of network required, geographical location, requirements of specific application packages, network support available and what existing systems there are within the organisation. Networks can be divided into three types: Peer-to-Peer Has no dedicated servers or hierarchy among computers. Uses the network to share resources among independent peers. Organized into workgroups, typically of fewer than 10 peers. Client-Server (also called server-based) Has servers on the network that provide security and administration. Clients request services and servers deliver them. Hybrid networks This is a server-based network that also has peers sharing resources. Most networks are actually hybrid networks. 2.1 Client Server Networks Client-Server networks are defined by the presence of servers on a network that provide the security and administration of the network. It consists of many clients and one or more servers. Clients request services, such as file storage and printing, and servers deliver them. In Windows NT or Windows 2000, server-based networks are organised into domains. Domains are collections of networks and clients that share security trust information. Domain security and logon permission are controlled by special servers called domain controllers. There is one master domain controller, called the Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and the secondary domain controllers called Backup Domain Controller (BDC) may assist PDC during busy times or when the PDC is not available for some reason. The Client-Server network have many advantages, including: Central file storage, which allows all users to work form the same set of data and provides easy backup of critical data and keeps data from getting lost among computers Ability of servers to pool available hardware and software, lowering overall costs Optimised dedicated servers, which are faster than peers at sharing network Freeing of users from the task of managing network Easy manageability of a large number of users Ability to share expensive equipment, such as laser printers Less intrusive strong central security, since a single password need to access all shared resources on the network Client-Server networks also have some disadvantages, including: Expensive dedicated hardware Expensive network operating system software and client licenses A dedicated network administrator (usually required) COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 2-2
3 2.2 Peer-to-Peer Networks Every computer on peer network is equal and can communicate with any other computer on the network to which it has been granted access rights. So basically, every computer on peer network functions as both a server and a client. The peer network is more common in small business. Peer Network advantages are: No extra investment for server software and hardware are needed No network administrator is needed Easy setup Lower cost Peer Network disadvantages are: Additional load on computers for resource sharing Lack of central organisation, which can make data hard to find Users must administer their own computers Weak and intrusive security 2.3 Server Types There are several tasks for a server in a network. All these tasks could be done by one server, or a separate server for each task. A server is dedicated to performing specific tasks in support of other computers on the network. File Server File servers offer the services, which are the network applications that store, retrieve, and move data. With a file server, users can exchange, read, write, and manage shared files and the data contained in them. There are three ways to store a file on networks. They are online, offline, and near-line storage. Online storage consists of hard drive storage. Hard drive is very fast but expensive so the most current and frequently needed information is stored. The common offline storage devices are data tape and removable optical disks. It is the most disadvantage of offline storage that a person must retrieve the disk or tape and mount it on the server. This type of storage is best for data that is rarely used and for data backup. Nearline storage uses a machine, such as a tape carousel or jukebox, automatically retrieve and mounts the tape or disk. It is faster than offline but still only enough for infrequently used data and applications. File synchronization is to ensure that changes made to a file are organized in the chronological order in which they actually took place and that files are properly updated. But a network operating system cannot synchronize data within files if it is not aware of the file format. So, you need an option for it usually Print Server Print server manages and control printing on a network and also offers fax service. The print server allow multiple and simultaneous access to print and fax services. The network operating system achieves this by using print and fax queues. The queues are special storage areas where printing and faxing jobs are stored and then sent to the printer or fax device in an organized fashion. Application Server Application server allows a client on network to access and use extra computing power and expensive software applications on a shared computer. Application servers are used when efficiency and security requires a program to stay close to the data, and the data stays in one place. Database Server Database server is one of application server. Database server allows a network with powerful database capabilities. So, users of a relatively weak client can enjoy the same power of database servers. COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 3-3
4 3. Network Topology Network topology means the way in which computers or devices (called nodes) are connected. Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring. It is important to use the right topology. Each topology has its own strengths and weakness. Physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media. Logical topology, which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts for sending data. Early networks were Point to Point networks. In a point to point network each computer is connected to each other computer by a dedicated connection eg RS-232 N=2, Connections =2(2-1)/2 = 1 N=3, Connections =3(3-1)/2 = 3 N=4, Connections =4(4-1)/2 = 6. N=10 Connections =10(10-1)/2 = 45 There are advantages to this type of setup; Each link is independent and different hardware can be used for different links. Each connection is dedicated to a particular pair of computers so there is no need for the addressing of the data so it get to the right computer. Each link is private The main and overwhelming disadvantage is the number of links required. For N computers N( N 1) links are required. 