Computer Networks and the Internet p. 1 What Is the Internet? p. 1 A Nuts and Bolts Description p. 1 A Service Description p. 4 Some Good Hyperlinks

Transcription

1 Computer Networks and the Internet p. 1 What Is the Internet? p. 1 A Nuts and Bolts Description p. 1 A Service Description p. 4 Some Good Hyperlinks p. 5 What Is a Protocol? p. 6 A Human Analogy p. 7 Network Protocols p. 8 The Network Edge p. 9 End Systems, Clients, and Servers p. 9 Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Services p. 11 The Network Core p. 13 Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, and Message Switching p. 13 Routing in Data Networks p. 24 Access Networks and Physical Media p. 29 Access Networks p. 29 Physical Media p. 34 Delay and Loss in Packet-Switched Networks p. 38 Types of Delay p. 38 Protocol Layers and Their Service Models p. 44 Layered Architecture p. 45 The Internet Protocol Stack p. 49 Network Entities and Layers p. 53 Internet Backbones, NAPs, and ISPs p. 53 A Brief History of Computer Networking and the Internet p. 56 Development and Demonstration of Early Packet Switching Principles: p. 56 Internetworking, and New and Proprietary Networks: p. 57 A Proliferation of Networks: p. 60 Commercialization and the Web: The 1990s p. 61 Summary p. 62 Homework Problems and Questions p. 64 Problems p. 66 Discussion Questions p. 68 Interview: Leonard Kleinrock p. 70 Application Layer p. 72 Principles of Application Layer Protocols p. 72 Application-Layer Protocols p. 73 What Services Does an Application Need? p. 78 Services Provided by the Internet Transport Protocols p. 80 Network Applications Covered in this Book p. 83 The World Wide Web: HTTP p. 84

2 Overview of HTTP p. 85 Nonpersistent and Persistent Connections p. 87 HTTP Message Format p. 90 User-Server Interaction: Authentication and Cookies p. 94 The Conditional GET p. 96 Web Caches p. 97 File Transfer: FTP p. 104 FTP Commands and Replies p. 105 Electronic Mail in the Internet p. 106 SMTP p. 109 Comparison with HTTP p. 111 Mail Message Formats and MIME p. 112 Mail Access Protocols p. 118 Continuous Media p. 123 DNS--The Internet's Directory Service p. 124 Services Provided by DNS p. 124 Overview of How DNS Works p. 127 DNS Records p. 132 DNS Messages p. 134 Socket Programming with TCP p. 136 Socket Programming with TCP p. 137 An Example Client/Server Application in Java p. 139 Socket Programming with UDP p. 146 Building a Simple Web Server p. 154 Web Server Functions p. 154 Summary p. 158 Homework Problems and Questions p. 159 Problems p. 161 Discussion Questions p. 162 Programming Assignments p. 163 Interview: Tim Berners-Lee p. 165 Transport Layer p. 167 Transport-Layer Services and Principles p. 167 Relationship between Transport and Network Layers p. 169 Overview of the Transport Layer in the Internet p. 171 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Applications p. 172 Connectionless Transport: UDP p. 177 UDP Segment Structure p. 180 UDP Checksum p. 181 Principles of Reliable Data Transfer p. 182 Building a Reliable Data Transfer Protocol p. 184

3 Pipelined Reliable Data Transfer Protocols p. 193 Go-Back-N (GBN) p. 196 Selective Repeat (SR) p. 201 Connection-Oriented Transport: TCP p. 207 The TCP Connection p. 207 TCP Segment Structure p. 210 Sequence Numbers and Acknowledgment Numbers p. 211 Telnet: A Case Study for Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers p. 213 Reliable Data Transfer p. 215 Flow Control p. 221 Round Trip Time and Timeout p. 224 TCP Connection Management p. 226 Principles of Congestion Control p. 231 The Causes and the Costs of Congestion p. 231 Approaches toward Congestion Control p. 237 ATM ABR Congestion Control p. 239 TCP Congestion Control p. 240 Overview of TCP Congestion Control p. 241 Modeling Latency: Static Congestion Window p. 249 Modeling Latency: Dynamic Congestion Window p. 253 Summary p. 258 Homework Problems and Questions p. 260 Problems p. 261 Discussion Question p. 268 Programming Assignment p. 268 Interview: Sally Floyd p. 269 Network Layer and Routing p. 271 Introduction and Network Service Models p. 271 Network Service Model p. 273 Origins of Datagram and Virtual Circuit Service p. 279 Routing Principles p. 280 A Link State Routing Algorithm p. 282 A Distance Vector Routing Algorithm p. 286 Other Routing Algorithms p. 295 Hierarchical Routing p. 297 Internet Protocol p. 300 IPv1 Addressing p. 302 Transporting a Datagram from Source to Destination: Addressing and Routing p. 310 Datagram Format p. 314 IP Fragmentation and Reassembly p. 317 ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol p. 319

