How To Improve The Welfare Of Neontl Piglets

Transcription

1 Review Article Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Animl welfre in the neworn piglet: review D. Mot-Rojs 1, J. Mrtinez-Burnes 2, D. Villnuev-Grci 3, P. Roldn-Sntigo 1, M.E. Trujillo-Orteg 4, H. Orozco-Gregorio 1,5, H. Bonill-Jime 5, A. Lopez-Mygoiti 6 1 Metropolitn Autonomous University-Xochimilco, Stress Physiology nd Frm Animl Welfre, Deprtment of Animl Production nd Agriculture, Mexico D.F., Mexico 2 Autonomous University-Xochimilco, Postgrdute Division nd Reserch, Veterinry Medicine Fculty, Ciudd Victori, Tmulips, Mexico 3 Children s Hospitl of Mexico Federico Gomez, Division of Neontology, Mexico D.F., Mexico 4 Ntionl Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Deprtment of Animl Medicine nd Production: Swine, FMVZ, Mexico D.F., Mexico 5 Metropolitn Autonomous University, Iztplp, Deprtment of Reproductive Biology, Mexico D.F., Mexico 6 Atlntic Veterinry College, University of Prince Edwrd Islnd, Chrlottetown, Cnd ABSTRACT: The ojective of this review is to integrte clinicl findings nd lortory nlyses in such wy to improve the welfre of neworn piglets nd chieve etter prognoses of neontl viility. Deths during the intrprtum period ccount for significnt proportion of pre-wening mortlity in frms worldwide. Piglets which die during prturition generlly hve norml size nd typiclly lck gross lesions t post-mortem exmintion. However, circultory normlities in the umilicl cord help in ssessing piglet viility. Cord lesions cn e clssified s norml (dhered), oedemtous, congested or hemorrhgic nd should lwys e evluted in perintl deths. The likelihood of neontl survivl decreses rpidly s the severity of umilicl cord lesions increse. The physiometolic lood profile which includes cid-se lnce, degree of dehydrtion, minerl lnce, metolic expenditure nd gs exchnge re lso useful clinicl elements for properly ssessing neontl viility. Neontl survivl is notly reduced when the lood ph flls elow 7.0, lctte rises ove 90 mg/dl, icronte drops elow 10 mmol/l, or the pco 2 increses ove 110 mm/hg. Blood clcium is lso n excellent indictor of neontl stress when used in comintion with the other prmeters mentioned ove. Tremling due to n imlnce in the movement of clcium in muscle is lso fctor involved in neontl mortlity. Neurologicl function in the neworn piglet could lso e evluted y dpting the Apgr score widely used in humn perintology. Neontes with scores lower thn 6 in 10 point scle hve generlly lower survivl rtes. The two most importnt indictors for this vitlity score re rething ltency nd rdycrdi. If the neonte hs pnoe for more thn 5 min nd the crdic frequency does not increse to more thn 110 ets per minute the prognosis for survivl is rther poor. Keywords: umilicl cord; neuronl dmge; sphyxi; physiologicl profile; piglet viility Contents 1. Introduction 2. How do we evlute umilicl cord morphology nd uterine dynmics? 3. Wht is meconium stining nd meconium spirtion syndrome? 4. How do we determine the physiometolic profile? 5. How do we estlish the vitlity score nd mesure ltency to first udder contct? 6. Conclusions 7. References 338

2 Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Review Article 1. Introduction Approximtely 14% of ll live orn y pigs hve low postntl viility due to decresed foetl lood flow nd oxygen during irth (Mot-Rojs et l. 2005, 2012) Low viility significntly increses the time required for neontl pig to find for the first time tet in the dm nd egin suckling colostrum. This prolem my e relted to neurologicl normlities cused y in utero sphyxi nd decresed cererl lood flow in neontl pigs (Trujillo-Orteg et l. 2007; Orozco-Gregorio et l. 2008; Mot-Rojs et l. 2012). Neontl mortlity is serious prolem for the pork industry worldwide where 2% to 9% of stillorns result from perintl sphyxi (Vllet et l. 2010). The proportion of live orn nd stillorn piglets often impct on the economic outcome of the frm (Housk et l. 2010). Numerous predisposing fctors re incriminted in this sitution; some re directly relted to sows while others re ttriuted to the piglets themselves (vn Dijk et l. 2005, 2006; Alonso-Spilsury et l. 2007). The most importnt mternl fctors involved in neontl viility re numer of prturitions, mothering skills, dimeter of the pelvic cnl, norml hormonl regultion nd uterine physiology, prolonged expulsion periods secondry uterine inerti (uterine tony), mternl hypoxi resulting from tempertures ove 35 C in the delivery room, mong mny others (Alonso-Spilsury et l. 2005, 2007; Odehnlov et l. 2008; Olmos-Hernndez et l. 2008). The most common piglet fctors involved in neontl mortlity nd reduced viility re the irth weights in which lrger neontes re more likely to die; the irth order in which the lst ones to e orn re more likely to die; umilicl cord lesions which depending on severity cn cuse foetl hypoxi; nd the degree of meconium stining of the skin nd meconium spirtion which reflect intruterine foetl distress (Mot-Rojs et l. 2002, 2007; Trujillo-Orteg et l. 2007). Piglet sex is nother risk fctor since mle piglets re more likely to die thn femles (Trujillo-Orteg et l. 2011). It is of vitl importnce to ssess the performnce of neworn piglets, tsk for which veterinrins should e well prepred to do or to supervise. For exmple, the degree of meconium stining is key element, ut one tht must go hnd-in-hnd with other clinicl findings such s sphyxi, hypoxemi nd cidosis (Cstro-Njer et l. 2006; Mot- Rojs et l. 2006). The morphology nd vsculr ltertions in the umilicl cord re lso key predictors for neontl survivl. Piglets orn with severe umilicl cord lesions re less likely to survive or hve