The sulfates attach to water in the exhaust and come out of the exhaust as a vapor or very fine mist.

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1 Technical Data Sheet version-00 Prepared by Colin Hill Ph.D. Chief Scientist, Biofriendly Corporation September 14th, 2005 Topic: Sulfur and Sulfur dioxide emissions from exhaust pipes in internal combustion engines. This includes diesel and gasoline engines that have a compression cycle. According to Mr. Robert Fannick, a combustion research engineer at Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas, diesel engines emit 90% of the sulfur found in diesel fuel as sulfur dioxide and the rest (10%) as sulfates. The sulfates attach to water in the exhaust and come out of the exhaust as a vapor or very fine mist. The sulfur content of diesel fuel is usually measured in Parts per Million (ppm). As an example, let s consider diesel fuel with 10,000-ppm sulfur. When the fuel is injected into a cylinder it is mixed with air and forms a much diluted vapor. The fuel is diluted with air in each cylinder to form a final concentration that is about 2000 times more dilute than the fuel alone. Thus, the instantaneous sulfur concentration in the cylinder in this case would be about 5ppm. 90% of this is turned into sulfur dioxide and leaves in the exhaust. This would produce about 4.5 ppm of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and the rest, approximately 0.5 ppm, comes out as sulfuric acid or sulfates. The exact concentration will depend on how much of the Oxygen is removed in the burn cycle and how much other gases react to form liquids such as water or carbon dioxide (a heavier gas than air, so it occupies less volume). So let us say the numbers above are the minimum SO2 levels one would see, however it is likely they would be somewhat higher. Also note that in an engine the sulphur is produced as SOx where the ions can be SO2, SO3, SO4, As Green Plus lowers SO2 in the exhaust it does so by a catalytic reaction that requires heat, pressure and a catalytic activity. The catalytic activity is required both in the cylinder and the early part of the exhaust where temperature and pressure may still be high enough, because there is not enough time for the reaction to be completed otherwise. GP increases the rate of the reactions that convert these three ions to sulphate and sulphite salts. Most diesel engines are operating in the 2000-rpm range and the fuel-air mixture is changed 2,000 times a minute while slow speed heavy fuel oil engine operate in the 65 to 300rpm range but have much larger volumes in each cylinder and the fuel air mixture is changed up to 300 times a minute. These react with impurities in the fuel-air mixture such as Calcium carbonate, Potassium carbonate and Sodium carbonate to form the sulfate salts of those elements. The sulfate salts have very little acidity (one is slightly alkaline) and will dissolve in water (or water vapor) and fall to the ground. They are common components of the soil and all three are often added to fertilizer, as they are required salts for plant growth. Biofriendly Corporation 622 Terrado Dr. Monrovia, CA Phone: (626) Fax: (626)

2 When you burn 100 liters of fuel you make about 33 liters of water. This water will dilute the sulfate salts by about 15,000 to 30,000 times. So any acidity leaving the exhaust is extremely dilute. Green Plus is a homogenous combustion enhancer that increases the rate of the reactions that convert SOx to sulphates and sulphites thus reducing the emissions of SOx in the exhaust. Sulphates are emitted as colorless particles or as wet droplets, also colorless, depending on the water content of the exhaust gas and have no toxic properties. Generally GP also lowers the NOx emissions as well since a smoother burn produces less hot spots and cleaner engine operation produces less hot spots to make NOx. Examples of testing that included SO2 emissions (NOx is included in some testing). 1. Attached, as evidence of sulfate production due to the influence of Green Plus, the first report is from a sample of soot taken from the exhaust stack of a large diesel engine powering a utility in Kenya. The utility was running with approximately 2% (20,000 ppm) sulfur content. The emissions measurements had already shown that sulfur dioxide had been reduced significantly. The soot analysis shows a 35.7% concentration of sulfates. 2. The second report, taken from emissions readings on a ferryboat in England was analyzed to determine the sulfur content of the emissions. The ferryboat was running with marine diesel containing 1,900 ppm sulfur. The attached table shows that the preponderance of sulfur emissions was Potassium, Calcium and Sodium sulfate. The report also noted that the presence of Green Plus reduced sulfide salts, which are considered harmful. 3. Data from a container ship studied of the coast of Australia. Test data on the container ship, Arafura, was gathered by accredited Emissions Testing Consultants (ETC) of Victoria, Australia. This data came from their report: Note that SOx emissions remained essentially the same yet the vessel was using fuel with sulfur 39.1% higher compared to the Baseline period without Green Plus. NOx emissions were down substantially. This quote means that during Green Plus treatment even though there was more sulphur in the fuel the SO2 emissions remained level which essentially showed that SOx emissions were lowered by about 30%. In the report there is clear evidence that sulphate in the exhaust gas increased greatly as expected when the SOx gases are converted to sulphates. As noted above Green Plus converts SOx to sulphate minerals that will dissolve in water but are almost neutral regarding ph.