2 A more economical approach is the use of Local Area Network (LAN) based on a single shared medium. 3.1 Bus topology A bus topology connects the computers along a single shared bus whose ends are terminated. A network that uses a bus topology is referred to as a "bus network" which was the original form of Ethernet networks. Ethernet 10Base2 (also known as thinnet) is used for bus topology. Bus topology is the cheapest way of connecting computers, but it has the disadvantage that a single loose connection or cable break can bring down the entire LAN Termination is important issue in bus networks. The electrical signal from a transmitting computer is free to travel the entire length of the cable. Without the termination, when the signal reaches the end of the wire, it bounces back and travels back up the wire. When a signal echoes back and forth along an un-terminated bus, it is called ringing. The terminators absorb the electrical energy and stop the reflections. Advantages of the bus are following. Bus is easy to use and understand and inexpensive simple network COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 4-4
5 It is easy to extend a network by adding cable with a repeater that boosts the signal and allows it to travel a longer distance. Disadvantages are following. A bus topology becomes slow by heavy network traffic with a lot of computer because networks do not coordinate with each other to reserve times to transmit. It is difficult to troubleshoot a bus because a cable break or loose connector will cause reflections and bring down the whole network. 3.2 Star topology A star topology links the computers by individual cables to a central unit, for example a hub or a LAN switch. When a computer or other networking component transmits a signal to the network, the signal travels to the hub. Then, the hub forwards the signal simultaneously to all other components connected to the hub. In the case of a LAN switch the signal is only sent to the destination node. Ethernet 10BaseT is a network based on the star topology. Star topology is the most popular way to connect computers in a workgroup network. Advantages of star topology are such as: The failure of a single computer or cable doesn't bring down the entire network. The centralised networking equipment can reduce costs in the long run by making network management much easier. It allows several cable types in same network with a hub that can accommodate multiple cable types. Disadvantages of star topology are such as: Failure of the central hub causes the whole network failure. It is slightly more expensive than using bus topology. 3.3 Ring topology A ring topology connects the computers along a single path whose ends are joined to form a circle. The circle might be logical only but the physical arrangement of the cabling might be similar to star topology, with a hub or concentrator at the centre. The ring topology is commonly used in token ring networks that the ring of a token ring network is concentrated inside a device called a Multi-station Access Unit (MAU) and fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) networks that the ring in this case is both a physical and logical ring and usually runs around a campus or collection of buildings to form a high-speed backbone network. Advantages are following: One computer cannot monopolise the network. It continues to function after capacity is exceeded but the speed will be slow. Disadvantages are following: Failure of one computer can affect the whole network. It is difficult to troubleshoot. Adding and removing computers disrupts the network. COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 5-5
6 Network Media An important part of designing and installing a computer network is to select the appropriate network medium. Network medium is what the data is transmitted over. The network media that are used can be classified as guided or unguided. Guided media provide a physical path along which the signals are propagated, for example unshielded twisted pair (UTP), shielded twisted pair (STP), coaxial cable and optical fibre. Unguided media employ an antenna for transmitting though air, vacuum or water, for example, broadcast radio (30 MHz to 1 GHz), terrestrial microwave (1 GHz to 40 GHz), infrared (3 x to 2 x Hz) and satellite (1 GHz to 10 GHz). The choice of media will depend on many factors, for example, the environment in which the data is to transmitted. In computer networking the medium affects nearly every aspect of communication. Most importantly it determines speed and cost of communication. UTP is easy to install; widely available and widely used, but is susceptible to interference; can cover only a limited distance. STP reduces crosstalk and is more resistant to EMI than UTP, but it is more difficult to work with and can cover only a limited distance. Coaxial cable is less susceptible to EMI interference than other types of copper media but is difficult to work with, has limited bandwidth (Thicknet), limited application (Thinnet) and damage to the cable can bring down entire network. Optical fibre cannot be tapped, so security is better. It can be used over great distances and is not susceptible to EMI. Fibre also has a higher data rate than coaxial and twisted pair cable, however it is difficult to terminate. Infrared provides an effective solution for temporary or hard to cable environments or for portable computers. However, infrared is a line of sight technology which limits its usefulness in office environments. Infrared is not very high-speed compared with copper and fibre media. Also the cost of infrared equipment is high. Radio links can connect nodes without regard for line of sight. Radio is also immune to rain and snow unlike external infrared installations Twisted Pair Cable Advantages 1. Inexpensive 2. Often available in existing phone system 3. Well tested and easy to get Coaxial Cable Advantages 1. Fairly resistant to RFI and EMI 2. Supports faster data rates than twisted pair 3. More durable than TP Fiber Optic Cable Advantages 1. Highly secure 2. Not affected by RFI and EMI 3. Highest bandwidth available Disadvantages 1. Susceptible to RFI and EMI 2. Not as durable as coax 3. Doesn t support as high a speed as other media Disadvantages 1. Can be effected by strong interference 2. More costly than TP 3. Bulkier and more rigid than TP Disadvantages 1. Extremely costly in product and service 2. Sophisticated tools and methods for installation.. COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 6-6