norml postntl performnce (Mot-Rojs et l. 2005c). Therefore, it is impertive to evlute umilicl cords nd to py prticulr ttention to evidence of ruptured, torn or hemorrhgic cords since ll these lesions re clerly ssocited with piglet s performnce t irth (Mot-Rojs et l. 2002, 2008). The physiometolic profile hs come to e used y some reserchers to properly evlute neontl survivl. However, this profile should e estlished only in n integrted fshion using clinicl nd lortory findings together s routinely done in humn perintology. The physiometolic profile includes metolic, minerl, cid-se nd gs exchnge levels in lood which relte well to sphyxi (Nodwell et l. 2005; Villnuev-Grci nd Mot-Rojs 2008, 2009; Gonzlez-Lozno et l. 2010, 2012; Orozco-Gregorio et l. 2010; Trujillo- Orteg et l. 2011). Though somewht outdted nd sujective, vitlity scle such s the Apgr score used in humns is nother importnt clinicl tool for ssessing niml neontes (Zleski nd Hcker 1993; Veronesi et l. 2009). In the following sections, we review how clinicl evlution nd lortory nlyses should e integrted to enle veterinrins or niml scientists to properly ssess the welfre of neontl piglets. This comined pproch llows for more ccurte prognoses of viility t irth nd gives etter options for tretment nd control. 2. How do we evlute umilicl cord morphology nd uterine dynmics? Humn foetuses nd neworn ies re prticulrly vulnerle to sphyxi during the time of lour or shortly therefter. When sphyxi egins in utero, either efore or during lour, lood flow to the plcent nd umilicl cord is compromised cusing myrid of physiologicl normlities in the neonte (Blchin et l. 2011). Due to their notoriously low tolernce for noxi (cused y sphyxi), porcine foetuses commonly suffer irreversile rin dmge when the umilicl cord is ruptured 5 min prior to delivery (Alonso-Spilsury et l. 2005). A ruptured umilicl cord seriously compromises the norml lood flow etween the 339

3 Review Article Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Mens of the numer of intrprtum stillorn piglets per litte Control Oxytocin treted Figure 1. Umilicl cord normlities of intrprtum stillorn piglets (control nd oxytocin treted sows), = different letters etween rs indicte sttisticl differences to the Student t-test; tken from Mot- Rojs et l. (2002) 0 Edemtous Congested Hemorrhgic Ruptured dm nd the foetus (Curtis 1974). The reltionship etween umilicl cord chnges nd perintl viility or mortlity in piglets hs een intensively investigted during the lst few yers. The results of these investigtions hve shown tht umilicl cord morphology nd circultory normlities re excellent predictors of welfre for neontl piglets orn to sows given irth ccelertors (Mot-Rojs et l. 2002). It hs een reported tht even t commercilly recommended doses, oxytocin cused significnt increse (P < 0.05) of 300% in the numer of ruptured cords, nd resulted in seven times more hemorrhgic cords (P < 0.05), s shown in Figure 1. Other studies hve demonstrted tht myometril ctivity notly influences the circultory physiology nd survivl of porcine neontes (Mot-Rojs et l. 2007). For instnce, intense uterine contrctions cn cuse significnt decrese in plcentl lood flow nd gs exchnge leding to foetl hypoxi nd other potentilly deleterious effects for the neworn piglet (Tucker nd Huth 1990). However, most deths t irth occur when the umilicl cord crrying oxygented lood ecomes twisted or ruptures cusing severe hypoxemi (Provis nd Moynihm 1999). It should e noted nonetheless, tht this point of view on the pthophysiology of neontl hypoxemi hs een chllenged y some reserchers (Herpin et l. 1996) who postulte tht prolonged or intermittent sphyxi in utero or during the time of delivery does not necessrily led to intrprtum stillirths. In recent study, Mot- (A) (B) 16 Numer of contrctions Intruterine pressure (mm Hg) Control Oxytocin treted Control Oxytocin treted Figure 2. Men nd stndrd error of the intruterine monitoring, frequency of myometril contrctions (A) nd intensity (intruterine pressure) (B) evluted y mens of uterine trnsducer (control nd oxytocin-treted sows), = different superscripts express significnt differences (P < 0.01) etween groups in the Student t-test; tken from Mot-Rojs et l. (2005) 340

4 Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Review Article Rojs et l. (2005) showed why irth ccelertors dministered to sows increse umilicl cord normlities t irth. These investigtors reported significnt increse (P < 0.01) in the numer of uterine contrctions in frrowing sows treted with oxytocin t dosge of 1 UI/kg of the live weight of the sow (Figure 2A). In ddition, the intensity of uterine contrctions (intruterine pressure) incresed significntly (P < 0.01), from 5.5 in the control group of sows to 13.2 mm/hg in the sows treted with oxytocin (Figure 2B). These chnges in uterine physiology explin why the incidence of umilicl cord normlities rises when sows re treted with irth ccelertors to reduce the time of foetl expulsion. Prdoxiclly, reduced time of expulsion y oxytocin increses the likelihood of ruptured umilicl cords similr to wht occurs in sows with dystoci (Gutierrez et l. 2011). The reltionship etween umilicl cord injury, hypoxi nd expulsion of meconium hs een recognized for mny yers in humn nd veterinry perintology (Miller 1977; Wiswell nd Bent 1993). More recently, Mot-Rojs et l. (2005) studied the effect of oxytocin on umilicl cords nd meconium stining in pigs orn to sows treted with oxytocin. The results of this work proved reltionship etween the degree of meconium stining in the skin nd the numer of piglets orn with ruptured umilicl cords. Live piglets stined strongly