3 4. Emissions Analysis from Maxim Gorky a ship that uses boilers to generate steam for propulsion. Baseline emissions measurements were taken in November of 2003 using a certified Testo 350XL Emissions device. They were then taken again in February and March 2004 using this same device. The Testo 350XL was calibrated by an external third party two weeks prior to the Baseline and Green Plus Emissions measurements. This equipment is industry standard and used throughout the world.

4 Baseline GP treated Percent Change Date 15/11/03 3/31/04 Load 49% 50% CO (ppm) SO2 (ppm) NO (ppm) NOX (ppm) Above are the results from the gaseous emissions taken from the Maxim Gorky. As you can see, the loads on the boilers were virtually the same. The CO was reduced by 19%, which indicates more complete combustion and better efficiency of the fuel being burnt. The SO2 was reduced by 65%, which is a substantial reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions. There was a small increase in the Nitrogen emissions, however this was because the significant existing carbon deposits are being burned off the interior of the boiler and the funnel. Carbon in this form burns quite hot and causes Nitrogen to combine with the Oxygen which is the reason for the increase in NO and NOx. Once the boiler is cleaned we expect Nitrogen emissions to be reduced. 5. Large Oil Tanker with slow speed heavy fuel oil engines. Data Gathered by Biofriendly staff Testo 350 XL Flue Gas Analyzer Kurz High Temperature Thermal Anemometer Unicom Ship Management Bering Sea SOx NOx CO Fuel Sulfur % Baseline Treated Change % Change -13.7% -8.2% -14.3% 0.0% Baseline and Treated data measured in grams per kilowatt hour This ship operated using heavy fuel oil with 2 percent sulfur. In this case after a minimum three month treatment period there were reductions in SOx, NOx, and CO measured in grams per kilowatt hour of energy put out by the engines. 6. On a slightly different tack a sixth example is taken from a study at a coal fired power plant in Colorado. This plant used lime scrubbers to remove SOx. Part of the trial at this plant was to see if the same level of SOx reduction could be maintained (this plant aimed to lower SOx by at least 85% continuously) but using less lime. The results showed a change in the output slurry composition and a lowering of lime consumption. The following was noted. If we compare lime use between August with GP treatment and first three weeks of October with no GP treatment there was on average 5.1% less lime used.

5 If we compare the last week of October with GP treatment to first three weeks of October with no GP treatment there was a 17.7% decrease in lime use. Since May at the plant records show, August with GP treatment had the lowest average lime use of any month. This result demonstrated that the cost of scrubbing can be lowered by using Green Plus in the fuel. Conclusion: Green Plus significantly lowers SOx gas emissions and causes an engine to make small quantities of mineral sulfates in relation to total exhaust volume. Most of this is fairly neutral and that which is not will be quickly neutralized by natural carbonate and hydroxide dust particles close to the ground or in water. In contrast, sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas coming from an exhaust only reacts slowly at air temperatures to form sulfurous and sulfuric acid. So it mixes as a gas up in the atmosphere where it gradually dissolves in water vapor to form acid rain. Please note acid rain produced by SO2 dissolving in water takes a long time to do the damage it causes. It is a chronic problem, not an acute one. Green Plus reduces the sulfur dioxide emitted and thus will reduce the acid rain production and its long-term corrosive effects. As far as the Green Plus is concerned, its use should produce a net benefit to the environment with a reduction in acid rain and an increase in sulfates that are plant nutrients. Respectfully submitted, Colin Hill, PhD