7 4. Communication Protocols 4.1 What is a protocol? Basic communication hardware consists of mechanisms that can transfer bits from one point to another. To aid programmers, computers attached to a network use complex software that provides a convenient, high-level interface for applications. The software handles most low-level communication details and problems automatically, making it possible for applications to communicate easily. Thus most application programs rely on network software to communicate and do not interact with the network hardware directly. So all parties involved in a communication must agree a set of rules to be used when exchanging messages. These set of rules are called Protocols. A simple example might be that that two parties communicating agree to use simple ASCII characters to exchange data or maybe to use complex coded data. So a protocol is a set of rules for communicating. Protocols govern the organisation and structure of the data and the sequence of events required for effective communication. Due to the design complexity of networks, the functionality of the network is divided into a series of layers. Each layer offers services to the higher layer through a clearly defined interface, so the higher layer does not need to see the implementation detail of the layer below. A layer on one machine can communicate with the same layer on another machine by exchanging messages. Protocols within that layer define the format of messages and actions to be taken on receipt of each message. Protocols are usually designed in suites to make interaction between related groups of protocols more efficient. There are many protocols widely used in computer networking, for example: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite, developed by the US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for Internet communication, is one of the most widely used today. NetWare IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet exchange/sequence Packet exchange) protocol suite used by computers over a Novell NetWare based network AppleTalk protocols designed for the Apple Macintosh NetBEUI used in a Microsoft Windows network. 4.2 TCP/IP Protocol Suite COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 7-7
8 4.2.1 Link Layer The Link Layer also known as network interface layer, provides reliability to upper layers in a network for the physical layer transmission. The TCP/IP suite specifies that the host connects to the network using some protocol so it can send network layer packets. TCP/IP does not define this protocol but uses existing standards such as Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interchange), to make the TCP/IP suite hardware independent. Each node on a network has a unique hardware address, the format depending on the kind of network. For example, Ethernet addresses, known as MAC addresses are attached to the physical hardware and usually assigned at manufacture, for example: 00:03:6D:40:00:A2. This is used by link layer protocols to identify individual nodes Network Layer The network layer (also known as internet layer) handles the routing of packets around the network. IP (Internet Protocol) is used for addressing, packet switching, route selection and error control. It is a connectionless, datagram protocol that uses packet switching and performs route selection by using dynamic routing tables. Each packet contains source and destination addresses. IP addresses are unique 32-bit addresses, assigned permanently or dynamically to each node on the internetwork. For example, the IP version 4 address format is: where www, xxx, yyy and zzz range from 0 to 255. For example, a student PC in the School of Electronics & Communications Engineering at DIT has an address of IP version 6 provides a 128-bit address. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used for sending control messages between nodes Transport Layer The transport layer provides the flow of data between two end-system hosts for the application layer above. TCP and UDP are the most prominent transport layer protocols. TCP provides a reliable transport layer for applications. UDP provides a simple no guarantee datagram service Application Layer The application layer contains all the higher-layer protocols that deliver data to the user, for example: Virtual terminal (TELNET) ; File Transfer Protocol (FTP); Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP); Domain Name Services (DNS) are used to allow users to use symbolic names in place of IP addresses, for example when a user enters a domain name, such as, into a web browser then the local DNS server attempts to resolve the domain name to an IP address or interrogate other servers to resolve the domain name. HyperText Transmission Protocol (HTTP) define how web browsers communicate with a web servers COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 8-8
9 5. Network Devices There are many types of network devices, such as repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches and routers used to interconnect nodes in network. However, these devices operate at different protocol layers and thus perform different interconnection functions. Repeaters When a signal travels along a cable, it tends to lose strength. A repeater is a device that boosts a network's signal as it passes through. The repeater does this by electrically amplifying the signal it receives and re-broadcasting it. Repeaters are used when the total length of your network cable exceeds the standards set for the type of cable being used. HUB A hub also called a repeater hub is the basic networking component used in networks to connect network computers to form a local area network (LAN). The hub operates by gathering the signals from individual network devices, optionally amplifying the signals, and then sending them onto all other connected devices. A hub is like a multiport repeater and do not reduce network traffic. BRIDGE Bridge is a networking component used either to extend or to segment networks. They can be used both to join dissimilar media such as unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling and fiber-optic cabling, and to join different network architectures such as Token Ring and Ethernet. Bridges regenerate signals but do not perform any protocol conversion, so the same networking protocol (such as TCP/IP) must be running on both network segments connected to the bridge. Bridges operate by sensing the source MAC addresses of the transmitting nodes on the network and automatically building an internal MAC routing table. This table is used to determine