with meconium while 43 piglets were orn with ruptured umilicl cords to the group of sows treted with oxytocin, compred to just four piglets in the control group. In nother study crried out y Mot-Rojs et l. (2005c) it ws shown tht the numer of piglets with ruptured umilicl cords increses significntly (P < 0.003) from 37 to 76 neontes when oxytocin is dministered, ut decreses significntly to just 9.4 piglets when uterine contrction modultor clled vetrutine hydrochloride is used (Gonzlez- Lozno et l. 2010, 2012). Other studies conducted y Gonzlez-Lozno et l. (2009,) lso showed tht sows with difficult irths give irth to piglets with more umilicl normlities s compred to sow with norml prturition 3. Wht is meconium stining nd meconium spirtion syndrome? It hs een known for mny yers tht intruterine hypoxi in humns nd nimls results in meconium stining of the mniotic fluid nd neontl skin (Miller 1977). The sic mechnism strts with in utero hypoxi which increses intestinl peristlsis nd relxes the tone of the nl sphincter resulting in the expulsion of meconium into the mniotic fluid. Once in the mniotic fluid, the meconium stins the skin giving it typicl yellow discolortion. If hypoxi persists, foetuses gsp with open glottis nd inhle meconium-contminted mniotic fluid (Rndll nd Penny 1967; Alonso-Spilsury et l. 2005). Pigs, like other mmmls tht suffered lck of oxygen prior to or during irth re often orn covered y meconium, some of which could e present in the orophrynx or irwys (Lopez et l. 1994; Mot-Rojs et l. 2002, 2012; Lopez 2007). Meconium is viscous, greenish sterile sustnce present in the foetl intestine. It is composed of mixture of gstrointestinl secretions, ile, pncretic juice, mucus, cellulr detritus, mniotic fluid, vernix cseos, lnugo nd lood (Rpoport nd Buchnn 1950; Srinivsn nd Vidysgr 1999). Chemicl nlyses hve shown tht mucopolyscchrides constitute pproximtely 80% of the dry weight of meconium. Interestingly, foetuses with serious heptic normlities which impir ile secretion re orn with white meconium. A recent study suggests tht the relese of meconium in humns is not only relted to hypoxi ut tht lso fctors such s rce nd gesttionl ge ply mjor prt (Blchin et l. 2011). Future studies should investigte if gesttionl ge nd reed in swine re lso implicted in meconium expulsion. Meconium spirtion syndrome (MAS) is significnt cuse of moridity nd mortlity in the perintl period nd hs een implicted in the pthogenesis of irwy dysfunction in foetuses nd neontes (Amir et l. 1999). During foetl sphyxi, the redistriution of lood from the intestine into the vitl orgns such s hert nd rin cuses n increse in intestinl peristlsis nd relxtion of the nl sphincter, nd together these two hypoxiinduced responses ultimtely led to the relese of meconium into the mniotic fluid. If foetl noxi persists, incresed respirtory movements with n opened glottis result in the spirtion of mniotic fluid contminted with meconium into the lungs (Mrtinez-Burnes et l. 2002, 2003; Cstro-Njer et l. 2006; Mot-Rojs et l. 2006). For these resons, the pssge of meconium into the mniotic fluid is generlly regrded s good indictor of foetl distress. It is lso known tht not ll infnts 341

5 Review Article Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): with foetl distress nd pssge of meconium into the mniotic fluid develop MAS. As one study recently pointed out, only severe irwy ostruction y meconium results in perintl deth (Cstro- Njer et l. 2006). In humn perintology it is well recognized tht those tht survive meconium spirtion my hve some long-lsting postntl consequences (Swminthn et l. 1989). On the other hnd, there is pucity of informtion regrding the outcome nd performnce of niml neontes surviving meconium spirtion nd some of the informtion fortuitously originte from swine models for humn diseses (Altonen et l. 2003) Studies in humn perintology report long-term sequele in some ies surviving intrprtum meconium spirtion. The most notle ones re persistent foetl circultion in which there is dely closure of foetl hert communiction (ductus rteriosus nd formen ovle), nd hyperrective irwys disese in which ffected children suffer n sthm-like syndrome (Swminthn et l. 1989). Much remins to e done in veterinry medicine to elucidte the long-term sequele in nimls surviving meconium spirtion. Wht we know from experimentl studies is tht meconium or mniotic fluid spirtion cuses mild ut long term lveolitis chrcterised y erly lveolitis which is followed y the formtion of microscopic grnuloms (Mrtinez-Burnes et l. 2002, 2003). It should e emphsised tht meconium spirtion does not cuse sufficient lung dmge to kill n niml ut rther the niml dies ecuse of systemic physiologicl normlities such s cidosis, hypertension nd hypoxemi (Lopez 2007). While the moridity nd mortlity cused y meconium spirtion hs een recognised for mny yers in humn foetuses, only recently hs this prolem een investigted in domestic nd lortory nimls (Mrtinez-Burnes et l. 2001, 2002). Meconium-stined mniotic fluid is n indictor of prentl sphyxi nd postntl viility in pigs (Cstro-Njer et l. 2006). Erlier reports indicte the sme prolem occurs in clves, lms nd fols nd it is postulted tht nimls orn with meconium-stined skin re generlly weker nd more sus- (A) (B) (C) (D) Figure 3. Degree of meconium stining of skin in neworn piglets; norml (without stining) (A), light (B), moderte (C), severe (D) 342

