CHAPTER 8 OPERATING SYSTEMS & UTILITIES. Chapter 8 Objectives

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 8 OPERATING SYSTEMS & UTILITIES Chapter 8 Objectives Identify the types of system software Linux, Unix, MAC operating systems Describe the functions of an operating system Identify various network operating systems Discuss ways that some operating systems help administrators control a network and administer security embedded operating systems Explain the purpose of the utilities included with most operating systems Identify devices that use several Explain the purpose of various utility programs A brief look at the new Windows Operating System Windows 2008 (Vista) 1

2 System Software (OS & Utilities) What is system software? Programs that control operation of computer Two types are operating systems and utility programs Operating system (OS) (sometimes called the platform platform)) coordinates all activities among computer hardware resources p Operating Systems ( functions) What are the functions of an operating system? start the computer provide a user interface manage programs administer security manage memory control a network provide file management and other utilities p Fig. 8-1 monitor performance establish an Internet connection schedule jobs and configure devices 2

3 Operating Systems (Cross-platform apps) What is a cross-platform application? (WordPerfect 14) Runs identically on multiple operating systems Operating system that computer uses is sometimes called the platform Application Operating System/ Operating System/ Operating System/ Operating System/ Platform A Platform B Platform C Platform D p Operating Systems Where is the operating system located? Resides on computer s hard disk in most cases May reside on a ROM chip on handheld computers Different sizes of computers typically use different operating systems Some types of computers may have different operating systems Various operating systems often are not compatible (Apple MACs vs PCs) p.8.3 3

4 Windows OS Users Windows Vista 180 million copies sold (June 2008) Vista Service Pack 1 (SP1) [released in March 2008] Windows XP 335 million users Windows million users Windows (older versions) 15 million users Windows 7 due out late 2009 (with touch screen technology) Worldwide: 800 million users of Windows OS Source: Washington Post, Page D-1, Nov 29, 2007 New CEO at Microsoft (as of July 1,2008) Microsoft s Ray Ozzie replaced Bill Gates as the lead man and chief software architect at Microsoft. Ozzie invented Lotus Notes and Grove before selling it to Microsoft for $120 million and he plans to lead Microsoft into the online-services era which he calls A time of great turbulence and potential change in the industry. Source: Network World, Page 1, June 23,2008 4

5 Windows Key Improvements Windows Vista Greater security, revised user interface Improved file search Windows XP Better hardware/software capabilities Better wireless networking Windows 2000 Greater reliability Better tools for large network administration Source: Washington Post, Page D-1, Nov 29, 2006 Windows Vista Requirements A Windows Vista Premium Ready PC includes at least: 1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor. 1 GB of system memory. 40 GB of hard drive capacity with 15 GB free space. DVD-ROM Drive. Audio output capability. Internet access capability 5

6 Operating Systems (Cold & Warm boots) What is booting? Process of starting or restarting a computer Cold boot Turning computer on after it has been powered off Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on Ctrl-Alt-Delete Or Press Reset Button Warm boot from Windows desktop Warm boot from system unit p Fig. 8-2 Operating System (Win XP Task Manager) Using the Task Manager in Windows XP Press Ctrl-Alt-Delete buttons Press Task Manager button From the list, select a task to End or Switch to You may also Create a New task (under the File tab in the Task Manager window) 6

7 Operating System Functions (Booting) How does a personal computer boot up? Step 1. Power supply Step 4. Results of POST are sends signal to components in system unit compared with data in CMOS chip Step 2. Processor in floppy disk drive and then hard disk accesses BIOS to start computer Step 3. BIOS runs tests, called the POST, to check components such as mouse, keyboard, and adapter cards Step 5. BIOS looks for system files Step 6. Kernel (core) of operating system loads into RAM Step 7. Operating system in memory takes control of computer Step 8. Operating system loads configuration information and displays desktop on screen Step 9. Operating system executes programs in StartUp folder Step 10. Click Start to display list of applications you can run p Fig. 8-4 Operating System Functions What is the kernel? The core of an operating system Manages memory and devices Maintains the computers clocks Starts applications Assigns the computers resources, such as devices, programs, data, and information Each time you boot a computer, the kernel and other frequently used operating system instructions are loaded Loading a file means the file is copied from the hard disk to the computer's memory Memory resident Remains in memory while the computer is running The kernel is memory resident Nonresident Instructions remain on the hard disk until they are needed Other parts of the operating system are nonresident p