which connected segment to route packets to, and it provides the filtering capability. If the bridge knows which segment a packet is intended for, it forwards the packet directly to that segment. If the bridge doesn't recognize the packet's destination address, it forwards the packet to all connected segments except the one it originated on. And if the destination address is in the same segment as the source address, the bridge drops the packet. Bridges also forward broadcast packets to all segments except the originating one. LAN Switches A switch is a networking component used to connect workgroup hubs to form a larger network or to connect computers that have high bandwidth needs. The switches provide superior performance to hubs but are more expensive. When a signal enters a port of the switch, the switch looks at the destination address of the frame and internally establishes a logical connection with the port connected to the destination node. Other ports on the switch have no part in the connection. The result is that each port on the switch corresponds to an individual collision domain, and network congestion is avoided. Thus, if a 10-Mbps Ethernet switch has 10 ports, each port effectively gets the entire bandwidth of 10 Mbps-to the frame, the switch's port appears to provide a dedicated connection to the destination node. Ethernet switches are capable of establishing multiple internal logical connections simultaneously. Router A Router is a networking device that is used to extend or segment networks by forwarding packets from one logical network to another. Routers work at the network layer (layer 3) forwarding packets between networks using their logical addresses. Routers contain internal tables of information called routing tables that keep track of all known network addresses and possible paths throughout the internetwork, along with the cost of reaching each network. Routers route packets based on the available paths and their costs. Gateway A gateway that connects dissimilar systems or protocols adds expansion and functionality to a LAN because now unlike computer systems can inter-operate. A gateway basically grants a workstation a direct connection to the host computer and acts as a messenger between the two systems. Gateways operate between the OSI Transport layer through the Application Layer. COMP1208-Notes08-CompNetworks_PA1.doc Page 9-9
Chapter 9A. Network Definition. The Uses of a Network. Network Basics
Chapter 9A Network Basics 1 Network Definition Set of technologies that connects computers Allows communication and collaboration between users 2 The Uses of a Network Simultaneous access to data Data
More informationLocal-Area Network -LAN
Computer Networks A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many [types] of computer networks: Peer To Peer (workgroups) The computers are connected by a network, however, there
More informationNetworks. The two main network types are: Peer networks
Networks Networking is all about sharing information and resources. Computers connected to a network can avail of many facilities not available to standalone computers: Share a printer or a plotter among
More informationFuture Stars. Grade X Manual Chapter 1 Networking and Telecommunication. telecommunication. Telephones, telegrams, radios and televisions help
Future Stars Grade X Manual Chapter 1 Networking and Telecommunication 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is telecommunication? Ans: The transfer of information at a far distance is known as telecommunication.
More informationIntroduction to Computer
PDHonline Course E175 (8 PDH) Introduction to Computer Instructor: Dale W. Callahan, Ph.D., P.E. and Lea B. Callahan, P.E. 2012 PDH Online PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone
More informationNETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES
NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES (October 19, 2015) BUS3500 - Abdou Illia, Fall 2015 1 LEARNING GOALS Identify the major hardware components in networks. Identify and explain the various types of computer networks.
More informationComputer Networks. Definition of LAN. Connection of Network. Key Points of LAN. Lecture 06 Connecting Networks
Computer Networks Lecture 06 Connecting Networks Kuang-hua Chen Department of Library and Information Science National Taiwan University Local Area Networks (LAN) 5 kilometer IEEE 802.3 Ethernet IEEE 802.4
More informationCN1047 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF NETWORK
CN1047 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF NETWORK DEFINTION & APPLICATIONS DEFINTION: A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done
More informationLocal Area Network By Bhupendra Ratha, Lecturer School of Library and Information Science Devi Ahilya University, Indore Email: bhu261@gmail.com Local Area Network LANs connect computers and peripheral
More informationNetwork Design. Yiannos Mylonas
Network Design Yiannos Mylonas Physical Topologies There are two parts to the topology definition: the physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire (media), and the logical topology, which
More informationWireless Links - Wireless communication relies on radio signals or infrared signals for transmitting data.
Uses of a network A network is a way to connect computers so that they can communicate, exchange information and share resources in real time. Networks enable multiple users to access shared data and programs
More informationNetwork Topologies. Network Topologies
Network Topologies LANs and WANs - Geographical coverage LANs A single geographical location, such as office building, school, etc Typically High speed and cheaper. WANs Spans more than one geographical
More informationET225 Networking Concepts. Chapter 1 What is a Computer Network?
ET225 Networking Concepts Chapter 1 What is a Computer Network? Objectives Identify the advantages of connecting computers and devices on a network. Recognize common network components in a lab setting.
More informationLecture 1. Lecture Overview. Intro to Networking. Intro to Networking. Motivation behind Networking. Computer / Data Networks
Lecture 1 An Introduction to Networking Chapter 1, pages 1-22 Dave Novak BSAD 146, Introduction to Networking School of Business Administration University of Vermont Lecture Overview Brief introduction
More informationTelecommunications, Networks, and Wireless Computing
Objectives Telecommunications, Networks, and Wireless Computing 1. What are the features of a contemporary corporate telecommunications system? On what major technology developments are they based? 2.