6 Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Review Article ceptile to perintl deth. The strong reltionship etween cidosis, meconium spirtion nd filure of pssive trnsfer of colostrum hs een postulted in clves ut mny questions regrding the pthogenesis of this syndrome remin unnswered (Lopez nd Bildfell 1992). Future reserch should perhps investigte the reltionship etween cidosis, meconium spirtion nd filure of pssive trnsfer of colostrum nd postntl susceptiility of infection in pigs. Recent studies conducted in puppies nd fols showed high incidence of neontes orn stined with meconium nd with meconium spirtion in the lungs. It hs een suggested tht the presence of meconium could e used s n indictor of foetl hypoxi (Mendoz et l. 2008; Sntigo et l. 2008). A severe degree of meconium stining of the skin hs een ssocited with low or filing scores on the neontl vitlity scle nd this occurs regulrly when the umilicl cord hs een ruptured (Mot-Rojs et l. 2002, 2005,; Trujillo-Orteg et l. 2011). Meconium stining during frrowing correltes well with the rupture of umilicl cord in piglets orn live from sows treted with oxytocin. In one study there ws positive reltionship (r = 0.58) etween the numer of live orn piglets with ruptured umilicl cords nd the mgnitude of meconium stining; thus it is suggested tht the dmge to the umilicl cord dmge induced y oxytocin cuses sufficiently serious sphyxi tht reflects in higher degree of meconium stining in the neontl skin (Mot-Rojs et l. 2005). Intrprtum sphyxi is lso corroorted y the greter frequency of cynosis nd ple skin in piglets orn to sows treted with oxytocin. Figure 3 illustrtes the different degrees of meconium stining on the skin of pigs t irth. 4. How do we determine the physiometolic profile? The proper identifiction of cid-se ltertions through the interprettion of lood gs dt fcilittes the clinicl pproch to the ptient, helps in mking more ccurte dignosis nd provides etter choice for pproprite tretment (Nodwell et l. 2005). Recently, the ssessment of niml welfre hs een mde esier y the ppliction of lood nlysis nd prticulrly through the use of novel technologies such s Arteril Blood Gs (ABG) equipment (Snchez-Apricio et l. 2008, 2009; Villnuev- Grci nd Mot-Rojs 2008; Becerril-Herrer et l. 2009, 2010; Trujillo-Orteg et l. 2011). The ABG equipment ssesses the trnsport of lood gses nd gives n index of gs exchnge etween the lveolr ir nd lood plsm. This is done in two stges: first, the incorportion of oxygen nd the excretion of cronic nhydride; nd second, the cid-se lnce which nlyses the niml s metolic sttus (Villnuev-Grci et l. 2008; Villnuev-Grci nd Mot-Rojs 2008, 2011). For humn nd niml neontes, lood nlyses provide importnt informtion y estimting the degree of oxygention, iophysicl profiles nd the cid-se lnce. In ddition, it llows the detection of ltertions in po 2 concentrtions, O 2 sturtion (SO 2 ), pco 2, lctte, icronte, hemtocrit nd ph (Low et l. 1994; d Silv et l. 2000). The nlysis of lood ABG hs lso een used in other niml species. For instnces, ABG ws used in one study to exmine the effect of irth order in puppies delivered y cesren section (Crissium et l. 2010); in equine neontes ABG ws used to study the reltionship etween lood lctte nd neontl diseses such s sepsis, septic nd hemorrhgic shock, hemtoms, trum nd premturity or immturity (Cstgnetti et l. 2010). In pigs lood ABG hs lso een used to estlish the physiometolic profile of piglets orn with nd without intrprtum sphyxi in vrious conditions such s controlled climtes nd feeding (Orozco- Gregorio et l. 2008) s well s in pigs rised in nturl frm environment or in lortory fcilities (Trujillo-Orteg et l. 2007; Snchez-Apricio et l. 2008; Snchez-Apricio et l. 2009; Gonzlez- Lozno et l. 2009,). ABG hs lso een used to vlidte n experimentl pig model tht simultes in utero sphyxi (vn Dijk et l. 2006, 2008). In this study, sphyxi ws simulted y experimentlly occluding the umilicl cords of neontes orn y cesren section. A study conducted y Gonzlez- Lozno et l. (2009) showed tht glucose, clcium nd lctte levels rise significntly (P < 0.01) in piglets orn to sows with dystoci (Figure 4). Other reserchers hve used ABG nlysis to ssess therpies gered to re-estlishing the respirtory process providing inhled oxygen (Zleski nd Hcker 1993; Herpin et l. 2001; Tollofsrud et l. 2001). Vllet et l. (2010) ssessed the expulsion intervls nd concentrtions of steroids in neworn piglets nd their reltion to stillorns nd concluded tht (1) irth intervls greter thn 1 h re ssocited with n incresed numer of 343

7 Review Article Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): (A) 7 (B) 0.6 (C) Eutocic Dystocic Eutocic Dystocic (mmol/l) (mmol/l) Eutocic Dystocic Figure 4. Glucose (A), clcium (B), nd lctte (C) levels in live-orn piglets of dystocic nd eutocic sows; dt represent men ± stndrd devition, = (P < 0.05); tken from Gonzlez-Lozno et l. (2009) stillirths; (2) lrger litter size reduces irth intervls; (3) the lst piglet in the litter hs oth prolonged irth intervl nd n incresed risk of stillirth; (4) plsm progesterone efore frrowing does not influence irth intervls or stillirths; nd, (5) plsm estrdiol does not influence irth intervl or stillirths, despite its positive reltion to litter size. The uthors concluded tht etter understnding of the effects of litter size nd the proportion of the litter tht is frrowed on irth intervls could e used in the future to decrese stillirths in piglets. On the other hnd, study y Trujillo-Orteg et l. (2007) on physiometolic lood profiles showed tht intrprtum deths were ssocited with lood ph levels of less thn In ddition, lood PCO 2 nd lctte re lso importnt predictors for viility in piglets. All these findings further support the current view tht the severity of metolic cidosis secondry to hypoxi is good indictor of intrprtum deth (Jezkov nd Smrckov 1990). Furthermore, lctte levels nd irth weight re positively ssocited with ltency to first udder contct. In one study, glucose levels were more thn two times higher in piglets who died intrprtum thn in those with mild-to-no intrprtum sphyxi or even thn neontes with severe sphyxi, wheres the difference etween the mens of the two ltter groups ws 4 mg/dl (Trujillo-Orteg et l. 2007). 