8 Operating System Functions Registry Several files that contain the system configuration information Registry is constantly accessed during the computer's operation Regedit Editor Step 7 StartUp folder Contains a list of programs that open automatically when you boot the computer p.8. 5 Fig. 8-4 Managing Startup Programs Menu You may use: MsConfig Click Start, click Run, Type in MsConfig, click OK, Click the Startup tab. Carefully uncheck the programs you do not want to load at system startup time. 8

9 Operating System Functions ( GU I ) What is a (graphical )user interface? Controls how you enter data and instructions and how information displays on screen Types: Command-Line, Menu-Driven, GUI command-line interface (DOS) p Fig. 8-6 Operating System Functions (GUI) What is a graphical user interface (GUI)? User interacts with menus and visual images such as icons and buttons p Fig

10 Operating System Functions multiple programs running What is single user/ multitasking? Working on two or more programs that reside in memory at same time Foreground contains application you are using Background contains programs that are running but are not in use all running processes p Fig. 8-8 Operating System Functions What are other program management features of operating systems? Multiprocessing Can support two or more processors running programs at same time p Continues to operate when one of its components fails Enables two or more users to run programs simultaneously Multiuser Fault-tolerant computers FaultTandem NonStop (HP) Has duplicate components such as processors, memory, and disk drives 10

11 Operating System Functions What is memory management? Optimizing use of random access memory (RAM) With virtual memory (VM), portion of hard disk is allocated to function as RAM Step 1. The operating system transfers the least recently used data and program instructions to disk because memory is needed for other functions. Step 2. The operating system transfers data and program instructions from disk to memory when they are needed. p Fig. 8-9 Operating System Functions What are some virtual memory terms? Swap file Paging The area of the hard disk used for virtual memory The technique of swapping items between memory and storage Page (64KB) The amount of data and program instructions that can swap at a given time Thrashing When an operating system spends much of its time paging, instead of executing application software p

12 Operating System Functions How does an operating system schedule jobs? The OS adjusts schedule based on a job s priority A job is an operation the processor manages OS tasks to be performed: Receiving data from input device Sending information to output device Processing instructions Transferring items between storage and memory p Operating System Functions What is spooling? Sending print jobs to a memory or disk buffer instead of directly to printer Print jobs line up in a memory or disk queue p Fig

13 Operating System Functions What is a device driver? Program that tells operating system how to communicate with device Device Driver Also called driver With Plug and Play, Play, operating system automatically configures new devices as you install them p Operating System Functions What is a device driver? A small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a device Also called a driver Each device on a computer requires its own specific driver device driver Click to view Web Link then click Device Drivers p

14 Operating System Functions How do you install a device driver? Step 1. Open Control Step 2. Click Printers and Panel window. Point to Printers and Other Hardware link. Other Hardware link. Point to Add a printer link. Step 3. Click Add a Step 4. Add Printer printer link. Follow on-screen instructions. Wizard searches for Plug and Play printers on your computer. If it finds any such printers, it installs them. Step 5. If Add Printer Wizard cannot find any Plug and Play printers, you can select type of printer you want to install. An on-screen prompt may ask you to insert floppy disk, CD-ROM or DVD-ROM that contains necessary driver files to complete the installation of printer. p Fig Operating System Functions What is Plug and Play? (PnP) The computer can recognize a new device an assist you in its installation by loading the necessary drivers automatically and checking for conflicts with other devices (First appeared with Windows 95) Supported by most devices and operating systems today Click to view Web Link then click Plug and Play p

15 Operating System Functions IRQs What is an interrupt request ((IRQ)? A communications line between a device and the processors Most PCs have at least 16 IRQs for the ISA bus, numbered 0 through 15 and more for the PCI bus IRQs are assigned during installation p.8. 13Fig Interrupt Assignments in Windows XP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Right-click My Computer Click Manage Click Device Manager Click View menu Click Resources by Connection Click on Interrupt Request (IRQ) to view the IRQ assignments 15

16 IRQ Assignments (Windows XP) Operating System Functions How do you establish an Internet connection? Windows XP includes New Connection Wizard p Fig Guides user through setting up connection between computer and Internet 16