More informationComputer Networks Vs. Distributed Systems
Computer Networks Vs. Distributed Systems Computer Networks: A computer network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers able to exchange information. A computer network usually require
More informationComputer Networking: A Survey
Computer Networking: A Survey M. Benaiah Deva Kumar and B. Deepa, 1 Scholar, 2 Assistant Professor, IT Department, Sri Krishna College of Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, India. Abstract- Computer
More information2. What is the maximum value of each octet in an IP address? A. 128 B. 255 C. 256 D. None of the above
1. How many bits are in an IP address? A. 16 B. 32 C. 64 2. What is the maximum value of each octet in an IP address? A. 128 B. 255 C. 256 3. The network number plays what part in an IP address? A. It
More informationDiscovering Computers 2008. Chapter 9 Communications and Networks
Discovering Computers 2008 Chapter 9 Communications and Networks Chapter 9 Objectives Discuss the the components required for for successful communications Identify various sending and receiving devices
More informationCabling LANs and WANs
Cabling LANs and WANs CCNA 1 v3 Module 5 10/11/2005 NESCOT CATC 1 Cabling the LAN Each media has advantages and disadvantages: Cable length Cost Ease of installation Susceptibility to interference The
More information1 Which network type is a specifically designed configuration of computers and other devices located within a confined area? A Peer-to-peer network
Review questions 1 Which network type is a specifically designed configuration of computers and other devices located within a confined area? A Peer-to-peer network B Local area network C Client/server
More informationICS 153 Introduction to Computer Networks. Inst: Chris Davison cbdaviso@uci.edu
ICS 153 Introduction to Computer Networks Inst: Chris Davison cbdaviso@uci.edu 1 ICS 153 Introduction to Computer Networks Course Goals Understand the basic principles of computer networks Design Architecture
More informationIntroduction to computer networks and Cloud Computing
Introduction to computer networks and Cloud Computing Aniel Nieves-González Fall 2015 Computer Netwoks A computer network is a set of independent computer systems that are connected by a communication
More informationMathatma Gandhi University
Mathatma Gandhi University BSc Computer Science IV th semester BCS 402 Computer Network &Internet MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The computer network is A) Network computer with cable B) Network computer
More informationChapter 4 Connecting to the Internet through an ISP
Chapter 4 Connecting to the Internet through an ISP 1. According to Cisco what two things are essential to gaining access to the internet? a. ISPs are essential to gaining access to the Internet. b. No
More informationIntroduction To Computer Networks
Introduction To Computer Networks 1. LAN s and WAN s 2. Some network and internetwork components 3. The communication process 4. Communication media 5. Topologies 6. Communication models and Standards
More informationThink! Think! Data communications. Long-Distance. Modems: to analog and back. Transmission Media. The last mile is the hardest for digital information
Data communications Think! Think!?? What makes it possible to communicate from point A to point B?? Long-Distance Transmission Media If you place a call outside the local transport area, an interchange
More informationComputer Networking Networks
Page 1 of 8 Computer Networking Networks 9.1 Local area network A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as a home, school, office
More informationNetworking Basics. Uses of a network
Networking Basics Data communications the electronic transfer of information between computers. This has become a major focus of the computer industry especially since the rapid growth of the internet.
More informationLocal Area Networks (LANs) Blueprint (May 2012 Release)
Local Area Networks (LANs) The CCNT Local Area Networks (LANs) Course April 2012 release blueprint lists the following information. Courseware Availability Date identifies the availability date for the
More informationHow To Use A Network Over The Internet (Networking) With A Network (Netware) And A Network On A Computer (Network)
1 TCP Transmission Control Protocol, is a connection based Internet protocol responsible for breaking data into packets to send over a network using IP (internet protocol) IP works at the TCP/IP Internet
More informationFBLA: NETWORKING CONCEPTS. Competency: General Network Terminology and Concepts
Competency: General Network Terminology and Concepts 1. Demonstrate knowledge of the purposes, benefits, and risks for installing a network. 2. Identify types of networks (e.g., LAN, WAN, MAN) and their
More informationOverview of Computer Networks
Overview of Computer Networks Client-Server Transaction Client process 4. Client processes response 1. Client sends request 3. Server sends response Server process 2. Server processes request Resource
More informationLocal Area Network. OSI Seven Layer Model. Whole Building Network
(MECH3023) 2 Local Area Network Networking for BAS Centralized & Decentralized networks LAN topologies LAN standards & examples Transmission hardware OSI Seven Layer Model Importance of interoperability
More informationTopics. Computer Networks. Let s Get Started! Computer Networks: Our Definition. How are Networks Used by Computers? Computer Network Components
Topics Use of networks Network structure Implementation of networks Computer Networks Introduction Let s Get Started! Networking today: Where are they? Powerful computers are cheap Networks are everywhere
More informationCHAPTER - 10 COMPUTER NETWORKING
CHAPTER - 10 INTRODUCTION COMPUTER NETWORKING When two or more objects are connected they form a network. For example in our Vidyalaya all teachers form a network of teachers, all students form a network
More informationCSCI 362 Computer and Network Security
The Purpose of ing CSCI 362 Computer and Security Introduction to ing Goals: Remote exchange and remote process control. A few desirable properties: Interoperability, Flexibility, Geographical range, Scalability,
More informationThe OSI and TCP/IP Models. Lesson 2
The OSI and TCP/IP Models Lesson 2 Objectives Exam Objective Matrix Technology Skill Covered Exam Objective Exam Objective Number Introduction to the OSI Model Compare the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP
More informationWired & Wireless LAN Connections
Lecture 5 Wired & Wireless LAN Connections Network Interface Card (NIC) Ethernet Wiring - Thick Ethernet - Thin Ethernet - Star (Hub) Ethernet Extending LAN - Fiber Modem - Repeater - Bridge - Switch Short
More informationNetworking 101 (Networking Basics) Presentation to UCHUG - 1/03/07 G. Skalka
Networking 101 (Networking Basics) Presentation to UCHUG - 1/03/07 G. Skalka What is a network? A computer network is two or more computers connected together using a telecommunication system for the purpose
More informationChapter 5. Data Communication And Internet Technology
Chapter 5 Data Communication And Internet Technology Purpose Understand the fundamental networking concepts Agenda Network Concepts Communication Protocol TCP/IP-OSI Architecture Network Types LAN WAN
More informationPage 1 of 7. Computer Networking
Page 1 of 7 Computer Networking 7.1 What Is Computer Networking? A computer network consists of several computers that are connected to one another using devices that allow them to communicate. Computer
More informationUsing High Availability Technologies Lesson 12
Using High Availability Technologies Lesson 12 Skills Matrix Technology Skill Objective Domain Objective # Using Virtualization Configure Windows Server Hyper-V and virtual machines 1.3 What Is High Availability?