5. How do we estlish the vitlity score nd mesure ltency to first udder contct? Neworn piglets re regulrly ssessed using score tht mesures their vitlity within one minute fter irth sed on the following vriles: hert rte (ets per min) [less thn 120 (rdycrdi), etween 121 nd 160 (norml), nd more thn 161 (tchycrdi)]; ltency to rething (in min) (intervl etween irth nd first reth more thn 1 min, etween 16 s nd 1 min, nd less thn 15 s); colour of the skin on the snout (ple, pink or cynotic); ltency to stnding, mesured s the intervl etween irth nd the first time the neonte stnds on ll four legs (clssified s more thn 5 min, etween 1 nd 5 min, nd less thn 1 min); nd skin stining with meconium (severe, mild, or sent) (Zleski nd Hcker 1993; Mot-Rojs et l. 2005,,c). Ech one of these vriles is ssigned score etween 0 (lest fvourle) nd two (most fvourle), s well s n overll result rnging from one to 10 tht ws otined for ech neonte piglet. A score elow six indictes filing grde on the vitlity scle test. The hert rte is mesured with stethoscope. The first reth t irth is defined s thorcic movement in the thorcic re oserved ccompnying the exhltion of ir. The stnding time is defined s the minutes it tkes for piglet to stnd on ll four feet nd it is typiclly mesured with stop-wtch. Two dditionl iologicl fctors ffecting neontl viility in piglets re the irth weight nd nutritionl sttus. For this reson, iron supplementtion is key element in piglet performnce during the first week of life (Svood et l. 2004, 2007). Severl studies suggest tht low neonte irth weight is negtively ssocited with perintl survivl (Englnd 1974; Cceres et l. 2001; Herpin et l. 2002; Mot-Rojs et l. 2008). In one of these studies it ws found tht only 28% of piglets with irth weights elow 1100 g reched the ge of seven 344

8 Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Review Article (A) Viility score (B) Ltency to first udder contct (min) Eutocic Dystocic 10 Eutocic Dystocic Figure 5. Outcome of piglets orn to eutocic nd dystocic sows, men viility score (A) nd ltency to first udder contct (B). 2-y-k X2 test: followed y post-hoc 2-y-2 X2 test (P < 0.05); dt represent men ± stndrd devition; tken from Gonzlez-Lozno et l. (2009) dys (Mrchnt et l. 2000). Similrly, Herpin et l. (1996) reported tht only 36% of neontes with weights of 1051 g ± 83 g hd high viility scores, while piglets weighing 1313 g ± 41, 79 g chieved higher scores on the viility scle (P < 0.05). In this study, low level of viility ws ssocited with the degree of sphyxi suffered during irth, while the percentge of nimls tht died during the first 10 dys postprtum ws higher in the group of piglets with lower weights, compred to tht seen in the group of hevier neontes (43% vs. 19.4%) (P < 0.06). On the other hnd, Bxter et l. (2008) pointed out tht weight t irth lone is not relile indictor for prentl survivl suggesting tht ody mss should lso e tken into ccount. In lrge study conducted with 230 piglets, Trujillo-Orteg et l. (2007) reported tht 8.3% (n = 19) of foetuses died intrprtum, 21.7% (n = 50) were orn with moderte-to-severe intrprtum hypoxi, nd 70% (n = 161) were orn with mild or no evidence of intrprtum distress. Piglets orn with few or no signs of intrprtum sphyxi weighed pproximtely 240 g less thn those orn with hypoxi or those tht were stillorn (P < ). In the sme study, viility scores were pproximtely 3 points lower in the piglets tht survived intrprtum hypoxi thn in those orn with miniml or no evidence of intrprtum sphyxi (control group). Ltency to first udder contct ws two times greter in the piglets with intrprtum sphyxi thn in controls (P < ), while ltency to first udder contct ws inversely relted to viility scores (r = 0.75; P < ); i.e., longer ltency times were seen in piglets with lower viility scores. Dystoci hs een known to increse the frequency of wek nimls t irth. Studies conducted y Gonzlez-Lozno et l. (2009), indicte tht piglets orn to sows with difficult prturition (dystoci) hd longer ltency to first udder contct nd low vitlity scores compred with those piglets orn in norml (eutocic) delivery (Figure 5). Neontes need to e le to feed shortly fter irth nd ny fctor impeding or delying this function could result in reduced neontl viility. Ltency to first udder contct is ssumed to reflect complex neurologicl functions in the neworn piglets, since it requires integrting t lest the olfctory, visul nd neuromusculr functions which re required for well-oriented serch for the mternl tet. Similrly, the viility scle includes the ltency to stnding, which my e ltered y neurologicl impediments. Since these two prmeters my not e the est indictors to ssess neurologicl function in neontes, future studies should investigte other neurologicl functions s possile indictors of intrprtum sphyxi nd low neontl viility (Mot-Rojs et l. 2007; Trujillo- Orteg et l. 2007). 6. CONCLUSION The degree of niml welfre in neworn piglets is criticl in swine production nd cn e ssessed using different pthophysiologicl p- 345