4 Routing in the Internet p. 321 Intra-Autonomous System Routing in the Internet p. 322 Inter-Autonomous System Routing p. 329 What's Inside a Router? p. 332 Input Ports p. 333 Switching Fabrics p. 336 Output Ports p. 338 Where Does Queuing Occur? p. 338 IPv6 p. 341 IPv6 Packet Format p. 342 Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 p. 345 Multicast Routing p. 348 Introduction: The Internet Multicast Abstraction and Multicast Groups p. 348 The IGMP Protocol p. 350 Multicast Routing: The General Case p. 355 Multicast Routing in the Internet p. 362 Summary p. 367 Homework Problems and Questions p. 368 Problems p. 370 Discussion Questions p. 374 Programming Assignment p. 375 Interview: Jose Joaquin Garcia-Luna-Aceves p. 377 Link Layer and Local Area Networks p. 379 The Data Link Layer: Introduction, Services p. 379 The Services Provided by the Link Layer p. 380 Adapters Communicating p. 383 Error Detection and Correction Techniques p. 385 Parity Checks p. 386 Checksumming Methods p. 389 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) p. 389 Multiple Access Protocols and LANs p. 391 Channel Partitioning Protocols p. 394 Random Access Protocols p. 398 Taking-Turns Protocols p. 406 Local Area Networks (LANs) p. 407 LAN Addresses and ARP p. 409 LAN Addresses p. 409 Address Resolution Protocol p. 411 Ethernet p. 415 Ethernet Basics p. 417 CSMA/CD: Ethernet's Multiple Access Protocol p. 421

5 Ethernet Technologies p. 423 Hubs, Bridges, and Switches p. 427 Hubs p. 427 Bridges p. 429 Switches p. 437 IEEE LANs p LAN Architecture p Media Access Protocols p. 442 PPP: The Point-to-Point Protocol p. 447 PPP Data Framing p. 449 PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) and Network Control Protocols p. 451 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) p. 453 Principle Characteristics of ATM p. 454 ATM Physical Layer p. 456 ATM Layer p. 458 ATM Adaptation Layer p. 459 IP Over ATM p. 461 ARP and ATM p. 464 X.25 and Frame Relay p. 465 A Few Words About X.25 p. 466 Frame Relay p. 467 Summary p. 471 Homework Problems and Questions p. 472 Problems p. 474 Discussion Questions p. 480 Interview: Robert Metcalfe p. 481 Multimedia Networking p. 483 Multimedia Networking Applications p. 484 Examples of Multimedia Applications p. 484 Hurdles for Multimedia in Today's Internet p. 487 How Should the Internet Evolve to Better Support Multimedia? p. 488 Audio and Video Compression p. 489 Streaming Stored Audio and Video p. 491 Accessing Audio and Video from a Web Server p. 493 Sending Multimedia from a Streaming Server to a Helper Application p. 495 Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) p. 497 Making the Best of the Best-Effort Service: An Internet Phone Example p. 501 The Limitations of a Best-Effort Service p. 501 Removing Jitter at the Receiver for Audio p. 503 Recovering from Packet Loss p. 506 Streaming Stored Audio and Video p. 510

6 RTP p. 510 RTP Basics p. 510 RTP Packet Header Fields p. 513 RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) p. 514 H.323 p. 517 Beyond Best-Effort p. 522 Scenario 1: A 1 Mbps Audio Application and an FTP Transfer p. 523 Scenario 2: A 1 Mbps Audio Application and a High Priority FTP Transfer p. 524 Secnario 3: A Misbehaving Audio Application and an FTP Transfer p. 525 Scenario 4: Two 1 Mbps Audio Applications Over an Overloaded 1.5 Mbps Link p. 526 Scheduling and Policing Mechanisms p. 528 Scheduling Mechanisms p. 528 Policing: The Leaky Bucket p. 533 Integrated Services p. 536 Guaranteed Quality of Service p. 538 Controlled-Load Network Service p. 539 RSVP p. 539 The Essence of RSVP p. 540 A Few Simple Examples p. 542 Path Messages p. 544 Reservation Styles p. 544 Transport of Reservation Messages p. 548 Differentiated Services p. 549 Differentiated Services: A Simple Scenario p. 550 Traffic Classification and Conditioning p. 552 Per-Hop Behavior p. 554 A Beginning p. 556 Summary p. 556 Homework Problems and Questions p. 558 Problems p. 559 Discussion Questions p. 561 Interview: Henning Schulzrinne p. 563 Security in Computer Networks p. 565 What is Network Security? p. 565 Secure Communication p. 565 Network Security Considerations in the Internet p. 567 Principles of Cryptography p. 569 Symmetric Key Cryptography p. 571 Public Key Encryption p. 575 Authentication: Who are You? p. 581 Authentication Protocol ap1.0 p. 581

7 Authentication Protocol ap2.0 p. 582 Authentication Protocol ap3.0 p. 583 Authentication Protocol ap3.1 p. 583 Authentication Protocol ap4.0 p. 584 Authentication Protocol ap5.0 p. 586 Integrity p. 588 Generating Digital Signatures p. 589 Message Digests p. 590 Hash Function Algorithms p. 593 Key Distribution and Certification p. 595 The Key Distribution Center p. 595 Public Key Certification p. 598 Secure p. 602 Principles of Secure p. 603 PGP p. 605 Internet Commerce p. 608 Internet Commerce Using SSL p. 609 Internet Commerce Using SET p. 613 Network Layer Security: IPsec p. 616 Authentication Header (AH) Protocol p. 617 The ESP Protocol p. 618 SA and Key Management p. 619 Summary p. 620 Homework Problems and Questions p. 621 Problems p. 622 Discussion Questions p. 623 Interview: Philip Zimmermann p. 624 Network Management p. 626 What Is Network Management? p. 626 The Infrastructure for Network Management p. 631 The Internet Network-Management Framework p. 634 Structure of Management Information: SMI p. 635 Management Information Base: MIB p. 638 SNMP Protocol Operations and Transport Mappings p. 641 Security and Administration p. 644 ASN.1 p. 648 Firewalls p. 653 Packet Filtering p. 654 Application Gateways p. 655 Summary p. 657 Homework Problems and Questions p. 658

8 Problems p. 659 Discussion Questions p. 659 Interview: Jeff Case p. 660 References p. 663 Index p. 689 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.