17 Operating System Functions How does an operating system monitor performance? Provides program, called performance monitor, that assesses and reports information about system resources and devices Ctrl-Alt-Del to invoke the Task Manager Click Performance tab p Fig Operating System Functions What is a network operating system? Allows users to share printer, Internet access, files, and programs on a network Administers security by establishing user name and password for each user p Fig

18 Utility Programs What is a utility program? System software that performs maintenance-type tasks Also called a utility Norton System Works p Fig Operating System Utility Programs What is a file manager? (Windows Explorer) Performs functions such as copying, renaming, deleting, and moving files Image viewer displays contents of graphics file when you double click on it p Figs

19 Operating System Utility Programs What is an uninstaller program? Removes a program and all associated files In Windows XP, uninstaller is in Add/Remove Programs in Control Panel Try a good freeware uninstaller: if Windows cannot do it p Operating System Utility Programs ScanDisk & Disk Cleanup & Disk Defragmenter ScanDisk: Detects and corrects problems on hard disks or floppy disks. (Windows 98/Me) Disk Cleanup: Searches for and removes unnecessary files Disk Defragmenter puts contiguous sectors together p Fig

20 Operating System Utility (Disk Defrag) What is a Disk Defragmenter? Reorganizes files and unused space into contiguous sectors on hard disk so programs run faster. file before defragmenting fragmented disk file after defragmenting p Fig Automatic Disk Defragmentation Utility Diskeeper: Set it and forget it defrag scheduling Visit: 20

21 Operating System Utility Programs What is a diagnostic utility? Compiles technical information about hardware and some software Prepares report outlining potential system problems Example: Dr. Watson Located under Accessories, System Tools, System Information, Tools p Fig Operating System Utility Programs What is a backup utility? Copies selected files or entire hard disk onto another storage medium Most compress files during backup to require less storage space Look in System Tools in Windows XP p. 415 Fig

22 Utility Programs: File Compression What is a file compression utility? Shrinks size of files to free up room and improve performance Compressed files are sometimes called zipped files Two popular utilities: PKZIPTM and WinZip Visit Visit Another one: Gzip (.tgz file extension) Visit: p Fig Operating System Utility Programs What is a screen saver? (not needed for LCDs) Causes monitor s screen to display moving image or blank screen if there is no activity for a specified time. Prevents ghosting or burn-in on back of phosphor screen To secure computer; The user configures screen saver to require password to deactivate the screen saver. p Fig

23 Types of Operating Systems Characteristics of operating systems software Devicedependent Runs only on specific type of computer Proprietary software Privately owned and limited to specific vendor or computer model Downward compatible Works with application software written for earlier version of operating system Deviceindependent Runs on many manufacturers computers Upward compatible Runs on new versions of operating system p Types of Operating Systems What are three categories of operating systems? Embedded Network Stand Alone p

24 Types of Operating Systems What are three categories of operating systems? Network Embedded Stand alone Others not on slide: Windows XP with SP2 Windows Server 2003 Windows Server 2008 p.8.17 Fig Operating Systems What is DOS (Disk Operating System)? [ MS-DOS (Microsoft) and PC-DOS (for IBM) ] All opperating systems are based on UNIX Developed in early the1980s for personal computers command-line D Used command- O Hardly used today S because it does not offer a GUI p interface when first developed, later included menus 24

25 Operating Systems DOS What is DOS (Disk Operating System)? Refers to several single user operating systems developed in the early 1980s for personal computers Two more widely used versions were PC-DOS and MS-DOS, both developed by Microsoft Used a command line interface and added a menudriven interface in later versions p.8.17 commands entered by user Various Versions of Windows Windows Version Year Released Windows 3.x 1990 Windows NT Windows Windows NT Workstation Windows Windows Millennium Edition 2000 Windows 2000 Professional 2000 Windows XP 2001 Windows XP SP Windows Vista 2007 p. 417 Fig

26 Windows XP What is Windows XP? Microsoft s fastest, most reliable Windows operating system before Vista 5 Editions: Home Edition, Professional Edition, Tablet PC Edition, Media Center Edition, 64-bit Edition (does not work with 32-bit drivers) p. 417 Fig Windows Operating Systems Features of most Windows operating systems Active Desktop Windows Explorer has a Web browser look and feel Registry Checker Taskbar/toolbars increased speed FAT32 or NTFS, Win FS Tune-Up Wizard Multiple display support Universal Serial Bus 2.0 p.8.18 Hardware support Accessibility Settings Wizard 26