9 Review Article Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): proches. As mentioned in this review, we elieve tht the principl dignostic tools re the vitlity scle, morphology of the umilicl cord, ltency to first udder contct, the meconium spirtion syndrome, nd recently developed technique which llows the mesurement of lood physiometolic profiles. In conclusion, the extent of iochemicl nd metolic ltertions my explin the severity of neurologicl dysfunctions in neworn piglets tht survive intrprtum sphyxi nd, moreover, diminish niml welfre in the first week of life. Thus, the neworn piglet my provide nturlistic model for the study of intrprtum sphyxi nd the efficcy of neuroprotective strtegies. 7. References Altonen M, Soukk H, Hlkol L, Jlonen J, Holopinen IE, Kero P (2003): Asphyxi ggrvtes systemic hypotension ut not pulmonry hypertension in piglets with meconium spirtion. Peditric Reserch 53, Alonso-Spilsury M, Mot-Rojs D, Villnuev-Grci D, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Orozco G, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Lopez A, Trujillo-Orteg M (2005): Perintl sphyxi pthophysiology in pig nd humn: A review. Animl of Reproduction Science 90, Alonso-Spilsury M, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Gonzlez- Lozno M, Mot-Rojs D, Trujillo-Orteg M (2007): Piglet survivl in erly lcttion: review. Journl of Animl nd Veterinry Advnces 6, Amir M, Ften M, Jmes W, Kevin P (1999): Effects of dexmethsone on meconium spirtion syndrome in neworn piglets. Peditric Reserch 46, Blchin I, Whittker J, Lmont R, Steer P (2011): Mternl nd fetl chrcteristics ssocited with meconium-stined mniotic fluid. Ostetrics nd Gynecology 117, Bxter EM, Jrvis S, D Eth RB, Ross DW, Roson SK, Frish M, Nevison IM, Lwrence AB, Edwrds SA (2008): Investigting the ehviourl nd physiologicl indictors of neontl survivl in pigs. Theriogenology 69, Becerril-Herrer M, Alonso-Spilsury M, Lemus-Flores C, Guerrero-Legrret I, Olmos-Hernndez A, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Mot-Rojs D (2009): CO 2 stunning my compromise swine welfre compred with electricl stunning. Met Science 81, Becerril-Herrer M, Alonso-Spilsury M, Trujillo- Orteg M, Guerrero-Legrret I, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Roldn-Sntigo P, Mot-Rojs D (2010): Chnges in lood constituents of swine trnsported for 8 or 16 h to n Attoir. Met Science 86, Cceres L, Bilkei G, McGil M, Pen F (2001): The effect of levmisole on the prewening performnce of lightweight orn piglets. Medicine Veterinry 18, Cstgnetti C, Pirrone A, Mriell J, Mri G (2010): Venous lood lctte evlution in equine neontl intensive cre. Theriogenology 73, Cstro-Njer J, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Mot-Rojs D, Cuevs-Reyes H, Lopez A, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Gllegos-Sgredo R, Alonso-Spilsury M (2006): Morphologicl chnges in the lungs of meconium-stined piglets. Journl of Veterinry Dignostic Investigtion 18, Crissium A, Jupp C, de Almeid F, Gershony L, Lrthe N (2010): Neontl trnsitionl period of dogs orn y elective cesren prturition. Interntionl Journl of Applied Reserch nd Veterinry Medicine 8, Curtis S (1974): Responses of the piglet to perintl stressors. Journl of Animl Science 38, d Silv S, Hennenert N, Denis R, Wyenerg JL (2000): Clinicl vlue of single postntl lctte mesurement fter intrprtum sphyxi. Act Peditric 89, Englnd D (1974): Husndry components in prentl nd perintl development in swine. Journl of Animl Science 38, Gonzlez-Lozno M, Mot-Rojs D, Velzquez-Arment EY, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Hernndez-Gonzlez R, Becerril-Herrer M., Trujillo-Orteg ME, Alonso-Spilsury M (2009): Ostetric nd fetl outcomes in dystocic nd eutocic sows to n injection of exogenous oxytocin during frrowing. Cndin Veterinry Journl 50, Gonzlez-Lozno M, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Becerril-Herrer M, Alonso-Spilsury M, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Hernndez-Gonzlez R, Mot-Rojs D (2009): Effects of oxytocin on criticl lood vriles from dystocic sows. Veterinri Mexico 40, Gonzlez-Lozno M, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Becerril-Herrer M, Alonso-Spilsury M, Rosles-Torres AM, Mot-Rojs D (2010): Uterine ctivity nd fetl electronic monitoring in prturient sows treted with vetrutin chlorhydrte. Journl of Veterinry Phrmcology nd Therpeutics 33, Gonzlez-Lozno M, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Alonso-Spilsury M, Rosles A, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Gonzlez- Mciel A, Mrtinez-Rodriguez R, Becerril-Herrer M, Mot-Rojs D (2012): Vetrutine clorhydrte use in dystocic frrowings minimizes hemodynmic sequels in piglets. Theriogenology 78,

10 Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Review Article Gutierrez WG, Kim DG, Kim DH, Kim S, Lee SJ, Kim BW, Hong JT, Yu BK, Kim HJ, Oh TK, Chng HH (2011): Estlishing criteri for method to utomticlly detect the onset of prturition nd dystoci in reeding pigs. Journl of the Fculty of Agriculture Kyushu University 56, Herpin P, LeDividich J, Hulin JC, Fillut M, DeMrco F, Bertin R (1996): Effect of the level of sphyxi during delivery on viility t irth nd erly postntl vitlity of neworn pigs. Journl of Animl Science 74, Herpin P, Hulin JC, Le Dividich J, Fillut M (2001): Effect of oxygen inhltion t irth on the reduction of erly postntl mortlity in pigs. Journl of Animl Science 79, Herpin P, Dmon M, Le Dividich J (2002): Development of thermoregultion nd neontl survivl in pigs. Livestock Production Science 78, Housk L, Wolfov M, Ngy I, Csornyei Z, Komlosi I (2010): Economic vlues for trits of pigs in Hungry. Czech Journl of Animl Science 55, Jezkov D, Smrckov M (1990): Vritions of glucosemi nd lctcidemi in pregnnt sows, fetuses nd in sows nd piglets till the 10 th dy fter delivery. Veterinrni Medicin 35, Lopez, A. (2007): Respirtory system. In: McGvin MD, Zchri JF (eds.): Pthologic Bsis of Veterinry Diseses. 