Chapter 6 Enlightenment and Revolution

Transcription

1 8/24/2014 Chapter 6 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Scientific Revolution What was the geocentric theory? How did Christianity support this theory? -centered view of the universe The moon, sun and all moved in perfectly circular paths around the earth Christianity taught that had deliberately placed earth at the center of the universe. What was the Scientific Revolution? Major change in European ; study of natural began to be characterized by careful and the questioning of accepted beliefs What led to this revolution? Ancient authorities often did not with one another Discoveries (new lands) opened up possibility that there were new to be found Age of European exploration fueled scientific Need better instruments What is the heliocentric theory of the universe? Who developed this theory? Stars, earth and other planets around the sun; sun-centered theory Nicolaus Wrote On the of the Heavenly What did Johannes Kepler conclude about planetary motion? That certain laws govern planetary Showed ideas of Copernicus were basically Demonstrated mathematically that planets around the sun 1

2 8/24/2014 What were Galilei s discoveries? of the pendulum each swing took the same amount of ; objects accelerate at a and predictable rate; Built his own studies stars Published Starry Messenger How did church leaders react to Galileo s findings? them because he went against church and authority Catholic church warned him not to ideas of Copernicus Went on to publish Dialogue Concerning the Chief Systems Signed before the cardinals at the Inquisition under threat of Lived under house until he died What is the scientific method? Logical procedure for gathering and ideas /question Hypothesis Analyze/interpret data prove/disprove hypothesis Who were the two people who helped develop the scientific method, and what were their beliefs? Francis urged scientists to experiment; the world, gather info, draw conclusions from info; empiricism or method Who were the two people who helped develop the scientific method, and what were their beliefs? Rene developed analytical = linked algebra and geometry; everything should be until proved by reason; I therefore I 2

3 8/24/2014 I have convinced myself that there is nothing in the world no sky, no earth, no minds, no bodies. Doesn t it follow that I don t exist? No, surely I must exist if it s me who is convinced of something. But there is a deceiver, supremely powerful and cunning whose aim is to see that I am always deceived. But surely I exist, if I am deceived. Let him deceive me all he can, he will never make it the case that I am nothing while I think that I am something. Thus having fully weighed every consideration, I must finally conclude that the statement I am, I exist must be true whenever I state it or mentally consider it. (Descartes, Meditation II: On the Nature of the Human Mind...) Who wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy? What was described in this book? Isaac Universe is like a giant, all parts worked together perfectly in ways that could be expressed Believed was the who set everything in motion Name four scientific instruments developed during this time. Zacharias observing bacteria, cells, etc. Name four scientific instruments developed during this time. Mercury Evangelista - tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting Name four scientific instruments developed during this time. Fahrenheit Gabriel -first to use mercury in glass water freezing at degrees Name four scientific instruments developed during this time. thermometer Anders Celsius showed freezing at degrees 3

4 8/24/2014 What advances were made in medicine and the study of the human body? published On the Fabric of the Body detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle Edward vaccine to prevent world s first vaccination What discoveries were made in chemistry, and who made them? Boyle s Law Robert (founder of modern chemistry) explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of affect each other discovered by Joseph, named by Antoine Lavoisier 4

5 Chapter 6 Enlightenment and Revolution What was another name for the of Section 2 The Enlightenment in Europe What were the ideas of English political thinker Thomas? All humans are People should hand over their to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order = monarchy Ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control What were the ideas of John? Natural ability to govern affairs and look after welfare of society Criticized absolute monarchy, favored -government All people born free with natural rights, and Who were the? What were the five important concepts at the core of their philosophy? French philosophers truth discovered through reason or logical thinking what was natural = good and reasonable Who were the philosophes? What were the five important concepts at the core of their philosophy? urged people to seek well-being on earth, now! society and humankind could improve called for liberties the English had won in Bill of Rights 1

6 Who were the three great philosophes mentioned in the textbook? Describe each of their views. fought for tolerance, reason, of religious belief, and freedom of Who were the three great philosophes mentioned in the textbook? Describe each of their views. wrote On the Spirit of Laws; proposed of to keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the ; checks and balances Who were the three great philosophes mentioned in the textbook? Describe each of their views. committed to individual freedom; only good government was one freely formed by the and guided by general will of society direct Who was Cesare Bonesana? What were his views on the justice system? philosophe Believed laws existed to preserve social order, not crimes Argued each person accused of a crime should receive a trial, and should never be used Degree of punishment based on seriousness of the crime Governments should seek greatest good for the greatest number of people Discuss the role of women during the Enlightenment. Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman women, like men, need to become virtuous and ; women helped spread Enlightenment ideas through social gatherings called salons What were three of the Belief in growth in scientific knowledge and new discoveries; confidence that human could solve social 2

7 What were three effects of the A more outlook openly question religious beliefs and church teachings; rid faith of and fear and promote of all religions What were three effects of the Importance of the looked to themselves for guidance; use own ability to judge from 3

8 Chapter 6 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 3 The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Which in Europe was the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe in the 1700s? Many people from around, even the Americas, went to study, philosophize, and enjoy the culture of the city Brightest gathered there What were? What took place at these events? gathering of intellectuals and artists Philosophers,, artists,, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas Who was Denis? What was the? Philosophe A large set of that many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays How were Enlightenment ideas? Encyclopedia Pamphlets Political 1

9 What are characteristics of the baroque style? Neoclassical? grand, ornate design Example: Versailles - Neoclassical, elegant style; borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome What style of writing became popular during the 18 th century? lengthy works of prose fiction Carefully crafted Used Explored characters thoughts and feelings What is Pamela? Who wrote it? First true English Tells story of young servant girl who refuses the advances of her master Samuel What were enlightened? th -century European who were inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule and respect the of subjects Describe the reign of Frederick the Great, Joseph II, and Catherine the Great. How did they embrace the (Prussia) granted many freedoms, reduced censorship, improved ; reformed justice system and abolished 2

10 Describe the reign of Frederick the Great, Joseph II, and Catherine the Great. How did they embrace the II (Austria) legal reforms, freedom of the, worship; abolished Describe the reign of Frederick the Great, Joseph II, and Catherine the Great. How did they embrace the (Russia) recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing and punishment 3