More informationTechnical Support Information Belkin internal use only
The fundamentals of TCP/IP networking TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocols) is a set of networking protocols that is used for communication on the Internet and on many other networks.
More informationTechnology in Action. Alan Evans Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy. Tenth Edition. Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Technology in Action Alan Evans Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy Tenth Edition Technology in Action Chapter 10 Behind the Scenes: Networking and Security in the Business World 2 Chapter Topics Client/Server
More informationData Communication and Computer Network
1 Data communication principles, types and working principles of modems, Network principles, OSI model, functions of data link layer and network layer, networking components, communication protocols- X
More informationFiber Distributed Data Interface
CHPTER 8 Chapter Goals Provide background information about FDDI technology. Explain how FDDI works. Describe the differences between FDDI and Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI). Describe how CDDI
More informationCOMPUTER NETWORK TECHNOLOGY (300)
Page 1 of 10 Contestant Number: Time: Rank: COMPUTER NETWORK TECHNOLOGY (300) REGIONAL 2014 TOTAL POINTS (500) Failure to adhere to any of the following rules will result in disqualification: 1. Contestant
More informationIndustrial Networks & Databases. Protocols and Networks - Device Bus - - Field Bus -
Industrial Networks & Databases - Device Bus - - Field Bus - - Data Bus - Recall MODBUS protocol is a messaging structure used to set up master/client type communications with slaves/servers between intelligent
More informationCCNA 1: Networking Basics. Cisco Networking Academy Program Version 3.0
CCNA 1: Networking Basics Cisco Networking Academy Program Version 3.0 Table of Contents CCNA 1: NETWORKING BASICS...1 TARGET AUDIENCE...3 PREREQUISITES...3 COURSE DESCRIPTION...3 COURSE OBJECTIVES...3
More informationBasic Networking Concepts. 1. Introduction 2. Protocols 3. Protocol Layers 4. Network Interconnection/Internet
Basic Networking Concepts 1. Introduction 2. Protocols 3. Protocol Layers 4. Network Interconnection/Internet 1 1. Introduction -A network can be defined as a group of computers and other devices connected
More informationOverview of Network Hardware and Software. CS158a Chris Pollett Jan 29, 2007.
Overview of Network Hardware and Software CS158a Chris Pollett Jan 29, 2007. Outline Scales of Networks Protocol Hierarchies Scales of Networks Last day, we talked about broadcast versus point-to-point
More informationChapter 9 Communications and Networks
Chapter 9 Communications and Networks Chapter 9 Objectives Discuss the components required for successful communications Identify various sending and receiving devices Explain the purpose of communications
More informationUPPER LAYER SWITCHING
52-20-40 DATA COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT UPPER LAYER SWITCHING Gilbert Held INSIDE Upper Layer Operations; Address Translation; Layer 3 Switching; Layer 4 Switching OVERVIEW The first series of LAN switches
More informationCommunication Networks. MAP-TELE 2011/12 José Ruela
Communication Networks MAP-TELE 2011/12 José Ruela Network basic mechanisms Introduction to Communications Networks Communications networks Communications networks are used to transport information (data)
More informationA network is a group of devices (Nodes) connected by media links. A node can be a computer, printer or any other device capable of sending and
NETWORK By Bhupendra Ratha, Lecturer School of Library and Information Science Devi Ahilya University, Indore Email: bhu261@gmail.com Network A network is a group of devices (Nodes) connected by media
More informationComputer Network and Communication
2 Computer Network and Communication 2.1 INTRODUCTION As we all know, the advances in Information technology revolutionized almost every aspect of our life. Education, industry, banking, researches and
More informationADSL or Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. Backbone. Bandwidth. Bit. Bits Per Second or bps
ADSL or Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Backbone Bandwidth Bit Commonly called DSL. Technology and equipment that allow high-speed communication across standard copper telephone wires. This can include
More informationDL TC72 Communication Protocols: HDLC, SDLC, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM
DL TC72 Communication Protocols: HDLC, SDLC, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM Objectives: Base training of an engineer for the installation and maintenance of Digital Telecommunications and Internetworking systems.
