Advanced Nursing Practice - What Does it Contribute to Health Care and Who Benefits?
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1 Advanced Nursing Practice - What Does it Contribute to Health Care and Who Benefits? RUTH M. KLEINPELL PHD RN ACNP FAAN FCCM RUSH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING CHICAGO, ILLINOIS USA
2 APN Definitions An Advanced Practice Nurse is a registered nurse who has acquired the expert knowledge base, complex decision-making skills and clinical competencies for expanded practice, the characteristics of which are shaped by the context and/or country in which s/he is credentialed to practice. A master's degree is recommended for entry level.
3 Introduction Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) roles are developing in many countries The APN role is advancing globally due to: Increasing healthcare needs Rising public expectations for health care Mounting healthcare costs
4 International Council of Nursing (ICN) Survey of 18 countries on APN role 75% stated that formal recognition of the NP/APN exists in their country by the government, hospital/ health care agency or professional nursing organization 58% have formal NP/APN programs in their country 14 different titles identified for APN role Pulcini J, et al. ICN 2007
5 Countries Represented in ICN Survey l l Argentina Australia l l Ireland Nepal l l Bahrain Botswana l l Netherlands Singapore l Canada l South Africa l l China Hong Kong Ethiopia l l Switzerland Tanzania l Finland l United Kingdom l France l USA Pulcini J, et al. ICN 2007
6 Global APN Development Australia Nurse Practitioner (NP) Bahrain Specialist Nurse Botswana Family Nurse Practitioner Canada Clinical Nurse Specialist, APN, NP France Specialty Nurse Hong Kong APN, NP Iceland - APN Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
7 Global APN Development Ireland - APN Japan Certified Nurse Specialist Jordan Nurse Specialist Korea - APN Macao Specialist Nurse Netherlands Nursing Specialist New Zealand Nurse Practitioner Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
8 Global APN Development Philippines Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) Thailand CNS, NP Taiwan APN Singapore - APN Sweden APN, NP Switzerland APN, CNS Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
9 Global APN Development Republic of South Africa APN UK APN, NP, Nurse Consultant USA APN, CNS, NP, CNM, CRNA Western Pacific NP Samoa, Fiji, Cook Vanuatu, Kiribati Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
10 APN Practice Settings Primary Care Australia Bahrain Botswana Canada Ireland New Zealand Philippines Republic of South Africa Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
11 APN Practice Settings Primary Care United Kingdom United States Western Pacific: Samoa, Fiji, Cook Vanuatu, Kiribati Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
12 APN Practice Settings Hospital New Zealand Philippines Republic of South Africa Singapore Switzerland Taiwan United Kingdom United States Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
13 APN Practice Settings Hospital Bahrain Canada Hong Kong Iceland Japan Macau Netherlands Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
14 Does APN Role Exist in Country? Yes No Canada Poland Japan Bolivia Spain Sri Lanka Thailand Italy Ireland Mongolia Lebanon Malaysia Botswana Greece Iran Tanzania ICN APNN Regulatory Survey 2011
15 Does APN Role Exist in Country? Yes No United States Finland France Bulgaria The Gambia Lebanon Sierra Leone Australia Angola Norway Philippines Austria Switzerland Singapore United Kingdom New Zealand ICN APNN Regulatory Survey 2011
16 Does Regulation of APN Role Exist? Yes: Canada varies by jurisdiction United States varies by state Bolivia Iran varies by jurisdiction Thailand Angola New Zealand Australia Netherlands ICN APNN Regulatory Survey 2011
17 Benefits of Regulation Establishes formal recognition Promotes consistency in role by establishing focus of role and scope of practice Enables development of registry of practice Facilitates tracking of roles, settings, database development Helps to ensure ongoing maintenance of educational and certification requirements
18 Is There Formal Credentialing? Yes: Canada United States Thailand Singapore Ireland Angola Mongolia Botswana Iran Bahamas Austria ICN APNN Regulatory Survey 2011
19 Has their been opposition to regulation? Yes: Canada Bahamas United States ICN APNN Regulatory Survey 2011
20 APN Roles APN Role Components: Comprehensive patient assessment Patient care management Clinical nurse education Research & KPI projects Patient and family education Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
21 Essential Considerations Developing APN Role Scope of Practice Educational Standards Regulatory/Legislative Framework Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
22 Essential Considerations Developing APN Role APN Role What is health care context priorities, goals, unmet needs What will the APN role be? Function Education Number required Career pathway Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
23 Benefits of APN Role Advancing the nursing profession Increasing career options for nurses Enhancing the skill set of nurses Promoting advancement for the nursing role Facilitating interdisciplinary care Focusing on best outcomes for patients
24 Role Components of APN l Degree of involvement in each role component varies l Clinical Care is major focus of role l However, Role is NOT a physician replacement model l Involvement in Education, Research, Quality Improvement can vary depending on specialty practice and role
25 Role Challenges Gaining Acceptance Overcoming Legislative & Regulatory Barriers Providing education pertinent to scope of practice Negotiating career pathways Identifying role components Schober M, Affara FA 2006 ICN Advanced Nursing Practice. Blackwell Publishing
26 Challenges to APN Role Development Acceptance by MD, DN and nursing staff Developing APN role as a expanded role for nursing practice Clarity of role responsibilities Becoming competent in skill set Gaining assertiveness in role Developing role in new practice settings
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30 What Barriers to APN Role Exist? Administrator s perspective many do not understand scope of APN practice Lack of educational facilities Waiting for government approval to recognize role on a national level rather than institutional Not fully accepted by nurse leaders/administrators Prescribing legislation Lack of regulation Not allowed to act without physician supervision Physician resistance ICN APNN Regulatory Survey 2011
31 Scope of Practice Scope of Practice is a terminology used by state licensing boards for various professions that defines the procedures, actions, and processes that are permitted for the licensed individual The scope of practice is limited to that which the law allows for specific education and experience, and specific demonstrated competency April 2, 2012:
32 Determinants of Scope of Practice Authorized by Credentialing & Privileging
33 Scope of Practice Assumptions related to Scope of Practice The purpose of regulation - public protection should have top priority in scope of practice decisions Practice acts should require licensees to demonstrate that they have the requisite training and competence NCSBN. Changes in Healthcare Professions Scope of Practice
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40 APRN SOP Decision Aide Step 1: Define the need: What are the required APN role components & population foci for a position Define the scope of the role: What will the role encompass in terms of patient care management, health promotion, health protection, disease management & treatment Kleinpell & Hudspeth AACN Advanced Critical Care 2013;24:23-29
41 APRN SOP Decision Aide What competencies will be required for practice? What is the anticipated illness acuity level of patients to be managed? Are the health conditions complex acute, critical & chronic (Acute care) Are the health conditions acute & chronic where the focus of care is on health restoration or maintenance (Primary care) Kleinpell & Hudspeth AACN Advanced Critical Care 2013;24:23-29
42 APRN SOP Decision Aide Step 2 Match the required needs to the APRN role What is the education, certification & licensure of the APRN What is the scope of practice of the APRN as designated by their education, certification and licensure? Step 3 Determine the APRN role for which the patient health care needs, APN education, certification, licensure and scope of practice designate Kleinpell & Hudspeth AACN Advanced Critical Care 2013;24:23-29
43 Communicate about the role to key stakeholders (administrators/physicians/other healthcare providers patients/family members) Maintain competency in role Disseminate lessons learned and successful role development strategies Demonstrate impact/outcomes of role
44 Summary APN role is continuing to develop on international level Addressing barriers & scope of practice issues are priority areas to ensure continued expansion of APN role globally
International Council of Nurses
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