27 Older Operating Systems: Windows 98 What are features of Windows 98? It is an upgrade from Windows 95 More integrated with the Internet Included Internet Explorer, a popular Web browser A file manager, Windows Explorer, had a Web browser look and feel An Active Desktop interface allowing icons and file names to work similar to Web links Support for multimedia technologies such as DVD and Web TV Supported the Universal Serial Bus (USB) p.8.18 Older Operating Systems: Windows Me What is Windows Me? An operating system that has features specifically for the home users Also called Windows Me Included multimedia features; Win Me is an upgrade to Win 98 p.8.20 Fig

28 Windows 2000 Operating System What is Windows 2000 Professional? Upgrade to the Windows NT 4.0 Workstation operating system Complete multitasking client operating system that has a GUI NT 5.0 is really Server 2003 Click to view video p.8.18 Fig Windows XP (exceptional Performance) Features What are some features of Windows XP? Windows XP Features New Appearance and Performance Network/user Administration Help and Support Communications and the Web Firewall setup software p

29 A few Window XP Keyboard Commands Minimize a window: Windows key + M key Minimize all windows: Windows key + D key Maximize a window: Alt + Space + x Minimize a window: Alt + Space + n Bookmark a Help topic: Shift + F10 keys Display the Start menu: Ctrl + Esc keys Close a number of open windows: Alt + F4 Windows Security: Ctrl + Alt + Del Change passwords (on a networked PC): Ctrl Alt Esc & Click Change Password tab Task Manager: Shift + Ctrl + Esc WindowsXP File Association Settings In Windows XP, click Start, Settings, Control Panel Click Tools, Folder Options and click the File Types tab. Below Registered File Types, you will see a long list of extensions like XLS and ZIP (at the end of the list) A file extension tells Windows what type of file it is. Scroll down the list and find the extension for the file type you want to open with a different application. In the lower half of the Window, you will see the name and icon of the associated application for the file type. 29

30 Windows Vista Operating System What is Windows Vista? Successor to Windows XP, containing a new interface and new / enhanced features Available in 8 editions, grouped into Home and Business categories m/2006/02/20/its-official8-different-flavors-ofwindows-vista/ p. 419 Fig Windows Vista Operating System What are some features of Windows Vista? Windows Vista Features Reliability and Performance Security Information Management Appearance and Navigation Communications and the Internet p

31 Windows Server 2003 Family of Products Windows Server 2003, Small Business Server for businesses with less than 75 users. Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition for small-tomedium-sized business networks. Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition for medium and large sized business networks with e-commerce applications. Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition for businesses with huge volumes of transactions and large-scale databases. Windows Server 2003, Web Services Edition for Web server and Web hosting businesses. Windows Server 2008 Faster and more secure! Released: Last week of February 2008 For more information, visit: aluation/b2faq.mspx 31

32 Operating Systems: Mac OS X What is Mac OS X? (Mac OS X Leopard) Available only for computers manufactured by Apple Macintosh operating system has been a model for most GUIs p Fig Operating Systems: UNIX What is UNIX? Used by power users because of its flexibility and power Most versions offer GUI Both a stand-alone and a network operating system p Fig

33 Operating Systems: UNIX Developed in early 1970 s by AT&T s Bell Labs Several versions of UNIX exist, each slightly different. Some versions have a command-line interface, but most offer a GUI. UNIX runs on all types of computers. UNIX is the basis for ALL operating systems Common Unix Commands Visit: 33

34 Operating Systems Linux What is Linux? Popular, free, multitasking UNIX-type operating system Open-source software code is available to public Both a stand-alone and a network operating system e Red Hat provides a version of Linux called Red Hat Linux. The GNOME graphical user interface is shown in this example. p Fig Red Hat Linux 34

35 Embedded Operating Systems What is Embedded Linux? Scaled-down Linux operating system designed for PDAs, smart phones, smart watches, set-top boxes, Internet telephones, and other devices Offers many PIM functions PIM Personal Information Mgt p. 425 Fig Linux: Another Version: Ubuntu 7.10 What is Ubuntu Linux? (from South Africa) oo-boon-tu means humanity toward others in South Africa s Zulu an Xhosa languages) A few features: No charge to install or update it. Focus on simplicity Cannot run Windows programs Recognizes most external devices (such as USB flash drives) p. 425 Fig