More informationCisco Network Performance Evaluation Using Packet Tracer
Cisco Network Performance Evaluation Using Packet Tracer doi: 10.17932/ IAU.IJEMME.m.21460604.2015.5/1.905-911 Muhammet Emin KAMİLOĞLU 1 Abstract In this study, a wide area network designed and simulated.
More informationAgenda. Distributed System Structures. Why Distributed Systems? Motivation
Agenda Distributed System Structures CSCI 444/544 Operating Systems Fall 2008 Motivation Network structure Fundamental network services Sockets and ports Client/server model Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
More informationCOMPUTER NETWORK TECHNOLOGY (40)
PAGE 1 OF 9 CONTESTANT ID# Time Rank COMPUTER NETWORK TECHNOLOGY (40) Regional 2012 TOTAL POINTS (450) Failure to adhere to any of the following rules will result in disqualification: 1. Contestant must
More information5 Data Communication and Networking
5 Data Communication and Networking 5.1 Introduction Today computer is available in many offices and homes and therefore there is a need to share data and programs among various computers. With the advancement
More information3.1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
3.1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET The Business Value of Telecommunications and Networking Business value impacts of the telecommunications and Networking are: Declining transaction costs
More informationNetwork: several computers who can communicate. bus. Main example: Ethernet (1980 today: coaxial cable, twisted pair, 10Mb 1000Gb).
1 / 17 Network: several computers who can communicate. Bus topology: bus Main example: Ethernet (1980 today: coaxial cable, twisted pair, 10Mb 1000Gb). Hardware has globally unique MAC addresses (IDs).
More informationThe WestNet Advantage: -- Textbooks, ebooks, ecourses -- Instructor Resourse Center -- Student Resource Center
The WestNet Advantage: -- Textbooks, ebooks, ecourses -- Instructor Resourse Center -- Student Resource Center The entire cost of the program is funded by the textbook, ebook or ecourse purchase by your
More informationDATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS 1. Define the term Computer Networks. A Computer network is a number if computers interconnected by one or more transmission paths. The transmission path often is the telephone
More informationEthernet. Ethernet Frame Structure. Ethernet Frame Structure (more) Ethernet: uses CSMA/CD
Ethernet dominant LAN technology: cheap -- $20 for 100Mbs! first widely used LAN technology Simpler, cheaper than token rings and ATM Kept up with speed race: 10, 100, 1000 Mbps Metcalfe s Etheret sketch
More informationIT4405 Computer Networks (Compulsory)
IT4405 Computer Networks (Compulsory) INTRODUCTION This course provides a comprehensive insight into the fundamental concepts in data communications, computer network systems and protocols both fixed and
More informationConnecting to the network
5 Connecting to the network This chapter discusses the basic stages of connecting the printer to the network, provides an overview of network requirements and protocol diagrams, and describes how to physically
More informationClient Server Computing
Client Server Computing Architecture, Applications and Distribution System Devendra Kumar GLOBAL VISION PUBLISHING HOUSE 20, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (INDIA) Contents Acknowledgement (vii)
More informationLecture 6 Types of Computer Networks and their Topologies Three important groups of computer networks: LAN, MAN, WAN
Lecture 6 Types of Computer Networks and their Topologies Three important groups of computer networks: LAN, MAN, WAN LAN (Local Area Networks) 10/28/2008 Vasile Dadarlat - Computer Networks 1 MAN (Metropolitan
More informationCommunications and Computer Networks
SFWR 4C03: Computer Networks and Computer Security January 5-8 2004 Lecturer: Kartik Krishnan Lectures 1-3 Communications and Computer Networks The fundamental purpose of a communication system is the
More informationWhat s a protocol? What s a protocol? A closer look at network structure: What s the Internet? What s the Internet? What s the Internet?