5 th ed. Elsevier Lopez A, Bildfell R (1992): Pulmonry inflmmtion ssocited with spirted meconium nd epithelil-cells in clves. Veterinry Pthology 29, Lopez A, Lofstedt J, Bildfell R, Horney B, Burton S (1994): Pulmonry histopthologic findings, cid-se sttus, nd sorption of colostrl immunogloulins in neworn clves. Americn Journl of Veterinry Reserch 55, Low JA, Pngiotopoulos C, Derrick EJ (1994): Neworn complictions fter intrprtum sphyxi with metolic-cidosis in the term fetus. Americn Journl of Ostetrics nd Gynecology 170, Mrchnt JN, Rudd AR, Mendl MT, Broom DM, Meredith MJ, Corning S, Simmins PH (2000): Timing nd cuses of piglet mortlity in lterntive nd conventionl frrowing systems. Veterinry Record 147, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Lopez A, Horney B, McKenzie A, Brimcome M (2001): Cytologic nd iochemicl chnges ssocited with inocultion of mniotic fluid nd meconium into lungs of neontl rts. Americn Journl of Veterinry Reserch 62, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Lopez A, Wright GM, Irelnd WP, Wdowsk DW, Doin GV (2002): Microscopic chnges induced y the intrtrchel inocultion of mniotic fluid nd meconium in the lung of neontl rts. Histology nd Histopthology 17, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Lopez A, Wright GM, Irelnd WP, Wdowsk DW, Doin GV (2003): Ultrstructurl chnges in the lungs of neontl rts intrtrchelly inoculted with meconium. Histology nd Histopthology 18, Mendoz MM, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Clderon R, Hyen S, Mot-Rojs D, Medellin JA, Lopez-Mygoiti A, Almzn C (2008): Meconium stining of fols t irth nd suction. In: Mot-Rojs D, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Villnuev-Grci D, Alonso-Spilsury ML (eds.): Animl Perintology: Clinicl nd Experimentl Approches. 1 st ed. BM Editores Press, Mexico Miller R (1977): A summry of some of the pthogenetic mechnisms involved in ovine ortion. Cndin Veterinry Journl 18, Mot-Rojs D, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Alonso-Spilsury ML, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Lopez A (2002): Effect of oxytocin tretment in sows on umilicl cord morphology, meconium stining, nd neontl mortlity of piglets. Americn Journl of Veterinry Reserch 63, Mot-Rojs D, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Trujillo ME, Lopez A, Rosles AM, Rmirez R, Orozco H, Merino A, Alonso-Spilsury M (2005): Uterine nd fetl sphyxi monitoring in prturient sows treted with oxytocin. Animl Reproduction Science 86, Mot-Rojs D, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Trujillo ME, Velzquez-Arment Y, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Alonso-Spilsury M (2005): Dose minimiztion study of oxytocin in erly lor in sows: Uterine ctivity nd fetl outcome. Reproductive Toxicology 20, Mot-Rojs D, Rosles AM, Trujillo ME, Orozco H, Rmirez R, Alonso-Spilsury M (2005c): The effects of vetrutin chlorhydrte nd oxytocin on stillirth rte nd sphyxi in swine. Theriogenology 64, Mot-Rojs D, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Alonso-Spilsury ML, Lopez A, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Medin-Hernndez FJ, de l Cruz NI, Alores-Torres V, Loredo-Osti J (2006): Meconium stining of the skin nd meconium spirtion in porcine intrprtum stillirths. Livestock Science 102, Mot-Rojs D, Villnuev-Grci D, Velzquez-Arment EY, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Alonso- Spilsury M, Trujill ME (2007): Influence of time t which oxytocin is dministered during lor on uterine ctivity nd perintl deth in pigs. Biologicl Reserch 40, Mot-Rojs D, Alonso-Spilsury M, Rmirez-Necoeche R., Moles LP, Gonzlez-Lozno, M (2008): Involved 347

11 Review Article Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): fctors in the immune response of neontl pigs. In: Mot-Rojs D, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Villnuev-Grcí D, Alonso-Spilsury ML (eds): Animl Perintology: Clinicl nd Experimentl Approches. 1 st ed. BM Editores Press, Mexico Mot-Rojs D, Herrer MB, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Alonso- Spilsury M, Flores-Peindo SC, Guerrero-Legrret I (2009): Effects of pre-slughter trnsport, lirge nd sex on pig chemicl serologic profiles. Journl of Animl nd Veterinry Advnces 8, Mot-Rojs D, Orozco-Gregorio H, Villnuev-Grci D, Bonill-Jime H, Surez-Bonill X, Hernndez-Gonzlez R, Roldn-Sntigo P, Trujillo-Orteg ME (2011): Foetl nd neontl energy metolism in pigs nd humns: review. Veterinrni Medicin 56, griculturejournls.cz/pulicfiles/41399.pdf. Mot-Rojs D, Villnuev-Grci D, Hernndez-Gonzlez R, Roldn-Sntigo P, Mrtinez-Rodriguez R, Gonzlez- Meneses B, Snchez-Hernndez M, Trujillo-Orteg ME (2012): Assessment of the vitlity of the neworn: n overview. Scientific Reserch nd Essys 7, Nodwell A, Crmichel L, Ross M, Richrdson B (2005): Plcentl compred with umilicl cord lood to ssess fetl lood gs nd cid-se sttus. Ostetrics nd Gynecology 105, Odehnlov S, Vinkler A, Novk P, Drek J (2008): The dynmics of chnges in selected prmeters in reltion to different ir temperture in the frrowing house for sows. Czech Journl of Animl Science 53, Olmos-Hernndez A, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Alonso-Spilsury M, Snchez-Apricio P, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Mot-Rojs A (2008): Foetl monitoring, uterine dynmics nd reproductive performnce in spontneous frrowings in sows. Journl of Applied Animl Reserch 33, Orozco-Gregorio H, Mot-Rojs D, Alonso-Spilsury M, Olmos-Hernndez A, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Velzquez-Arment EY, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Hernndez-Gonzlez R, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Villnuev-Grci D (2008): Short-term neurophysiologic consequences of intrprtum sphyxi in piglets orn y spontneous prturition. Interntionl Journl of Neuroscience 118, Orozco-Gregorio H, Mot-Rojs D, Bonill-Jime H, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Becerril-Herrer M, Hernndez- Gonzlez R, Villnuev-Grci D (2010): Effects of dministrtion of cffeine on metolic vriles in neontl pigs with periprtum sphyxi. Americn Journl of Veterinry Reserch 71, Provis V, Moynihm M (1999): Neontl resuscittion in the isolted setting. Austrlin Journl nd Helth 7, Rndll G, Penny R (1967): Stillirths in pigs: the possile role of noxi. Veterinry Record 81, Rpoport S, Buchnn D (1950): The composition of meconium: isoltion of lood-group-specific polyscchrides norml composition of meconium in meconium ileum. Science 112, Snchez-Apricio P, Mot-Rojs D, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Alfro-Rodriguez A, Arch E, Alonso-Spilsury M (2008): Effects of sildenfil on the fetl growth of guine pigs nd their ility to survive induced intrprtum sphyxi. Americn Journl of Ostetrics nd Gynecology 198. Snchez-Apricio P, Mot-Rojs D, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Zrco-Quintero LA, Becerril-Herrer M, Alonso- Spilsury M, Alfro-Rodriguez A (2009): Effect of prostglndins for inducing irth on weight, vitlity nd physiologicl response in neworn pigs. Journl of Applied Animl Reserch 36, , 127. Sntigo JJ, Mrtinez-Burnes J, Brron CA, Ruiz H, Slins E, de l Cruz IN, Lopez-Mygoiti A, Almzn C (2008): Meconium stining t irth nd spirtion of mniotic fluid nd meconium in puppies. In: Mot- Rojs D, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Villnuev-Grci D, Alonso-Spilsury ML (eds.): Animl Perintology: Clinicl nd Experimentl Approches. 1 st ed. BM Editores Press, Mexico Srinivsn H, Vidysgr D (1999): Meconium spirtion syndrome: current concepts nd mngement. Comprtive Therpeutic 25, Svood M, Boud J, Drek J, Douek J (2004): Effect of per os iron lctte supplement on development of hemtologicl profile of piglets in the erly postntl period. Act Veterinri Brno 73, Svood M, Ficek R, Synkov B, Drek J (2007): Efficiency of cronyl iron in prevention of nemi in piglets. Act Veterinri Brno 76, Swminthn S, Quinn J, Stile MW, Bder D, Pltzker ACG, Keens TG (1989): Long-term pulmonry sequele of meconium spirtion syndrome. Journl of Peditrics 114, Tollofsrud PA, Sols AB, Sugstd OD (2001): Neworn piglets with meconium spirtion resuscitted with room ir or 100% oxygen. Peditric Reserch 50, Trujillo-Orteg ME, Mot-Rojs D, Olmos-Hernndez A, Alonso-Spilsury M, Gonzlez-Lozno M, Orozco- Gregorio H, Rmirez-Necoeche R, Nv-Ocmpo AA (2007): A study of piglets orn y spontneous prturition under uncontrolled conditions: Could this e nturlistic model for the study of intrprtum sphyxi? Act Biomedic 78, Trujillo-Orteg M, Mot-Rojs D, Jurez O, Villnuev- Grci D, Becerril-Herrer M, Hernndez-Gonzlez 348

12 Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Review Article R, Alonso-Spilsury M, Mrtinez-Rodriguez R, Rmirez-Necoeche R (2011): Porcine neontes filing vitlity score: physio-metolic profile nd ltency to first tet contct. Czech Journl of Animl Science 56, Tucker JM, Huth JC (1990): Intrprtum ssessment of fetl well-eing. Clinicl Ostetrics nd Gynecology 33, Vllet JL, Miles JR, Brown-Brndl TM, Niener JA (2010): Proportion of the litter frrowed, litter size, nd progesterone nd estrdiol effects on piglet irth intervls nd stillirths. Animl Reproduction Science 119, vn Dijk AJ, vn Rens BTTM, vn der Lende T, Tverne MAM (2005): Fctors ffecting durtion of the expulsive stge of prturition nd piglet irth intervls in sows with uncomplicted, spontneous frrowings. Theriogenology 64, vn Dijk AJ, vn der Lende T, Tverne MAM (2006): Acid-se lnce of umilicl rtery lood of liveorn piglets t irth nd its reltion with fctors ffecting delivery of individul piglets. Theriogenology 66, vn Dijk AJ, vn Loon JPAM, Tverne MAM, Jonker FH (2008): Umilicl cord clmping in term piglets: A useful model to study perintl sphyxi? Theriogenology 70, Veronesi MC, Pnzni S, Fustini A, Rot A (2009): An Apgr scoring system for routine ssessment of neworn puppy viility nd short-term survivl prognosis. Theriogenology 72, Villnuev-Grcí D, Mot-Rojs D (2008): The highrisk infnt nd neontl mortlity. In: Mot-Rojs D, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Villnuev-Grci D, Alonso- Spilsury ML (eds.): Animl Perintology: Clinicl nd Experimentl Approches. 1 st ed. BM Editores Press, Mexico Villnuev-Grci D, Mot-Rojs D, Gonzlez-Lozno M, Olmos-Hernndez A, Orozco-Gregorio, H (2008): Importnce of lood gs nlysis in perintology. In: In: Mot-Rojs D, Nv-Ocmpo AA, Villnuev- Grci D, Alonso-Spilsury ML (eds.): Animl Perintology: Clinicl nd Experimentl Approches. 1 st ed. BM Editores Press, Mexico Wiswell TE, Bent RC (1993): Meconium stining nd the meconium spirtion syndrome - unresolved issues. Peditric Clinics of North Americ 40, Zleski HM, Hcker RR (1993): Effect of oxygen nd neostigmine on stillirth nd pig viility. Journl of Animl Science 71, Received: Accepted fter corrections: Corresponding Author: Dniel Mot-Rojs, Deprtment nd Animl Science, Stress nd Animl Welfre, Universidd Autonom Metropolitn, Mexico City, Mexico Tel , E-mil: dmot100@yhoo.com.mx 349

13 Review Article Veterinrni Medicin, 57, 2012 (7): Correction requested y the uthors fter the issue ws printed Animl welfre in the neworn piglet: review Affilition of J. Mrtinez-Burnes 2 is s follows: 2 Autonomous University of Tmulips, Postgrdute Division nd Reserch, Veterinry Medicine Fculty, Ciudd Victori, Tmulips, Mexico