36 Operating Systems Linux Some versions of Linux are command-line Some versions are GUI interfaces Commercial: Red Hat Linux software The two most popular GUIs for Linux are: GNOME and KDE (Keyboard Desktop Environment) Motorola Corp has created mobile phones running the Linux operating system Operating Systems Linux Linux is network-friendly: It is capable of acting as client and/or server to any of the popular operating systems in use today. It is quite capable of being used as an OS by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Linux is a multi-user system which has advantages even for an OS where only one or two people will be using it. 36

37 Operating Systems Linux Linux is Open Source: that means that for the entire base system, which includes the kernel, the GNU tools, and all the basic utilities. Programmers and users have access to the source code as well as the right to modify it. Linux is Backwards-Compatible: has superb support for older hardware. In fact, it is often easier to find hardware support for era hardware than the latest gizmos to hit the market. This is because the device driver software authors need time to write and test the drivers. A Look at Linux Commands Visit: 37

38 Linux versus Windows What is Microsoft Windows? The Microsoft Corporation began development of the Interface Manager (later named Microsoft Windows) in the fall of 1981 Windows 1.0 was finally released to the market in 1985, promising users an easy-to-use graphical interface for consumers. Several others versions of Windows have been produced 2.0, 3.1, 3.11, 95, 98, ME DOS Based (Layered-Based) NT, 2000, XP, 2003, Project Longhorn NT Technology (Kernel-Based) 38

39 Microsoft Windows - Pros User-Friendly Generally Stable Windows 2000/XP are considered to be extremely stable and rarely crash. Home users can navigate Windows without fear of losing their work because they forgot to save. Hardware Support No lack of shortage in hardware support. It is very difficult to think of any hardware that is not supported in some way by Windows. Software Support Once again, there is an abundance of high-quality software designed specifically for Windows. You don t have to work hard to find what you are looking for. Windows Update If connected to an internet through an ISP, updates and patches are available to download while you work. Just click yes, and Windows updates itself with latest from Microsoft. Widely Used Among Consumers Facilitates communication between users. If everyone is using the same operating system, everyone has a general idea as to what the other individual is trying to communicate. Mobility is not an issue. Can take a file from one computer to another, and generally won t have to worry if that second computer is running Windows or not. Microsoft Windows - Cons Software While there may be an abundance of high-powered software designed for Windows, they are rather expensive. One must install separate software onto Windows for it to have any functionality. Windows without accompanying software is just a Naked System Re-booting Part of the reason for the long installation Windows needs to be rebooted to change minor settings like its IP address, hardware drivers, software, or swapfile size or any number of similar system settings File System Operating Systems running under different file systems may or may not be able to view and access files in a certain file system. FAT16, FAT32, NTFS Graphical User Interface (GUI) GUI-only environment hinders the functionality of the operating system code. If some sort of functionality hasn't been coded explicitly by the author of a program, then this functionality is simply not available. If you can t click it, you can t do it. Viruses Vast majority of known viruses are for Windows ONLY Grave security holes in Microsoft Outlook and Explorer Length of Installation Can take up to a couple hours to fully install just the Operating System Multiple Disks or separate drivers are required to install the OS 39

40 What is Linux? Linux is a kernel-based operating system Meaning that the operating system runs within itself. The program does not need to piggy-back from another program to run. Originally created by Linus Torvalds of Finland in 1991 with the assistance of developers around the world. Developed under the GNU General Public License, the source code for Linux is freely available to everyone. Since the source code is available to anyone, there is no current official Linux version as with Windows. There are simply many different versions, called Linux Distributions, that are aimed towards different target groups. Each distribution differentiates itself from one another through their packaged software and their hardware platform. Linux Pros Ease of Installation Security Local Security Many users can use the same PC, one of which controls everything with administrative powers Remote Security Very difficult to hack into a Linux system from an outside source (Internet, Network) File Systems Can handle a variety of different file systems Perfectly handles reading and writing of Windows FAT32 partitions and it can read NTFS partitions (Windows XP default) Can access, but not modify any files located on any Windows partition Multi-User Platform Customization Very important for businesses. Since Linux is an open source program. Anyone can make changes to the operating system to make it match their needs. Server/Clients Linux is perfectly integrated to the internet and includes everything needed. Servers FTP Server: Pureftp, Proftp Mail Server: Sendmail, Postfix Web Server: Apache Clients FTP Clients: gftp, lftp Chat Clients: Kopete, Licq, Psi Clients: Kmail, Evolution 40