What s the Internet? PC server laptop cellular handheld access points wired s connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running apps communication s fiber, copper, radio transmission rate = bandwidth
More informationIntroduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications
Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications Chapter 1 Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Define the basic terminology of computer networks Recognize the
More informationIP Networking. Overview. Networks Impact Daily Life. IP Networking - Part 1. How Networks Impact Daily Life. How Networks Impact Daily Life
Overview Dipl.-Ing. Peter Schrotter Institute of Communication Networks and Satellite Communications Graz University of Technology, Austria Fundamentals of Communicating over the Network Application Layer
More informationThe OSI Model: Understanding the Seven Layers of Computer Networks
Expert Reference Series of White Papers The OSI Model: Understanding the Seven Layers of Computer Networks 1-800-COURSES www.globalknowledge.com The OSI Model: Understanding the Seven Layers of Computer
More informationOperating System Concepts. Operating System 資 訊 工 程 學 系 袁 賢 銘 老 師
Lecture 7: Distributed Operating Systems A Distributed System 7.2 Resource sharing Motivation sharing and printing files at remote sites processing information in a distributed database using remote specialized
More informationESSENTIALS. Understanding Ethernet Switches and Routers. April 2011 VOLUME 3 ISSUE 1 A TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO CONTROL NETWORK
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 1 A TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO CONTROL NETWORK Contemporary Control Systems, Inc. Understanding Ethernet Switches and Routers This extended article was based on a two-part article that was
More informationEUCIP - IT Administrator. Module 3 LAN and Network Services. Version 2.0
EUCIP - IT Administrator Module 3 LAN and Network Services Version 2.0 Module 3 Goals Module 3 Module 3, Local Area Network and Network Services, requires the candidate to be familiar with the procedure
More informationChapter 2 TCP/IP Networking Basics
Chapter 2 TCP/IP Networking Basics A network in your home or small business uses the same type of TCP/IP networking that is used for the Internet. This manual provides an overview of IP (Internet Protocol)
More informationComputer Networks CS321
Computer Networks CS321 Dr. Ramana I.I.T Jodhpur Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Jodhpur ) Computer Networks CS321 1 / 22 Outline of the Lectures 1 Introduction OSI Reference Model Internet Protocol Performance Metrics
More informationPlaneamento e Gestão de Redes. Análise de Requisitos
Planeamento 1 Planeamento e Gestão de Redes Análise de Requisitos Manuel P. Ricardo Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Planeamento 2 Book Top-Down Network Design, Second Edition Priscilla
More informationWhat You Will Learn About. Computers Are Your Future. Chapter 8. Networks: Communicating and Sharing Resources. Network Fundamentals
What You Will Learn About Computers Are Your Future Chapter 8 Networks: Communicating and Sharing Resources Basic networking concepts Advantages and disadvantages of networks Peer-to-peer and client/server
More informationChapter 14: Distributed Operating Systems
Chapter 14: Distributed Operating Systems Chapter 14: Distributed Operating Systems Motivation Types of Distributed Operating Systems Network Structure Network Topology Communication Structure Communication
More informationCSE 3461 / 5461: Computer Networking & Internet Technologies
Autumn Semester 2014 CSE 3461 / 5461: Computer Networking & Internet Technologies Instructor: Prof. Kannan Srinivasan 08/28/2014 Announcement Drop before Friday evening! k. srinivasan Presentation A 2
More informationChapter 1: Introduction to Communications What is Data Communications? Data Communication Networks Basic Components of a communications system
Dear Student Here is the list of chapter sections that we will be covering for this semester. For each chapter listed in pages below: Any Bold text is required (with all the details in that sections) Any
More informationComputer Network. Interconnected collection of autonomous computers that are able to exchange information
Introduction Computer Network. Interconnected collection of autonomous computers that are able to exchange information No master/slave relationship between the computers in the network Data Communications.
More informationUnderstanding TCP/IP. Introduction. What is an Architectural Model? APPENDIX
APPENDIX A Introduction Understanding TCP/IP To fully understand the architecture of Cisco Centri Firewall, you need to understand the TCP/IP architecture on which the Internet is based. This appendix
More informationIT-AD08: ADD ON DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER NETWORK DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
IT-AD08: ADD ON DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER NETWORK DESIGN AND INSTALLATION Objective of the course: This course is designed to impart professional training to the students of computer Science, computer applications,
More informationComputer Networks. Computer Networks. Telecommunication Links. Connecting. Connecting via Telephone Lines ISDN
Chapter 12 Topics: Communication links LAN / WAN Internet / WWW A computer network is a set of independent computer systems interconnected by telecommunication links. CMPUT101 Introduction to Computing
More informationChapter 15: Advanced Networks
Chapter 15: Advanced Networks IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.0 1 Determine a Network Topology A site survey is a physical inspection of the building that will help determine a basic logical
More informationNetworking Technology Online Course Outline
Networking Technology Online Course Outline Introduction Networking Technology Introduction Welcome to InfoComm University About InfoComm International About Networking Technology Network Technology Course
More informationThe TCP/IP Reference Model
The TCP/IP Reference Model The TCP/IP Model Comparison to OSI Model Example Networks The TCP/IP Model Origins from ARPANET, DoD research network ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency Reliability was
More informationCOMPUTERS ARE YOUR FUTURE CHAPTER 7 NETWORKS: COMMUNICATING AND SHARING RESOURCES
COMPUTERS ARE YOUR FUTURE CHAPTER 7 NETWORKS: COMMUNICATING AND SHARING RESOURCES Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions Matching g 1. router o 2. node i 3. ring l 4. hub c 5. star n 6. backbone b 7. latency
More informationChapter 16: Distributed Operating Systems
Module 16: Distributed ib System Structure, Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2009 Chapter 16: Distributed Operating Systems Motivation Types of Network-Based Operating Systems Network Structure Network Topology
More informationComputer Networks. By Hardeep Singh
Computer Networks Contents Introduction Basic Elements of communication systemnetwork Topologies Network types Introduction A Computer network is a network of computers that are geographically distributed,
More informationNetworking. Sixth Edition. A Beginner's Guide BRUCE HALLBERG
Networking A Beginner's Guide Sixth Edition BRUCE HALLBERG Mc Graw Hill Education New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto Contents Acknowledgments
More information