41 Linux - Cons Time-Intensive A user accustomed to Windows can at first be a bit disoriented since the whole structure of the system is different. Learning all the details about how a Linux system functions will take time and patience Noone should expect be able to harness the full power of Linux within the first few minutes of playing around with the operating system Hardware Support Although it runs on a variety of different hardware architectures, support for bleeding edge hardware can be problematic or its configuration tricky Software/Games Very few major commercial games available for Linux Most software found in stores is designed for Windows only Additional software can be problematic to install due to the variety of distributions of Linux. One piece of software that is installed on one computer may or may not be compatible with another computer running a different distribution. Network Operating Systems What are examples of network operating systems? NetWare Designed for client/server networks Windows Windows Server 2003 Upgrade to Windows 2000 Server Server 2008 Solaris Version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems Specifically for e-commerce applications p

42 Embedded Operating Systems What is an embedded operating system? Found on most mobile computers, PDAs, and other small computers. Examples: Windows CE.NET Windows Mobile 2006 Palm OS (for PDAs & smart phones) Embedded Linux (small Linux OS for PDAs) Symbian OS (open source multitasking OS) p Fig Embedded Operating Systems What is an embedded operating system? Found on most mobile computers, PDAs, and other small devices Windows CE.NET is scaled-down version of Windows ded/prevver/ce.net/default.aspx p Fig

43 Embedded Operating Systems What are two operating systems for PDAs? Windows Mobile 2006 for the Pocket PC Palm OS for Palm Treo, Visor, and Sony CLie p Figs Embedded Operating Systems What is Symbian OS? Open-source, multitasking operating system designed for smart phones Make telephone calls, save appointments, browse Web, send and receive and faxes, and more p Fig

44 Utility Programs (Antivirus Utilities) What is a virus? Potentially damaging computer program Affects computer without user s knowledge SIGNS OF VIRUS INFECTION p Fig Utility Programs (Antivirus) What is an antivirus program? (Symantec, McAfee) Identifies and removes viruses in memory, storage media, and incoming files Must be updated frequently (weekly!) p Fig

45 Utility Programs What is a personal firewall? Protects personal computer from unauthorized intrusions Monitors all transmissions to and from computer p Fig Personal Firewalls What is a personal firewall? Program that protects personal computer and its data from unauthorized intrusions Monitors transmissions to and from computer Informs you of attempted intrusion PERSONAL FIREWALL SOFTWARE p Fig

46 Firewalls: Zone Alarm & Windows XP oducts/znalm/freedownload.jsp Windows XP comes with a built-in firewall, but it is turned on by default. To find out how to turn it on, visit: The Windows XP firewall software works only one way which means it blocks only suspicious activity aimed at your computer and not coming from your computer. Utility Programs What is spyware? p. 426 Program placed on a computer without the user s knowledge that secretly collects information about the user Often enters a computer as a result of a user installing a new program A spyware remover is a program that detects and deletes spyware. Adware can also be a problem: Visit: 46

47 Utility Programs What are internet filters? Programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed (Anti-Spam, Web Filters, Pop-up Blockers) &S=&type=DOWNLOAD&topic=&source=&AAID=&dre=&c id=pop%20up%20software Anti-Spam Programs Web Filters Pop-up Blockers p Keeping Windows Updated Visit: 47

48 Utility Programs What is CD/DVD burning software? Writes text, graphics, audio, and video files to a recordable or rewriteable CD or DVD p. 428 Fig Utility Programs: Nero Version 8 What is CD/DVD burning software? Writes text, graphics, audio, and video files to a recordable or rewriteable CD or DVD p. 428 Fig

49 Ripping Copying songs from CD to computer Windows Media Player 10 49

50 Chapter 8 Operating Systems End of Presentation Windows Vista 2007 Media Player 11 50